This document discusses the role of stem cells in animal reproduction. It defines stem cells as non-specialized cells that can proliferate and renew themselves through cell division, and differentiate into specialized cell types. It describes the different types of stem cells - totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent. It discusses sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. It summarizes potential applications of stem cells in regenerative medicine and their use in endometrial repair, vaginal reconstruction, erectile dysfunction, and in-vitro gamete production.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Animal Cloning Procedure, Problems and PerspectivesShafqat Khan
Cloning in farm animals has problems and perspectives. Key issues include developmental anomalies in cloned animals, the large offspring syndrome observed in cattle and sheep clones, and safety apprehensions regarding meat and milk from cloned animals. However, cloning also has potential applications for transgenic animal production, creating disease models, bioreactors, and research into xenotransplantation. It allows the propagation of elite livestock and conservation of endangered species. Further optimization is needed to improve cloning efficiency and resolve health issues.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
This document discusses animal cloning, specifically somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). It provides information on the history of cloning, animals that have been cloned, the SCNT process, challenges to successful cloning including reprogramming differentiated cells, and problems seen in cloned animals including embryonic and postnatal abnormalities. Applications of cloning such as restoring endangered species, generating transgenic animals, and gene knockout in farm animals are also covered.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells show promise for treating various diseases due to their ability to regenerate tissues. However, their clinical use is still limited due to risks of tumor formation and ethical issues around embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, and adult or tissue stem cells, which can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer potential applications for cell therapy and drug development due to their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate. However, there are still many challenges to the clinical application of stem cells, such as controlling differentiation and preventing immune rejection.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Animal Cloning Procedure, Problems and PerspectivesShafqat Khan
Cloning in farm animals has problems and perspectives. Key issues include developmental anomalies in cloned animals, the large offspring syndrome observed in cattle and sheep clones, and safety apprehensions regarding meat and milk from cloned animals. However, cloning also has potential applications for transgenic animal production, creating disease models, bioreactors, and research into xenotransplantation. It allows the propagation of elite livestock and conservation of endangered species. Further optimization is needed to improve cloning efficiency and resolve health issues.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
This document discusses animal cloning, specifically somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). It provides information on the history of cloning, animals that have been cloned, the SCNT process, challenges to successful cloning including reprogramming differentiated cells, and problems seen in cloned animals including embryonic and postnatal abnormalities. Applications of cloning such as restoring endangered species, generating transgenic animals, and gene knockout in farm animals are also covered.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells show promise for treating various diseases due to their ability to regenerate tissues. However, their clinical use is still limited due to risks of tumor formation and ethical issues around embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, and adult or tissue stem cells, which can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer potential applications for cell therapy and drug development due to their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate. However, there are still many challenges to the clinical application of stem cells, such as controlling differentiation and preventing immune rejection.
This slide is all about the hematopoeitic stem cells its two types myeloid and lymphoid. The different types of myleoid and lymphoid cells are explained in details. All details about different White Blood Cells and their function. B cell, T cell and Natural Killer cell and their function.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
The document provides guidelines and information on xenotransplantation. It discusses the concept of xenotransplantation, using animal organs or tissues for human transplantation to address organ shortages. The history of xenotransplantation is reviewed, noting early attempts dating back to the 1600s using animal bone and skin for human grafts. Guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research on experimental xenotransplantation are presented, focusing on oversight, long-term studies, and case-by-case approval. Recent research efforts led by George Church are also summarized, using CRISPR gene editing to modify pig embryos in an attempt to eliminate viruses and reduce immune response when transplanting pig organs into humans.
This document discusses genetic manipulation techniques for animals, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. It provides details on the SCNT process, including the Roslin technique used to create Dolly the sheep. Applications of SCNT are described for agriculture, conservation, and medical therapeutics. The document also discusses the success of SCNT, limitations, and ethical concerns regarding genetic manipulation of animals.
The document discusses cell differentiation and gene regulation. It describes how cells can remain quiescent, proliferate, differentiate, or die. Differentiation is when stem cells become specialized tissue cells and lose the ability to proliferate. Gene regulation controls differentiation through transcription factors and repressors. The lambda phage life cycle is regulated by cI and Cro proteins. Muscle differentiation occurs in stages from myoblast determination to proliferation and fusion into mature muscle cells, regulated by transcription factors like MyoD.
Stem cells biology and their application in clinical medicineRajesh Shukla
This document discusses stem cells, their types and sources. It describes that stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. The main stem cell sources discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells. Clinical applications of stem cells mentioned include hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat blood disorders and bone marrow failure, as well as use in bone grafting, corneal regeneration and tissue engineering.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into other cell types and divide to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms and have two key properties - self-renewal and potency. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells produced by reprogramming adult cells. Stem cells offer promise for regenerative medicine but also raise ethical issues when derived from human embryos.
This document discusses stem cells and their potential applications in future medicine and therapy. It defines stem cells and their properties of self-renewal and potency. It describes the different types of stem cells including embryonic, extra-embryonic, and adult stem cells. The document then reviews some of the key historical milestones in stem cell research from the early 1900s to recent clinical trials. It discusses current and potential uses of stem cells in treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and cardiac diseases. It outlines some challenges and ethical issues with stem cell research and regulation guidelines in India. Finally, it discusses ongoing and future stem cell research areas in India focusing on regenerative medicine and therapy applications.
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
1. The history of biotechnology can be divided into 3 stages - ancient, classical, and modern. Ancient biotech involved early applications related to food and shelter. Classical biotech built on these techniques and promoted fermentation. Modern biotech manipulates genetic information through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Biotechnology has 5 main branches - animal, medical, environmental, industrial, and plant. Animal biotech improves livestock through techniques like artificial insemination, cloning, and transgenic animals. Medical biotech develops drugs and treatments.
3. Environmental biotech applies bioprocesses to clean pollution through bioremediation. Industrial biotech uses organisms to produce chemicals. Plant biotech engineers crops for desired traits like pest
The document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed by introducing genes associated with pluripotency. iPSCs were first generated in 2006 and resemble embryonic stem cells. They can be produced from a person's own cells and have potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine without ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and renew themselves through cell division. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells can be obtained from embryos, umbilical cord blood, and some adult tissues. Key uses of stem cells include replacing damaged cells to treat diseases, studying diseases, and testing new medical treatments.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSANKUR SHARMA
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells and have capacity to differentiate into all type of cells arising from 3 different germ layers i.e., ecto-, meso- and endoderm. In this presentation brief information is given about different methods for production of embryonic stem cells and their maintenance
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
This slide is all about the hematopoeitic stem cells its two types myeloid and lymphoid. The different types of myleoid and lymphoid cells are explained in details. All details about different White Blood Cells and their function. B cell, T cell and Natural Killer cell and their function.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
The document provides guidelines and information on xenotransplantation. It discusses the concept of xenotransplantation, using animal organs or tissues for human transplantation to address organ shortages. The history of xenotransplantation is reviewed, noting early attempts dating back to the 1600s using animal bone and skin for human grafts. Guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research on experimental xenotransplantation are presented, focusing on oversight, long-term studies, and case-by-case approval. Recent research efforts led by George Church are also summarized, using CRISPR gene editing to modify pig embryos in an attempt to eliminate viruses and reduce immune response when transplanting pig organs into humans.
This document discusses genetic manipulation techniques for animals, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. It provides details on the SCNT process, including the Roslin technique used to create Dolly the sheep. Applications of SCNT are described for agriculture, conservation, and medical therapeutics. The document also discusses the success of SCNT, limitations, and ethical concerns regarding genetic manipulation of animals.
The document discusses cell differentiation and gene regulation. It describes how cells can remain quiescent, proliferate, differentiate, or die. Differentiation is when stem cells become specialized tissue cells and lose the ability to proliferate. Gene regulation controls differentiation through transcription factors and repressors. The lambda phage life cycle is regulated by cI and Cro proteins. Muscle differentiation occurs in stages from myoblast determination to proliferation and fusion into mature muscle cells, regulated by transcription factors like MyoD.
Stem cells biology and their application in clinical medicineRajesh Shukla
This document discusses stem cells, their types and sources. It describes that stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. The main stem cell sources discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells. Clinical applications of stem cells mentioned include hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat blood disorders and bone marrow failure, as well as use in bone grafting, corneal regeneration and tissue engineering.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into other cell types and divide to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms and have two key properties - self-renewal and potency. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells produced by reprogramming adult cells. Stem cells offer promise for regenerative medicine but also raise ethical issues when derived from human embryos.
This document discusses stem cells and their potential applications in future medicine and therapy. It defines stem cells and their properties of self-renewal and potency. It describes the different types of stem cells including embryonic, extra-embryonic, and adult stem cells. The document then reviews some of the key historical milestones in stem cell research from the early 1900s to recent clinical trials. It discusses current and potential uses of stem cells in treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and cardiac diseases. It outlines some challenges and ethical issues with stem cell research and regulation guidelines in India. Finally, it discusses ongoing and future stem cell research areas in India focusing on regenerative medicine and therapy applications.
This document discusses cloning, including its definition, history, process, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future. It provides definitions of cloning and discusses some of the first animals cloned, like Dolly the sheep. It also outlines legal and ethical issues with animal cloning, benefits of GE animals, the cloning process, and advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning. Some disadvantages are low success rates and health issues in cloned animals. Applications include biomedical research and livestock breeding. The future of cloning may include protecting endangered species and enhancing animal traits, but it also poses risks.
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
1. The history of biotechnology can be divided into 3 stages - ancient, classical, and modern. Ancient biotech involved early applications related to food and shelter. Classical biotech built on these techniques and promoted fermentation. Modern biotech manipulates genetic information through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Biotechnology has 5 main branches - animal, medical, environmental, industrial, and plant. Animal biotech improves livestock through techniques like artificial insemination, cloning, and transgenic animals. Medical biotech develops drugs and treatments.
3. Environmental biotech applies bioprocesses to clean pollution through bioremediation. Industrial biotech uses organisms to produce chemicals. Plant biotech engineers crops for desired traits like pest
The document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed by introducing genes associated with pluripotency. iPSCs were first generated in 2006 and resemble embryonic stem cells. They can be produced from a person's own cells and have potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine without ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from early stage embryos, adult stem cells found in adult tissues, and fetal stem cells from fetuses. Stem cells are categorized by their potency, or ability to differentiate, with totipotent stem cells able to differentiate into all cell types and unipotent stem cells only able to produce their own cell type. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells into injured tissues where they receive signals to differentiate into the needed cell types to repair damage. Potential applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and brain injuries.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and renew themselves through cell division. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells can be obtained from embryos, umbilical cord blood, and some adult tissues. Key uses of stem cells include replacing damaged cells to treat diseases, studying diseases, and testing new medical treatments.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from early-stage embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells may be useful for regenerative medicine applications like treating diseases but their research and use is also ethically debated.
PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSANKUR SHARMA
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells and have capacity to differentiate into all type of cells arising from 3 different germ layers i.e., ecto-, meso- and endoderm. In this presentation brief information is given about different methods for production of embryonic stem cells and their maintenance
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Stem cells have potential for regeneration in dentistry. Dental stem cells can be isolated from tissues like pulp, periodontal ligament, and follicle. These stem cells demonstrate self-renewal and differentiation abilities. Studies show dental stem cells can generate dentin, bone, and whole tooth crowns. Periodontal regeneration utilizes stem cells which differentiate into fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and osteoblasts to form periodontal tissues. Specifically, periodontal ligament stem cells implanted into defects have generated cementum, bone, and ligament regeneration.
This document discusses stem cell technology in reproduction. It defines different types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and progenitor cells. It describes embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, cord blood stem cells and amniotic fluid stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are discussed. The use of stem cells in neo-oogenesis, testicular and ovarian infertility, tissue engineering of reproductive organs, and animal production is summarized. Key milestones in stem cell research for veterinary reproduction are highlighted. The document concludes that stem cell technology could revolutionize medicine through techniques like preservation of germ lines and stem cell transplantation.
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector” Ajit Tiwari
The role of stem cells in basic biological processes in vivo, namely in development, tissue repair and cancer.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in studying stem cells. The most exciting use of cultured stem cells is the promise for curing many devastating diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. However, more basic research remains before stem-cell based therapy is widely used.
ES cells have the most capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells and their proliferation capacity is also unsurpassed by any other cell type. There are three major problems with ES cells; ethical issues, immunological rejection problems and the potential of developing teratomas.
In the future, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases.
Stem cells are precursor cells that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, induced pluripotent stem cells produced by reprogramming adult cells, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Techniques to produce stem cells involve cell reprogramming, therapeutic cloning, and IVF. While stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, challenges remain in controlling differentiation and avoiding immune rejection.
This document discusses stem cells, providing a historical background of stem cell discoveries from 1908 to present. It defines stem cells and categorizes them into embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Various sources of adult stem cells are described, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and different dental tissue-derived stem cells like dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle stem cells. Studies on the potential of these stem cells for periodontal regeneration are summarized.
Stem cells have unique characteristics, they are unspecialized cells; they can reproduce itself over and over again through asymmetric cell division. There are different kinds of stem cells which depend on their originality and/ or their potency. Cell therapy is an emerging form of treatment for several diseases. Stem cells have generated incredible interest for repairing failing tissues and organs, which appeared to be the only reasonable therapeutic strategy. They seem to represent a future powerful tool in regenerative medicine, therefore, this review article aimed to elucidate the different sources of stem cells and their clinical applications
This study established seven human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen-thawed blastocysts that were destined to be discarded from an IVF program, demonstrating pluripotency. The hES cells were cultured on STO fibroblast feeder cells and showed characteristics of undifferentiated stem cells including alkaline phosphatase expression and markers SSEA-4 and TRA1-60. Differentiation into three germ layers was confirmed. This provides a source of hES cells without ethical concerns from discarded embryos and establishes STO cells as a viable feeder alternative.
Stem cells were first identified in the 19th century and were originally studied in plants. The term "stem cell" refers to cells that can renew themselves and differentiate. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, fetal, and adult stem cells which are found in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts are pluripotent and can differentiate into any cell type, though they also pose ethical issues. Stem cells hold promise for regenerative medicine through differentiation and replacement of damaged cells.
This document discusses stem cells and differentiation. It describes how stem cells can be found in plants in meristems and animals in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent early in development. Therapeutic uses of stem cells are being researched for conditions like Parkinson's disease. Two types of cloning are discussed - reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning, which has been attempted but not yet achieved in humans.
Pluripotency describes cells that have the potential to give rise to cells from the three germ layers but not extraembryonic tissues. There are multiple types of pluripotent stem cells that can be isolated from different stages of embryonic development in rodents and humans. Naive pluripotent stem cells, like mouse embryonic stem cells, resemble the pre-implantation embryo state while primed pluripotent stem cells, like mouse epiblast stem cells, resemble the post-implantation embryo state. Growth conditions influence whether pluripotent stem cells attain a naive or primed state in vitro.
This document provides an overview of principles of tissue engineering. It discusses why tissue engineering is needed due to limited organ transplantation availability. Tissue engineering uses regenerative medicine approaches including cell therapies, biomaterials, and tissue engineering to repair or replace damaged tissues. Various cell sources for therapy are described, including stem cells (embryonic, adult, perinatal), somatic cell nuclear transfer, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials are discussed that can be used as scaffolds to support cell growth. The importance of vascularization for tissue volumes over 3mm is also highlighted.
The document discusses using embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells to create artificial gametes and embryos for reproductive medicine. This includes generating germ cells from stem cells and assembling different stem cell types to form embryo-like structures. However, fully replicating human gametogenesis and embryogenesis in vitro faces many challenges, such as optimizing culture systems that mimic the stem cell niche. While assisted reproduction synthetic embryos may help study development and treat infertility, safety concerns remain until protocols can guarantee success in humans as they have in some rodent studies. More research is still needed to realize the potential of this technology.
This document provides an overview of a student project report on stem cell therapy. It includes sections on the introduction, advantages, disadvantages, types of stem cells, sources, isolation and culture, stem cell division, treatment, medical uses, applications to various diseases and conditions. The report was submitted by a pharmacy student, Rishabh Tiwari, to Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India under the supervision of a faculty member, to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in mature tissue. Stem cell research offers potential treatments for diseases by replacing damaged cells, though it faces ethical issues and technical challenges. The presentation discussed various stem cell applications in diabetes, eye disease, and blood disorders.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
1. Role of Stem Cell in Animal
Reproduction
Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Hisar
Major advisor :
Dr. J. B. Phogat
Professor
Scholar:
Subhash Chand Gahalot
2017V12D
Doctoral seminar
on
1
2. Stem cells are ………………………
Non-specialized cells, able to proliferate for
an expanded period of time
Able to renew themselves through mitotic cell
division
Able to differentiate into a diverse range of
specialized cell types.
2(Kim et al., 2011)
3. Types of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type
Description Examples
Totipotent
Can form both embryonic and
extra embryonic tissues,
thereby forming the whole
individual
Fertilized oocyte and
blastomeres up to 8 cell
stage
Pluripotent
Cells can form any (over 200)
cell types but not whole
individual
Inner cell mass cells of
blastocyst
And induced pluripotent
cells
Multipotent
Can form a number of other cell
types depending upon origin of
tissue
Fetal tissue, cord blood,
and adult stem cells
(MSC, HSC)
Unipotent
Give rise to only one type of
cells
Tisssue specific
progenitors like
spermatogonial stem
cell
3
(Vaseena et al., 2015)
4. Stem cells :Source
• Embryonic stem cells
Derived from the inner cell mass of
the blastocysts.
1981 - Mouse embryonic stem cells
isolated from the inner cell mass by
Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman,
and Gail R. Martin.
Gail Martin is attributed for coining
the term "Embryonic Stem Cell".
1998-James Thomson and coworkers
isolated the first human
embryonic stem cell line at
the University of Wisconsin -Madison
4
5. Pluripotent cells have the
ability to differentiate into
derivatives of all three germ
layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and
ectoderm).
The most common assay for
demonstrating pluripotency is
teratoma formation.
Stem cell lines have the ability to
grow indefinitely and express ESC
markers and show ESC-like
morphology.
In addition, the cell line forms
embryonic bodies (in vitro) and/or
teratomas (in vivo) containing all 3
germlayers.
(Yu and Thomson, 2006)
5
6. Induced pluripotent Stem
cells From adult fibroblast
S Yamanaka
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
are defined as…………..
Differentiated cells that have been
experimentally reprogrammed
to pluripotent cells, to achieve an
embryonic stem cell like character.
( Nobel prize for Physiology/ Medicine , 2012 )
6
7. Both MSC and fibroblasts may be used for these purposes and there are
studies already for the obtaining of iPS to buffalo, cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, and
other farm animals (Kumar et al.,2014)
Share similar characteristics with ESCs: exhibiting morphology of ESCs,
expressing ESCs markers, having normal karyotype, expressing telomerase
activity, and maintaining the developmental potential to differentiate into
derivatives of all three germ layers
1. Fusion of pluripotent cell and somatic
cell
2.SCNT
3. By forced expression of defined genes
4. Using synthetic molecules-- 5-Aza C,
Trichostatin A
Reprogramming strategies
7
A set of reprogramming factors (also dubbed Yamanaka factors)
the transcription factors Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4, are
induced in somatic cells
(Kim et al., 2011)
8. Fetal stem cells from extra-embryonic tissue
Other ----Amniotic
fluid, Amniotic
membrane
(Azari et al., 2011; Cremonesi et al., 2011)
Can be isolated during
gestation also.
Shown multipotent markers
Display negligible immunogenicity
Teratoma formation not observed
No ethical concerns.
(Yadav et al., 2012)
Bubaline AF cells could be cultured and maintained in vitro for a prolonged period
and potential source of multipotent cells for applications like therapeutic
assisted reproduction in animals (Yadav et al., 2011)
8
9. These are Undifferentiated (unspecialized) cell , in a differentiated
tissue
e.g Bone marrow, adipose tissue, wharton’s jelly, umblical cord blood,
peripheral blood, extraembroyonic tissue, spermatogonial stem cell
Limited Self-renewal , and (with certain limitations) differentiate to
yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which it originated
Most clinical trials studying stem cell therapy have used MSC which
were often derived from bone marrow.
Ease of their isolation from tissues and their extensive capacity for in
vitro expansion
Adult stem cell…..
(Herberts et al., 2011)
Nearly all postnatal organs contain populations of stem cells, which have the
capacity for renewal after damage or ageing (Du and Taylor, 2010)
9
10. Characteristics of Stem Cells Used In Stem Cell Therapy
10
Unipotent
Can
Differentiate in
to only one cell
type
13. Establishment of Buffalo Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Embroyos produced by IVF, SCNT
or Parthenogenesis
ICM is removed by either
enzymatic digestion or
mechanically using microblade
ICM seeded separately on
feeder layer
Cultured in embroyonic
stem cell media
Culture medium is changed on
alternate day and primary
colonies observed after 8- 10
days of seeding
Primary colonies are disintigrated using
micrblades and reseeded on new feeder
layer
Colonies showing ES like charactes are
isolated and subcultured on new feeder
layer
Some of the colonies choosen for
characterization using marker,
karyotyping and embryoid body
formation
After confirmation cryopreservation
(Shah et al., 2014)
14. Work done in India
Bovine ICM derived cells express the Oct4 ortholog (Yadav et al., 2005)
Isolation, culturing and characterization of feeder-independent amniotic
fluid stem cells in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (Dev et al., 2007)
Isolation of ES cells from in vitro-produced buffalo embryos (Verma et al.
2007)
ES cell lines were established from parthenogenetically produced buffalo
embryos (Sritanaudomchai et al. 2007)
Expression of Pluripotency Genes in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Amniotic Fluid
Cells (Yadav et al., 2011)
Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryonic stem cell-like cells and preimplantation
embryos exhibit expression of pluripotency-related antigens
(Anand et al., 2011)
Expression and quantification of Oct-4 gene in blastocyst and embryonic
stem cells derived from in vitro produced buffalo embryos (Sharma et al.,
2012)
14
15. Cultured buffalo umbilical cord matrix cells exhibit characteristics of
multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (Singh et al., 2013)
Isolation, culture and characterization of caprine mesenchymal stem cells
derived from amniotic fluid (Pratheesh et al., 2013).
Molecular characterization and xenogenic application of Wharton's jelly
derived caprine mesenchymal stem cells (Pratheesh et al., 2014)
Selection of appropriate isolation method based on morphology of blastocyst
for efficient derivation of buffalo embryonic stem cells (Kumar et al., 2014)
Isolation and Characterization of Buffalo Wharton’s Jelly Derived
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(Sreekumar et al., 2014)
15
17. Stem cells in Endometrial Repair
Three kinds of stem cells exist in the human endometrium: epithelial stem
cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial stem cells
(Xu et al., 2015)
MSC functionally contribute to human endometrial regeneration in vitro and
in vivo (Cervello et al., 2010)
BMDSC infusion might improve endometrial regeneration in a murine model
of Asherman’ s syndrome
(Zhao et al., 2015).
17
18. Stem cells can play important role in many vaginal pathologies like Mayer
Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome (MRHK), vaginal prolapse, vaginal fistula,
cancer and other types of trauma
In mouse models it was shown that MDSC are able to improve vaginal
regeneration by reducing fibrosis and enhancing epithelial tissue formation
(Ho et al., 2009)
The stem cell injections brought benefits in terms of restored erectile function and penile
physiology (Zhang et al., 2012)
The majority of studies were done using MSC, neural crest stem cells, ESC, endothelial
progenitor cells and MDSC.
The improvement in erectile function seems to be due to the paracrine factors secreted
by the injected cells (cytoprotective, anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic molecules), rather
than direct grafting/differentiation (Albersen et al., 2010).
Stem Cells and Vaginal Reconstruction
Stem Cells and Erectile Dysfunction
18
19. In-vitro Gamete Production From Stem Cells-
--male gamet
(Volarevic et al., 2014)
ESc
iPSCs in vitro
differentiation
into advanced,
haploid cell
products 19Sterile mice
20. 20
In vitro differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes
that can generate offspring in mice (Nayernia et al., 2006)
Differentiation of male germ cells from human ESC has also been
demonstrated (Chen et al., 2007)
So far, functional male gametes from human iPSCs have not been
obtained.
Spermatozoa generated from iPSCs were capable of fertilizing the oocytes
after intracytoplasmatic injection and giving rise to fertile offspring following
embryo transfer in mouse (Hayashi et al., 2012)
SSC are adult stem cells, but SSC-derived cells, called multipotent adult
germline stem cells (maGSC), have differentiation potential similar to ESCs.
Nolte and coworkers showed that maGSC are able to undergo meiosis and
form haploid male germ cells in vitro (Nolte et al., 2010)
21. In-vitro Gamete Production From Stem Cells---follicle containig
oocytes
Eguizabal and coworkers generate haploid female cells from human pluripotent
stem cells, but neither of them resembled an oocyte nor is predicated to possess a
functional ooplasm capable of being fertilized
(Eguizabal et al., 2011)
Mouse pluripotent stem cells could be differentiated in an in-vitro/in vivo
system into oocyte-like cells that are capable of being fertilized by spermatozoa
and generating normal progeny (Hayashi et al., 2012)
21
First reported the successful Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic
stem cells in vitro (Hubner et al.,2003)
22. Applications of spermatogonial stem cells
(i) Testis tissue from immature animals transplanted ectopically into
immunodeficient mice is able to respond to mouse gonadotropins and to
initiate and complete differentiation to the level where fertilization-
competent sperm are obtained ------Testis xenografting
(ii) Isolated spermtogonial stem cells are able to organize and rearrange
into seminiferous cords that subsequently undergo complete
development, including production of viable sperm…….Spermatogonial
stem cell transplantation
22
23. Testis xenografting
Application is in—
To preserve the breeding potential of a
genetically valuable pre-pubertal male
animal (Pukazhenthi et al., 2006)
Spermatogenesis is suppressed
outside the breeding season
(Blottner et al., 1995)
Azoospermia by disease or and patient
ongoing cytotoxic therapy for treatment
of cancer
Preservation of endangered species
(Pukazhenthi et al. 2006) 23
24. Salient
feature of
Testis
xenografting
Survival of xenografts decreases with the
degree of maturity of the donor tissue.
Presence of an appropriate surrounding somatic
compartment therefore seems to be necessary for
germcells to proliferate and differentiate.
24
The functionally immature sperm can help
generate off spring only through intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI).
Morphologically mature sperm have been produced in
xenografts from rabbits, pigs , goats, hamsters
, rhesus macaques ,sheep , cats ,and dogs.
Viable off spring has been produced in allografted
mouse and xenografted rabbit and pig .
25. Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation
Isolation of a mixed germ cell population from a donor testis (preferably
enriched in SSC if markers are known for that species).
Treatment with focal testicular irradiation or systemic busulfan to reduce
their endogenous SSC and transfer to recipient
Time is allowed for colonization, proliferation and spermatogenesis,
Semen is collected and assessed for the relative percentage that is of
donor origin
25
26. In adult mice, only 0.02–0.03% of the total germ cells have stem cell capacity
it is necessary to isolate and enrich SSCs with high viability and purity, for the sake of
subsequent culture or manipulation of these cells.
Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or magnetic-
activated cell sorting (MACS).
Differential plating, velocity sedimentation, or density
gradient centrifugation
The highest purity (90%) of type A spermatogonia from buffalo testes is achieved by
Ahmad et al. (2013), who adopted the selection by Percoll gradient separation.
At present DMEM (high glucose) and DMEM/F12 are the most widely used media in
cultures of SSCs from domestic animals
Enrichment
(Zheng et al. 2013b)
(Tegelenbosch and De Rooij, 1993).
26
27. SSC are a potential tool for the treatment of male infertility due to
their ability to differentiate into male gametes in vitro and capacity to
restore male fertility in vivo (Brinster, 2007)
In indian contex it may have a potential benefit , as large number of
scrub bull can be converted in to potential fertile bull
The SSC identity of the cultured cells is verified by the expression of
molecular markers (such as UCHL1, ZBTB16, GFRa1, NANOG2, POU5F1,
CSF1R and THY1)
Busulfan used to create sterile mice for transplt.
Lac-Z gene used as marker-successful germ line propagation observed
Ultrasound guided microinjection into efferent ductules and rete-testis
27
28. Spermatogonial stem cell injection
The efferent bundle is dissected and the tip of the needle is
placed into it and guided to the rete. Then pressure is applied to
the cell suspension in the needle and it is pushed into the rete and
then into the tubules
28
A—Rat
B—Farm
animal
29. Summary of germ cell transplantation in different donors of domestic
animals and recipient species
29
(Zeng et al., 2014)
30. Stem Cell-Derived Oocytes: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Dilemma regarding the presence of ovarian stem cells in adult mammalian
ovaries
Zou and his coworkers successfully established long-persisting pluripotent/
multipotent ovarian stem cell lines in neonatal and adult mice (Zou et al., 2009).
White et al. identified a rare population of mitotically active germ cells in
human ovaries that can be purified and cultured in vitro to spontaneously
form oocytes (White et al., 2012).
These cells, named as germ stem cells (GSCs), were isolated from
reproductive-aged human ovaries using fluorescence-activated cell sorting
(FACS) with an antibody against the carboxyl (−COOH) terminus of the germ
cell-specific marker Ddx4, which is expressed on the cell surface of GSCs.
30
Further, GSCs were capable of forming oocyte-like structures and
incorporating into follicles under specific in vitro and in vivo
conditions
31. Ovarian stem cells (MVH+BrdU+ cells) residing within the ovarian surface
epithelium of neonatal and adult mice express –
high telomerase activity, Oct4, and Nanog and have a capacity to generate
functional oocytes when transplanted back into sterile recipient mice
(Zou et al., 2009)
31
32. Role of stem cells in cloning
Cloning using somatic
cells
High abortion and fetal
mortality rates are commonly
observed
Incomplete reprogramming of
the somatic nuclei
Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0–10%, i.e., 0–10 live
births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos.
Epigenetic Alterations.
Gross karyotypic alterations
32
33. Cloning using
embryonic stem
cells
Unusual karyotypic stability
Can be cultured in vitro for many passages
without showing mutation
Exhibit developmental pluripotency
More controlled genetic modification can be done
On Aug 22, 2010, a cloned calf of
female buffalo ‘Garima-2’ nicknamed
Gamini was born from embryonic stem
cell; she is the mother of a calf named
‘Mahima’
Dr. Srivastava and his team of scientists, including M.S. Chauhan, S.K.
Singla, R.S. Manik, Shiv Prasad and Aman George, feel that embryonic
stem cells have a better cloning ability as compared to somatic cells (used
in earlier cloning) that are lineage committed
33
35. Stem cell and Transgenesis
Animals which have been
genetically engineered to contain
one or more genes from an
exogenous source.
35
36. One big advantage of using ES cells over microinjection is the ability to
select for transgene integration through the use of selectable markers.
(Hodge and Stice, 2003)
ES-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for gene inactivation,
the so called knock-out method. (Capecchi , 1989)
Embryonic stem cells are relatively efficient at homologous recombination.
Recombination between homologous sequence in the vector DNA and the
genome is used to target the insertion of the foreign DNA to a specific
sequence in the genome. (Pichova, X)
ES cells enable the researcher to place new genes in advantageous places in
the genome or to remove deleterious gene.
36
37. Fewer genetically valuable embryos are used, unlike by
microinjection method where 1000 to 3000 embryos/
transgenic calf are required
Transferring non transgenic embryos to recipient
females is avoided ,so no wastage of time, labour and
assets.
More than 200 surrogate mothers/transgenic calf are
needed in other methods
Significant reduction of cost of production 2 to 20
million dollars/transgenic calf by other methods
Commercial aspects of using embryonic stem cells for
Transgenesis
(Stice, x)
37
38. 38
Transgenesis using spermatogonial stem cells
ES cells, after genetically intervened, are injected into blastocysts with the
hope of successful integration and contribution to the germline, which not
always can be guaranteed.
By contrast, SSCs are already constituents of the germline
SSC genetic and epigenetic stability keep these cells committed to the
germline phenotype so that they do not tend to differentiate into other lineages
Efficiency is 5-10 times better than ES
Transmit transgenes from one generation to the next
Do not produce teratomas
(Aponte, 2015)
39. A) FAVOURS NEOPLASTIC GROWTH
Boy treated with allogenic human fetal neural
SCs diagnosed with a multifocal brain tumor after four
years
(Amariglio et. al. 2009)
b) Teratoma Formation
Embryonic stem cells – Parkinson’s disease - teratoma
(Sonntag et al. 2006 )
c)Graft-versus-host disease
Immunosuppressive therapy: chance of diseases
d) Ectopic grafting: Grafting in the non target sites
Undesirable effects……
39
40. b) Embryonic stem cells: difficultto control growth,
ethical issues
c) Donor-to-recipient transmission of pathogens
d) Unwanted differentiation; Encapsulated structures in
infarcated areas of heart in mice
(Breitbach et al., 2007)
E) Lack of standardised protocols for culture and therapy
Challenges………..
40
a) Adult stem cells : difficult to isolate , short storage life in
culture
41. a) Autograft or isograft: less chance of rejection
b) Use of stem cells at the point of injury
c) Use of multipotentstem cells, undergone prolonged in vitro
differentiation for a specific injury
d)While characterization of differentiated cells immunogenicity and
tumorogenicity should be checked
e)Commercial production of allogenic adult stem cell lines and
devlopment of standardized protocols for therapy
Reduction of undesirable effects
41
42. 42
Conclusion
At the moment, clinically validated stem cell treatments for
reproductive diseases & alterations are not available
The development of ES cell lines of domestic livestock, such as
cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, would greatly facilitate
reproductive performance and prolificacy.
Use of stem cells can be best tool in restoration of fertility and
preservation of endangered species.
First, the process of isolating human ES cells requires destruction of human embryos.
Second, the immune system of the patient recognizes ES cell-derived cells and tissues as ‘non-self’, resulting in an
immune rejection to the graft.
These can be called patients specific pluripotent stem cells..
he forced Table 1 Characteristics of different types of stem cells ESC iPSC SSC Derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst Derived from somatic cells Isolated from postnatal adult tissue Allogenic material Autologous or allogenic material Autologous or allogenic material Pluripotent Pluripotent Multipotent Can differentiate in cell types of all three germ lineages depending on the tissue of origin Ability to form chimeras Ability to form chimeras (maybe more difficult than for ESCs) Cannot form chimeras Self-renewal Self-renewal Limited self-renewal Require many steps to drive differentiation into the desired cell type Require many steps to manufacture (e.g. genetic modification) and to drive differentiation into the desired cell type Difficult to maintain in cell culture for long periods High degree of proliferation once isolated High degree of proliferation Ease of access, yield and purification varies, depending on the source tissue Indefinite growth Indefinite growth Limited lifespan (population doublings) Production of endless number of cells Chromosome length is maintained across serial passage Chromosomes tend to shorten with ageing Chromosomes tend to shorten with ageing Significant teratoma risk Significant teratoma risk No teratoma risk Serious ethical issues No ethical issues No ethical issues Immuno-priviliged. Low level of MHC I and II (also in ESC-derived cells) Not immuno-priviliged when derived from adult cells. Normal level of MHC I and II molecules. MSC have low immunogenicity and are immunomodulatory. Not known for other somatic SC. Cell lines will be allogenic Less chance immune rejection in case of HLA matching In case of autologous use, less chance of immune rejection, but immunogenicity in allogenic and nonhomologous applications remains unpredictable Donor history may be unknown for ‘old’ cell lines (i.e. initially not intended for clinical application) Targeted disease may still be present in stem cell in case of autologous use Targeted disease may still be present in stem cell in case of autologous use Herberts et al. Journal of Translational Medicine 2011, 9:29 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/9/1/29 Page 2 of 14 expression of a characterized set of transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4, Nanog, and Lin28) can reprogram human and mouse somatic cells into iPSCs
BM-MSCs have received the most scientific attention and hence are the best characterized
Asherman’s Syndrome (AS) consists of a destruction of the endometrium caused by repeated or aggressive curettages, or endometritis. It
produces an obliteration of the uterine cavity with intrauterine adhesions and absence of functional endometrium in many areas
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy is considered in endometrial and vaginal atrophy, and erectile dysfunction.
Mrhk----This condition causes the vagina and uterus to be underdeveloped or absent, although external genitalia are normal. Affected women usually do not have menstrual periods due to the absent
but most of in vitro differentiation protocols include retinoic acid (RA) induction. It has been shown that RA, an active derivate of vitamin A, regulates the timing of meiotic initiation in mice [50, 51].
Approximately 1 in 650 children develop malignancies during childhood and it is estimated
that, by 2010, one in 250 young adults (aged 20–29 years)
By the time meiosis has started, Sertoli cells have matured and their proliferative activity decreases (Meachem et al. 2005),
and this may contribute to a decreased ability of pubertal donors to replenish Sertoli cells lost after transplantation
Tissue from neonatal and prepubertal donors displays better survival.
Because there is no epididymis in this system
Although the restoration of spermatogenesis has been demonstrated in both rodents (Avarbock et al., 1996) and monkeys (Schlatt et al., 2002), no offspring
have yet been obtained from frozen stem cells in any animal species
An important breakthrough was made by
They detected cells residing within the ovarian surface epithelium of neonatal and adult mice that were double positive for mouse vasa homologue (MVH) and DNA marker 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) confirming that these cells were of germcell lineage and exhibited a replicative potential (Figure 2)
SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage,
presumably due to an inability to activate critical embryonic genes from the somatic donor
cell nucleus
Microinjection
• Embryonic stem cell (ES) based transgenesis,
ES cell injection into blastocyst
• Using retrovirus
the germline transmission of the mutant allele is achieved by breeding the chimeric male mice with normal control female mice. The resulting heterozygous mice are intercrossed to obtain the homozygous mutant mice usually at 25 % frequency, if the mutation is not detrimental to embryo survival and development
Stem cell features resemble some of the features of cancer cells, such as long life span, relative apoptosis resistance and ability to replicate for extended periods of
MSC are known to home to specific tissues e.g. the bone marrow, muscle, or spleen, particularly when the tissues are damaged or under pathological conditions such as ischemia or cancer