Stainless Steel
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The document discusses stainless steel, an alloy of steel with at least 10.5% chromium. Stainless steel is corrosion resistant and durable. It was first produced in 1912 and is used where properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Different grades have varying amounts of chromium, nickel, and other elements. Stainless steel can be manufactured in sheets, bars, pipes and other forms and is used widely in architecture, industrial equipment and consumer products due its properties.
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Chemistry assignment
I am Umair Yusuf Mohammad. Class 8TH section: 'A'. This is my Social Assignment. Please check the attachment
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium.
Stainless steel is widely used for roofing, cladding, interior and exterior trim owing to its combined strength and low maintenance.
The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys was first recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist Pierre Berthier, who noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical.
Stainless steel is available in square, rectangular and circular hollow section as well as the standard section for structural work.
Aluminum vs cast iron
Aluminum is lighter than cast iron and is the most abundant metal found on Earth's surface. While cast iron is stronger, it oxidizes faster when exposed to air compared to aluminum, which forms a protective oxide layer. The document provides details on the properties and applications of aluminum and cast iron metals.
Project rev.8
The document provides an overview of the metal casting industry, including:
1. It defines metal casting as a process where liquid metal is poured into a mold and solidifies. It discusses the history of metal casting dating back 6000 years.
2. It describes different types of metals used in ancient Egypt like gold, silver, copper, tin, bronze, and iron. It also discusses the extraction process for iron.
3. It defines cast iron and describes common types like gray cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, and ductile cast iron.
4. It notes that castings are essential building blocks for modern industry, with over 90% of manufactured goods containing castings.
Brooklyn & bessemer
The Bessemer process was the first method for mass producing steel, developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856. It involved blowing compressed air through molten pig iron to remove impurities through oxidation, producing steel in a large container called a Bessemer converter. This made steel production much more efficient and cheaper, enabling expansion of the railroad and military industries through easier access to the material.
Alloys
This document discusses alloys and their properties. It begins by outlining learning outcomes around stating what an alloy is, describing uses of alloys, and explaining why alloys can be stronger than pure metals. It then defines an alloy as a mixture of at least two elements where at least one is a metal. Examples of alloys like brass, pewter, cast iron, and stainless steel are provided. It explains that alloys have a mixture of the original elements' properties and can be stronger. The document poses questions to check understanding around these concepts.
A Brief History of Steel & The Mysterious Eutectic
The second agricultural revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution; it was a revolution that would move agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields. Bessemer’s invention of cheap steel was the cornerstone of both revolutions.
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy primarily consisting of copper with tin as the main additive. Bronze enabled the creation of metal objects that were harder and more durable than stone or copper. The main types of bronze include statuary bronze, architectural bronze, and commercial bronze. Bronze has a variety of uses including in ship propellers, sculpture, tools, and architectural elements like door frames. It has properties such as corrosion resistance, strength at high temperatures, and good conductivity. Over time, bronze develops a patina and can be subject to corrosion or mechanical defects if exposed to certain environmental conditions.
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Chemistry assignment
I am Umair Yusuf Mohammad. Class 8TH section: 'A'. This is my Social Assignment. Please check the attachment
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium.
Stainless steel is widely used for roofing, cladding, interior and exterior trim owing to its combined strength and low maintenance.
The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys was first recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist Pierre Berthier, who noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical.
Stainless steel is available in square, rectangular and circular hollow section as well as the standard section for structural work.
Aluminum vs cast iron
Aluminum is lighter than cast iron and is the most abundant metal found on Earth's surface. While cast iron is stronger, it oxidizes faster when exposed to air compared to aluminum, which forms a protective oxide layer. The document provides details on the properties and applications of aluminum and cast iron metals.
Project rev.8
The document provides an overview of the metal casting industry, including:
1. It defines metal casting as a process where liquid metal is poured into a mold and solidifies. It discusses the history of metal casting dating back 6000 years.
2. It describes different types of metals used in ancient Egypt like gold, silver, copper, tin, bronze, and iron. It also discusses the extraction process for iron.
3. It defines cast iron and describes common types like gray cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, and ductile cast iron.
4. It notes that castings are essential building blocks for modern industry, with over 90% of manufactured goods containing castings.
Brooklyn & bessemer
The Bessemer process was the first method for mass producing steel, developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856. It involved blowing compressed air through molten pig iron to remove impurities through oxidation, producing steel in a large container called a Bessemer converter. This made steel production much more efficient and cheaper, enabling expansion of the railroad and military industries through easier access to the material.
Alloys
This document discusses alloys and their properties. It begins by outlining learning outcomes around stating what an alloy is, describing uses of alloys, and explaining why alloys can be stronger than pure metals. It then defines an alloy as a mixture of at least two elements where at least one is a metal. Examples of alloys like brass, pewter, cast iron, and stainless steel are provided. It explains that alloys have a mixture of the original elements' properties and can be stronger. The document poses questions to check understanding around these concepts.
A Brief History of Steel & The Mysterious Eutectic
The second agricultural revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution; it was a revolution that would move agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields. Bessemer’s invention of cheap steel was the cornerstone of both revolutions.
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy primarily consisting of copper with tin as the main additive. Bronze enabled the creation of metal objects that were harder and more durable than stone or copper. The main types of bronze include statuary bronze, architectural bronze, and commercial bronze. Bronze has a variety of uses including in ship propellers, sculpture, tools, and architectural elements like door frames. It has properties such as corrosion resistance, strength at high temperatures, and good conductivity. Over time, bronze develops a patina and can be subject to corrosion or mechanical defects if exposed to certain environmental conditions.
Steel making
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for mass producing steel from molten pig iron. It involves blowing air through molten pig iron in a Bessemer converter to lower the carbon content. The air oxidizes impurities like manganese, silicon, and carbon, which raises the temperature. Within 10-15 minutes, the impurities are removed, leaving lower carbon steel. The molten steel is then poured into molds to solidify into ingots. The Bessemer process revolutionized steel production by making it affordable to manufacture in large quantities.
The Bessemer Process
- The Bessemer Process was a method of steel production invented by Henry Bessemer that involved forcing air through molten pig iron to remove impurities like carbon.
- The process took place in a large container called a Bessemer converter, where air was blown through molten pig iron, oxidizing it and reducing the carbon content to the desired level for steel.
- Before the Bessemer Process, steel was too expensive to produce in large quantities and was made through more costly methods, but the new process reduced the cost of steel production significantly.
Wrought iron final
Rs. 600/kg
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rate of wrought iron in kg
Materiality of Metal for Art
Iron is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, originating from nuclear fusion reactions during the formation of the universe. It played a key role in the development of early life on Earth and remains essential to many living organisms. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, and was one of the earliest engineered materials, with traces found in ancient Egypt. The production of steel typically involves heating iron ore along with other materials like coal in large furnaces to remove impurities. Common metals used in fabrication include various grades of steel, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, tin, zinc, and titanium, each with their own unique properties and applications.
Activity 8 materials
The document discusses materials used in engineering, including metals and non-metals. It notes that ferrous metals contain iron, with cast iron and steel being the two most important ones. Cast iron contains more carbon than steel. Some elements, like chromium, are added to steel to improve its properties such as corrosion resistance. Bronze is also identified as an alloy.
manufactured substance in industry
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Our Cannon Project
The document summarizes the PVC cannon project created by four students. It describes how cannons and potato cannons work using gunpowder or other explosives to propel projectiles. It also discusses the use of hairspray as a propellant for the PVC cannon and provides background information on black powder, rifling, cannon types, projectiles, and the history and chemical structure of PVC pipe.
Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 9 Alloys
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alloys and their properties
This document discusses properties of common metal alloys. It defines an alloy as a metal combined with other elements to produce improved properties such as strength, hardness, and durability. Examples given are steel, an iron-carbon alloy, and brass, a copper-zinc alloy. The document then discusses how adding elements like chromium, vanadium, and nickel to steel can further enhance its properties for different applications. Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, is also described as being durable, weather-resistant, and commonly used in outdoor statues and architecture.
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The document discusses several metals that are important for industrial use: copper, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium, and titanium. Copper has been used for thousands of years in bronze and brass production. Lead and zinc often occur together in the same ore veins, with Russia and Australia being major producers. Mercury is the only metal found in liquid form naturally, with the Philippines having deposits of the mercury-containing mineral cinnabar. Magnesium and titanium are both light but strong metals used in industrial applications like aluminum. Gold and silver are also found in the Philippines in placer deposits or as flakes and nuggets.
Physics ,L-4.METALS AND NON-METALS
1. Metals can be distinguished from non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals are malleable and ductile while non-metals are generally brittle.
2. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, whereas non-metals are typically poor conductors.
3. Metals react with oxygen to form basic metal oxides. Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic non-metal oxides.
Silver element
Silver is a transition metal with an atomic number of 47 that has been used throughout history for jewelry, money, and other applications due to its conductive and malleable properties. It is found naturally with gold and other minerals, has a melting point of 962°C, and while not very combustible, can change color when other chemicals are applied due to its reactivity.
Puddling furnace
The document defines various terms used in the puddling process such as pig iron, blast furnace, slag, and cast iron. It then describes the puddling process which involves charging pig iron into a heated furnace, melting and stirring the iron to separate impurities into slag, and forming balls of purified wrought iron called blooms. The puddling furnace was developed by Henry Cort in 1784 and was widely used in the UK in the 19th century to produce high-grade bar iron, before being replaced by open-hearth furnaces.
When was iron first used compressed
It was the introduction of wrought iron around 1,000 BC that ushered in the Iron Age.
https://www.shapecut.com.au/blog/when-was-iron-first-used/
Topic 2 metal tutorial questions
This document provides a tutorial with 4 questions about metals used in construction. Question 1 asks to describe 5 differences between aluminum and steel. Question 2 asks to discuss 2 ways to prevent corrosion of metal. Question 3 asks to explain elasticity and plasticity. Question 4 asks to explain the blast furnace process with sketches.
02 metals
1. A blast furnace forces a mixture called a charge of iron ore, coke, and limestone through extremely hot air.
2. Chemical reactions take place as the charge moves down the furnace, resulting in molten pig iron and slag tapping out the bottom for further processing.
3. Ferrous metals like cast iron and steel are produced, with cast iron containing 2-4.5% carbon and being hard but brittle, while suitable for complex shapes.
Pvc cannon[2]
The document summarizes a PVC cannon project created by four students. It describes how cannons work using gunpowder to generate force and push out projectiles. It then discusses the history and chemical structure of PVC piping, as well as solvent welding and various propellants that could be used to launch potatoes from a PVC cannon, including hair spray. Black powder and cannon rifling are also explained.
Pvc cannon[1]
For this powerpoint, we researched different Civil War cannons, black powder, PVC pipe, and many other things.
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This document provides an overview of various types of stainless steels and special steels. It discusses the properties and applications of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels. It also covers high-strength low-alloy steel, maraging steel, superalloys, and free-cutting steel. Common applications of these alloys include architecture, automotive, passenger railcars, aircraft, industrial equipment, and medical devices due to their corrosion resistance and high strength.
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Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted. The main iron ores are hematite and magnetite. Hematite and magnetite are iron oxides that have been mined for centuries to produce steel and iron products. There are different forms of processed iron - pig iron has a high carbon content and is very brittle; wrought iron is characterized by its fibrous appearance and is more malleable and ductile than cast iron; cast iron contains more than 2% carbon and is used to produce parts like bridges, balusters and fences that require strength but will rust easily over time.
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The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for mass producing steel from molten pig iron. It involves blowing air through molten pig iron in a Bessemer converter to lower the carbon content. The air oxidizes impurities like manganese, silicon, and carbon, which raises the temperature. Within 10-15 minutes, the impurities are removed, leaving lower carbon steel. The molten steel is then poured into molds to solidify into ingots. The Bessemer process revolutionized steel production by making it affordable to manufacture in large quantities.
The Bessemer Process
- The Bessemer Process was a method of steel production invented by Henry Bessemer that involved forcing air through molten pig iron to remove impurities like carbon.
- The process took place in a large container called a Bessemer converter, where air was blown through molten pig iron, oxidizing it and reducing the carbon content to the desired level for steel.
- Before the Bessemer Process, steel was too expensive to produce in large quantities and was made through more costly methods, but the new process reduced the cost of steel production significantly.
Wrought iron final
Rs. 600/kg
2. SHIVA IRON WORKS
for shopkeeper for customer
rate of wrought iron in kg
Materiality of Metal for Art
Iron is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, originating from nuclear fusion reactions during the formation of the universe. It played a key role in the development of early life on Earth and remains essential to many living organisms. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, and was one of the earliest engineered materials, with traces found in ancient Egypt. The production of steel typically involves heating iron ore along with other materials like coal in large furnaces to remove impurities. Common metals used in fabrication include various grades of steel, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, tin, zinc, and titanium, each with their own unique properties and applications.
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The document discusses materials used in engineering, including metals and non-metals. It notes that ferrous metals contain iron, with cast iron and steel being the two most important ones. Cast iron contains more carbon than steel. Some elements, like chromium, are added to steel to improve its properties such as corrosion resistance. Bronze is also identified as an alloy.
manufactured substance in industry
The document discusses several manufactured substances used in industry. It focuses on alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, and composite materials. For each category, it provides examples of specific materials, their compositions, properties, and common uses. Alloys discussed include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, and pewter. Synthetic polymers mentioned are polythene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, perspex, terylene, and nylon. The document also examines different types of glass and their characteristics.
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The document summarizes the PVC cannon project created by four students. It describes how cannons and potato cannons work using gunpowder or other explosives to propel projectiles. It also discusses the use of hairspray as a propellant for the PVC cannon and provides background information on black powder, rifling, cannon types, projectiles, and the history and chemical structure of PVC pipe.
Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 9 Alloys
Alloys are mixtures of two or more elements where the major component is a metal. They are made to increase hardness and strength, prevent corrosion, and improve appearance. Common alloys include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, duralumin, and pewter. The addition of other elements to a metal disturbs the orderly arrangement of its atoms, reducing their ability to slide past one another. This makes alloys stronger and harder than pure metals. Alloys find uses where these properties are beneficial, such as in construction, transportation, tools, and cookware.
alloys and their properties
This document discusses properties of common metal alloys. It defines an alloy as a metal combined with other elements to produce improved properties such as strength, hardness, and durability. Examples given are steel, an iron-carbon alloy, and brass, a copper-zinc alloy. The document then discusses how adding elements like chromium, vanadium, and nickel to steel can further enhance its properties for different applications. Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, is also described as being durable, weather-resistant, and commonly used in outdoor statues and architecture.
Beryllium (pembuatan)
Beryllium is a lightweight metal discovered in 1798. It has many unique properties including high strength, stiffness, heat resistance and reflectivity. Beryllium exists in various forms that differ in color due to impurities, such as aquamarine, bixbite, emerald, goshenite, heliodor and morganite. It has a wide range of applications from aircrafts and missiles to medical equipment. However, exposure to beryllium can cause acute beryllium disease and chronic beryllium disease. Protective measures like using pellets instead of powder and proper ventilation systems are important to prevent health issues.
Non-Ferrous Metals
The document discusses several metals that are important for industrial use: copper, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium, and titanium. Copper has been used for thousands of years in bronze and brass production. Lead and zinc often occur together in the same ore veins, with Russia and Australia being major producers. Mercury is the only metal found in liquid form naturally, with the Philippines having deposits of the mercury-containing mineral cinnabar. Magnesium and titanium are both light but strong metals used in industrial applications like aluminum. Gold and silver are also found in the Philippines in placer deposits or as flakes and nuggets.
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1. Metals can be distinguished from non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals are malleable and ductile while non-metals are generally brittle.
2. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, whereas non-metals are typically poor conductors.
3. Metals react with oxygen to form basic metal oxides. Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic non-metal oxides.
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Silver is a transition metal with an atomic number of 47 that has been used throughout history for jewelry, money, and other applications due to its conductive and malleable properties. It is found naturally with gold and other minerals, has a melting point of 962°C, and while not very combustible, can change color when other chemicals are applied due to its reactivity.
Puddling furnace
The document defines various terms used in the puddling process such as pig iron, blast furnace, slag, and cast iron. It then describes the puddling process which involves charging pig iron into a heated furnace, melting and stirring the iron to separate impurities into slag, and forming balls of purified wrought iron called blooms. The puddling furnace was developed by Henry Cort in 1784 and was widely used in the UK in the 19th century to produce high-grade bar iron, before being replaced by open-hearth furnaces.
When was iron first used compressed
It was the introduction of wrought iron around 1,000 BC that ushered in the Iron Age.
https://www.shapecut.com.au/blog/when-was-iron-first-used/
Topic 2 metal tutorial questions
This document provides a tutorial with 4 questions about metals used in construction. Question 1 asks to describe 5 differences between aluminum and steel. Question 2 asks to discuss 2 ways to prevent corrosion of metal. Question 3 asks to explain elasticity and plasticity. Question 4 asks to explain the blast furnace process with sketches.
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1. A blast furnace forces a mixture called a charge of iron ore, coke, and limestone through extremely hot air.
2. Chemical reactions take place as the charge moves down the furnace, resulting in molten pig iron and slag tapping out the bottom for further processing.
3. Ferrous metals like cast iron and steel are produced, with cast iron containing 2-4.5% carbon and being hard but brittle, while suitable for complex shapes.
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The document summarizes a PVC cannon project created by four students. It describes how cannons work using gunpowder to generate force and push out projectiles. It then discusses the history and chemical structure of PVC piping, as well as solvent welding and various propellants that could be used to launch potatoes from a PVC cannon, including hair spray. Black powder and cannon rifling are also explained.
Pvc cannon[1]
For this powerpoint, we researched different Civil War cannons, black powder, PVC pipe, and many other things.
100 year of stainless. SASSDA and TIKZN
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The document summarizes the history of metal usage from around 11,000 years ago to modern times. It describes how copper was one of the earliest metals used starting around 4000 BC, followed by bronze which is an alloy of copper and tin. The Bronze Age began around 3000 BC. Iron smelting began in Egypt around 2000 BC and the use of iron revolutionized warfare and farming. Various other metals like gold, silver, lead, and iron from meteors were used even earlier. Over time, humans discovered new metal alloys and uses, including cast iron production in China around 800 AD, steel becoming prevalent in 1750, and aluminum being isolated in 1850.
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This document discusses the origin and development of iron technology in ancient India. It begins by outlining the importance of iron and some key issues regarding its introduction and use in India. It then examines the earliest historical references to Indian iron from Greek sources in the 5th century BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests iron metallurgy began indigenously in India as early as 1800 BCE and progressed through distinct stages. Literary sources also provide valuable information about ironworking techniques described as early as 500 BCE. Overall, the document argues that India had a long indigenous tradition of iron production and metallurgy spanning over 4000 years.
Cast iron
Cast iron is an alloy of iron that contains 2-4% carbon, along with other elements like silicon and manganese. It is classified into gray, white, ductile, and malleable cast iron based on its composition and microstructure. Cast iron has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. It is brittle and not suitable for applications requiring flexibility. Historically, cast iron was widely used in construction for elements like bridges, columns and architectural details from the 18th century onward due to its low cost. However, it is prone to corrosion and cracking over time. Modern applications of cast iron include machine parts and components that require good castability and heat resistance.
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The document discusses early iron metallurgy in Ireland, beginning with the definition of the Iron Age as a period when iron-using societies developed between 700-500 BC. It describes how early Irish ironworking was influenced by Late Bronze Age metalworking traditions and likely utilized bog iron ores extracted from surface deposits. The bloomery process was used to smelt iron ores, producing blooms of impure iron without ever reaching the liquid stage, and slag pits have been excavated from furnace sites. Forged iron objects like axeheads were made by further working and hammering blooms to squeeze out impurities.
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The iron and steel industry in India has experienced steady growth since independence. Key developments include the establishment of the first modern steel plant in 1907 in Jamshedpur. After independence, major plants were set up under public sector control. Today, India is the 7th largest steel producer globally, driven by strong domestic demand from infrastructure, real estate, and automobiles. Major integrated producers include SAIL, Tata Steel, and RINL.
Iron and steel industries
The document provides an overview of the iron and steel industries in India and other countries. It discusses the following key points:
- India has a nearly century-old iron and steel industry that is expanding rapidly due to strong global and domestic demand. Major Indian producers include SAIL, Tata Steel, and RINL.
- The industry can be divided into integrated producers like Tata Steel and secondary producers that use scrap iron. Early plants included Jamshedpur (1907) and later public sector facilities.
- The US industry began in the 1600s and grew significantly in the 1800s, fueled by iron ore deposits and the development of railroads. U.S. Steel became the first billion-
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Iron is the 26th element on the periodic table. It is one of the most useful metals to humans, being a key component of steel and having a variety of industrial uses. Iron is rarely found in its pure form naturally and is usually extracted from iron ores like magnetite through high-temperature processes in blast furnaces. Throughout history, iron has played an important role in the development of civilizations both through its use in tools and weapons.
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The document discusses lead deposits in India. It notes that 85% of India's lead deposits are located in Rajasthan, with major deposits found in Rampura-Agucha, Rajpura-Dariba, and Sindesar. It also lists lead deposits and occurrences in other states such as Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Gujarat, and West Bengal. The chief ores of lead discussed are galena, cerussite, and anglesite. Current uses of lead mentioned include lead-acid batteries, stained glass production, and fishing sinkers.
Metallurgy
This document discusses types of metallurgy, including ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. It focuses on describing the history and processes of ferrous metallurgy, which involves iron. Key points include that the earliest iron artifacts date back to 4000 BC in Egypt and were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. Iron smelting, which is more difficult than other metals, emerged in the Middle East around the 3rd millennium BC. The Iron Age began at different times in different places as the technology spread, starting around 500 BC in Central Europe and India/China between 1200-500 BC. Non-ferrous metals like copper are also recycled due to their extensive use.
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The document summarizes Marcel Breuer's Brutalist building, the Breuer Building in New York City, which now houses the Met Breuer museum. It provides background on Breuer, details on the building's original use as the Whitney Museum of American Art, and floor plans highlighting its functional design. Architects Beyer Blinder Belle updated the building for its current use by the Met starting in 2016.
Brazilian sculpture museum, sao paulo, Brazil.
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Water pumping station, Isle of dogs, London.
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The Gherkin.
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Hearst Tower, Manhattan, Dubai.
Norman Foster designed the Hearst Tower in Manhattan, which incorporated the original 1920s facade into a new 46-story skyscraper. To preserve the landmark facade and allow for an open floor plan, Foster used an asymmetrical diagrid structural system on the building's perimeter. This efficient design saved on materials while providing strength and redundancy against extreme loads. The Hearst Tower also achieved sustainability through landscape design, stormwater management, and reuse of the original structure's materials.
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Kauffman arts center.
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IIM, Ahmedabad.
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Stainless Steel
- 1. STAINLESS STEEL PRESENTED BY: SHIVANITAK AANCHAL LALWANI NIKITA SAHUJI BELA RATHI AMRUTA JAIN KALYANI SETHI NEHATANGDE
- 2. INTRODUCTION STAINLESS STEEL ALSO KNOWN AS INOX STEEL IT IS A STEEL ALLOY (MINIMUM OF CHROMIUM CONTENT BY MASS) DIFFERENT GRADES AND SURFACE FINISHES ARE AVAILABLE. IT IS USEDWHERE BOTHTHE PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND CORROSION RESISTENCE ARE REQUIRED. STAINLESS STEEL LOOKS SIMILARTO REGULARLY USED STEEL, BUT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DIFFER
- 3. HISTORY IN AUGUST 20, 1912, STAINLESS STEEL WAS CAST FORTHE FIRST TIME, WHEN IT WAS DISCOVERED BY AN ACCIDENT BY MR. WHILE BREARLEY FAMOUS EXAMPLE IS IRON PILLAR BY ORDER OF KUMARA GUPTA IN DELHI, AROUND AD 400. UNLIKE STAINLESS STEEL NOWADAYS,THIS ARTIFACT OWE THEIR DURABILITY NOTTO CHROMIUM BUTTOTHEIR HIGH PHOSPHOROUS CONTENT.
- 4. PROPERTIES OXIDATION POOR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIAL DURABLE STRONG ACID RESISTANCE
- 5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS MELTING AND CASTING FORMING HEATTREATMENT DESCALING CUTTING FINISHING
- 6. MANUFACTRING COMPANIES INDIA FOREIGN COUNTRIES STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD,TAMIL NADU. JINDAL SS LIMITED HISSAR, HARYANA POSCO, EUROPE NIPOM STEEL, JAPAN
- 7. DIFFERENT GRADES AVAILABLE 202-COMMERCIAL GRADE, CONSISTS O.4% NICKEL AND 16% CHROMIUM. (130-160RS PER KG) 316- INDUSTRIAL GRADE, CONSISTS OF 10-12 % NICKEL AND 11% CHROMIUM.(300-360RS PER KG) 304- CHEMICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, FOOD PROCESSING AND ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERINGWORKS. (8%NICKELAND 18% CHROMIUM, 230- 270 RS PER KG) 303, 410, 430, 304L, 316L etcARE DIFFERENT GRADES AVAILABLE.
- 8. DIFFERENT FORMS AVAILABLE •SHEETS •BARS •PIPES •TUBES (NOTE:AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS SHAPESAND SIZES)
- 9. ARCHITECTURAL USES •USED FOR BOTH PRACTICAL AND AESTHETIC REASON •SOME DINNERS AMD FASTFOOD RESTAURANT USE LARGE ORNAMENTAL PANELS AND FURNITURE BECAUSE OF DURABILITY OF MATERIAL. •MANY OFTHE BUILDINGS USINGTHIS RETAINTHEIR ORIGINALAPPEARANCE.
- 10. EXAMPLES •TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL IS USED IN EXTERIOR OF PETRONAS TWINTOWER AND JIN MAO BUILDING (WORLD’S TALLEST SKYSCAPERS.)
- 11. THANK YOU