Large construction projects are inherently complex and dynamic. Many projects start with good ideas, huge investments and great efforts. However, most of them do not achieve much success. A major contribution to unsuccessful projects is the lack of understanding on scope, time, cost and quality. Projects as powerful strategic weapons when initiated create economic value and competitive advantage. The objective of the research is to explicitly declare the scope of the research to by considering only the scope, time, cost and quality as process success parameters and how specifically the cost element would influence the project success when all other elements or factors other than cost are represented in terms of cost factor along with the contract conditions as basic rules or constraints that drive the strategic cost based on applying the CRASP methodology concept. The concept of benchmarking would provide right meaning of project success when allowing to properly distributing the meaning of customer profitability to the project providers (project owner and contractors).
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivej
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Time-cost optimization using harmony search algorithm in construction projectsMohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
Abstract
In construction projects, the relationship between project cost and duration, which is one of the main factors of the project, are considered the parameters decision-makers. When a construction schedule is planned by the planners, additional resources are allocated to shorten the project duration considering the completion time and cost of the activities so that the most suitable construction schedule is prepared by providing a trade-off between project duration and total cost. In the case of time-cost trade-off problems, the total cost of the project is determined by summing each activities’ cost by adding indirect costs. Moreover, total project duration is determined by obtaining total project duration after CPM (Critical Path Method) calculations. Obtaining optimum duration and costs is such a problematic issue with using conventional methods and common software packages. These techniques consider deterministic project values and include CPM calculations for fitness value calculation. Moreover, current studies defined alternatives as non-variable discrete values. However, construction projects are dynamic processes, and quantities are prone to be changed related to project size. In this study, time-cost trade-off optimization is performed by using harmony search method with introducing different implementation that can be more easily used for different projects. The model is implemented in a real construction project, and the conclusions are interpreted.
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivej
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Time-cost optimization using harmony search algorithm in construction projectsMohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
Abstract
In construction projects, the relationship between project cost and duration, which is one of the main factors of the project, are considered the parameters decision-makers. When a construction schedule is planned by the planners, additional resources are allocated to shorten the project duration considering the completion time and cost of the activities so that the most suitable construction schedule is prepared by providing a trade-off between project duration and total cost. In the case of time-cost trade-off problems, the total cost of the project is determined by summing each activities’ cost by adding indirect costs. Moreover, total project duration is determined by obtaining total project duration after CPM (Critical Path Method) calculations. Obtaining optimum duration and costs is such a problematic issue with using conventional methods and common software packages. These techniques consider deterministic project values and include CPM calculations for fitness value calculation. Moreover, current studies defined alternatives as non-variable discrete values. However, construction projects are dynamic processes, and quantities are prone to be changed related to project size. In this study, time-cost trade-off optimization is performed by using harmony search method with introducing different implementation that can be more easily used for different projects. The model is implemented in a real construction project, and the conclusions are interpreted.
Research proposal implementation of project managementTutors India
Tutors India Dissertation topic/ title provide a convincing rationale for critical decisions. We select topics from three sources, from student, supervisor, and external organization
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
Cost overrun is one of the most common problems that threaten any construction project. As the Design phase is responsible for many critical decisions, many of cost overrun causes are related to such phase. This paper aims to identify the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase in the Egyptian construction industry from the point of view of owners, consultant, designers, project managers and contractors. A list of cost overrun causes related to the design phase collected through an extensive literature review, main causes were adapted to the Egyptian construction industry through seven semi-structured interviews. The resultant list was submitted to a questionnaire survey for the impact and frequency quantitative evaluation. the results of the research is expected to help the participants in the design phase to develop more optimized design and avoid the most usual flaws that could led to cost overruns.
Review on Planning and Scheduling of Construction Project by Management Tool ...ijtsrd
Modern construction system has shown great potential in the field of the conventional construction system. The advantage of using new construction techniques for any type of construction is that the process takes no longer. The modern method of construction is defined as a way of working more effectively to achieve more while using less. The description lends itself heavily to offsite or modular construction techniques the method of prefabricating parts of building offsite before transporting and assembling them at their final location. Unlike traditional methods of construction is defined as a way of working more effectively. Poor construction management will cause the delay. Delay in the contracted project can result in penalties and adversely affect the reputation of the company. It is essential to manage the work within time. If construction time increases, construction cost also increases. It is necessary proper planning and management for construction work. Primavera p6 is a management tool. In this study primavera software help in the planning and scheduling of the project. Primavera gives better quality of project management process and easily understanding results. Shashwat Dubey | Prof. M. C. Paliwal "Review on Planning and Scheduling of Construction Project by Management Tool Primavera P6" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38641.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38641/review-on-planning-and-scheduling-of-construction-project-by-management-tool-primavera-p6/shashwat-dubey
Applying project management to emergency management finalDarin Letzring
Paper for National Emergency Management Advanced Academy that reviews project management principles and processes to homeland security exercise and evaluation processes.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
Research proposal implementation of project managementTutors India
Tutors India Dissertation topic/ title provide a convincing rationale for critical decisions. We select topics from three sources, from student, supervisor, and external organization
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
Cost overrun is one of the most common problems that threaten any construction project. As the Design phase is responsible for many critical decisions, many of cost overrun causes are related to such phase. This paper aims to identify the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase in the Egyptian construction industry from the point of view of owners, consultant, designers, project managers and contractors. A list of cost overrun causes related to the design phase collected through an extensive literature review, main causes were adapted to the Egyptian construction industry through seven semi-structured interviews. The resultant list was submitted to a questionnaire survey for the impact and frequency quantitative evaluation. the results of the research is expected to help the participants in the design phase to develop more optimized design and avoid the most usual flaws that could led to cost overruns.
Review on Planning and Scheduling of Construction Project by Management Tool ...ijtsrd
Modern construction system has shown great potential in the field of the conventional construction system. The advantage of using new construction techniques for any type of construction is that the process takes no longer. The modern method of construction is defined as a way of working more effectively to achieve more while using less. The description lends itself heavily to offsite or modular construction techniques the method of prefabricating parts of building offsite before transporting and assembling them at their final location. Unlike traditional methods of construction is defined as a way of working more effectively. Poor construction management will cause the delay. Delay in the contracted project can result in penalties and adversely affect the reputation of the company. It is essential to manage the work within time. If construction time increases, construction cost also increases. It is necessary proper planning and management for construction work. Primavera p6 is a management tool. In this study primavera software help in the planning and scheduling of the project. Primavera gives better quality of project management process and easily understanding results. Shashwat Dubey | Prof. M. C. Paliwal "Review on Planning and Scheduling of Construction Project by Management Tool Primavera P6" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38641.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38641/review-on-planning-and-scheduling-of-construction-project-by-management-tool-primavera-p6/shashwat-dubey
Applying project management to emergency management finalDarin Letzring
Paper for National Emergency Management Advanced Academy that reviews project management principles and processes to homeland security exercise and evaluation processes.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
Project management tools and techniques- tutorsindia.comTutors India
In this topic, we have discussed the project management tools and techniques. The present article helps the USA, the UK, Europe and the Australian students pursuing their master’s degree to identify the best project management tools and techniques, which are usually considered to be challenging. Tutors India offers UK dissertation in various Domains.
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Assessment of Project Monitoring and Control Techniques in Ondo State Agency ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Monitoring and control is an essential process in
construction project management and delivery. It is
therefore imperative for construction companies to employ
the usage of the most effective monitoring and control
techniques available to meet project objectives. This study
examined project management techniques employed by
Ondo State Agency for Road Maintenance and
Construction, a construction company in Ondo State,
Nigeria.The research design that was used for this study is
the survey method where copies of a well-structured
questionnaire were distributed to elicit appropriate
information from respondents. The results showed
thatthere is a relationship existing between the type of
project monitoring and control technique used by a
construction company and project delivery/success and that
the use of Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT) for time/schedule control and Earned Value
Management (EVM) (alongside other monitoring and
control techniques) for cost control as used by the company
are very effective in meeting set project objectives.Based on
the findings, a number of recommendations were made.
Among these are, that monitoring and control units should
be established withinconstruction companies and welltrained workers/professionals should be put in charge of
handling these units and the techniques and tools used
therein.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
PUBLIC SECTOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND EFFICIENCY PROBLEMS Emils Pulmanis
Third International Scientific Conference on Project management in the Baltic Countries “Project Management Development–Practice and Perspectives”: Riga, Latvia,April 10-11,2014. Conference Proceedings. Riga: University of Latvia, 2014,337p. ISBN 978-9984-49-470-8
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
The Dynamics of Man's History and Economic Development: A Refocus on Ecologic...civejjour
Man’s history and developmental endeavour have been advancing alongside a trail of
ecological ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not
recorded an accelerated shift in ecology during any other epoch beside that of modern man
on the planet. The paper seeks to explore how man’s history and development affects ecology
and climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from global assessment reports and runs a
One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5
level. Findings show that, there is global climate change, seen in global warming trends; and
imbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land sinks. The t-Test
reveals significant net loss of global forest cover. The study also, found that at present,
processes of development generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore, the study
recommends a refocus to sustainable means of development.
Cost Effective Methods in Construction Engineeringcivejjour
The economic impact of construction cost overrun is a possible loss of the economic justification for the
project. The financial impact of a cost overrun results in demand for construction investment credits.
Therefore reliable estimates of construction cost are an important aspect to the contemporary construction
companies especially during the conceptual phase of lifecycle management. In this paper a cost-effective
analysis is done using one of the cost effective construction technique called Rat Trap Bond versus Flemish
bond and when estimated with CPWD 2012 schedule of rates it is proved that Low cost techniques such as
rat trap bond provides better cost effectiveness as compared to conventional Flemish bond construction
method.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first ≈25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of Performance of High Calcium Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Mix ...civejjour
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of
micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost
effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash
filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing
Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory
design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler
showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The
results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be
utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
Intelligent Transportation System Based Traffic Congestion Modeling for Urban...civejjour
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban
arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route
into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the
segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics
(flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic
characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is
then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour
practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network
planning and management.
The Impact of Waiting Time on Pedestrian Violations at Signalized Intersectionscivejjour
The phenomenon that pedestrian violates traffic signals at intersections and crosses with danger is
universal. This study aims to find out the influence of the waiting time of pedestrians at an intersection and
the three main factors of pedestrian violations. In this study, 13 intersections and 1075 violations sample
were collected in Suzhou China, which had different maximum waiting times. The validation would use the
complementary video data. There are several factors, which have great influence on the proportion of
pedestrian violations, such as the age, sex, arrive time, red phase, conflicting traffic volume and the length
of volume crosswalks. Additionally, The significance of pedestrian maximum waiting time was highlighted
in the end. For the purpose of reducing dangerous pedestrian behaviors at signalized intersections,
minimizing waiting times is supposed to be one proper way.
Philosophical Investigation of Technology and its Effect on Human and Archite...civejjour
There are many factors contributing in emergence of an architectural works including form, content,
performance and technology. Form means the shape and geometry, content refers to theoretical
foundations of a work, performance signifies efficiency and utilization of space and technology includes
machines, tools and manufacturing method. Technology involves both materialistic elements and human
activities. Since human behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere while forming a part of their
identity, therefore, technology affects human and their identity as a part of environment. In the current
article, the definition of technology, its views and its effects on the environment and architectural spaces
were examined. In addition, the similarities and differences between modern and traditional technology
and each effect on architectural space and human were analyzed. Finally, a strategy was proposed for
appropriate application of modern technology in Iranian architecture.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SUCCESS: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
DOI:10.5121/civej.2017.4105 41
STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT FOR
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SUCCESS: A
SYSTEMATIC STUDY
T. G. K. Vasista
Ph D Research Scholar
SunRise University, Alwar
ABSTRACT
Large construction projects are inherently complex and dynamic. Many projects start with good ideas,
huge investments and great efforts. However, most of them do not achieve much success. A major
contribution to unsuccessful projects is the lack of understanding on scope, time, cost and quality. Projects
as powerful strategic weapons when initiated create economic value and competitive advantage. The
objective of the research is to explicitly declare the scope of the research to by considering only the scope,
time, cost and quality as process success parameters and how specifically the cost element would influence
the project success when all other elements or factors other than cost are represented in terms of cost
factor along with the contract conditions as basic rules or constraints that drive the strategic cost based on
applying the CRASP methodology concept. The concept of benchmarking would provide right meaning of
project success when allowing to properly distributing the meaning of customer profitability to the project
providers (project owner and contractors).
KEYWORDS
Cost Management, Strategic Cost Management, Project Cost Management, Project Management
Benchmarking, Project Success.
1. INTRODUCTION
Large construction projects are inherently complex and dynamic (Nguyen, Ogunlana & Lan,
2004). Many projects start with good ideas, huge investments and great efforts. However, most
of them do not achieve much success. A major contribution to unsuccessful projects is the lack of
understanding on project definition and its scope. A properly defined and managed scope leads to
delivering quality project in agreed cost and within specified schedules to the stake-holders.
Project scope deals with the required work to create the project deliverables. The scope of the
project is specific to the work required to complete the project objectives (Mirza, Pourzolfaghar
& Shahnazari, 2013). Projects as powerful strategic weapons when initiated create economic
value and competitive advantage. Defining and assessing project success is therefore a strategic
management concept that can align project efforts with short-term and long-term goals of the
organization. Traditionally projects were perceived as successful when they meet time, budget
and performance goals (Shenhar, Dvir, Levy & Maltz, 2001). Therefore project success has been
a central topic in the project management literature (Handfield, Primo & de Oliveira, 2015).
Project Success can be defined as meeting goals and objectives as prescribed in the project plan.
A successful project means that the project has accomplished its technical performance (quality
cost), maintained its schedule and remained within budgetary cost (Frimpong, Oluwoye &
Crawford, 2003).
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
42
A project can be considered to be the achievement of a specific objective, which involves a series
of activities and tasks which consume resources. It has to be completed within a set of
specification, having definite start and end dates (Munns & Bjeirmi, 1996).
According to BS6079 Guide to project Management, A project can be stated as a unique set of
coordinated activities with definite starting and finishing points, undertaken by an individual or
organization to meet specific objectives within defined schedule, cost and performance
parameters (Lester, 2013).
A project management can be defined as the process of controlling achievement of the project
objectives. The function of a project management is to define the requirements of work,
extensions, resource allocation, planning the execution of work, progress monitoring and
adjusting the deviations from the plan. It uses organizational structures, resources, tools and
techniques to achieve the project success without adversely affecting the routing operations of the
company (Munns & Bjeirmi, 1996).Project management is essentially management of change,
while running a functional or ongoing business is managing a continuum or business-as-usual
(Lester, 2013).
However, in this paper, the definition as mentioned in Atkinson (1999) has been adopted.
“Project Management is the application of a collection of tools and techniques to direct the use of
diverse resources toward the accomplishment of a unique, complex, one-time task within time,
cost, and quality constraints. Each task requires a particular mix of these tools and techniques
structured to fit the task environment and life cycle (from the conception to completion) of the
task”.
While the goal of the research is to achieve project success, the objective of the research is to
explicitly declare the scope of the research to by considering only the scope, time, cost and
quality as process success parameters and how specifically the cost element would influence the
project success when all other elements or factors other than cost are represented in terms of cost
factor along with the contract conditions as basic rules or constraints that drive the strategic cost
based on applying the CRASP methodology concept. The concept of benchmarking would
provide right meaning of project success when allowing to properly distributing the meaning of
customer profitability to the project providers (project owner and contractors).
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A Literature Review on what is project success has been done by Prabhakar (2008). The research
work performed by Chan (2001) leaded by Sidwell at Queensland University of Technology,
Australia, describes various the project success model of Shenhar et al. (1997), Atkinsons’(1999)
model of measuring project success, the macro and micro view of project success as given by
Lim & Mohamed (1999). Further Eight (8) factors have been mentioned as Key Performance
Indicator (KPIs) characteristics for achieving project success. They are Quality, cost, time, safety,
participant satisfaction, user satisfaction, environmental performance, commercial/profitable
value etc.The research Project done by Olaoluwa (2013) at Federal University of Technology in
Nigeria is having good qualitative material that has become useful content in terms of obtaining
definitions related to cost and cost and project management.
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
43
A systematic review of factors influencing the cost performance of building projects is done by
Odediran & Wndapo (2014), where the authors have focused and presented the literature review
on the issue of cost overruns and its various incidents and also tabulated the top rated factors that
are influencing cost over runs on construction projects ranging during the period of 1997-
2013.Research on cost performance for building construction projects in Klang Valley, Malaysia
is done by Ali & Kamaruzzaman (2010). The study between time-cost relationships in Australian
Building Construction Projects is done by Peter E. D. Love; Raymond Y. C. Tse; and David J.
Edwards during the year 2005, where it is shown that Gross Floor Area and number of stories in a
building are key determinants of time performance and cost performance.
Spreng and Mackoy (1996) model of service performance that leads to assess service quality to
finally measure customer satisfaction could become a potentially useful model when properly
customized to forecast and measure project quality cost (AlSudairi, 2005). Spreng and Mackoy
(1996) structurally validated the Oliver’s model (1993) of service quality and the results
confirmed that service quality is antecedent to customer satisfaction. In fact Olver’s model is
tested in the case of a construction project where it was found that service incidents, service
quality and customer satisfaction wre linked at eah stage of constrution (Forsythe, 2015).
Vasista & Al-Sudairi (2016) have developed the Beh-Act approach to project management
success viewing through the CRASP methodology that is applicable to construction industry.
Their approach can very well gives the research progress and status explaining through stages in
deductive process. Though Safety is one of the project success factors indicated in the research, in
this paper the scope has been made limited by not discussing the safety but discussing only the
strategic perspective of cost management and how it influences the project success.
Therefore, while the fundamental aim and goal of the research is to work for the project success
model, however the objective of the research is to explicitly declare the scope of the research to
by considering only the scope, time, cost and quality as process success parameters and how
specifically the cost element would influence the project success when all other elements or
factors other than cost are represented in terms of cost factor along with the contract conditions as
basic rules or constraints that drive the strategic cost.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Scope of the Project Success Considered
The role of project management is to use the resources available effectively to accomplish a goal
that is set within certain criteria (Munns & Bjeirmi, 1996). Criteria are the set of principles or
standards by which judgment is made; whereas factors are the set of circumstances, facts or
influences which contribute to the result. Two broad criteria to determine the macro viewpoint of
project success are: completion and satisfaction (Lim & Mohammed, 1999).
According to Rad & Levin (2002), Project success indicators are: (i) Things related (ii) People
related. While completion could be things related, satisfaction is people related. In this paper the
project success indicators have been dealt with things related only i.e. scope, quality(or technical
design &quality), schedule and cost.
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
44
3.2 Relationship between Time, Cost& Scope in project Success
A project has a definite starting and finishing point and must meet certain specified
objectives. Broadly these objectives are required to be achieved by meeting three
fundamental criteria i.e.: (i) the project must be completed on time (ii) the project must be
accomplished within the budgeted cost and (iii) the project must meet the prescribed
quality requirements. These criteria can be graphically represented by well-known project
triangle (Lester, 2013).
Referring to the Figure 1, the Triple constraints in project management for successfully
completing and closing the project are: Scope/Quality, Schedule/Time and Cost/Resource, where
Time: Refers to the actual time required to produce a deliverable. Cost is the estimation of the
amount of money that will be required to complete the project and the Scope aspect of the project
is its inherent quality upon the delivery (Tomtsongas, 2011).
Fig.1. Triple Constraints in Project Management (Source: Tomtsongas, 2011).
Project success has to consider the multi-dimensional constraint criteria such as not just the triple
constraint as shown in Fig. 1, but could consider the project management hexagon with six
constraints such as scope, quality, risk, customer satisfaction, time and cost in passing
(Tomtsongas, 2015).
3.3 Principal and Common Causes of Project Delays
There are five principal and common causes of delays. They are: (i) poor site management and
supervision (ii) unforeseen ground conditions (iii) low speed of decision making involving all
project teams (iv) Client initiated variations and (v) necessary variations of works. Therefore it is
important to construct a construction time forecasting model to minimize delays (Chan &
Kumaraswamy, 1997). However a detailed literature review study on causes of delay in building
construction projects is done by Pethkar & Birajdar (2014).
3.4 Project Cost Management and Control
Cost means expenses incurred by contractor for labor, material, services, utilities etc., plus
overheads and contractor’s profits. Cost Management is the process by which costs (expenses)
incurred on a project are formally identified, approved and paid. Cost control is the deliberations,
actions and reactions to project cost fluctuations during a project to maintain the project cost
within the project budget (Olaoluwa, 2013). Cost management is the process of controlling the
expenditure on a construction project at all stages from initiation to completion, within the
approved budget (Young & Ibbs, 2002). Cost performance is a measure of efficiency expenses
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
45
spent on project. Cost performance is measured by cost performance index (CPI) which is a
measure of the cost efficiency with which the project is being performed. CPI is function of
cumulative earned value and cumulative actual cost (Olaoluwa, 2013). Cost management process
involves different stages: (i) initial stage, (ii) planning stage (iii) execution stage (iv) controlling
stage and (v) completion stage (DoF, 2009).
Project cost management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed
within the approved budget. There are three fundamental elements in cost management. The cost
management includes the processes involved in (i) cost estimating, cost budgeting and cost
controlling costs so that the project can be completed within the approved budget (Owens, Burke,
Krynovich & Mance, 2009). It also includes resource planning, which includes determining what
resources (people, equipment, materials) and what quantities of each should be used to perform
project activities (PMBOK, 1996). For this purpose project managers must make sure that their
projects are well defined, have accurate time and cost estimates and have a realistic budget
involved in approving. Costs are usually measured in monetary units like the national currency
such as Dollars, Rupees, and Riyals etc. (Jainendrakumar, 2015).
Cost control is basic to managerial accounting. Schedule control is more recent phenomenon
entered into project management concept. Integration of schedule and cost control has been
becoming a natural objective of project control systems since late 1970s (Carr, 1990).
3.5 Project Control Indicators
Three of the four highlighted constraints have been discussed below as mentioned bin Chan
(2001) in passing.
Time: Time is the duration for completing the project. It is scheduled to enable the building to be
used by a date determined by the client’s future plans. Construction Time is the absolute time that
is calculated as the number of days/weeks from start on site to practical completion of the project
i.e. Construction time = Practical Completion Date – project Commencement Date
Time Variation = ((Construction Time- Revised Contract Period)/Revised Contract Period) * 100
Where Revised contract period = original contract period + EOT.
Cost:Cost is an important measure and is defined as the degree to which the general conditions
promote the completion of a project within the estimated budget. Cost is usually confined to the
sum quoted in tender documents. It is the overall cost that a project incurs from inception to
completion. So it includes any costs that arise from variations, modifications during construction
period and the cost created by the legal claims, such as litigation and arbitration. The measure of
the cost can be in the form of unit cost, percentage of net variation over final cost.
Unit cost = Final contract sum/ Gross Floor Area (m2)
%NETVAR = (Net value of variations/Final Contract Sum) * 100%
Where net value of variations = Final contract sum-base
Base = Original contract sum + Final Rise and Fall – Contingency Allowance.
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
46
Quality and Scope are important intangible measures. Quality deals with the measure of
technical specification, it means to what extent the technical requirements specified can be
achieved. Freeman and Beale (1992) extended the definition of technical performance with scope
and quality. Therefore meeting technical specification is grouped under the quality category
(Chan, 2001).
Quality is defined as the totality of features and inherent or assigned characteristics of a product,
process, service and/or system that bear on its ability to show that it meets expectations or
satisfies stated needs, requirements or specifications.Scope is the total aggregation of deliverables
to be produced by the project. A deliverable is a quantifiable outcome of a project which results
in the partial (or full) achievement of cost budgeting, project objectives (Olaoluwa, 2013).
Schedule analysis and forecasting and cost analysis forecasting are the two major project control
indicators considered to achieve project managementefficiency, which in turn refers to: schedule
variance, schedule performance index, time estimate at completion, cost variance, cost
performance index and are given as follows (Tom & Paul, 2013).
(i) Schedule Analysis and Forecasting
Schedule variance (SV): It determines whether a project is behind or ahead of the schedule. It is
calculated by subtracting planned value from the earned value.
Schedule variance = Earned value (EV) – Planned value (PV); when schedule variance is
expressed in percentage as SV% = SV/PV
Where Earned Value is a technique for measuring project performance according to both project
cost and schedule. The technique compares the budgeted cost of the work to the actual
costSchedule Performance Index (SPI): It indicates efficiency with which the project team is
using its time.
Schedule Performance Index = Earned value/Planned value
Time Estimate at Completion {EAC (t)}: A rough estimate f when a project can be completed can
be generated. {EAC (t)} = {(BAC/SPI)/ (BAC/months)
BAC = Budget at Completion.
(ii) Cost Analysis and Forecasting
Cost Variance (CV): It shows whether a project is under or over budget.
Cost Variance (CV) = Earned Value (EV) – Actual Cost (AC). This number can be expressed as a
percentage as CV% =CV/EV
Cost Performance Index (CPI): It is one of the clearest indicators of the cumulative cost
efficiency of the project. CPI = Earned Value (EV)/Actual Cost (AC).
(iii)Technical Performance and Forecasting
A technical performance tracking system can be developed by systematically studying the cost of
quality. Quality can be defined as conformance to requirements (Davis, Ledbetter & Burati Jr.,
1989). Quality costs are estimated up to 20-40% of its revenue (Crosby, 1979).
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
47
PMI (2000) definition of cost of quality can be expressed as the whole effort to acquire the
quality of deliverables and these efforts include work needed by requirements and rework.
Quality control cost included in costs of construction projects is the costs required by related
regulation and contract conditions for achieving quality of contractual object (Song & Lee, 2004).
The cost of quality can be measured in two parts: (i) cost of quality management efforts and (ii)
cost of correcting deviations or variance (Davis, Ledbetter & Burati Jr., 1989).
According to Rosenfeld (2009), Cost of Quality (COQ) conformance as a “quality” expenses and
COQ nonconformance as “non-quality” expenses (Barlow, 2009), where conformance costs are
the costs for achieving satisfactory quality. Conformance costs include prevention costs and
appraisal costs. Non-conformance costs are the costs originated from low quality level and are
composed of internal-failure costs and external costs (Song & Lee, 2004).
In cinch, the Cost of Quality (COQ) can be broken down into four main categories under two
broad categories: 1. Conformance Quality Cost: (i) Prevention Cost (ii) Appraisal cost2. Non-
conformance quality cost: (iii) Internal Failure (iv) External Failureand are defined as follows
(Barlow, 2009; Song & Lee, 2004):
Prevention costs are incurred by contractor for activities which are undertaken to prevent internal
or external non-conformance issues Barlow, 2009). Simply, it is the cost arising from prevention
measures, which includes cost related to education, planning etc. (Song & lee, 2004).
Appraisal costs are incurred by the contractor in the process of conducting inspections, making
evaluations and collecting data (Barlow, 2009). Simply it is the cost related to performing check
on deliverables (products and services). It includes the cost for conducting inspection, lab test,
on-site test etc. (Song & Lee, 2004).
Fig.2. Cost Versus Quality Level (Source: Barlow, 2009)
Internal Failure costs are incurred upon the contractor due to unsatisfactory results prior to the
owner’s acceptance of the building-failure (Barolow, 2009). Simply it the cost related to
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
48
resolving problems prior to delivery of product to customer. It includes the cost related to
disposal, re-production, stand-by etc. (Song & Lee, 2004).
External failure costs incur upon the contractor when poor quality is discovered after the owner
accepts the building –defect (Barlow, 2009). Simply it is the cost related to solving customer
claims in connection with deliverables such as products or services. It includes the cost related to
maintaining quality assurance, exchange, refund etc. (Song & Lee, 2004).
Therefore now it is also important to include the quality cost into project cost control managerial
accounting.
3.5 Relating quality cost with schedule and cost
Quality cost is used as an indicator to evaluate quality performance and influences company’s
financial performance. To achieve the goal of the quality control in construction projects, factors
such as quality, schedule, and cost should be considered to achieve project success (Song & Lee,
2004).
4. PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
The capabilities of tools and techniques refer to: Expert judgment, Analogous estimating,
Parametric estimating, Bottom-up estimating, Three-point estimates, Reverse analysis, Cost of
quality, Project management estimating software and Vendor bid analysis (Rajabi,
Undated).Project control automation and relationships of project control to project integrated data
bases have been explored earlier. Project Management Software such as Primavera (Tom & Paul,
2013) and MS Project (Jainendrakumar, 2015) describes detailed cost and schedule integration
with a focus on exception reporting (Carr, 1990).
5. RESEARCH MODEL PROPOSED & HYPOTHESIS
DEVELOPMENT
The discussion for the research question: what is project success and what is the impact of
standard form contracts on it has been worked by Chan, Coffey & Trigunarsyah (2010). In their
research the mentioned that according to Sanvido et al. (1992, 94-111), project success is
understood as the degree to which project goals and expectations are met. Though they included
technical, financial, educational, social and professional aspects, in the current research the scope
has been limited to consider technical and financial aspect only. Further, the research of Chan,
Coffey and Trigunarsyah (2010) also planned to study how contract conditions influence or
impact project success (or failure).
The study of contract conditions in project management and project success is important because,
contracts set the basic playing rules for the project. Theoretically speaking, both parties freely
enter the contract to create optimal conditions for successfully completing the project. Practically
speaking, contract is often seen as a competitive game, in which the objective is to place the other
party at a disadvantage, especially if things go badly (Stevens, 2009-2011).
9. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
49
Fig. 3. Project Success Research Model focusing on cost performance scope- Proposed
While most of the literature on project success indicated project cost performance as one of the
main key performance indicators, from the perspective of applying CRASP methodology
(Vasista, ALSudairi, 2016), it is important to discuss the concept of Benchmarking. Takim &
Akintoye (2002, 547) has brought the discussion on “Benchmarking”. CBPP (Construction Best
Practice Programme) defines benchmarking as a systematic process of comparing and measuring
the performance of the companies (business activities) against others and using lessons learned
from the best to make targeted improvements. While KPI is the measure of the performance of
the process that is critical to its success. The best performance achieved in practice is the
benchmark. The objective of benchmarking is to understand the existing processes and activities
and then to identify an external point of reference or standard by which that activity can be
measured or judged. A comprehensive model that would bring and transforms KPIs would result
the prediction of project success through project performance are: (i) effectiveness and (ii)
efficiency (Takin & Akintoye, 2002). While efficiency is understood as the collection of
objective measures (e.g. cost performance), the effectiveness (e.g. contract conditions) is the
collection of subjective measures.
Correspondingly, the relationship between project success, cost performance and contract
conditions can be depicted as shown in the figure 4.
Fig. 4 Project Success Research Model focusing on project success- Proposed
(Influenced by both cost performance and contract conditions)
Research Hypothesis:
H1: Contract conditions affect cost performance
10. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ ) Vol.4, No.1, March 2017
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H2: Cost performance predicts project success
H3: Cost performance means achieving project efficiency
H4: Contract conditions means achieving project effectiveness
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In the customer-focused paradigm, high quality deliverables can strengthen competitiveness, raise
market-share and provide basis for long-term relationship with owners. But in most cases, lack of
quantitative data makes it difficult for managers to judge the current status of although quality
based technical performance is one of the critical success factors for evaluating a construction
project success; there is no practical guideline for measuring such intangibles. Therefore in this
paper an attempt is made to measure and analyze the quality cost towards indicating the
evaluation of technical performance in project management in construction projects. Quality cost
can play an intermediate role in project management from a cost perspective and consequently
contributes to the success of the construction project (Song & Lee, 2004).
From the above discussion it is evident that the research model of project success is a function of
project efficiency and project effectiveness which are further mapped and represented in terms of
cost performance and contract conditions respectively in order to meet the project scope and
definitions. Now it is important to bring all different kinds of costs as objective measures and
such measure when get subjected to the constraints mentioned in contract conditions would
indicate the degree of project success. In this regard the cost-time relationship and cost-quality
relationship and the basic scope of the construction project are and their applicability is defined in
the contract document as conditions. Such contract document serves as business rules.
7. FUTURE RESEARCH
While cost performance could be obtained both objectively and subjectively by transforming
quality cost also into its objective equivalents, however assessing how contract conditions
influences the project success along with the cost performance is a typical study that reflects more
a subjective study. Therefore it is important to see how a systematic study can be conducted to
interlink the study of benchmarking and. contract conditions towards leading to project success. It
is also important to further study by dividing the cost performance from the perspective of
customer and provider to decide the optimal point of project profitability. Therefore applying and
viewing CRASP methodology would essentially keep the project to analyze it to derive the scope
of conducting cost-benefit analysis by properly tuning the project success. Further, based on the
CRASP methodology framework for benchmarking construction project development that could
reasonably considers the stakeholders’ objectives, expectations and priorities for the project.
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