Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and other elements that is resistant to corrosion. The document discusses the history, chemical composition, properties, manufacturing process, energy usage, environmental impacts, industries/mines in Pakistan, and consumption of stainless steel both in Pakistan and worldwide. It notes that stainless steel is recyclable and non-degradable, but mining and production are energy intensive and cause pollution. Pakistan produces around 6 million tons of steel per year including from iron ore mines, and consumes around 800,000 tons of cold rolled steel and 600,000 tons of galvanized steel annually.

1. NAME: HALEEMULLAH
F/NAME: M.SHAFIQ
ROLL NO: D-19-EE-04
DEPARTMENT: ENERGY AND ENVRONMENT ENG
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING MATERIALS
TEACHER: MAAM AYESHA MEMON

2. STAINLESS STEEL:
◦ Brief History of production
◦ Chemical composition
◦ Uses/applications
◦ Properties (physical, thermal, electrical, chemical, optical)
◦ Manufacturing Process
◦ Energy consumption in production and use
◦ Environmental impacts from their production, consumption and disposal
◦ Industries/Plants/Mines in Pakistan or production/resource in Pakistan
◦ Consumption in Pakistan and the world

3. BRIEF HISTORY OF PRODUCTION:
• In 1912, two German's at the Krupp Iron Works, Eduard
Maurer and Benno Strauss, patented the first austenitic
stainless steel of a 21% chromium and 7% nickel
combination. Brierley patented the first martensitic
stainless in 1913. ... The result was a chrome alloy steel,
much more rust resistant than seen before.
• In 1913, Harry Brearley of Sheffield, UK discovered
'rustless' steel. Although there had been many prior
attempts, Brearley has been credited with inventing the
first true stainless steel, which had a 12.8% chromium
content

4. CHEMICAL CONSUMPTION:
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Stainless steels are steels
containing at least 10.5% chromium, less than 1.2% carbon and
other alloying elements.

5. • Chemical composition of 304
stainless steel:
• Type 304 stainless steel is a T 300 Series
Stainless Steel austenitic. It has a minimum of
18% chromium and 8% nickel, combined with a
maximum of 0.08% carbon. It is defined as a
Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy
• Chemical composition of 316
stainless steel:
• Type 316 steel is an austenitic chromium-nickel
stainless steel that contains between two and
3% molybdenum. The molybdenum content
increases corrosion resistance, improves
resistance to pitting in chloride ion solutions,
and increases strength at high temperatures.

6. USES AND APPLICATIONS:

7. PROPERTIES:
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
• 1)Aesthetic appeal.
• 2)Hygiene and ease of cleaning.
• 3)Long life cycle.
• 4)Low magnetic permeability.
• 5)Steel has a density of 7,850 kg/m3,
• 6)Its melting point of 1,510 C
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
• 1)Corrosion resistant.
• 2)High tensile strength.
• 3)Very durable.
• 4)Temperature resistant.
• 5)Easy formability and fabrication.
• 6)Low-maintenance (long lasting)

8. PROPERTIES:
THERMAL PROPERTIES:
• 1)Specific Heat Capacity 0.5 J/g-°C
• 2)Thermal Conductivity 16.2 W/m-K
• 3)Solidus 1400 °C
• 4)Liquidus 1455 °C
• 5)Melting Point 1400 - 1455 °C
ELETRICAL PROERTIES:
• 1)Electrical Resistivity 7.2e-005 ohm-cm
• 2) Magnetic Permeability 1.008

9. MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
• Here are the six most important steps in the manufacturing process of a stainless steel product:
• 1)Melting and Casting
• 2) Forming
• 3) Heat Treatment
• 4) Descaling
• 5) Cutting
• 6) Finishing

10. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PRODUCTION AND
USE:
Stainless Steel (from recycled steel): 6-15MJ (1,665 to 4,170 watt-hours)
Stainless Steel (from iron): 20-50MJ (5,550 to 13,900 watt-hours)
It is the most energy intensive process for steel production at roughly 13.5 ×
10*9 joules per ton (1000 Kg) of pig iron produced
The rise in global steel production:
1950:………………..189 million tons 13.5 × 10*9 joules per ton (1000 Kg)
1975:………………..644 million tons 13.5 × 10*9 joules per ton (1000 Kg)
2000:………………..850 million tons 13.5 × 10*9 joules per ton (1000 Kg)
2018:………………..1808 million tons 13.5 × 10*9 joules per ton (1000 Kg)

11. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM THEIR PRODUCTION,
CONSUMPTION AND DISPOSAL:
• Stainless steel is easy to clean and does not breed bacteria easily. Therefore, it is widely used in manufacturing of food
and medicine.
• Stainless Steel is non-degradable and 100% recyclable. Therefore, it is recycled to produce more steel and this process
goes on indefinitely.
• The mining of iron ore is highly energy intensive and causes air pollution in the form of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide from diesel generators, trucks and other equipment
• Wastewater from the coking process is also highly toxic and contains a number of carcinogenic organic compounds as
well as cyanide, sulfides, ammonium and ammonia.
• Wastewater from the coking process is also highly toxic and contains a number of carcinogenic organic compounds as
well as cyanide, sulfides, ammonium and ammonia

12. INDUSTRIES/PLANTS/MINES IN PAKISTAN OR
PRODUCTION/RESOURCE IN PAKISTAN:
• 1)Marshall Surgico corporation. Daska. Daska Road,Capricorn Street,Daska 51010,Punjab,Pakistan. ...
• 2)Usman Enterprise. Karachi. ...
• 3)K M INTERNATIONAL. Karachi. ...
• 4)Steel & Iron Fabrication Services. Rawalpindi. ...
• 5)HAKIMI TRADERS. Karachi.
• 6)Saeed Kasur
• 7)Mughal Karachi
• 8) Amreli Karachi
• 9) Izhar Multan

13. MINES OF STAINLESS STEEL:
IRON ORE IS FOUND IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF
PAKISTAN INCLUDING NOKUNDI, CHINIOT AND
THE LARGEST ONE IN KALABAGH (LESS THAN
42% QUALITY), HARIPUR AND OTHER
NORTHERN AREAS.
A SENIOR PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATIVE
OFFICIAL TOLD AFP THAT INITIAL ESTIMATES
INDICATED 500 MILLION TONES OF IRON ORE, A
PRIMARY INGREDIENT IN STEEL MAKING, HAD
BEEN DISCOVERED. THE EXTRACTED IRON HAD
BEEN TESTED IN SWISS AND CANADIAN
LABORATORIES, WHICH WERE SUCCESSFUL IN
FINDING 60-65 PERCENT OF IT TO BE HIGH
GRADE

14. PRODUCTION:
• Global crude steel production reached 1,869.9
million tones (Mt) for the year 2019, up by 3.4%
compared to 2018.
• Presently Pakistan produces around six million
metric tons of steel per year. This includes: raw
products (iron ore and scrap); flat products
(sheets and plates, used in the automotive
sector); and long products (steel bars, wire rods,
rails and structures used in infrastructure
development and tubes and pipes.

15. CONSUMPTION IN PAKISTAN AND THE WORLD:
• IN PAKISTAN:
• The industry experts also registered that the white goods and automotive sector, which are large consumers of flat products is not
nearly as developed in the country. The total consumption of Cold Rolled Steel (CRC) in Pakistan is 800,000 tons per annum and of
Galvanized Steel (GI) is 600,000 tons. Experts revealed in different sources that if the Government of Pakistan produces steel
locally, it will cost more than importing from China who presently accounts for 55 percent of the world’s steel output and have the
economies of scale on their side.
• WHOLE WORLD:
• Steel consumption grew by 5.1 percent to 1,693 million tones. Over the first seven months of 2018, global steel output reached
1,036 million tons, up 5.2 percent from the same period in 2017. ... In 2019, steel consumption is likely to grow at a slower rate, to
reach 1.3 percent year-on-year.