Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
The document discusses a study that aimed to determine the permeability of filter cakes formed by septic tank sludge. Two types of laboratory filters were used - ones filled with fine sand and ones made of geotextiles. The permeability of the filter cakes decreased linearly as organic solids accumulated. Based on the amount of organic solids applied, the permeability and predicted failure time of the filter cake can be estimated, with smaller pore diameter filters and higher organic concentrations leading to the shortest failure times of under two years.
A Critical Study of Water Loss in Canals and its Reduction MeasuresIJERA Editor
Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.
Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious conc...Jahzeel Suarez
This document summarizes a study that measured the permeability of 20 pervious concrete parking lots in California using an NCAT field permeameter. Factors like traffic volume, erosion, vegetation, cracking, maintenance practices, rainfall, temperature, sediment accumulation, and pavement age were also collected. Seven core samples from four parking lots were analyzed using CT scans to assess porosity profiles and clogging. Statistical analysis found pavement age and accumulated fine sediment (<38 mm) were most influential on permeability. CT scans showed clogging generally within the top 25 mm but sometimes as deep as 100 mm. The study aimed to better understand permeability reduction and clogging in pervious concrete pavements.
Evaluation of permeable pavement responses to urban surface runoff.pdfShielaJingleSorino
This research article evaluates the performance of permeable pavement subjected to sediment loading over multiple years through laboratory experiments and modeling. The experiments showed the permeable pavement became completely clogged after seven hydrological years. Modeling revealed the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity is 3.5, and hydraulic conductivity decreased 20% after three years. The permeable pavement was highly effective at removing total suspended solids (100% removal), moderately effective at removing ammonium (59% removal) and phosphate (23% removal), and resulted in a 12% increase in nitrate, likely due to nitrification processes. Proper annual cleaning of permeable pavements can maintain hydraulic performance and pollutant removal over their lifespan.
IRJET- Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity of Montmorillonite Rich Clay upon ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of zinc contamination on the hydraulic conductivity of montmorillonite-rich bentonite clay. Bentonite clay is commonly used as a liner in landfills due to its low permeability. However, zinc is often present in landfill leachate and can contaminate the clay liner. The study found that zinc contamination leads to an increase in the permeability of bentonite clay. This is undesirable as it could result in more leachate leaking through the clay liner into groundwater. Strict limits on zinc in landfill leachate may be needed to ensure bentonite clay liners maintain their integrity over time.
Geotechnical properties of the soil have been carried out at the construction site of an overhead bridge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The project is a 230 m long overhead bridge crossing between first and second artillery in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two tests that were carried out on the soil are the Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis test. The results reveal that the liquid limit is 36, 8, the plastic limit is 21.1 and the plasticity index is 15.7. This implies that the Atterberg limits are slightly above the recommended standard set by the Federal Ministry for Works and Housing, however, considering the swampy wet nature of the environment within the Port Harcourt Metropolis, the results obtained still fall within a range that can be worked with few modifications. The average diameter of the particles (D value) are D10=0.05, D30=0.17, D60=1.12 Cu=1.5 and Cc=0.5. The soil sample tested shows proper gradation since the coefficient of uniformity (Cu)>>4.
IRJET - Shrinkage Crack Study due to Lead Contamination in Bentonite ClayIRJET Journal
1. The document studies the effect of lead contamination on the shrinkage cracking of bentonite clay. Bentonite clay samples contaminated with varying percentages of lead (0-0.1%) were tested.
2. The results showed that with increasing lead concentration, the consistency limits (liquid limit and plastic limit) of the bentonite clay decreased. The shrinkage limit was not significantly affected. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing lead concentration.
3. Digital image processing was used to analyze the crack patterns of the contaminated bentonite clay samples. The crack intensity factor, which is the ratio of crack surface area to total surface area, increased with higher lead contamination levels.
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
The document discusses a study that aimed to determine the permeability of filter cakes formed by septic tank sludge. Two types of laboratory filters were used - ones filled with fine sand and ones made of geotextiles. The permeability of the filter cakes decreased linearly as organic solids accumulated. Based on the amount of organic solids applied, the permeability and predicted failure time of the filter cake can be estimated, with smaller pore diameter filters and higher organic concentrations leading to the shortest failure times of under two years.
A Critical Study of Water Loss in Canals and its Reduction MeasuresIJERA Editor
Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.
Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious conc...Jahzeel Suarez
This document summarizes a study that measured the permeability of 20 pervious concrete parking lots in California using an NCAT field permeameter. Factors like traffic volume, erosion, vegetation, cracking, maintenance practices, rainfall, temperature, sediment accumulation, and pavement age were also collected. Seven core samples from four parking lots were analyzed using CT scans to assess porosity profiles and clogging. Statistical analysis found pavement age and accumulated fine sediment (<38 mm) were most influential on permeability. CT scans showed clogging generally within the top 25 mm but sometimes as deep as 100 mm. The study aimed to better understand permeability reduction and clogging in pervious concrete pavements.
Evaluation of permeable pavement responses to urban surface runoff.pdfShielaJingleSorino
This research article evaluates the performance of permeable pavement subjected to sediment loading over multiple years through laboratory experiments and modeling. The experiments showed the permeable pavement became completely clogged after seven hydrological years. Modeling revealed the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity is 3.5, and hydraulic conductivity decreased 20% after three years. The permeable pavement was highly effective at removing total suspended solids (100% removal), moderately effective at removing ammonium (59% removal) and phosphate (23% removal), and resulted in a 12% increase in nitrate, likely due to nitrification processes. Proper annual cleaning of permeable pavements can maintain hydraulic performance and pollutant removal over their lifespan.
IRJET- Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity of Montmorillonite Rich Clay upon ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of zinc contamination on the hydraulic conductivity of montmorillonite-rich bentonite clay. Bentonite clay is commonly used as a liner in landfills due to its low permeability. However, zinc is often present in landfill leachate and can contaminate the clay liner. The study found that zinc contamination leads to an increase in the permeability of bentonite clay. This is undesirable as it could result in more leachate leaking through the clay liner into groundwater. Strict limits on zinc in landfill leachate may be needed to ensure bentonite clay liners maintain their integrity over time.
Geotechnical properties of the soil have been carried out at the construction site of an overhead bridge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The project is a 230 m long overhead bridge crossing between first and second artillery in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two tests that were carried out on the soil are the Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis test. The results reveal that the liquid limit is 36, 8, the plastic limit is 21.1 and the plasticity index is 15.7. This implies that the Atterberg limits are slightly above the recommended standard set by the Federal Ministry for Works and Housing, however, considering the swampy wet nature of the environment within the Port Harcourt Metropolis, the results obtained still fall within a range that can be worked with few modifications. The average diameter of the particles (D value) are D10=0.05, D30=0.17, D60=1.12 Cu=1.5 and Cc=0.5. The soil sample tested shows proper gradation since the coefficient of uniformity (Cu)>>4.
IRJET - Shrinkage Crack Study due to Lead Contamination in Bentonite ClayIRJET Journal
1. The document studies the effect of lead contamination on the shrinkage cracking of bentonite clay. Bentonite clay samples contaminated with varying percentages of lead (0-0.1%) were tested.
2. The results showed that with increasing lead concentration, the consistency limits (liquid limit and plastic limit) of the bentonite clay decreased. The shrinkage limit was not significantly affected. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing lead concentration.
3. Digital image processing was used to analyze the crack patterns of the contaminated bentonite clay samples. The crack intensity factor, which is the ratio of crack surface area to total surface area, increased with higher lead contamination levels.
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
This document reviews experimental approaches, theoretical models, numerical simulations, and influencing factors related to desiccation cracking in soils. Section 1 introduces how desiccation cracking impacts soil properties and the importance of studying this phenomenon. Section 2 summarizes past and current experimental methods used to investigate cracking at various scales. Section 3 presents theoretical frameworks developed to describe cracking mechanisms. Section 4 discusses numerical tools used to simulate crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence. Section 5 describes the coupled processes involved in crack dynamics. Section 6 examines major factors influencing cracking, including soil properties, boundaries, environment, and additives. Sections 7 and 8 provide a summary and propose areas for future work.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Experimental Study on the Settling Velocity of
Coastal Mud in Quiescent Water: The Case of
Huangmaohai Estuary, South China Sea by Dong XU in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography: Open Access
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
System dynamics simulation of selected composite landfill liners for leachate...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Technology Research (FET
Conference 2013), LAUTECH,Ogbomoso, Nigeria, March 26-28, 2013.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Factors affecting def and asr in the concrete dam at vrané nad vltavoueSAT Publishing House
1) The document examines factors affecting delayed ettringite formation (DEF) and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete from a dam in Vrané nad Vltavou, Czech Republic.
2) Samples were taken from 8 locations and tested for residual expansion, then analyzed using microscopy techniques. The sample with the highest residual expansion and microcracking was periodically exposed to water.
3) DEF was found to be the primary degradation mechanism. The sample most affected was located 1 meter above the water line and contained aggregates of acidic volcanic rock that are susceptible to DEF when periodically exposed to water.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
This document discusses how the pore size distribution affects drying shrinkage in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC). The main points are:
1) AASC exhibited higher drying shrinkage than OPCC even though OPCC lost more moisture during drying.
2) The pore size distribution of AASC pastes showed a much higher proportion of pores in the mesopore region compared to OPC pastes.
3) The radius of pores where the meniscus forms during drying seems to be a more important factor for shrinkage than the total moisture loss. This supports the theory that capillary tensile forces from drying cause shrinkage.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Ceramic membrane coating with graphene oxide for tannery wastewater treatmenthunypink
The document summarizes a study on using a graphene oxide coated ceramic membrane for treating tannery wastewater. Key points:
- Tannery wastewater is highly contaminated and poses risks to the environment. A ceramic membrane was coated with graphene oxide using dip coating to treat this wastewater.
- Experiments were conducted at different pressures from 0.7 to 3 bar to evaluate the coated membrane's rejection of contaminants like total solids, salts, and conductivity.
- Results showed the coating improved the membrane's rejection performance. Rejection percentages increased for parameters like total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, salinity and conductivity compared to an uncoated membrane.
IRJET- Optimization of Design of Rootzone System for Dairy Wastewater IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and optimization of a constructed wetland system for treating dairy wastewater. Key aspects of the design included selecting appropriate liner and vegetation, determining the wetland size based on wastewater characteristics and flow rates, and incorporating baffle walls to reduce the plan area without impacting removal efficiency. Performance evaluation found the system was able to reduce COD by up to 92.5%. The study demonstrated that constructed wetlands can effectively treat dairy wastewater while providing advantages over other methods like simple operation and low construction costs. Additional research is still needed to optimize designs for treating high strength wastes.
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay soils considering the effect of clay minerals. Laboratory tests were conducted on 3 different clay soils from Iraq that varied in their clay mineral composition. Stone columns were installed in triangular patterns in steel containers filled with the soils. Tests measured the bearing improvement ratio and settlement reduction ratio of soils treated with increasing numbers of stone columns (1, 2, and 4 columns). Results showed that soils with high montmorillonite and low kaolin responded better to stone column treatment than soils with low montmorillonite and high kaolin. The efficiency of stone columns depends on the type and amount of clay minerals in the treated soil.
IRJET - Experimental and Case Study on Plastic Strips to Enhance the Shear Sh...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on using plastic waste to improve the engineering properties of clay soil. Specifically:
- Plastic strips were mixed with black cotton soil at ratios of 0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by weight to test their effects.
- Tests found that adding up to 0.8% plastic increased the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio of the soil. Unconfined compressive strength also improved with plastic addition.
- Above 0.8%, plastic content did not further increase dry density due to its lower specific gravity compared to soil. Water demand also reduced as plastic absorbed less moisture.
- Shear strength parameters like internal friction
The system dynamics modeling method in application of geo-membranes as landfi...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
Presentation made at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, (ICETE 2012),
NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka State, India, 15th and 16th May,
2012.
IRJET - Improving Piping Resistance using Randomly Distributed FibreIRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study that aims to improve the piping resistance of sand samples by adding randomly distributed polypropylene fibers. Tests are conducted to determine the effect of fiber content and length on permeability, seepage velocity, and piping resistance under different hydraulic heads. The results show that inclusion of fibers reduces permeability and seepage velocity, thereby improving the piping resistance of sand.
IRJET - Heave Reduction on Expansive Soil by using GeotextilesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using geotextiles to reduce heaving in expansive soils. The study measured the upward movement of expansive bentonite soil reinforced with single and double layers of coir and jute geotextiles placed at depths of 0.1B and 0.3B below a footing. Placement of a single coir geotextile layer at 0.1B reduced heaving by 24%, while double coir geotextile layers at 0.1B and 0.3B reduced heaving by 73%. Previous studies on predicting and controlling heaving in expansive soils using techniques like micropiles and geosynthetics are also summarized. The results indicate geot
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civejjour
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city.
What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of
transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical
infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly
planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of
urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting
the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are
formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban
voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
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This document reviews experimental approaches, theoretical models, numerical simulations, and influencing factors related to desiccation cracking in soils. Section 1 introduces how desiccation cracking impacts soil properties and the importance of studying this phenomenon. Section 2 summarizes past and current experimental methods used to investigate cracking at various scales. Section 3 presents theoretical frameworks developed to describe cracking mechanisms. Section 4 discusses numerical tools used to simulate crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence. Section 5 describes the coupled processes involved in crack dynamics. Section 6 examines major factors influencing cracking, including soil properties, boundaries, environment, and additives. Sections 7 and 8 provide a summary and propose areas for future work.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes research on the effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction. It discusses how CO2 sequestration in geological pits has the potential to cause soil liquefaction and increase earthquake risk. The document reviews various methods for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, such as measuring shear wave velocity using multichannel analysis of surface waves. It also discusses standards for correcting SPT blow counts and shear wave velocities based on factors like overburden stress. The goal is to evaluate soil liquefaction risk from injecting CO2 into pits using seismic wave methods, in order to identify safe locations for CO2 sequestration.
Experimental Study on the Settling Velocity of
Coastal Mud in Quiescent Water: The Case of
Huangmaohai Estuary, South China Sea by Dong XU in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography: Open Access
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
System dynamics simulation of selected composite landfill liners for leachate...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Technology Research (FET
Conference 2013), LAUTECH,Ogbomoso, Nigeria, March 26-28, 2013.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Factors affecting def and asr in the concrete dam at vrané nad vltavoueSAT Publishing House
1) The document examines factors affecting delayed ettringite formation (DEF) and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete from a dam in Vrané nad Vltavou, Czech Republic.
2) Samples were taken from 8 locations and tested for residual expansion, then analyzed using microscopy techniques. The sample with the highest residual expansion and microcracking was periodically exposed to water.
3) DEF was found to be the primary degradation mechanism. The sample most affected was located 1 meter above the water line and contained aggregates of acidic volcanic rock that are susceptible to DEF when periodically exposed to water.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
This document discusses how the pore size distribution affects drying shrinkage in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC). The main points are:
1) AASC exhibited higher drying shrinkage than OPCC even though OPCC lost more moisture during drying.
2) The pore size distribution of AASC pastes showed a much higher proportion of pores in the mesopore region compared to OPC pastes.
3) The radius of pores where the meniscus forms during drying seems to be a more important factor for shrinkage than the total moisture loss. This supports the theory that capillary tensile forces from drying cause shrinkage.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Ceramic membrane coating with graphene oxide for tannery wastewater treatmenthunypink
The document summarizes a study on using a graphene oxide coated ceramic membrane for treating tannery wastewater. Key points:
- Tannery wastewater is highly contaminated and poses risks to the environment. A ceramic membrane was coated with graphene oxide using dip coating to treat this wastewater.
- Experiments were conducted at different pressures from 0.7 to 3 bar to evaluate the coated membrane's rejection of contaminants like total solids, salts, and conductivity.
- Results showed the coating improved the membrane's rejection performance. Rejection percentages increased for parameters like total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, salinity and conductivity compared to an uncoated membrane.
IRJET- Optimization of Design of Rootzone System for Dairy Wastewater IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and optimization of a constructed wetland system for treating dairy wastewater. Key aspects of the design included selecting appropriate liner and vegetation, determining the wetland size based on wastewater characteristics and flow rates, and incorporating baffle walls to reduce the plan area without impacting removal efficiency. Performance evaluation found the system was able to reduce COD by up to 92.5%. The study demonstrated that constructed wetlands can effectively treat dairy wastewater while providing advantages over other methods like simple operation and low construction costs. Additional research is still needed to optimize designs for treating high strength wastes.
Study of the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay considering the effect ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the efficiency of stone columns in soft clay soils considering the effect of clay minerals. Laboratory tests were conducted on 3 different clay soils from Iraq that varied in their clay mineral composition. Stone columns were installed in triangular patterns in steel containers filled with the soils. Tests measured the bearing improvement ratio and settlement reduction ratio of soils treated with increasing numbers of stone columns (1, 2, and 4 columns). Results showed that soils with high montmorillonite and low kaolin responded better to stone column treatment than soils with low montmorillonite and high kaolin. The efficiency of stone columns depends on the type and amount of clay minerals in the treated soil.
IRJET - Experimental and Case Study on Plastic Strips to Enhance the Shear Sh...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on using plastic waste to improve the engineering properties of clay soil. Specifically:
- Plastic strips were mixed with black cotton soil at ratios of 0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by weight to test their effects.
- Tests found that adding up to 0.8% plastic increased the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio of the soil. Unconfined compressive strength also improved with plastic addition.
- Above 0.8%, plastic content did not further increase dry density due to its lower specific gravity compared to soil. Water demand also reduced as plastic absorbed less moisture.
- Shear strength parameters like internal friction
The system dynamics modeling method in application of geo-membranes as landfi...Samson Olakunle OJOAWO
Presentation made at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, (ICETE 2012),
NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka State, India, 15th and 16th May,
2012.
IRJET - Improving Piping Resistance using Randomly Distributed FibreIRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study that aims to improve the piping resistance of sand samples by adding randomly distributed polypropylene fibers. Tests are conducted to determine the effect of fiber content and length on permeability, seepage velocity, and piping resistance under different hydraulic heads. The results show that inclusion of fibers reduces permeability and seepage velocity, thereby improving the piping resistance of sand.
IRJET - Heave Reduction on Expansive Soil by using GeotextilesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using geotextiles to reduce heaving in expansive soils. The study measured the upward movement of expansive bentonite soil reinforced with single and double layers of coir and jute geotextiles placed at depths of 0.1B and 0.3B below a footing. Placement of a single coir geotextile layer at 0.1B reduced heaving by 24%, while double coir geotextile layers at 0.1B and 0.3B reduced heaving by 73%. Previous studies on predicting and controlling heaving in expansive soils using techniques like micropiles and geosynthetics are also summarized. The results indicate geot
Similar to Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious Pavers (20)
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civejjour
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city.
What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of
transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical
infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly
planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of
urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting
the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are
formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban
voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
The Dynamics of Man's History and Economic Development: A Refocus on Ecologic...civejjour
Man’s history and developmental endeavour have been advancing alongside a trail of
ecological ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not
recorded an accelerated shift in ecology during any other epoch beside that of modern man
on the planet. The paper seeks to explore how man’s history and development affects ecology
and climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from global assessment reports and runs a
One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5
level. Findings show that, there is global climate change, seen in global warming trends; and
imbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land sinks. The t-Test
reveals significant net loss of global forest cover. The study also, found that at present,
processes of development generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore, the study
recommends a refocus to sustainable means of development.
Cost Effective Methods in Construction Engineeringcivejjour
The economic impact of construction cost overrun is a possible loss of the economic justification for the
project. The financial impact of a cost overrun results in demand for construction investment credits.
Therefore reliable estimates of construction cost are an important aspect to the contemporary construction
companies especially during the conceptual phase of lifecycle management. In this paper a cost-effective
analysis is done using one of the cost effective construction technique called Rat Trap Bond versus Flemish
bond and when estimated with CPWD 2012 schedule of rates it is proved that Low cost techniques such as
rat trap bond provides better cost effectiveness as compared to conventional Flemish bond construction
method.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first ≈25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct
literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence
Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision
support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil
engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project
execution
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of Performance of High Calcium Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Mix ...civejjour
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of
micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost
effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash
filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing
Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory
design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler
showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The
results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be
utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
Intelligent Transportation System Based Traffic Congestion Modeling for Urban...civejjour
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban
arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route
into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the
segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics
(flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic
characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is
then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour
practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network
planning and management.
The Impact of Waiting Time on Pedestrian Violations at Signalized Intersectionscivejjour
The phenomenon that pedestrian violates traffic signals at intersections and crosses with danger is
universal. This study aims to find out the influence of the waiting time of pedestrians at an intersection and
the three main factors of pedestrian violations. In this study, 13 intersections and 1075 violations sample
were collected in Suzhou China, which had different maximum waiting times. The validation would use the
complementary video data. There are several factors, which have great influence on the proportion of
pedestrian violations, such as the age, sex, arrive time, red phase, conflicting traffic volume and the length
of volume crosswalks. Additionally, The significance of pedestrian maximum waiting time was highlighted
in the end. For the purpose of reducing dangerous pedestrian behaviors at signalized intersections,
minimizing waiting times is supposed to be one proper way.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious Pavers
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
DOI:10.5121/civej.2021.8301 1
STORMWATER RUNOFF TREATMENT
AND INFILTRATION VIA SILICA-SAND
BASED PERVIOUS PAVERS
Yuming Su1
, Shengyi Qin2
, Jinli Dang2
and Chandra Dake3
1
State Key Laboratory of Silica Sand Utilization, Beijing, China, and Maryland, USA
2
Rechsand Ecological Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Anqing, China and Beijing
Rechsand Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
3
Dake RechsandLLC., Dubai, UAE
ABSTRACT
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
KEYWORDS
Stormwater Runoff Treatment; Recharge Water Quantity and Quality; Sand-based Pervious Materials;
Pervious Paver.
1. INTRODUCTION
Rapid urbanization caused a series of water-related problems such as stormwater pollution and
deterioration of the water environment. Many scholars in China have conducted studies on
stormwater runoff quality (such as SS, TN, TP, COD, heavy metals, and dissolved organic
matter) in different cities and many exceedances to surface water standards have been found [1]
[2][3].
Large-scale stormwater runoff sampling and quality analysis have been conducted in the United
States for more than 40 years. Some well-known studies include the National Urban Runoff
Program (NURP) by US Federal Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); Urban Stormwater
Database by the U.S. Geological Survey; The International BMP Database by American Society
of Civil Engineers; and the National Stormwater Quality Database by the University of Alabama
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
2
[4]. Among these, NURP is the first comprehensive national urban runoff study, with 2,300
rainfall events in 28 cities covered. It is also an important basis for stormwater regulations [5].
The Benchmark Value is based in large part on EPA's aquatic life water quality criteria and some
are from the NURP study. The Benchmark Values are not discharge limitations, but they are
meant to be used as indicators of how well a site’s stormwater is managed. It is used to determine
whether stormwater pollution prevention measures are successfully implemented [6].
Pervious pavement systems can effectively reduce pollutant concentrations through interception,
filtration, and adsorption [7]. Due to differences in pore sizes, material wettability, permeability,
etc., pollutant removal rates vary [7][8]. Fletcher et al. [8] summarized the TSS, TN, TP, and
metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni) removal via pervious pavements at 80%, 65%, 60%, and 75%
respectively. Qin [9] studied the pollutant reduction effect of pervious brick paving structures.
The removal rates on SS, COD, TP, and TN were 69.85%, 52.10%, 64.77%, and 36.39%,
respectively.
Some pervious materials with micron-level pores generally showed better filtering potential than
materials with millimetre-level pores. Yao [10] concluded that sand-based permeable bricks with
micron-level pores can effectively reduce stormwater runoff pollution, and SS removal
performance is better than that of pervious concrete, especially for particles larger than
100~600μm.
In this study, bench-scale pervious paver systems were constructed and tested under laboratory
conditions. Stormwater runoff samples from a busy roadway were collected and were used to
simulate the infiltration process. The objective of the study is to better understand the quality and
quantity characteristics of water through the micron-level pore paver system.
2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUPS
Experiments were conducted mainly in two bench-scale boxes (912 x 462 X 1190mm) made of
glass, which is shown in Figure 1. The pervious bricks, base layers, and subsoil layers were built
following the typical field application procedure to simulate the real-world conditions.
Figure 1. Experiment setups - photo (L) and conceptual illustration(R)
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
3
2.1. Sand-Based Pervious Brick
The pervious brick used in this study is based on an innovative pervious material made of silica
sand [11]. The brick is featured with micron-level pores averaging about 50-100μm in diameter.
Figure 2 shows photos of the brick, an SEM image of the pores, and a typical project application.
Fig 2. Silica sand-based pervious brick with micron-level pores. The brick (L), SEM photo (M),
and typical applications
The experiment boxes were carefully size to install one full piece of pervious brick
(900mm×450mm×100mm) in each. The porosity of the brick is 22.5%, and the infiltration rate is
above 0.025 cm/s. In this study, the infiltration rate of the brick is higher than the simulated
rainfall intensity, and water was fully infiltrated through the system.
2.2. Subbase layers
The subbase layers (Layer #2 - #5 as shown in Figure 1) under the brick, from top to bottom, are
30mm thick of coarse sand, 150mm pervious concrete, and 200mm gravel, respectively [12].
2.3. Subsoil
Under the pervious paver and the subbase is 500mm of subsoil (Layer #6 in Figure 1). Soil A
used in Box A (GPS coordinates: 40°21'28"N; 116°48'21"E, 1 m below grade) and Soil B used in
Box B (GPS coordinates 40°23'02"N; 116°47'22"E, 0 m below grade) are both classified as Sand
per USDA
(See Figure 3) [13]. They are similar in particle sizes with a major difference that Soil B,
obtained from the ground surface, contains visible root residues, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. USDA soil classification (blue: Soil A& red: Soil B)
bonded
sands
sands
pores
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
4
Figure 4. Soil A and B microscope images – blue cycles highlighting root residues
2.4. Bottom and Outlet
Pre-washed gravels wrapped with Geotextile were used below the subbase materials. Embedded
perforated tubes were used to collect and divert effluent samples through holes at the bottom.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Stormwater Runoff (inlet sample)
Stormwater runoff samples (approximately 200 litters each) were collected in the autumn of 2019
and spring of 2020 from a major roadway in Miyun Economic Development Zone of Beijing
(GPS coordinates: 40°21'31"N, 116°48'28"E). Samples were analysed and later used to simulate
rainfall in the laboratory.
3.2. Rainfall Simulation and Infiltrated Water Sample (outlet sample)
Two infiltration experiments were completed. Experiment 1, using runoff sample 1 collected in
the fall of 2019, were completed under saturated subsoil condition; while Experiment 2, using
runoff sample 2 collected in spring of 2020, were completed under dry subsoil conditions. During
the experiments, runoff samples were evenly sprinkled on the surface of the sand-based bricks.
Table 1 describes the equivalent rainfall intensity and duration of the simulated rainfall events.
The infiltrated water samples were collected at the outlets of the boxes. Flow rates were also
measured and recorded using the bucket and stopwatch method.
4. RESULTS
4.1. Infiltration and Recharge Water Quantity
Figures 5 to 8 are the effluent flow at the outfalls during Experiments 1 and 2.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
5
Figure 5. Infiltration Experiment 1, Box A Figure 6. Infiltration Experiment 1, Box B
Figure 7. Infiltration Experiment 2, Box A Figure 8. Infiltration Experiment 2, Box B
During Experiment 1, The effluent lag time of Box A and Box B was 3 hours and 1 hour,
respectively. The peak flow reduction rates were 99.2% and 91.5%, respectively. During
Experiment 2, The lag time of Box A is about one day, which is 2.5 times that of Box B. Also
similar to Experiment 1, the peak infiltration flow from Box A is about one-fifth of Soil B,
showing better retention by Soil A. Table 2 summarised the major water quantity-related results
of the two infiltration experiments.
Table 1. Summary of Infiltration Test Results (Quantity)
Infiltration Experiment 1 using
Event 1 sample ,
saturated subsoil
Infiltration Experiment 2
using Event 1 sample,
dry subsoil
Soil A Soil B Soil A Soil B
Duration of simulated rainfall 40min 135min
Simulated rainfall intensity 253mm/h 105 mm/h
Simulated rainfall depth 190mm 237mm
Lag time of peak flow 0.15d 0.05d 1d 0.4d
Peak flowrate reduction 99.2% 91.5% 99.7% 98.8%
Time of 50% flow attenuation 2.1d 0.25d 6.5d 3.5d
Comparing Experiments 1 and 2, the initial water content has a significant impact on infiltration.
This is in line with the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. Saturated water in the pores has assisted
in pulling down water above, thus has a positive impact on the infiltration. Comparing infiltration
Time (day)
Box A with
Subsoil A
Time (day)
Box B with
Subsoil B
Time (day)
Box A with
Subsoil A
Time (day)
Box B with
Subsoil B
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
6
rates of Boxes A and B, the root residues in Soil B have a positive impact on the infiltration rates.
This observation is similar to the research conducted by Wang et al.,[14] in which the steady
infiltration rates of the soil with plant roots were 2~5.23 times higher.
4.2. Stormwater Runoff Quality
Constituent concentrations in the stormwater runoff samples were analysed and summarized in
Table 2.
Table 2. Stormwater Runoff Quantity
Constituents Event 1 Event 2 USEPA
Benchmark
value
Bench- mark
values
exceedance
①
USEPA NURP
EMC
Compare to
Mean of EMC③
TSS/ (mg/L) 173 1255 100 1 of 2 141~224 Higher
COD/(mg/L) 76 272 120 1 of 2 73~92 Higher
TP/(mg/L) 0.2 1.1 2 0 of 2 0.37~
0.47
Higher
TN/(mg/L) 12.7 2.4 -② - 1.62~
2.12
Higher
pH 7.39 7.21 6.0~9.0 0 of 2 - -
Pb/(mg/L) 0.042 0.1 0.0816 1 of 2 0.161~
0.204
Lower
Zn/(mg/L) 0.664 1.23 0.117 2 of 2 0.179~
0.226
Higher
Fe/(mg/L) 7.74 39.8 1 2 of 2 - -
Cd/(mg/L) 0.0012 ND 0.0021 0 of 2 - -
Mn/(mg/L) 0.19 0.87 1 0 of 2 - -
Al/(mg/L) 6.06 29.4 0.75 2 of 2 - -
Note ①: High risk refers to the concentration of pollutants in both samples exceeding the USEPA benchmark value;
Medium risk refers to one sample exceeded the benchmark value; Low risk refers to neither. Note ②: USEPA has
established a benchmark value of nitrate + nitrite nitrogen based on NURP EMC. There is no benchmark value for total
nitrogen. Note ③: Comparing to the average value of the EMC range published by NURP study.
Compared with EPA Benchmark Values and NURP studies, most constituent concentrations in
the runoff were relatively high, especially TSS, COD, Zn, Fe, and Al. Watershed management
and stormwater runoff treatment are highly recommended to avoid negative impacts on the
environment.
4.3. Recharge Water Quality
Table 3 summarizes the effluent water quality.
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
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Table 3. Characteristics of Recharge Water Quality
Parameter Experiment 1 Experiment 2 USEPA
Bench
Mark
Value
Benchmark
Value
Exceedance ②
Box A
Effluent
Box B
Effluent
Box A
Effluent
Box B
Effluent
TSS/(mg/L) 33 39 100 291 100 1 of 4
COD/(mg/L) 89 95 65 341 120 1 of 4
TP/(mg/L) 0.04 0.16 0.25 0.23 2 0 of 4
TN/(mg/L) 4.99 7.3 0.81 0.29 - ① -
pH 7.97 8.39 7.51 8.02 6.0-9.0 0 of 4
Pb/(mg/L) 0.007 0.011 ND ND 0.0816 0 of 4
Zn/(mg/L) 0.014 0.015 0.041 0.047 0.117 0 of 4
Fe/(mg/L) 0.13 0.36 0.38 14.4 1 1 of 4
Cd/(mg/L) 0.047 0.0006 ND ND 0.0021 0 of 4
Mn/(mg/L) 0.02 0.19 0.74 19.2 1 1 of 4
Al/(mg/L) 0.047 0.066 1.79 1.90 0.75 2 of 4
①:USEPA has established a benchmark value of nitrate + nitrite nitrogen based on NURP EMC. There
is no benchmark value for total nitrogen. ②: Comparing individual outfall samples in each experiment
with USEPA benchmark values.
The water quality of the effluents collected at the outfalls, which can be considered as simulated
recharge water, is much better than that of the stormwater runoff. Thanks to the removal by the
micron-level pores of the pervious brick and the subsoil, only a few constituent concentrations
exceeded the USEPA Benchmark Values.
In these experiments, 500mm of subsoil was installed and highly contaminated runoff samples
were used. The recharge quality can be better when thicker subsoil presents. This is in line with
design suggestions that the bottom of the recharge facility should be at least 1m higher than
groundwater level [15]
.
4.4. Removal rates
The removal rates through the experiment setups are summarized in Table 4. Removal rates in
general, are higher than many previous studies [8][9]
.
Table 4. Removal through the Pervious Brick System
Experiment 1 Experiment 1
Box A Box B Box A Box B
Turbidity 94.0% 92.4% 99.9% 94.7%
TSS 80.9% 77.5% 92.0% 76.8%
COD -17% ① -25% ① 76.3% -25% ①
TP 80.0% 20.0% 77.3% 79.1%
TN 60.7% 42.5% 66.3% 87.9%
Pb 83.3% 73.8% 50% ② 50% ②
Zn 97.9% 97.7% 96.7% 96.2%
Fe 98.3% 95.3% 99.0% 63.8%
Cd 91.7% 50.0% - ③ - ③
Al 99.2% 98.9% 93.9% 93.5%
Note: ①: constituents in effluent increased. ②: not detected in the effluent. half of the detection limit was
used in calculation. ③: not detected in both influent and effluent.
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.8, No.3, September 2021
8
5. CONCLUSIONS
The sand-based brick performed well in stormwater runoff treatment and infiltration. The system
tested, which includes the pervious brick, subbase, and 500mm of subsoil, demonstrated a lag
time from 0.15 to 1 day, and the peak infiltration flow rates were reduced by 91.5% to 99.7%,
comparing to the inflow. The recharge process lasted from 1 day to several days. Stormwater
runoff samples collected from the road in an industrial park in Beijing showed high risks on
pollution potential. However, the water quality of the recharge improved significantly thanks to
the micro-level pores of the bricks and the subsoils. The pavement system is efficient in
removing pollutants, and the average removal of TSS, TP, and TN were 81.8%, 64.1%, and
64.4%, respectively. The removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd also reached 50%-99.2%.
Additional studies with different subsoil under different rainfall patterns are suggested in the
future to further study the recharge quantity and quality through the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China
under Grant 2016YFC0400905.
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AUTHORS
Yuming Su, Ph.D. P.E. D.WRE is a senior Water Resources Engineer specializing in
stormwater management, design, modeling, and planning.