The document discusses several manufactured substances used in industry. It focuses on alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, and composite materials. For each category, it provides examples of specific materials, their compositions, properties, and common uses. Alloys discussed include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, and pewter. Synthetic polymers mentioned are polythene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, perspex, terylene, and nylon. The document also examines different types of glass and their characteristics.

1. MANUFACTURED SUBTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
BY : NURFARAHAIN BINTI AHMAD
4ST
SMK SG ABONG

2. Introduction
Many industrial products are manufactured for our comfort.
They are either made from sulphuric acid, ammonia, alloys, synthetic
polymers, glass, ceramics or composite materials.

3. MAIN MENU
ALLOY
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
GLASS & CERAMICS
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

4. ALLOYS
∗ An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more
elements (especially metals) mixed in a certain fixed
percentage.
∗ Alloys are made to improve the hardness, malleability
and resistance to corrosion of pure metals.
∗ General properties of pure metals :
* ductile- can be drawn into wires

5. * malleable- can be hammered into sheets
* high melting and boiling points
* high density
* high electrical and heat conductivity
∗Most metals in their pure form are soft.
∗Metals like iron and copper tend to undergo corrosion readily
to form oxides.

6. ∗ A pure metal consists of layers of atoms arranged in an
even, orderly, and close-packed manner at fixed position.

7. ∗ Pure metals are rather soft because when a force is applied,
one layer of atoms can slide over another.
∗ Metals are ductile or can be stretched.

8. Some imperfections in the orderly arrangement
of atoms in metals that allow some empty
space in between the atoms.
When a metal is knocked , atom slide.
Metals are malleable or can be shaped.
force
the shape of the
metal changes

9. ∗ Alloys such as bronze, brass, steel, stainless, duralumin and
pewter are commonly used in our daily lives.
∗ The uses of each different type of alloys depend on the
properties of the alloy.
∗ For example, cutlery is made of stainless steel because
stainless steel is shiny and does not rust.

10. ∗ Table 1 The composition, properties and uses of some alloys
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Bronze • 90% copper • Hard and strong • In the building of
• 10% tin • Does not corrode statues or monuments
easily • In the making of
• Has shiny surface medals, swords and
artistic materials
Brass • 70% copper • Hard than copper In the making of musical
• 30% zinc instruments and
kitchenware
Steel • 99% iron • Hard and strong • In the construction of
• 1% carbon buildings and bridges
• In the building of the
body of cars and
railway tracks

11. Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Stainless • 74%iron • Shiny • In the making cutlery
steel • 8% carbon • Strong • In the making of
• 18% chromium • Does not rust surgical instruments
Duralumin • 93% aluminium • Light • In the building of the
• 3% copper • Stong body of aeroplanes and
• 3% magnesium bullet trains
• 1% manganese
Pewter • 96% tin • Lustre • In the making of
• 3% copper • Shiny souvenirs
• 1% antimony • Strong

12. Bronze

13. Brass

14. Steel

15. Stainless steel

16. Duralumin

17. Pewter

18. THE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN ALLOYS
∗ The presence of atoms of other metals that are of
different size disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms
in the metal.
∗ This reduces the layer of atoms from sliding.
∗ Thus, an alloy is stronger and harder than its pure
metal.

19. Pure metal A
Pure metal
B
Alloy
The formation of alloy

20. Synthetic Polymers
∗ Polymers are large molecules made up of many
identical repeating sub-units called monomers which
are joined together by covalent bonds.
∗ Monomers are joined into chains by a process of
repeated linking known as polymerisation.

21. polymerisation
Formation of a polymer

22. A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers. Some polymers
occur naturally.
Starch, cellulose, wool, protein, silk and natural rubber are some
example of naturally occuring polymers.
Synthetic polymerare man-made polymers.
The monomers used are usually obtained from petroleum after
going through the refining and cracking processes.
The monomers used are usually obtained from petroleum after
going through the refining and cracking processes.

23. Synthetic polymers

24. Synthetic polymer

25. Synthetic polymers

26. Monomers in synthetic polymers
Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses
Polythene Ethene Plastic bags, shopping bags,
plastic containers and
insulation for electrical wiring
Polypropene Propene Piping, bottle crates, carpets,
car batteries and ropes
Polyvinyl chloride, Chloroethene Artificial leather, water pipes
PVC and records

27. Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses
Perspex Methylmethacrylate Safety glass, reflectors,
traffic signs and lens
Terylene Hexane-1,6-diol Clothing, sails and ropes
Benzene-1,
4-dicarboxylic acid
Nylon Hexane-1,6-diamine Ropes, clothing and
Hexane-1, carpets
6-diodic acid

28. Synthetic polymer in daily life
With the increasing use of synthetic polymers, there are some drawbacks :
Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. Disposal of synthetic polymers
will use up a large fraction of available landfill space.
The raw materials for these polymers are obtained from petroleum, thus
depleting the supply of non-renewable source.
Burning of synthetic polymers releases pollutant and toxic gases that are
harmful to our health. For example, burning of PVC releases hydrogen chloride
gas. Gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and oxide
of nitrogen can cause the green house effect and acid rain.
Improper disposal of synthetic polymers also destroy the beauty of the
nature , causes flash flood and endanger the wildlife.

29. •To reduce the demand for landfill space, consumption of limited petroleum
reserves and environmental pollution, we should :
Reduce, reuse and recycle the non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.
Use the biodegradable plastics (Bioplastic) such as polylactide acid (PLA)
plastic and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) plastic.
Educate users to the right disposal methods.

30. Synthetic polymer

31. Polythene

32. Nylon

33. Polypropene

34. Terylene

35. Perspex

36. Polyvinyl cholride, PVC

37. Biodegradable plastic bag

38. Glass
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.
Silicon dioxide is the second most abundant elements in the Earth’s
crust. It is commonly found in sand.
The most way common of preparing glass is to heat the sand to the
temperature of 1700 degree celcius. The molten liquid obtained is the
cooled quickly so that it solidifies to produce glass.

39. Silicon atom
Oxygen atom
Structure of silicon dioxide

40. During rapid cooling, the particles in the liquid do not have time to return to
its original crystalline arrangement. They occupy randomly arranged lattice
sites and result s in an amorphus solid. This amorphus structure makes the
glass brittle.
The main characteristics of glass are :
a. hard but brittle
b. chemically inert
c. transparent and impermeable (non-porous)
d. withstand compression
e. good heat and electrical insulators

41. Types, composition, properties
and uses of glass
1. There are four types of glasses :
(a) Soda-lime glass (soft glass)
* The most common and least expensive glass
(b) Lead crystal glass (soft glass)
(c) Borosilicate glass (hard glass)
(d) Fused glass (hardest glass)
* The simplest and most expensive glass

42. Type of Production Composition Properties Uses
glass method
Fused Silica is heated until • Silicon • Very high melting • Laboratory
glass it melts at 1 700 dioxide point glass rods
degree celcius and • High transparency • Telescope
cooled rapidly • Highest resistance mirrors
to thermal shock • Optical
(can be heated to fibres
an extremely high • Lenses
temperature and
then plunged into
icy, cold water
without cracking)

43. Type of Production Composition Properties Uses
glass method
Soda- Mixture of silica, • Silicon • Low melting point • Light
lime sodium carbonate dioxide • Easily shaped bulbs
glass (soda lime) and • Sodium • High chemical • Window
calcium carbonate oxide durability glass
(limestone) is • Calcium • Does not withstand • Drinking
heated to 1 500 oxide heat glass
degree celcius and • High thermal • Mirrors
cooled rapidly expansion
coefficient (expand a
lot when heated and
contract a lot when
cooled)

44. Type of Production Composition Properties Uses
glass method
Borosilicate Boron (III) oxide • Silicon • High melting point • Oven glass
glass is added to soda- dioxide • Resistant to thermal • Boiler gage
lime glass • Sodium shock glassware
oxide • Resistant to • Automobile
• Calcium chemical attack headlights
oxide • Low thermal
• Boron (III) expansion
oxide coefficient a little)

45. Type of Production Composition Properties Uses
glass method
Lead Lead (II) oxide is • Silicon dioxide • High density • Prism
crystal added to soda-lime • Sodium oxide • High refractive • High
glass glass • Lead (II) oxide index reflective
• Soft and easy lenses
to melt • Fine crystal
tableware
• Decorative
glassware
• Lead
crystal
glassware

46. Example of glass

47. Fused glass

48. Soda-lime glass

49. Borosilicate glass

50. Lead crystal glass

51. Special glasses
Some special glasses have been made for specific purposes such as
photochromic glass, conducting glass and bullet-resistant glass.
Silver chloride in photochromic glass darkens the glass when exposed to
sunlight and protects the eyes from ultraviolet radiation.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) in conducting glass is able to conduct electricity. It
is mainly used to make transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal
display (LCD), flat panel display and plasma display.

52. Bullet-resisitant glass is usually constructed using a strong but transparent
materials such as polycarbonate thermoplastic sandwiched between layers
of regular glass. The plastic provides impact resistance while the glass
flattens the bullet, thereby preventing penetration.

53. Ceramics
Ceramics are made from clay. Kaolin, a hydrated aluminosilicate,
Al2O.2SiO2.2H2O is an example of clay.
The major component of ceramic is silicate. Silicate is a chemical
compound containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals.
The common way of preparing ceramic is to heat the mouldedclay at a
very high temperature.

54. Ceramic that has been hardened after heating cannot be melted again due
to its extremely high heat resistance.
The main characteristics of ceramic are
(a) extremely hard but brittle
(b) chemically inert
(c) opaque and porous
(d) withstand compression
(e) good heat and electrical insulators

55. Properties and uses of ceramics
Properties Uses Example
Hard and strong Construction materials Tiles, cement, bricks
Withstand high Construction materials Furnaces, nuclear
pressure and heat reactors
Resistant to chemicals, Ornamental articles Plates, bowls, vases,
do not corrode and porcelain, toilet wall
long-lasting tiles, floor
Good electric and heat Electrical appliances Ovens, toasters, fuses,
insulators spark plugs
Have semiconducting Semiconductors Microchips
properties and can
store charges

56. Ceramic

57. Special ceramics
Boron nitride is a lubricious ceramic that has high temperature and excellent
electrical resistance. It is used to make microwave tubes and low friction
seals.
Silicon nitride ceramic that has relatively good shock resistance is used to
make skateboard bearings and ignition source of domestic gas appliances.
Silicon nitride ceramic that has relatively good shock resistance is used to
make skateboard bearings and ignition source of domestic gas appliances.
Perovskites, YBa2Cu3O7 is another new ceramic superconductor that
contains yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen. It can conduct electricity with
virtually no loss of heat energy at 98K.

58. Composite materials
A composite materials is a structural material that is form by combining two
or more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and
polymers.
A composite materials is a structural material that is form by combining two
or more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and
polymers.

59. Examples of composite materials

60. 1) Reinforced concrete
Concrete is a composite material which consists of mixture of stones, chips
and sand bound together by cement.
Concrete is strong but brittle and weak in tension. Steel has good tensile
strength.
When concrete is reinforced with steel bars, steel wires of rods, it produces a
very tough materials with more tensile strength called reinforced concrete.

61. Reinforced concrete

62. Reinforced concrete is relatively cheap and can be moulded into any shape.
It is also stronger and better able to withstand tensile forces than concrete
alone.
It is used in high-rise buildings, bridges, oil platforms and highway.

63. 2) Superconductor
A superconductor is capable to conduct electricity without any electrical
resistance when it is cooled to an extremely low temperature.
Metal such as mercury can be a superconductor in 4.2K but it is very
expensive to maintain such extremely low temperature.
Using a combination of metals and metal oxide, a ceramic composite is
found to be superconducting at temperatures higher than 30K.
Perovskites is the latest ceramic superconductor that has zero resistance
at 95K.
Superconductors have low power dissipation, high-speed operation and
high sensitivity.
Superconductors are used in bullet trains (maglev train), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), computer chips, generators and transformers.

64. Superconductor

65. 3) Fibre optic
A fibre optic capable consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that
are surrounded by a glass cladding.
It has high transmission capacity and chemical stability, but low
susceptibility to interference and material costs.
It is used in video cameras and local area networks for computers.
Besides that, it is used in instruments for examining internal parts of the
body or manufactured structural products and to transmit data, voice
and image in a digital format.

66. Fibre optic

67. 4) Fibre glass
Glass is hard, strong, has high density but it is relatively brittle. Plastic is
elastic, flexible, has low density but it is not strong.
When glass fibres are reinforced in plastic, a strong composite material
called fibre glass is produced.
It has high tensile strength, low density, can be easily coloured,
moulded and shaped. It can even be made into thin layers, yet very
strong.
It is used in water storage tanks, badminton rackets, small boats and
helmets.

68. Fibre glass

69. 5) Photochromic glass
∗ Silver chloride and copper (I) chloride crystal are
embedded in glass to produce photochromic glass.
∗ When photochromic glass is exposed to light , the
chloride ions are oxidised to produce chlorine atoms
by releasing electrons.
Cl-(aq) Cl(s) + e-
∗ The electron are transferred to silver ions. Silver ions
are reduced by gaining electrons to produce silver
atoms.
Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s)

70.  Silver atoms cluster together and block the
transmittance of light. The glass turns dark.
∗ When the glass is removed from light, chlorine atoms
are reduced by copper (I) ions to form chloride ions
and copper (II) ions.
Cl(s) + Cu+(aq) Cl-(aq) + Cu2+(aq)
∗ The copper (II) ions are further reduced by silver
atoms to form silver ions and copper (I) ions.
Cu2+(aq) + Ag(s) Cu+(aq) + Ag+(aq)
 The glass becomes transparent again when silver
atoms are converted back to silver ions.
∗ Photochromic glass is used in optical lenses, car
windshields, lenses in cameras, optical switches and
light intensity meters.

71. Photochromic glass

72. The uses of composite materials
The needs for new materials for specific purposes
With the high demand of items with specific
properties, scientists have invented many new
substances to replace many traditional ones.
For example, plastics replace wood, optical fibres
replace copper wires and synthetic fibres replace cotton
and wool.
However, alloys, ceramics, glass, polymers produced
still have their disadvantages and do not meet certain
requirements in industry, communication, construction
and transportation.
Therefore, composite materials are created for
specific application.

73. THE END