बालसंरक्षणका लागि बालसहभागिता

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g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf cxd ;jfnx¿dWo] afn ;+/If0fsf] ;jfn Ps
xf] . nfvf}+ afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg eO{, lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f
tyf e]befjaf6 k|efljt ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf afn ;+/If0fsf
;d:ofx?nfO{ ttsfn pko'Qm dfWod tyf sfo{qmdx¿af6 x:tIf]k
ug'{ h?/L 5 .
afn ;+/If0fsf ;d:ofx¿ ljleGg ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s tyf
/fhgLlts unt dfGotfx?sf] hudf plePsf sf/0fn] o:tf ;d:ofx?sf]
;fdfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs, cly{s, ;f:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts
¿kdf g} cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ TolQs} h?/L x'G5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿ ljleGg nf~5gf tyf eosf sf/0fn]
n's]/ /xg] x'Fbf To:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;xh ¿kdf phfu/ x'g / afnaflnsf
tyf ltgsf cleefjsx?n] klg ;d:ofdf pko'Qm Goflos tyf
k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jfx?df kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
o:tf] kl/j]zdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / pknlAwd"ns
tyf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd x'g ;Sb5 . cfkmgf ;jfnx?df cfkmgf]
ljrf/ AoQm ug{ kfpg] tyf pQm ljrf/x?sf] pko'Qm ;'g'jfO x'g'kg]{
afnaflnsfsf] df}lns clwsf/ ePsf] sf/0fn] klg afn ;+/If0fsf
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If]qx?df afnaflnsfsf] kof{Kt, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'/lIft / :jtGq ;xeflutf
h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfx?n] g} cfkmgf ;fyLx?sf]
;d:of, pgLx?sf] cfjZoQmf / rfxgfnfO{ jo:sx?n] eGbf l56f] /
;xL 9+un] a'emg tyf AoQm ug{ ;Sb5g . afn ;+/If0fdf afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutfsf] ;jfn h;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjh;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjh;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjh;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjh;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ klg xf] .
afn ;+/If0fsf If]qdf g]kfndf Psftk{m afn ;xeflutfsf] cEof; Tolt
w]/} ePsf] kfOb}g eg] csf]{tk{m ePsf cEof;x¿ klg k|efjsf/L,
;'/lIft / :jtGq x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g . o;sf k5fl8 o; If]qsf
cleofGtf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] ;Lk / bIftfdf /x]sf] sdL tyf :jo+
afnaflnsfx?s} klg o; If]qdf 1fg, ;Lk / b[li6sf]0fdf /x]sf sdL
tyf k/Dk/fut dfGotfx¿ /x]sf 5g .
To;}n] l;lj;n] OG6/k]l8of lkmgNofG8sf] ;xof]udf afn ;+/If0fsf
nflu afn ;xeflutfsf] cEof;df k|efjsfl/tf a9f]Q/L l;h{gf ug]{
;f]+rsf ;fy afn ;+/If0f tyf afn ;xeflutfdf lqmofzLn AolQmx¿sf
nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . k'l:tsf k|sfzgsf nflu
;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . :ffy} o; ;xof]uL
k'l:tsfsf] n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg sfo{ ug'{x'g] >L /d]zs'df/ kf}8]n,
ldng w/]n, w|'a nfld5fg], o'j/fh l3ld/] tyf k|]d l3ld/]nfO{ klg
xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . o; k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /xg'ePsf l;lj;sf
sd{rf/L Pj+ ;b:o ldqx¿ tyf ;'emfj k|bfg ug'{x'g] ;a} k|lt xflb{s
s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .
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Affnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|yd bfloTj cfdfafa', cleefjs tyf ;dfhdf
/x]sf k|a'4ju{ / afnaflnsfsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df /x]sf ;a} jo:sx?sf]
xf] . ;fy} /fHoleqsf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ clGtd bfloTj
/fHosf] xf] . /fHon] sfg"g, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ agfP/ / To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/]/ afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ st{Josf] kfngf
ug'{ kb{5 . afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lqmofdf
;xefuL x'g kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] df}lns clwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] xf] eg] klg o;
sfo{df :jo+ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg' h?/L x'G5 .
afnaflnsfsf cfFvfaf6 ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ x]l/g' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{
kL8fdf kg]{ tyf hf]vddf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿af6 cleJoQm x'g] ljrf/
tyf pgLx¿af6 ;'emfOPsf pkfox?n] afn clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx¿
Go"g ug{ Pj+ lgif]w ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . cfkm"n] ef]u]sf
;d:ofx¿ cfkm} ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;xefuL x'g kfpFbf pgLx?sf]
cfTdan a95 . o; qmddf pgLx?n] ljleGg hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ klg
l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg ;S5g . pgLx?sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
x'G5 .
afn ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;jfnnfO{ afnclwsf/;Fu
;Da4 ;+3;+:yfx?n] cfTdf;ft ug{ yfn]sf 5g . 3/]n' afn>d, afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/, cleefsTj ljxLg afnafnaflnsfx¿sf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf
nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ qmddf l;lj;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ afnSnax?df
;+ul7t ug]{, pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/ / st{Jok|lt ;r]t agfpg] / afn
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ g} k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf
lb+b} ;xefuL u/fpg] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfs} ;xeflutfdf
afn ;+/If0fsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] afn ;+/If0fsf
nflu afn ;xeflutf s] xf]< eGg] af/]df hfgsf/ x'g' h¿/L /x]sf] 5 .
log} s'/fx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf
gfds ;xof]uL k'l:tsfgfds ;xof]uL k'l:tsfgfds ;xof]uL k'l:tsfgfds ;xof]uL k'l:tsfgfds ;xof]uL k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
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!=! afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <!=! afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <!=! afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <!=! afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <!=! afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <
k|foM ;a} b]zx?df pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ afnaflnsfsf] sfg'gL kl/efiff
ug]{ ul/Psf] 5. o; kl/efiffn] afnaflnsfsf] ef]6 xfNg ;Sg] pd]/nfO{
klg k|ltljlDat u/]sf] 5. o;b]lv afx]s o;n] k|foM h;f] ljjfx ug{
of]Uo pd]/, of}g ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sg], ;]gfdf egf{ x'g ;Sg], h:tf s'/fx¿
klg k|ltlalDjt u/]sf] x'G5. t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf] pd]/ g}
xf]. lsgeg] cGo s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff ug{sf nflu k|i6 ¿kdf
k|ltlalDjt ePsf] b]Vg ;ls+b}g.
kl/jf/ / k|f}9;+usf] ;DaGw, ljjfx ug]{ cj:yf, cfly{s bfloTjsf] tx,
lzIffsf] tx, ;]gfdf egf{sf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/, ef]6 h:tf sfg'gL
clwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf cflb. sltko ;d'bfox?df pQ/bfloTj
axg ug'{ gk/]sf] sf/0fn] pd]/ k'u]sf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ afNofj:yfd}
/x]sf] 7flgG5. h:t}M Pp6f ;DkGg kl/jf/sf s'g} klg sfd gnufOsg
x'sf{OPsf, hjfg 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ afnaflnsf g} 7fGg] ub{5g.
To;}u/L ljkGg kl/jf/sf !$ jif{sf 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkmgf afa' cfdfnfO{
sfddf ;/;xof]u ug{sf nflu sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g eg] pgLx?n]
cfkm"nfO{ k|f}9 7flg/x]sf x'G5g.
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] u/]sf] kl/efiffn] afnaflnsfsf] afNofj:yfnfO{ clwstd
¿kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5. o;n] afnaflnsfsf] clwstd
lxtsf nflu Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5. afnclwsf/
dxf;lGw ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cg'df]bg ul/Psf] dxf;lGw xf]. clwsf+z
/fi6«x¿, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ;a}n] o;df ePsf afnclwsf/
;DalGw Aofj:yfx?nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g. t/ dxf;lGwn] olb /fli6«o
sfg'gn] Tof] eGbf klg sd pd]/sf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift ug{ ;Sg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5.
afNofj:yfsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ;Gbe{ :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
txdf x]g]{ ul/G5. oBlk afnljsf;sf cfwf/e"t r/0f / afnljsf;sf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx?df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'‘b}g. afn clwsf/sf] If]qdf
sfo{/t lgsfo, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ ;a}n]] afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiffnfO{
ljZn]if0f ug{' h?/L x'G5 .
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx?n] afnaflnsfnfO{ km/s km/s ?kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 h'g lgDg /x]sf] 5 M
;fdfGotM afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGGf] ljifo gf}nf] h:tf] gnfUg] ePklg
afNofj:yfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ km/s ;Gbe{df km/s 9+un] lnOg] ul/G5. of]
s'/f afnaflnsfsf s] slt clwsf/ tyf e"ldsfx¿ 5g / k|f}9n]
afnaflnsfx¿;+u ug]{ Jojxf/df e/ kb{5 .
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s_s_s_s_s_ cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffcGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffcGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffcGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffcGt/f{li6«o kl/efiff M
— ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;l‹o dxf;lGw afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] !* jif{
d'lgsf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . jf cGt/fli6«o
sfg'g cg';f/ !* jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf JolQm g} afnaflnsf x'g .
v_ /fli6«o kl/efiffv_ /fli6«o kl/efiffv_ /fli6«o kl/efiffv_ /fli6«o kl/efiffv_ /fli6«o kl/efiff M
— g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] !^ aif{eGbf sd pd]/sf AolQmx?nfO{
gfaflnu dfg]sf] 5 eg] dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ !* aif{ k'Ug'kg]{
k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5.
— afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnssf]
?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5.
— afn >d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ n] !^ jif{ d'lgsf]
JolQmnfO{ afns eg]sf] 5.
!=@ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <!=@ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <!=@ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <!=@ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <!=@ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
afns !* aif{ eGbf pd]/ gk'u'Gh]n;Dd pm afFRg / ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf
nflu geO{ gx'g] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ g} afn clwsf/ x'g. h;leq
afFRg kfpg], ljsf; ug{ kfpg], ;+/If0f kfpg] / ;xefuL x'g kfpg]
clwsf/ ;d"xleq ;d]l6Psf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ kb{5g. csf]{ zAbdf
afnaflnsf :j:y hGdg kfpg', hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f / pko'Qm
sk8f nufO{ x's{g kfpg', :jf:Yosf] x]/rfxsf] Joj:yf x'g', lzIff,
;+/If0f, / x]/ljrf/ kfpg' cfkmgf] Ifdtf, 1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg',
afnaflnsfn] OHht tyf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy ;dfhsf ;f+:s[lts tyf
wfld{s lqmofsnfkdf lagfe]befj efu lng kfpg' kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf
x's{g kfpg' / cfˆgf] Ifdtf / ldlxg]tsf cfwf/df eljio lgdf{0f ug{
kfpg' h:tf s'/fx¿ g} afnclwsf/ leq kb{5g.
afn clwsf/sf af/]df /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o sfg'gdf ePsf Aoj:yfx?nfO{
Rff/ ljleGg If]qdf x]l/g] ul/Psf] 5. h'g clwsf/x¿ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf
5gM
s_ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ Ms_ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ Ms_ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ Ms_ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ Ms_ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ M
s'g}klg sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfsf] bL3{hLjg / :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{af6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg' tyf afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ / :j:y hLjgsf
nflu cfj:os vfgf, af;, nQf sk8f, cf}iflw, vf]k, kf]lifnf] vfgf,
x]/rfx tyf dfofF :g]x Pj+ :tgkfg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf sf] ;'lglZrtf x'g'
afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . o; clwsf/nfO{ afnclwsf/
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ^, * / @& df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
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v_ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Mv_ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Mv_ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Mv_ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Mv_ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/M
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ cGt/ut k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] gfd /
hGd btf{, kl/jf/;Fu j:g kfpg], cfkm"jL?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f,
b'Jo{jxf/, a]rljvg, cf];f/k;f/, zf]if0f / a]jf:tfaf6 ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{
clwsf/, ljleGg sf/0fn] hf]lvdk'0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{
;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu :yfgLo txaf6 k'¥ofOg] ljz]if ;+/If0f,
afnaflnsfnfO{ lghsf] afa' cfdf, ;+/Ifs, lzIfs jf hf];'s}af6 x'g]
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf / cdfgjLo Aojxf/af6 ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{
clwsf/x¿ kb{5g. o; clwsf/nfO{ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f (,
@), @!, @@, @#, @^, #@, ##, #$, #%, #^, #&, #*, #( / $) df pNn]v
ul/Psf]5. o;sf ;fy} ;z:q 4G4 / o'4sf qmddf afnaflnsfsf]
k|of]unfO{ aGb]h ug]{ / pgLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ tyf a]rljvg, of}g zf]if0f
Pj+ cZnLn lrq0fsf sfo{x¿jf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{
P]lR5s k|n]vx¿ nfu" ul/Psf] 5. afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lgs[i7 k|sf/sf]
>ddf ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg cfO{= Pn= cf]= dxf;lGw !*@ nfu" ul/Psf] 5.
afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{ ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdflng] lbg] k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ x]u dxf;lGw nfu" ul/Psf] 5. cleefjsTj
laxLg afnaflnsfx¿ tyf kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f u'dfpg] cj:yfdf /x]sf
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] a}slNks x]/rfx
;DjlGw lgb]{lzsf nfu" u/]sf] 5. afnclwsf/ xggsf 36gfx?df /fHon]
pko'Qm ;+jf]wg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf
ljz]if ph'/L ug]{ Joj:yfsf] P]lR5s k|n]v klg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] tof/L
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5.
u_ ljsf;sf] clwsf/Mu_ ljsf;sf] clwsf/Mu_ ljsf;sf] clwsf/Mu_ ljsf;sf] clwsf/Mu_ ljsf;sf] clwsf/M
ljsf;sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lzIff, v]ns'b, :j:y dgf]/~hg tyf JolQmTj
ljsf;sf] clwsf/x¿ kb{5. ;fy} afnaflnsf;+u ;Dj4 ljifout If]qx¿
h:t} ;fj{hlgs, ef}lts ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿, ejg, ljBfno, c:ktfn,
pBfg, dgf]/~hg :yn cflbsf] pkof]udf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft
/xg] laifox¿ klg ljsf;sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t kb{5g. o; clwsf/nfO{
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !*, !(, @*, @(, #) / #! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
3_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/M3_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/M3_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/M3_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/M3_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/M
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ cGt/ut afnaflnsfnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] ljifox?df
5nkmn tyf lg0f{o u/L /xFbf pgLx¿ ;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{]{ / pgLx?sf]
ljrf/sf] plrt ;'g'jfO x'g'kg]{]{ clwsf/ kb{5. o; cGt/ut afnaflnsfx?sf]
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, ljrf/ tyf efjgfsf] cleJoQm ug]{, ;+u7g agfpg] tyf
l;h{gfTds Pj+ dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ :jtGqtf klg
kb{5. ;fy} afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udg k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUg x'g kfpg] clwsf/ kb{5. o;
clwsf/nfO{ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@, !#, !$ / !% df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5.
111114

!=# clwsf/ wf/ssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf M!=# clwsf/ wf/ssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf M!=# clwsf/ wf/ssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf M!=# clwsf/ wf/ssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf M!=# clwsf/ wf/ssf ¿kdf afnaflnsf M
clwsf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fdf afnaflnsfx¿ clwsf/ k|fKtstf{ x'g .
pgLx¿ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t afFRg kfpg], ljsf; ug{ kfpg], ;+/If0f kfpg]
/ ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/x¿ Kf|fKt ug]{ xsbf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g .
/fHon] afnaflnsfsf oL clwsf/x?sf] Aofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu st{Jo lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 .
!=$ ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj M!=$ ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj M!=$ ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj M!=$ ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj M!=$ ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj M
afnaflnsfk|lt jo:ssf] g}lts, ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL bfloTj x'G5. olb
jo:sn] lhDd]jf/Lsf] kl/kfngf gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt
k'u]df afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ pNn+3g x'G5. jo:ssf] c;dy{tf, c;Ifdtf
tyf pk]Iffsf] sf/0f klg afn clwsf/ pNn+3g x'g] ub{5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|yd bfloTj cleefjs, cfdfafa', jf 3/
;dfhdf /x]sf jo:sx?sf] xf] eg] o;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf]
xf]. /fHon] ljBfno, c:ktfn, vfg]kfgL, 9n Joj:yf, v]nd}bfg /
;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/sf] cfFvf k'u]g eg] cleefjs jf
jo:sn] afnaflnsfsf] tkm{af6 /fHo;dIf gLltut k}/aL ug]{ bfloTj lng' kb{5 .
jo:sx?n] afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w ug}{ kb{5.
afnaflnsf cfdfsf] ue{df cfPb]lv :j:Yo hGdg kfpg], hlGd;s]kl5
kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf Vjfpg], ;/;kmfOdf a:g kfpg] cflb clwsf/ pkef]u
ug{sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ lhDd]jf/L jf
bfloTj jo:sx?sf] xf]. t/ ha afnaflnsf x's{b} hfG5g o;qmddf
lj:tf/} pgLx?n] cfˆgf clwsf/sf] pkef]usf nflu st{Jox¿ Kf'/f ug{
kg]{ s'/fsf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg] To; ;+u ;DalGwt 1fg tyf ;Lkx¿
l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L jo:sx?n] k"/f ug'{ kb{5. dfgf} # dlxgfsf] lzz'
kmf]xf]/L eof] eg] p;sf] ;kmf ;'U3/ /xg kfpg] clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ bfloTj cfdfafa'sf] x'g hfG5. lsgsL p cfkm} of]
sfd ug{ ;Sb}g. t/ ha p x's{b} hfG5. *÷( jif{sf] ePkl5 ;kmf;'U3/
x'gsf nflu g'xfOw'jfO ug'{ kb{5 eGg] 1fg tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L
jo:sx¿s} x'G5. 1fg tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L jo:sn] k"/f u/]kl5
;kmf;'U3/ eP/ a:g] st{Jo afnaflnsfsf] x'G5. g'xfpgsf nflu kfgL,
;fa'gnufotsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] aGbf]a:t ldnfpg] lhDd]jf/L jo:ssf] x'G5 .
!=% afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M!=% afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M!=% afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M!=% afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M!=% afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M
s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ AolQm, ;d"x jf ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf;, cj;/ /
clwsf/x?nfO{ s'l07t x'g glbgsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfo{x?nfO{ g} st{Jo
5

elgG5 . clwsf/ / st{Jo Pp6f l;Ssfsf b'O{ j6f kf6fx¿ x'g .
clwsf/ k|fKtLn] AolQmx?nfO{ st{Jo kfngfdf ;Ifd agfp5 / st{Josf]
kfngfn] AolQmsf] clwsf/sf] cf}lrTotfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .
afnaflnsf eljiosf s0f{wf/ dfq xf]Ogg, jt{dfgsf ;fem]bf/x¿ klg x'g .
pgLx¿ o; ;dfhsf ;lqmo ;b:o x'g . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/sf]
;fy;fy} st{Josf af/]df klg hfgsf/L u/fpFb} nu]sf] v08df dfq
afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;r]t / lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] ;f]r /
Aoaxf/ tyf st{Ao kfngfsf] k|lqmofdf ;sf/fTds ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
afnaflnsfx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ st{Jox?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;"rLs[t ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf qmddf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo Ms_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf qmddf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo Ms_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf qmddf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo Ms_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf qmddf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo Ms_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf qmddf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo M
pd]/, lzIff Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d cfkm"n] s] s] st{Jo kfngf ug'{k5{ eg]/
5nkmn u/]/ klxrfg u/L st{Jo k"/f ug]{. cfkmgf] k9fO k"/f ug{ s] s]
ug'{ kb{5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg]. h:t} M 7Ls ;dodf ljBfno hfg], lzIf0f
l;sfOdf ;xefuL x'g], sIffsfo{ / u[xsfo{ ug]{, ghfg]sf] s'/f lzIfsnfO{
;f]Wg], cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{, o;}u/L :jf:Yo ;DaGwL clwsf/ kfpgsf
nflu cfkm"n] k"/f ug'{kg]{ st{Jox¿ s] s] x'g klxrfg ug]{ h:t} M ;/;kmfO
lgoldt ug]{, ;dodf vfg], /f]u nfu]df ;dodf pkrf/ ug]{, cfˆgf] ;'/Iffdf
Wofg lbg], /ftla/ft glx8g], vt/f x'g] 7fpFdf ghfg], s'nt 5 eg] 5f8g],
v/fa ;fyLsf] ;+ut 5f8g] .
v_ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo Mv_ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo Mv_ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo Mv_ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo Mv_ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo M
cfdfa'af / dfGohgsf] cfb/ ug]{, 3/sf] sfddf cfkm}n] ;Sbf] / EofP;Dd
;xof]u ug]{, 3/sf] ;/;kmfO, ;fdfgsf] ;+/If0f, efOalxgLsf] ;'/Iff /
;+/If0f ug]{, efO alxgLnfO{ d2t ug]{, Aofjxfl/s s'/f l;sfpg], 3/df
em}emu8f gug]{, plrt lg0f{o lng ;Nnfx lng], cfˆgf] sf/0faf6 kl/jf/df
s'g} sl7gfO kf] ePsf] 5 ls eg]/ dgg ug]{, 3/sf] km"naf/L, af]6la?jf,
v]ltkftL ufO{j:t' 5g eg] Vofn ug]{ cflb .
u_ ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsf k|ltsf] st{Jo Mu_ ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsf k|ltsf] st{Jo Mu_ ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsf k|ltsf] st{Jo Mu_ ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsf k|ltsf] st{Jo Mu_ ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsf k|ltsf] st{Jo M
cfˆgf ;fyLx¿ / cGo afnaflnsf;Fu e]befjo'Qm Jojxf/ gug]{, cfkm"n]
hfg]sf s'/f l;sfpg], ;fyLx?;Fu em}emu8f gug]{, glh:Sofpg], ckzAb
gaf]Ng], ckfËtf ePsfnfO{ lzIffdf, afnSnadf ;dfj]z ug]{, afnljjfx,
afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf] b'Jo{jxf/, afnaflnsf dfly lbOg]
oftgf cflbsf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpg], s'ntsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg],
111116

afnSna jf ;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g]. s;}n] ljBfno 5f8]df vf]hL ug]{ /
ljBfno hfg xf};nf lbg].
3_ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M3_ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M3_ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M3_ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M3_ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo M
ljBfnosf] cWoog cWofkgdf ;xefuL x'g], ljBfnosf ;DklQ, ;fwg
;|f]t, h:t} vfg]kfgL, 6]ans';L{, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, v]ns'bsf
;fdu|L, lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf k|of]ufTds ;fdu|Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{. ljBfnosf]
cg'zf;gnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{, ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf
;fyLnfO{ k9gsf nflu ef}lts ;'ljwf h'6fpgsf nflu cfjfh p7fpg],
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ;hu agfpg], sIffsf] k9fO k|efjsf/L
gePdf k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, lzlIfsfnfO{ va/ ug]{, Pp6f ;fyLn] csf]{nfO{
b'Mvlbg] / ;tfpg] u/]df To;sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, afn ;+/If0f ug]{,
afnaflnsfdfly s'g} lsl;dsf] b'Jo{jxf/ eP cfjfh p7fpg]. eo/lxt
jftfj/0fdf k9g] jftfj/0f agfpg ;a} hgf ldn]/ sfd ug]{ .
ª_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfˆgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo Mª_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfˆgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo Mª_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfˆgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo Mª_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfˆgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo Mª_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfˆgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo M
ljBfno, v]n d}bfg, ;8s, ;8saQL, k'n, s'nf]s'n];f, vfg]kfgLnufot
;d'bfodf k|of]u x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, xfgL gk'¥ofpg], af6f]
ufpF3/ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g], :j:Yo, ;'/lIft / x/fe/f
jftfj/0fsf] nflu cfjZos j[If/f]k0fnufotsf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL
x'g], afnaflnssf] clwsf/sf] lgldQ l5d]sL, ;d'bfo, /fi6«n] s] ul//x]sf
5g < cGo 7fpFsf afnaflnsfn] s] s;/L cfˆgf] ljsf; ul//x]sf 5g
eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L lng] / ;f] sf nflu k':tsfno, ;|f]t s]Gb| cflbsf]
:yfkgfsf nflu k|of; ug]{ .
r_ /fHo, ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿k|ltsf] st{Jo Mr_ /fHo, ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿k|ltsf] st{Jo Mr_ /fHo, ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿k|ltsf] st{Jo Mr_ /fHo, ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿k|ltsf] st{Jo Mr_ /fHo, ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿k|ltsf] st{Jo M
afnaflnsfx¿ /fHosf x's{b} u/]sf gful/sx¿ x'g. eljiodf cfhsf
afnaflnsfx?n] g} /fHosf] /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;fdflhs
Pj+ ;f:s[lts g]t[Tj ;DxfNg' kg]{ x'G5. o;}n] /fHo ;/sf/ / o;sf
lgsfox?n] klg cfhsf afnaflnsfx¿ dfly nufgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5.
afnaflnsfx?n] /fHodf nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/, zflGt, ;befj / ;lxi0f'tf
k|j4{g ug{sf nflu gful/s e"ldsf lgefpg' kb{5. o;sf nflu
afnaflnsfx?n] /fHosf gLlt, lgod, zf;sLo Joj:yf, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt
tyf ;Dk|bfox?sf] af/]df hgfsf/L /fVg' tyf o;k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ug'{
kb{5 .
7

v)*–b'O{
afn ;+/If)f
/
afn ;xeflutf
111118

@=! afn;+/If0f ;DalGw kl/efiff tyf sfg"gx¿ M@=! afn;+/If0f ;DalGw kl/efiff tyf sfg"gx¿ M@=! afn;+/If0f ;DalGw kl/efiff tyf sfg"gx¿ M@=! afn;+/If0f ;DalGw kl/efiff tyf sfg"gx¿ M@=! afn;+/If0f ;DalGw kl/efiff tyf sfg"gx¿ M
afn ;+/If0fsf] ;fdfGo cy{ afnaflnsfx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] Aoa:yf ug'{ xf] .
afn clwsf/ cleofgdf k|of]u ePsf ljleGg cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ cfwf/
dfGg] xf] eg] afn ;+/If0f eGgfn] afnaflnsfx?sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
;+j]ufTds, g}lts, ;fdflhs AolQmTj jf cj:yf tyf ljsf;df gsf/fTds
c;/ kg]{ jf Iflt k'Ug ;Sg] s'g} klg ultljlwaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
hf]ufpg', To:tf 36gfx¿af6 k|efljt Pj+ kLl8t ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{
Gofo tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] Aoa:yf ug'{ / o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
u/L 3/, ljBfno, ;dfh, ;d"x tyf :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
txdf cfjZos gLlt lgod tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] Aoa:yf ug{ k}/jL ug'{
eGg] a'lemG5 .
afn ;+/If0f lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs b'a} lhDd]jf/L xf] . lghL lhDd]jf/Lsf]
¿kdf cfkmgf] ;+/If0fdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f sfo{ tyf cfkmgf]
ultljlwaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ kg{;Sg] hf]lvd Pj+ xfgLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{
sfo{ kb{5g eg] ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;d'bfodf /x]sf jf
cfk"mn] yfxfkfPsf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] Aoa:yf ug'{ tyf
;fj{hlgs ;/sf/L, lglh jf ;fd"lxs ;+:yf ;d"xnfO{ afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg] sfo{ kb{5 .
To;sf/0f, s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lghdfly x'g;Sg] zf/Ll/s oftgf
tyf dfgl;s kL8f, >dzf]if0f, x+]nf, ckx]ngf, of}gzf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ jf
;a}vfn] lx+;faf6 hf]ufpg] sfo{x¿ afn ;+/If0fsf] sfo{ xf] eGg] a'emg'
kb{5 . afnaflnsf kl/jf/ jf cleefjssf] ;+/If0fdf /x] jf g/x]sf]
cj:yf, hf];'s} klg o;vfn] zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 kLl8t x'g
;Sb5g . oBlk kl/jf/ljxLg tyf cK7of/f] kl/l:yltdf afFRg afWo
afnaflnsfx¿ o;vfn] 36gfx?sf] a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g .
@=!=! afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] <@=!=! afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] <@=!=! afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] <@=!=! afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] <@=!=! afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] <
afn ;+/If0fnfO{ ljleGg ?kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;+/If0fsf] zflAbs
cy{ hf]ufpg' eGg] a'lemG5 . afn ;+/If0fsf] cy{ s] xf] < eGg] s'/f
tnsf] lgDg a'+bfx?af6 :ki7 x'G5 .
lghL, ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos hLjgdf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ x'g;Sg]
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj, zf]if0f, lx+;f / pk]Iffsf
hf]lvdtfx?sf] cfFsng / Go"gLs/0f tyf ;+/If0fsf pko'Qm sfo{x?sf]
th'{df ug'{ .
afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj, zf]if0f,
lx+;f / pk]Iff x'g] vfnsf sfo{x¿ gug'{ .
9

s'g} klg lsl;dsf] x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj, zf]if0f, lx+;f / pk]Iffaf6
kLl8t tyf k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsfsf] Gofo / k'g:yf{kgfdf ;xof]u
ug'{ .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj, zf]if0f,
lx+;f / pk]Iffaf6 ;'/lIft x'gsf nflu lghL, ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos
If]qdf cfjZos gLlt, lgod Pj+ sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu k}/jL ug'k}/jL ug'k}/jL ug'k}/jL ug'k}/jL ug'{ .
@=@ afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ M@=@ afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ M@=@ afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ M@=@ afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ M@=@ afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ M
afn ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx?df ljleGg
lsl;dn] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h'g s'/fx? lgDg /x]sf 5g M
s_ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( Ms_ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( Ms_ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( Ms_ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( Ms_ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( M
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g !(*( sf] gf]e]Da/ @) df kfl/t u/]sf]
afnclwsf/;DalGw dxf;lGw ljZje/L s} d'n'sx?sf] nflu afnclwsf/
;DaGwL Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;femf ;Demf}tf kq xf] . afnaflnsfx¿ ;+;f/sf]
h'g;'s} 7fp‘df hGd]–x's]{ klg pgLx?sf] cwf/e"t cfjZostf eg]sf]
dfofF, ddtf, ;dembf/L, ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo lzIff / kf]if0f g} x'g . To;}n]
k|To]s /fHon] cfˆgf efjL ;Gtltsf] pHhjn eljiosf] nflu ljz]if
rf;f] /fv"g eGg] p2]Zon] of] dxf;lGwsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3sf @) ;b:o /fi6«x?n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ @
b]lv cf}krfl/s ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] !$ ;]K6]Da/
!(() df lgMzt{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g @))! ;Dddf !(! j6f
/fi6«x?n] o; dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g . cg'df]bg ug]{
/fi6«x?n] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ¿kdf kfng ug'{ kb{5 .
dxf;lGwdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x?nfO{ ;/n 9+un] a'emgsf nflu rf/
;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefhg ul/P tfklg oL
;a} ;d"xsf clwsf/x¿ Ps cfk;df gª df;' h:t} 5'6ofpg gldNg]
/ cGt/lge{/ 5g . oL rf/ ;d"xx?df != af‘Rg kfpg] clwsf/ @= ;+/If0f
kfpg] clwsf/ #= ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ $= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
kb{5g .
o;} u/L dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf nflu eg]/ ;dfhdf eP u/]sf
sfo{x¿ afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf 5g ls 5}gg eg]/ hfFRgsf nflu $ j6f
l;4fGtx¿ Kffl/t u/]sf] 5 . tL rf/j6f l;4fGtx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ df ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt 9+uaf6 Jojxf/
ul/g' kb{5 . wf/f # df s'g} klg sfd ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd
1111110

lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 . wf/f ^ df afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg afFRg
kfpg] l;4fGtdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 eg] wf/f !@ df afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/
/ efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{ kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 .
Affn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwLAffn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwLAffn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwLAffn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwLAffn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ;DaGwL
P]lR5s ;lGwkq !P]lR5s ;lGwkq !P]lR5s ;lGwkq !P]lR5s ;lGwkq !P]lR5s ;lGwkq !
P]lR5s ;lGw ! kqdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ M
!* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;DnUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg],
/fli6«o ;z:q bndf :j]lR5s ;DnUgtfsf] pd]/ a9fpg] / !* jif{
d'lgsfnfO{ /fli6«o ;z:q bndf ;DnUg u/fpg ljz]if ;'/Iff
ckgfpg' kg]{, cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{
/fHosf] ;z:q bn afx]s cGo s;}n] klg !* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{
;z:q sf/afxLsf ;DnUg u/fpg gkfpg] u/L ;a} cfjZos
pkfo ckgfpg] .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]x Jokf/ /afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]x Jokf/ /afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]x Jokf/ /afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]x Jokf/ /afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]x Jokf/ /
afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkq @afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkq @afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkq @afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkq @afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn lrq0f ;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkq @
P]lR5s ;lGwkq @ df ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ M
afnaflnssf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] cZnLn
lrqnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg]
o:tf sfo{nfO{ cfk/flws sfo{sf] ¿kdfkl/eflift ul/g]
o:tf ck/fwx¿ /fHosf] If]qleq eP sf/afxL ug]{
o:tf ck/fwLx?nfO{ Ps csf]{ b]zdf ;'kb{uL ug{ ldNg] Joj:yf ug]{
/ ;'kbuL{ ug]{ nufotsf sfo{df Ps /fHon] csf]{nfO{ ;3fpg' kg]{ .
afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afn clwsf/ xggsf] ph'/L ;DaGwdf P]lR5safn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afn clwsf/ xggsf] ph'/L ;DaGwdf P]lR5safn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afn clwsf/ xggsf] ph'/L ;DaGwdf P]lR5safn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afn clwsf/ xggsf] ph'/L ;DaGwdf P]lR5safn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] afn clwsf/ xggsf] ph'/L ;DaGwdf P]lR5s
;lGwkq #;lGwkq #;lGwkq #;lGwkq #;lGwkq #
l8;]Da/ !(, @)!! sf lbgdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] kfl/t u/]sf] o; P]lR5s
kqn] afnafllnsfx?n] cfkmgf] /fi6«sf lgsfox?n] afnclwsf/ xggsf
;jfndf Gofo lbg g;s]sf] jf afnclwsf/ xgg /f]Sg g;s]sf] dx;'if
u/]df AolQmut ¿kdf klg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;dltldf
ph'/L lbg ;lsg] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 . @)^( cfif9 ;Dd of] ;lGwkq
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5}g / g]kfnn] o;nfO{ cg'df]bg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
of] ;lGwkq nfu" x'g ;Sb}g .
11

afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{gsf nflu of] ;lGwkq cToGt}
dxTjk"0f{ ;flat x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] g]kfnn] o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ /
o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu gful/s ;dfhx¿ tyf afn clwsf/sdL{x¿
Psh'6 eO sfo{ ug{ h?/L 5 .
v_ lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwv_ lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwv_ lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwv_ lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwv_ lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw
g++ !*@ Mg++ !*@ Mg++ !*@ Mg++ !*@ Mg++ !*@ M
dxf;lGwn] !* jif{ d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] hf]lvdo'Qm
>ddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .
dxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 Mdxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 Mdxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 Mdxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 Mdxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M
bf;Tj jf ;f] ;/xsf ;a} :j¿kx¿, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg,
cf];f/k;f/, C0f aw'jf, af‘wf>d, ;z:q ;+3if{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf]
clgjfo{ jf ha/h:tL egf{ nufot s'g} klg ha/h:tL jf clgjfo{ >d
b]x Jofkf/, cZnLn lrq0f jf k|bz{gx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfsf]
k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck0f{
u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwLsf] pTkfbg tyf
cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f .
afnaflnsfx?sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff jf g}ltstfdf xfgL k'¥ofpg ;Sg]
sfo{x¿ .
dxf;lGwn] !* jif{ d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] hf]lvdo'Qm
>ddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .
u_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( Mu_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( Mu_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( Mu_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( Mu_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( M
o; dxf;lGwn] 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;Ddflgt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ 3/]n'
>ddf ;+nUg dhb'/x¿sf nflu Go"gtd >lds clwsf/x?sf] ;'lglZrt
u/]sf] 5 eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >ddf nufpg] s'/fnfO{ lgz]w u/]sf] 5 .
;fy} xfn e}/x]sf 3/]n' >lds afnaflnsfx?nfO{ >daf6 d'Qm u/fpg /
;Defljt hf]lvdtfx¿af6 ;+/If0f u/fpgsf nflu /fHo kIfnfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfPsf] 5 .
3_ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw !(&( M3_ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw !(&( M3_ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw !(&( M3_ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw !(&( M3_ dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw !(&( M
o; dxf;lGwn] ljz]if ¿kdf aflnsfx?nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{
tyf pgLx¿ lj?4 x'g;Sg] lx+;f, b'Jojxf/ / zf]if0faf6 arfpgsf nflu
sfg"gL, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf nflu /fHokIfnfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] 5 .
1111112

ª_ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^%Mª_ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^%Mª_ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^%Mª_ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^%Mª_ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^%M
o; dxf;lGwn] hftLo lje]bsf] l;sf/ x'g ;Sg] hf]lvdtfdf /x]sf
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fHokIfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] 5 .
r_ oftgf / cGo lgb{oL, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfor_ oftgf / cGo lgb{oL, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfor_ oftgf / cGo lgb{oL, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfor_ oftgf / cGo lgb{oL, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfor_ oftgf / cGo lgb{oL, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$Mlj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$Mlj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$Mlj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$Mlj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$M
s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu, ck/fwsf] ;fljtL
ug{sf nflu jf ;hfo lbg] p2]Zon] hfgfhfg zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] lx+;f tyf oftgfsf] cEof; ug{af6 / s;}sf] klg
dfgdb{g x'g]vfnsf] Jojxf/ ug{af6 lgz]w u/]sf] 5 .
5_ h]g]ef dxf;lGw M5_ h]g]ef dxf;lGw M5_ h]g]ef dxf;lGw M5_ h]g]ef dxf;lGw M5_ h]g]ef dxf;lGw M
o'4/t kIfx¿af6 o'4sf] cj:yfdf klg 3fOt], ladf/L, j[4
dflg;x¿, !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿, ue{jtL cfdf, ;ft jif{
d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf cfdfx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{, k|xf/sf] lgzfgf
gagfpg] .
o'4/t kIfx¿af6 pgLx¿sf nflu cf}ifwL nQfsk8f vfBfGgsf]
:jtGq cf];f/k;f/ ug{ cg'dlt lbg] .
h_ Affn ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g Mh_ Affn ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g Mh_ Affn ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g Mh_ Affn ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g Mh_ Affn ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g M
g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'gx?df afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf af/]df lgDg k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ 5g M
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @@ df afnaflnsfsf] xssf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t Joj:yf u/]sf afnaflnsfsf xsx¿
lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
afnaflnsfsf] klxrfgsf] xs – wf/f @@-!_
afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
xs – wf/f @@ -@__
k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] zf]if0flj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f
b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . @@-#_
c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf
k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6
ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @@-$_
s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g}
hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k|of]u ug{ kfOg]
5}g . @@ -%_
13

afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* Mafnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* Mafnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* Mafnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* Mafnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* M
!^ jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ afnaflnsf dflgPsf] 5 .
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] gfd /flvlbg' k5{ .
hGdbtf{ sfod ug'{ k5{ .
5f]/f5f]/L, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL, ljjfx cl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf] eGg] h:tf
cfwf/df s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug'{ x'+b}g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ qm'/ oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ x'b}g .
s'g} klg ck/fw u/] afkt !) jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ x'Fb}g .
s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ xts8L g]n nufpg, PsfGt sf/fjf;df
/fVg / pd]/ k'u]sf s}bL;Fu /fVg' x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg}lts k]zfdf nufpg' x'Fb}g .
afn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ Mafn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ Mafn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ Mafn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ Mafn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ M
!$ jif{ d'lgsf s'g}klg afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf nufpg kfOb}g .
;f] eGbf dfly !^ jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg'
k/]df ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd nufpg' x'Fb}g . pgLx?nfO{
lbgsf] ^ 306f / xKtfsf] #^ 306feGbf a9L sfddf nufpg'
x'Fb}g . nuftf/ # 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd / xKtfsf]
! lbg ljbf lbg' kb{5 . pQm lj>fdsf] ;do / ljbfsf] lbgsf]
kfl/>lds s§f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
!^ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g .
dfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] P]g, @)^$ Mdfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] P]g, @)^$ Mdfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] P]g, @)^$ Mdfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] P]g, @)^$ Mdfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] P]g, @)^$ M
s'g} klg p2]Zon] dflg; a]Rg] jf lsGg], s'g} klg k|sf/sf] kmfObf
lnO{ jf glnO{ j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg], k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s
dflg;sf] cË lemSg], j]Zofudg ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ Dffga
a]rlavg leq kg]{ x'gfn] pQm sfo{ ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .
d'n'sL P]g Md'n'sL P]g Md'n'sL P]g Md'n'sL P]g Md'n'sL P]g M
d'n'sL P]gdf s'g d'2fsf] lsgf/f klxn] nufpg] eGg] k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0fdf j]jfl/;,] ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsf] gfafnssf] d'2fsf] lsgf/f
nufpg] qmddf bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnssf] sfuh lng' jf u/fpg' kbf{ p;sf]
;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf g/fvL s'g} sfuh lng' u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
1111114

;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf] eP klg Hofgdf/f, rf]/L jf s/0fL ug]{ ug{
nfpg] dflg;sf] c88faf6 sfuh u/fpg' kbf{ eg] ;+/Ifs jf
xsjfnf eP lghnfO{ /fvL / geP p;}sf] dfq sfuh u/fpg
klg x'G5 .
sfuh u/fpFbf s;}nfO{ klg hf]/h'n'd s/sfk u/L sfuh u/fpg'
x'Fb}g . u/] ab/ x'G5 .
@=# g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿ M@=# g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿ M@=# g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿ M@=# g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿ M@=# g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿ M
afnaflnsfx¿ ljZje/ g} ljleGg lsl;dsf hf]lvdtfx?df afFr]sf 5g
eg] nfvf}+ afnaflnsfx¿ clxn] klg ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/,
zf]if0f, eo, Pj+ e]befjsf] lzsf/ eO/x]sf 5g . g]kfndf klg afnaflnsfx¿
w]/} lsl;dsf vt/f tyf ;+/If0fsf] cefjaf6 hlGdPsf ;d:ofx¿af6
k|efljt Pj+ kLl8t 5g . g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf d'Vo
;jfnx¿ lgDg 5g M
s_ e]befj Ms_ e]befj Ms_ e]befj Ms_ e]befj Ms_ e]befj M e]befj g]kfndf afnaflnsfx?n] ef]Ug'kl//x]sf] Ps k|d'v
;+/If0fsf] ;d:of xf] . 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf ul/g] e]befj, ckfFutf ePsf
afnaflnsfx¿ lj?4 ul/g] e]befj, hftLotf tyf ;Dk|bfosf cfwf/df
ul/g] e]befj, Pr=cfO=le= ;+qmldt afnaflnsf lj?4 ul/g] e]befj /
afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf z}lIfs k|ultsf cfwf/df ul/g]
e]befjx¿ g]kfnL ;dfh, 3/, ljBfno tyf cGo ljleGg lgsfox?df
ljBfdfg 5g . pknAw tYof+sx¿ cg';f/ g]kfndf ckfFutf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof=$&,#$!, Pr cfO eL ;+qmldt afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof
!,*%& hgf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ln+u klxrfgsf nflu ue{jtL dlxnfsf]
lel8of] PS; /] ul/g] tyf 5f]/L e|'0f ePdf ue{ktg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 , oL b'a} sfo{x¿ sfg'gtM ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 .
v_ afn >d zf]if0f Mv_ afn >d zf]if0f Mv_ afn >d zf]if0f Mv_ afn >d zf]if0f Mv_ afn >d zf]if0f M !$ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfly{s
jf cGo s'g} kmfObf jf cj;/sf nflu >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg' / !% b]lv
!* aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs tyf cGo cj;/x?df
c;/ k'Ug] u/L / sfg'gn] tf]lslbPsf] eGbf a9L ;do / a9L sfd
nufpg' afn >d zf]if0f xf] . /fli6«o >d zlQm ;j]{If0f @))* cg';f/
g]kfndf sl/a @! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf5g . g]kfn
;/sf/n] tTsfn pGd'ng ug'{kg]{ * j6f ljleGg >d If]qx?nfO{ lgs[i6
k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] If]qdf /x]sf] 5, tL x'g M 3/]n' afn>d, vfgL tyf
O6f e66fdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf, afn el/of, ;8s afnaflnsf,
sfk]{6 sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf, lu6L s'6g] k]zfdf ;+nUg
15

afnaflnsf, afn aFw'jf dhb'/ tyf a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿ .
sl/a ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ o; k|sf/sf] >ddf /x]sf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] 3/]n' afn>ddf dfq %^ xhf/
afnaflnsfx¿ /x]sf] dflgG5 .
u_ afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f Mu_ afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f Mu_ afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f Mu_ afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f Mu_ afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f M g]kfndf afnaflnsfx¿ of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0faf6 klg kL8Lt tyf k|efljt ePsf 5g .
afnaflnsfx¿ dfly of}g cfzosf ;fy ul/g] s'g] klg Jojxf/x¿ of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ x'g . o:tf Aoaxf/x¿ anfTsf/, anfTsf/ k|of;, clZnn
xfpefp Ozf/f af]nL Aofaxf/ tyf lrq0f cflb kb{5g . afnaflnsfx?;Fu
of}g cfzosf ;fy ul/Psf Aoaxf/x?nfO{ cfly{s jf cGo nfesf]
;|f]t agfpg' g} of}g zf]if0f xf] . g]kfn k|x/Lsf] k|ltj]bg @)^^÷)^& n]
g]kfnel/ ePsf $&& hah{:tL s/0fL tyf pBf]usf 36gfx?df lzsf/
ePsf %^^ hgfdWo] &* k|ltzt afnaflnsf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
l;lj;n] @))% df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ ljBfno hfg gkfPsf 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿dWo] %^ k|ltzt of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ ePsf 5g .
l;ljg / o'lg;]kmn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ g]kfndf ljBfno cWoog
ul//x]sfx¿ dWo] sl/a #% k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf]
lzsf/ ePsf 5g . l;ljg / ;]e b lrN8]gn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/
sf7df08f+} pkTosfdf ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfx¿ dWo] $% k|ltztn]
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ef]u]sf 5g . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnon] @)^% df k|sflzt u/]sf] Sofljg, bf]xf]/L ;fFem, 8fG;
/]i6'/]06 tyf d;fh kfn{/x?df sfd ug]{ %),))) hgf sfdbf/x¿
/x]sf]df !@ b]lv #) jif{ ;Ddsf *) k|ltzt jf sl/a $)))) hgf
dlxnf sfdbf/ /x]sf kfOG5g . tL sfdbf/x¿ !@ b]lv !* jif{
pd]/sf aflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] kfOG5 .
3_3_3_3_3_ zf/Ll/s oftgf, ;hfP Pj+ lx+;f Mzf/Ll/s oftgf, ;hfP Pj+ lx+;f Mzf/Ll/s oftgf, ;hfP Pj+ lx+;f Mzf/Ll/s oftgf, ;hfP Pj+ lx+;f Mzf/Ll/s oftgf, ;hfP Pj+ lx+;f M zf/L/Ls lx+;f, oftgf tyf
;hfoaf6 g]kfnsf cToGt w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ k|efljt 5g .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;fgf]ltgf] ulNt ubf{ jf pgLx?sf] Aoaxf/df ;'wf/
ug{ g;Sbf cleefjs, lzIfs, /f]huf/bftf, k|x/L Pj+ cGo jo:sx?n]
zf/Ll/s lx+;f tyf oftgfk"0f{ ;hfosf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
afnaflnsfx¿ o; lsl;dsf] Aoaxf/af6 ljBfno 5f]8g], 3/ 5f]8g],
lh2L x'g], emu8fn' aGg] / sltko 36gfdf Hofg uPsf] tyf cfTdxTof u/]sf]
klg kfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ eoo'Qm jftfj/0f hGdOlbPsf] 5 .
ª_ª_ª_ª_ª_ 4G4 / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M4G4 / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M4G4 / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M4G4 / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M4G4 / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M ljleGg ;dodf rn]sf
;z:q 4G4, ljBfnodf ePsf n8fO tyf ljikmf]6x¿, afnaflnsf
lx+8g] af6f] tyf v]n d}bfgdf lj5ofOPsf af?bL ;'?ªx¿, ljleGg
1111116

cfGbf]ng tyf x8tfndf afnaflnsf r9]sf a; tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgdf
ePsf cfqmd0fx?n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf eo, qf; / hf]lvdtfx¿ NofOlbPsf]
5 . afnaflnsfx¿ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdfljIfKt ePsf 5g /
sltn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g .
r_r_r_r_r_ afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ Mafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ Mafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ Mafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ Mafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ M g]kfnsf afnaflnsfx¿
a]ralvgaf6 k|efljt x'g'sf ;fy} o;af6 x'g] vt/fdf klg Tolts} /x]sf
5g . ljz]ift ef/t nufot cGo c/aL d'n'sx?df klg g]kfnL
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ of}g k]zfdf hah{:tL ;+nUg u/fpg, aFw'jf dhb'/sf]
¿kdfk|of]u ug{, c+u k|Tof/f]k0f ug{, dfUg] k]zfdf nufpg, ;s{; tyf pF6
bf}8df k|of]u ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nnfO kmsfO tyf nf]e
nfnrdf kf/L l;dfkf/L k'/ofOG5 / a]lrG5 . cg'dflgt tYof+s cg';f/
x/]sf aif{ !@ xhf/ eGbf a9L g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ ef/ttk{m laqmLsf nflu
nluG5g h;sf] 7'nf] lx:;f aflnsfx?sf] /x]sf] 5 .
5_ w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g5_ w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g5_ w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g5_ w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g5_ w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gM g]kfnL afnaflnsfx¿
;fyLsf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ jf ljleGg e|ddf k/L w'd|kfg tyf gzfn' nfu"
kbfy{sf] s'ntdf km;]sf 5g . o;sf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt
gePsf sf/0fn] slnn} pd]/df o;k|sf/sf] b'Jo{;gsf] lzsf/ eO/x]sf
5g . r'/f]6, v}gL, /S;L tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf nfu"kbfy{sf pTkfbgstf{
Aofkf/Lx?n] lszf]/fj:yfsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ o:tf lsl;dsf] b'Jo{;gsf]
lzsf/ agfO/x]sf 5g . pknAw tYof+ssf cg';f/ g]kfndf w'd|kfg ug]{x¿dWo]
!=@ k|ltzt !% jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnafnlnsfx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . nfu"kbfy{
k|of]u ug]{x¿dWo] @# k|ltzt !* aif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ kfOPsf]
5 . ufFhf, r/]; nufot 8]G8fO6, a'6 kfnL;, k]6«f]n h:tf kbfy{x?sf] klg
o; sfo{df cTolws k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
h_ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 Mh_ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 Mh_ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 Mh_ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 Mh_ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 M g]kfndf afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{
kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8, kl/ToQmtf tyf cleefjsTj ljxLg aGg k'u]sf 5g .
o;/L kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8df k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGg zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s lx+;f Pj+ b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ x'g] vt/fdf t x'G5g g} ;fy}
klxrfg, gful/stf h:tf clwsf/x¿af6 al~rt x'G5g . ljz]iftM x/fPsf
afnaflnsf, >ddf /x]sf afnaflnsf, ;8sdf /x]sf afnaflnsf, ljleGg
xf]:6n tyf afnu[xx?df /x]sf afnaflnsf, ck/flws lu/f]x tyf ;z:q
;d"x;Fu /x]sf afnaflnsf, ckx/0f tyf a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿ o;
;d"xdf kg]{ ub{5g . g]kfnsf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @))# sf cg';f/ sl/a %
k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ ufpF jf hGd:yfg eGbf k/ al;/x]sf 5g
eg] $ k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/;Fu 5'l§P/ a:g' kl//x]sf] 5 .
17

em_ ;8s afnaflnsf Mem_ ;8s afnaflnsf Mem_ ;8s afnaflnsf Mem_ ;8s afnaflnsf Mem_ ;8s afnaflnsf M ;8s hLjg latfO/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿ afn
;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] vt/fdf /x]sf tyf lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ ePsf
afnaflnsfx¿ x'g . sl/a % xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf g]kfndf /x]sf ;8s
afnaflnsfx?sf] b}lgs hLjgofkg hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . ;fy} of}g zf]if0f tyf
b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;f tyf oftgf, ck/flws/0f h:tf s'/fx¿ ef]Ug afWo e}/x]sf
5g . h;sf] sf/0f pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf ;Dj]ufTds
ljsf;df g} uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 .
`````_ afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M_ afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M_ afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M_ afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M_ afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M afnaflnsfx?n] ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg]
sfg'gåf/f jlh{t sfdx¿ g} afnlaHofO x'g . afnaflnsfx?n] ug]{ ;fgf]ltgf]
rf]/L, ks]6df/L, emu8f jf tf]8kmf]8 h:tf sfo{x?nfO{ afn laHofO cGtu{t
lnOG5 . afnaflnsfx¿ o:tf 36gfsf] ;Defljt kl/0ffdx?sf] af/]df
k'0f{tof hfgsf/ xF'b}gg . afn ljHofO ljleGg kl/j]z, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/,
pgLx¿k|ltsf] Aoaxf/ tyf jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f / k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6
k|efljt eP/ ug]{ ub{5g . logLx?nfO{ ;sf/Tds kxnsf;fy ;'wf/fTds
sfo{ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ *) eGbf a9L afn ljHofOsf
36gfx¿ k|x/L sfof{nodf ph'/L kg]{ u/]sf 5g .
6_ afn ljjfx M6_ afn ljjfx M6_ afn ljjfx M6_ afn ljjfx M6_ afn ljjfx M afnljjfx g]kfnL afnaflnsfx?n] ef]Ug' kl//x]sf]
k|d'v ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf ePsf s'n ljjfxx¿dWo] $% afnlajfx x'g]
ub{5 . afnljjfxsf sf/0faf6 w]/} aflnsfx?sf] k|;j ;d:ofsf sf/0f
;fg} pd]/df d[To' x'g], ;fg} pd]/df jo:ssf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'kbf{
pgLx?sf] z}lIfs, Aofaxfl/s, ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf afnkgdf w]/}
gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ kg]{ u/]sf 5g . k|hgg :jf:Yo, hLjgpkof]uL
l;kx¿ tyf lszf]/fj:yfsf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L Pj+ k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿
gx'Fbf w]/} lszf]/lzf]/Lx¿ klg o; ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t ePsf 5g .
g]kfnsf] sfg'g cg';f/ cleefjssf] ;xdltdf @) aif{ pd]/ gk'uL ljjfx
ug{ kfOb}g / cleefjssf] dGh'/L lagf g} ljjfx ug{ @@ aif{ pd]/ k'Ug'
h?/L 5 .
7_ k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Aoaxf/x¿M7_ k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Aoaxf/x¿M7_ k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Aoaxf/x¿M7_ k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Aoaxf/x¿M7_ k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Aoaxf/x¿M g]kfndf /x]sf
ljleGg wd{ ;Dk|bfo tyf hfthftLx?dfdm k/Dk/fut ¿kdfrlncfPsf
w]/] Aoaxf/x¿ afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf lx;fan] xflgsf/s 5g . o;
cGtu{t eujfgsf gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ dlGb/df r9fpg] k|yfx¿ h:t}
b]psL, e'mdf, dlxgfjf/L ePsf ;dodf ul/g] Aoaxf/x¿ h:t} 5fpk8L,
ln+u 5]bg / of]gL 5]bg h:tf sfo{x¿ unt x'g o:tf sfo{x?nfO{
sfg'gn] klg lgif]lwt u/]sf] 5 .
1111118

alGrt e} afn d[To', ckf+utf, clzIff, ck/fw tyf ul/aLsf] b':rqmdf
cfkmgf] afnfkg latfpg jfWo ePsf 5g .
g]kfn hg;f+lVos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f @))^ cg';f/ Ps jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf
lzz'x?sf] d[To'b/ $* k|ltxhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf]
d[To' b/ ^! k|ltxhf/ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ce}m klg k|fylds sIffdf & k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno cfpgaf6
al~rt 5g / ljBfno egf{ ePsf !)) hgf afnaflnsf dWo] sl/a @@ hgfn]
dfq ljBfno lzIff k'/f u5{g, &* hgfn] lar}df ljBfno 5f85g .
g]kfnsf ^( k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ s'g} g s'g} Ps cfwf/e't cfj:ostf
-;/;kmfO{, ;"rgf, cfjf;, kfgL, kf]if0f, lzIff / :jf:Yo_ af6 al~rt /x]sf 5g .
g]kfnsf $( k|ltzt afnaflnsfx?sf] kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefjdf
pko'Qm zf/Ll/s ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf s/La @!$#^ hgf afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/ ljlxg /x]sf] kfOG5
eg] @#!! hgf afnaflnsfx¿ jo:s lagf cfkm}n] dfq} kl/jf/sf]
rnfO/x]sf 5g .
afnaflnsf vf]htnf; s]Gb| e[s'l6d08ksf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*
cg';f/ cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df dfq @$#! hgf afnaflnsf x/fPsf]df
!#$$ hgf dfq km]nf k/]sf] clen]v 5 . x/fPsf afnaflnsf dWo]
!)*& hgf afsL 5 h; df aflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf @! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo /x]sf 5g .
h;dWo] ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf
;+nUg /x]sf 5g .
ljBfno uO/x]sf afnaflnsfx¿ dWo] $% k|ltzt tyf ljBfno hfg
gkfPsf afn>ldsx¿ dWo] %^ k|ltzt afnaflnsfx?n] s'g} g s'g}
lsl;dsf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ef]u]sf atfOPsf] 5 .
-;|f]tM-;|f]tM-;|f]tM-;|f]tM-;|f]tM g]kfnL afnaflnsfx?sf] l:ylt, @)^* s]=jf=s=;, g]kfn >dzlQm
;j]{If0f @))*, Child poverty & Disparities in Nepal 2012, UNICEF and
NPC, Silent suffering, CWIN 2003, Closed door suffering, CWISH 2005)
@=#=! kl/0ffd tyf c;/x¿ M@=#=! kl/0ffd tyf c;/x¿ M@=#=! kl/0ffd tyf c;/x¿ M@=#=! kl/0ffd tyf c;/x¿ M@=#=! kl/0ffd tyf c;/x¿ M
g]kfndf afnaflnsf dfly eO/x]sf o:tf Aoaxf/x?n] uDeL/ gsf/fTds
c;/x¿ hGdfO/x]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs
;d:of, åGå tyf ck/fwx¿ eO/x]sf 5g . o;sf gsf/fTds k|efjx¿sf
sf/0f lhDd]jf/ / ;Ifd gful/sx?sf] cefjdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf
tyf nf]stGqsf] ljsf; / ;Dj4{gdf klg c;/ k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ul/aL / ;fdflhs e]befj Pj+ alGrtLs/0fsf] lzsf/ ePsf
;d'bfosf afnaflnafx¿ z}lIfs Pj+ JolQmTj ljsf;sf cj;/x¿,
:jf:Yo ;'ljwfx¿ tyf klxrfg / hGd btf{ h:tf Go"gtd ;'ljwfaf6
19

@=$ afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <@=$ afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <@=$ afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <@=$ afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <@=$ afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <
afn ;xeflutf eGgfn] afnaflnsfn] cfk"m;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
ljifox?df ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, cfkmgf] ljrf/ efjgf / cg'ej cleAoQm ug]{,
pko'Qm x'g] ;"rgfx¿ ;fyL tyf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ k|;f/0f ug]{,
;Ful7t x'g] / afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf nflu sfo{ ug]{ / afnaflnsfsf]
larf/, ;"rgf, efjgf, ;Fu7g / pgLx¿sf ;Fu7g sfo{x?nfO{ pko'Qm
dfGotf lbg] k|s[ofnfO{ g} afn ;xeflutf elgG5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
PSn} afnaflnsf jf ;d"xdf b'a} tl/sfn] x'g ;Sb5 .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*(df pNn]v ePsf afn;xeflutf;DaGwL clwsf/x¿
!= :jtGq ljrf/sf] clwsf/ -wf/f !@_
@= cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !#_
#= :jtGq cf:yfsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !$_
$= ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !%_
%= ;"rgfsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !&_
afn;xeflutf s] xf] < s] xf]Og <afn;xeflutf s] xf] < s] xf]Og <afn;xeflutf s] xf] < s] xf]Og <afn;xeflutf s] xf] < s] xf]Og <afn;xeflutf s] xf] < s] xf]Og <
afn ;xeflutf s] xf] <
cfk"m;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b, lglt
lgod , sfo{qmdsf ljifodf
;"rgf dfu ug]{, k|fKt ug]{ tyf
k|;f/ ug]{ .
afn clwsf/sf nflu tyf /
rgfTds Pj+ ;[hgfTds
cEof;x¿sf nflu :jtGq,
;dfg / ;'/lIft Pj+ zflGtk"0f{
9+un] e]nf x'g] / ;Ël7t x'g] .
afnaflnsfsf] ;u7g tyf
afnaflnsfsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt
pgLx?sf] sfo{qmdx?nfO{
pko'Qm dfGotf k|bfg ul/g' .
afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifox¿, lglt, lgod tyf
sfo{qmdx?df afnaflnsfn]
ljrf/x¿ cleAoQm ug'{ / To;sf]
;'g'jfO ug'{ .
afn ;xeflutf s] xf]Og <
afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/
g/fVg] ljifox¿ tyf sfg"g4f/f
lglZrt txsf] uf]kgLotf sfod
/fVg'kg]{ ;"rfgfx¿ dfu ug]{, k|fKt
ug]{ tyf k|;f/ ug]{ .
lglZrt ;d"xsf] dflg;x?sf]
lj?4, lx+;fsf] ;f]r;lxt, c;'/IfLt
;do jf :yfgdf, tyf lglZrt
;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgif]w u/]/
e]nf x'g] jf ;Ful7t x'g] .
afnaflnsfsf] ;u7g;Fu
jo:sx?sf] ;Fu7g ;/x ck]Iff
ug'{ tyf afnaflnsfsf] ljifo;Fu
c;DalGwt pgLx?sf]
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ pko'Qm dfGotfsf]
dfu ul/g' .
afnaflnsf;Fu c;DalGwt
ljifox¿, gLlt, lgod tyf
sfo{qmdx?df klg
afnaflnsfnfO{ af]Ng tyf
ljrf/x¿ cleAoQm ug{ axsfpg'
tyf pQ]lht agfpg' .
1111120

@=% Affn ;xeflutf lsg <@=% Affn ;xeflutf lsg <@=% Affn ;xeflutf lsg <@=% Affn ;xeflutf lsg <@=% Affn ;xeflutf lsg <
afn ;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] . afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf]
wf/f !#, !$, !% / !& df o;sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;jfndf pgLx?sf] cg'ej / ljrf/x¿ g} k|fylds ;"rgfx¿
x'g To;}n] o; ljifodf pgLx?sf] ljrf/ / cg'ejnfO{ ;d]l6g'kb{5 .
cfkmgf] ljifodf s;n] s] sfd ub}{5 / lsg ul/b}+5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg' ;a}
dflg;x?sf] clwsf/ xf] To;}n] of] afnaflnsfsf] klg clwsf/ xf] .
cfk;df ldn]/ l;h{gfTds cEof; tyf /rgfTds sfo{x¿ ugf{n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs, g}lts, ;Dj]ufTds tyf af}l2s AolQmTjsf] klg
ljsf; x'G5 .
afnaflnsfsf n's]/ /x]sf ;d:ofx¿ tyf c;n cEof;x¿ pgLx?n] g}
phuf/ ug{ ;S5g .
;xeflutfTds cEof;n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv km/s ljrf/,
cf:yf / dtsf] ;Ddfg ug{, ljljwtflardf /x]/ sfo{ ug{ tyf zflGtk'0f{
/ nf]stflGqs ljlw4f/f ljjfbx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ l;sfpF5 . To;}n] afn
;xeflutfn] zflGt / nf]stGqsf] k|j4{g ub{5 .
;xeflutfTds cEof;af6 cfkmgf] st{Ao lgjf{x ug]{ / clwsf/sf] dfu ug{
l;Sg] x'Fbf cfhsf afnaflnsfx¿ ef]lnsf ;r]t / ;Ifd gful/s x'G5g .
@=^ afn ;xeflutfsf ;xo]fuL / afws kIf M@=^ afn ;xeflutfsf ;xo]fuL / afws kIf M@=^ afn ;xeflutfsf ;xo]fuL / afws kIf M@=^ afn ;xeflutfsf ;xo]fuL / afws kIf M@=^ afn ;xeflutfsf ;xo]fuL / afws kIf M
;xeflutf k|lqmof / ljlwdf cfwl/t x'g] eP klg d"ntM dfgjLo ljifo
xf] . o;}n] afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cEof;df afnaflnsfsf] j}olQms
JolQmsf ¿kdf /x]sf] cl:tTj / clwsf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L dxTj lbOg'k5{ .
g]kfnL ;dfh k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ ePsf] ;dfh xf] . ufpFsf]
d'lvof, c88fsf] xflsd jf 3/sf] d'nLsf] x}sddf r'gf}tL glbg] k/Dk/f
g]kfnL ;dfhdf ce}m JofKt 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf s'/f ;'Gg]
/ pgLx?nfO{ ;DklQ 7fGg] jf tx nufP/ /fVg'k5{ eg]/ dfGg] dfgl;stfdf
kl/jt{g ePg eg] afnclwsf/sf] pkef]u x'g ;Q}mg . afnclwsf/n]
dxTj / dfGotf kfPg eg] afn;xeflutf klg Jofks / ;'b[9 x'g
;Q}mg . afn ;xeflutf geP afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfn / o;sf] ;Daf]wgsf
nflu afnaflnsfaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'b}g . pgLx¿sf /rgfTds ljrf/x¿
s'l07t x'g ;S5g . o;}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] afnaflnsfnfO{ JolQm dfGg]
/ pgLx?sf] klg cfkmgf] OR5f x'G5, afnaflnsf klg lg0f{o lng ;dy{
x'G5g / pgLx?sf] cfkmgf] cnUu} JolQmTj x'G5 eGg] :jLsf/ ug'{
21

cfjZos 5 . afnaflnsf ljsf; / zf;gdf ;xefuL x'g ;Qm5g .
pgLx¿ clxn] lgu/fgLb]lv gLlt lgdf{0f;Dddf / ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfOb]lv
;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{;Ddsf sfddf ;l/s eO/x]sf 5g .
;'?df ljBfno jf ;d'bfoleq v]n / ;fdfGo ;/;kmfOdf ;Lldt
afn;xeflutfsf] If]q la:tf/} Jofks / hl6n x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . afn;xeflutfsf]
ljifonfO{ dfgjLo kIfsf ¿kdf x]/]/ dfq ljj]rgf ul/g'k5{ . afnaflnsfdf
klg cfwf/e"t dfgjLo sdhf]/L / v'jL b'j} x'G5 . o:t} pgLx?sf]
;xeflutf klg dfgjLo kIf x'gfn] j:t'ut / ljifout b'j} x'G5 . ;a}eGbf
klxn] afn;xeflutf dfgjLo ljifo xf] eGg] Vofn /fVg'k5{ .
;xeflutfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnPdf dfq
afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; ;fy{s x'g;Sg] / afn ;+/If0fsf nflu o;n]
pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf
s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf k|i6 x'gsf nflu o;sf ;xof]uL / afws
tTjx?sf] klxrfg x'g' cfjZos 5 .
@=^=! ;xeflutfsf ;xof]uL kIf M@=^=! ;xeflutfsf ;xof]uL kIf M@=^=! ;xeflutfsf ;xof]uL kIf M@=^=! ;xeflutfsf ;xof]uL kIf M@=^=! ;xeflutfsf ;xof]uL kIf M
s_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Ms_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Ms_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Ms_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg Ms_ afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg M
kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHodf afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
x'g ;s]df afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; klg a9]/ hfG5 . ;xL cy{df
afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; x'g÷u/fpg ;s]df c¿ afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogdf
klg ;xof]u k'U5 . o:t} ;xefuL afnaflnsfsf] JolQmsf] ljsf;df klg
o; cEof;af6 ;xof]u k'U5 . o;}n] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / /fi6«df afnclwsf/sf]
;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;n] afn;xeflutf
k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afnaflnsf :jo+;Fu
;xsfo{ ug{ d2t ldN5 .
v_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt Mv_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt Mv_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt Mv_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt Mv_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt M
afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] lxtdf x'g'k5{ . To;af6 pgLx?nfO{ k|ToIf
nfe k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ . afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ .
afn;xeflutfsf s'g} klg lqmofsnfkn] afnaflnsfdfly af]em a9g] jf
pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;df k|lts'n k|efj kfg]{ x'g'x'Fb}g .
o:t} o;af6 afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; ubf{ pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s :jf:Yodf s'g} klg gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ glbg klg plQs}
;hu x'g'k5{ . d"ntM afn;xeflutfsf af/]df lg0f{o ug'{k"j{ g} To;af6
;/f]sf/jfnf afnaflnsfsf] lxt x'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .
1111122

u_ nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / Jojxf/ Mu_ nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / Jojxf/ Mu_ nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / Jojxf/ Mu_ nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / Jojxf/ Mu_ nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / Jojxf/ M
afn;xeflutfsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;DklQ jf j:t'sf ¿kdf
x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f
dfgjclwsf/d'vL gePdf afn;xeflutfsf] klg cEof; x'g ;Q}mg .
o;sf nflu nf]stflGqs l;4fGt / Jojxf/ :jLsf/ ul/g'k5{ .
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ g} s'g} klg sfd jf ljifosf dflns x'g . cfkm";Fu
;/f]sf/ ePsf] ljifo jf lg0f{odf k"0f{¿kdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' pgLx?sf]
cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ xf] eGg] oyfy{ :jLsf/ u/]df afn;xeflutfsf]
klg af6f] km/flsnf] x'G5 . nf]stflGqs ljrf/ / k4ltn] afn ;+/If0f;DaGwL
;jfnsf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgw{Sstfk"j{s cfkmgf cfjfhx¿
p7fpgsf nflu pko'Qm kl/j]z tof/ ub{5 . o;}n] nf]stflGqs k4lt
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg g} afn;xeflutfsf] klxnf] cfwf/ xf] .
3_ kf/blz{tf M3_ kf/blz{tf M3_ kf/blz{tf M3_ kf/blz{tf M3_ kf/blz{tf M
afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿sf u/fOg] afn;xeflutfsf lg0f{o / lg0f{o
k|lqmof b'j} kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ . kf/blz{tfn] To;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0f
Gofok"0f{ agfpg klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . kf/blz{tf ePdf ;/f]sf/jfnf
afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] of]ubfg / k|ltkmnsf] d"Nof+sg cfk}+m ug{ ;Qm5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xeflutfsf] cEof; / o;sf nfex¿sf ;DaGwdf
;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ klg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . o;af6 pgLx?df
cfTdljZjf; hfU5 . kf/blz{tfn] ;xefuLsf] k|lta4tf / pT;fx a9fpg]
x'gfn] afn;xeflutfsf nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ aGg ;Qm5 .
ª_ lbuf]kgf, lg/Gt/tf / Jojl:yttf Mª_ lbuf]kgf, lg/Gt/tf / Jojl:yttf Mª_ lbuf]kgf, lg/Gt/tf / Jojl:yttf Mª_ lbuf]kgf, lg/Gt/tf / Jojl:yttf Mª_ lbuf]kgf, lg/Gt/tf / Jojl:yttf M
afn;xeflutfsf] ;+/rgf / of]hgf nx8 / /x/df agfpg' x'Fb}g .
;xefuL x'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;';"lrt lg0f{odf dfq afn;xeflutfsf sfo{qmd
/ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . /x/, nx8 / cs}{ p2]Zosf lglDt afn;xeflutfsf]
of]hgf jf ;+/rgf agfOof] eg] Tof] lbuf] x'Fb}g . afn;xeflutfsf p2]Zon]
lgld{t of]hgf jf ;+/rgf lbuf] ePg eg] afnaflnsfdf ;xeflutf g}
lg/y{s cEof; xf] ls eGg] e|d kg{ ;Qm5 . o:tf] 5fk afnaflnsfdf
k¥of] eg] Tof] k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg] x'gfn] afn;xeflutfsf] Joj:yfkgsf
qmddf To;sf] lbuf]kgdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutfn]
afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wgnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg d2t ldN5 .
r_ :jtM:km't{tf Mr_ :jtM:km't{tf Mr_ :jtM:km't{tf Mr_ :jtM:km't{tf Mr_ :jtM:km't{tf M
afn;xeflutf c¿sf] v6gdf x'g' x'Fb}g . afnaflnsf cfk}+mn] lg0f{o u/]/
:jtM:km't{ ¿kdf ;+ul7t x'g] jftfj/0f ePdf afn;xeflutfsf] cEof;
23

a9]/ hfg]5 . c¿sf] v6gdf ;+nUg x'g' jf kl/rflnt x'g' ;xeflutf
xf]Og . c?sf] v6gk6gdf ePsf] afn ;xeflutfn] afn ;+/If0fsf
;jfnx¿sf cfjfh p7fpg] sfo{df pgLx?nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg ;lsb}g .
c?n] cx|fPsf e/df ul/Psf] sfo{ :jefjtM k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g . ctM
afn;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu afnaflnsf ;+ul7t x'g ;xh x'g] jftfj/0f
lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
5_ ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ e]befj/xLtkgf M5_ ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ e]befj/xLtkgf M5_ ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ e]befj/xLtkgf M5_ ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ e]befj/xLtkgf M5_ ;dfgtf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ e]befj/xLtkgf M
;a} afnaflnsfx¿ sfg'g / clwsf/sf b[li6n] ;dfg 5g . ljleGg
;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lglZrt :yfg
;Dk|bfo jf ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ cGo afnaflnsfx¿ ;/x k|lt:kwf{df
gcfpg ;S5g . To;sf/0f afn ;xeflutfsf] cEof;df o; lsl;dsf
;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns sf/0fx?n] cufl8 b]lvg g;lsg] afnaflnsfx?sf]
klg ;dfg k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf lgDtL Wofg lbOg' kb{5 . o;sf
nflu afn ;xeflutfsf cEof;sf qmddf nfu" ul/Psf gLlt, lgod
k/Dk/f cflbn] s'g}klg afnaflnsfx?sf] jl~rlts/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg gu/f];
eGg] tkm{ ;r]t x'g' h?/L5 .
@=^=@ afn;xeflutfsf afws tTjx¿ M@=^=@ afn;xeflutfsf afws tTjx¿ M@=^=@ afn;xeflutfsf afws tTjx¿ M@=^=@ afn;xeflutfsf afws tTjx¿ M@=^=@ afn;xeflutfsf afws tTjx¿ M
g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdGtL e|dsf sf/0f 7fn'x?sf] dfq sfd
7flgPsf] gLlt jf sfo{qmd to ug]{ sfo{df afnaflnsf ;xefuL x'g
yfNbf zf;sx?n] cfkmgf] Psnf}6L x}sd vf]l;Psf] 7fGg ;Qm5g .
To;df klg ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ljz]if1x?sf] k]jf 7flgPsf] gLlt /
sfo{qmd to ug]{ sfo{df afnaflnsf ;xefuL x'g] ljifonfO{ ;xh ¿kdf
lng pgLx?nfO{ sl7g x'g ;Qm5 . d'ntM nf]stflGqs cEof; /
;+:sf/ sdhf]/ ePsf] ;dfhdf zf;g jf ljsf;df ;fdfGo hgtfsf]
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ :jLsf/ ug{ g} ;/sf/L clwsf/L / ;dfhsf
7fn'x¿ tTk/ b]lvb}gg . o;}n] cnf]stflGqs ;f]r / sfo{z}nL
afn;xeflutfsf] af6fdf d'Vo tuf/f] xf] . k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ g}
lgliqmo /x]sf] l:yltdf pgLx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿ cf]em]ndf
kg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf k|;:t /xG5 .
s_ cnf]stflGqs ljrf/ Ms_ cnf]stflGqs ljrf/ Ms_ cnf]stflGqs ljrf/ Ms_ cnf]stflGqs ljrf/ Ms_ cnf]stflGqs ljrf/ M
zf;g jf ljsf;df lg0ff{os / ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'gkfpg]
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] nf]stflGqs dfGotf xf] . afn;xeflutf
klg pgLx?sf] clwsf/ ePsfn] oxL nf]stflGqs dfGotfaf6 k|]l/t /x]sf]
5 . zf;g k4lt / zf;sx?sf] lrGtg tyf Jojxf/ nf]stflGqs geP
1111124

;xeflutf ;fy{s x'g ;Qm}g . o:tf] ;f]r jf b[li6sf]0fn] afn ;+/If0fsf
;jfnx¿sf af/]df afnaflnsfx?n] p7fpg] cfjfhnfO{ lg?T;fxg ub{5 .
cyf{t d'n'ssf] /fhgLlt, zf;g k4lt tyf ;d'bfosf] dfgl;stf /
cEof; nf]stflGqs gePdf ;xeflutfsf] klg cEof; x'g ;Q}mg . o;}n]
afn;xeflutfsf] qmddf b]vfkg]{ klxnf] / d'Vo cj/f]w cnf]stflGqs
;f]r / Jojxf/ xf] .
v_ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ Mv_ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ Mv_ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ Mv_ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ Mv_ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ M
g]kfnL ;dfh d'ntM v6g / x}sddf cEo:t 5 . zlQm / ;fwgdf /fHo
jf s]Gb|sf] Psflwsf/ /xG5 eGg] dfgl;stf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L /
/fhgLlts g]tfx?df kfOG5 . x}sd / x's'dsf] k/Dk/fdf x's]{sf] 7fn'x?sf]
;d"xsf nflu afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ :jLsf/ ug{ sl7g
x'G5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ :jLsf/ ug]{ lalQs} 7fn'x?sf]
Psflwsf/ ;dfKt x'G5 . ;xeflutfsf] cEof; a9]/ uPdf ;dfhdf
ljBdfg cfly{s—;fdflhs c;dfgtf / zf]if0fsf] hu klg xlNnG5 .
;dfh / zlQmsf] k'/fgf] ;+/rgf sfod} /fVg'k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf ;fdGtL
;+:sf/sf] pkh xf] . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf vnalng glbg] gfddf k/Dk/fut
x}sd sfod} /fVg] ;f]r afn;xeflutfsf] af6f]df kg]{ csf]{ tuf/f] xf] .
u_ e]befj / lt/:sf/ Mu_ e]befj / lt/:sf/ Mu_ e]befj / lt/:sf/ Mu_ e]befj / lt/:sf/ Mu_ e]befj / lt/:sf/ M
afn;xeflutfsf] dfu{df csf]{ tuf/f] ;fdflhs /Lltl:ylt / cnf]stflGqs
lgod sfg'g klg x'g] u/]sf 5g . /Lltl:ylt, k/Dk/f / rfnrngsf
gfddf sdhf]/x?nfO{ x]Kg] / ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ glbg] ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/g] cfwf/ pd]/, hflt, ju{, ln+u /
If]q x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; / zf;gsf cEof; tyf k|lqmofdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ pd]/sf cfwf/df e]befj u/L ;xefuL x'g] ltgsf] clwsf/
vf]l;G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL x'g glbg ul/g] e]befj / afnaflnsfsf]
/fo / wf/0ffsf] pk]Iff ul/bf pgLx?n] lt/:sf/ ul/Psf] 7fG5g . cyf{t
e]befj / lt/:sf/ ug]{ rngn] afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/, ;d'bfo /
zf;sLo lgsfox?df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ vf];]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] kl/j]zdf
afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] xn ug]{ xf]Og sL a? pgLx?sf] cfjfhnfO{
bdg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
3_ s/sfk, nnfO kmsfO tyf pQ]lht agfpg] M3_ s/sfk, nnfO kmsfO tyf pQ]lht agfpg] M3_ s/sfk, nnfO kmsfO tyf pQ]lht agfpg] M3_ s/sfk, nnfO kmsfO tyf pQ]lht agfpg] M3_ s/sfk, nnfO kmsfO tyf pQ]lht agfpg] M
;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . o;}n] afn;xeflutf :j]lR5s
x'g'k5{ . ;xeflutfsf gfddf ljBfno jf ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g}
sfddf ;+nUg x'g v6fpg] sfo{ klg afn;xeflutfsf dfu{df cj/f]w xf] .
s/sfk / v6gdf ;xefuL agfOPsf afnaflnsfdf ;xeflutf zAb g}
25

dg gkg]{ efj pTkGg x'g ;Qm5 . c¿ s;}sf] v6g jf cfb]zdf ;+nUg
u/fOPdf afnaflnsfn] To:tf] sfdnfO{ cfkmgf] 7fGb}gg .
aflx/af6 yf]kl/Psf] lg0f{o / cfb]zdf afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{
rng cyf{t s/sfksf] cEof; klg afn;xeflutfsf dfu{sf] cj/f]w xf] .
afnaflnsfn] cfk}+mn] 5fg]sf] jf /f]h]sf] sfddf ePsf] ;+nUgtf dfq
afn;xeflutf dflgg] x'gfn] cx|f]6 jf s/sfk klg afn;xeflutfsf
lglDt Pp6f afwf g} xf] . ufpF3/sf] l:ylt a;fpg ufpFn]x¿ ldn]/ ul/g]
lg0f{o ;xeflutfsf] k/Dk/fut ¿k xf] . t/ o:tf] k|lqmofdf 7fn'x?sf]
k|e'Tj / lg0ff{os x}l;ot x'g] x'gfn] To;nfO{ ;xeflutf dfGg ;lsGg .
;xeflutf dflggsf nflu ;xefuL ;a}sf] ;dfg dxTj / x}l;ot x'g'k5{ .
;dfgtf nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] pQd / cleGg c+u xf] .
s;}n] v6fPsf] jf c/fPsf] e/df s'g} sfddf ;+nUg x'g' ;xeflutf xf]Og .
afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf] OR5f gePsf] jf lg0f{odf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf
gePsf] sfddf ;+nUg jf kl/rflnt u/]/ To;nfO{ afn;xeflutfsf] gfd
lb+bf pgLx?df ;xeflutf zAbk|lt g} ljt[i0ff pTkGg x'g ;Qm5 . o;
k|sf/sf] lqmofsnfkn] afn;xeflutfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] x'gfn] o;sf]
afn;xeflutfsf] cEof;sf qmddf cx|f]6 jf v6gk6g x'g'x'Fb}g .
ª_ kfl/jfl/s c;xof]uª_ kfl/jfl/s c;xof]uª_ kfl/jfl/s c;xof]uª_ kfl/jfl/s c;xof]uª_ kfl/jfl/s c;xof]u
afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/aflx/ jf ljBfnosf] lgoldt k9fOaflx/sf lqmofsnfkdf
;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt gug]{ kl/jf/sf jo:s ;b:ox?sf] k|j[lQn] klg
afn;xeflutfdf afwf pTkGg u5{ . afnSnax?df ;xefuL x'Fbf ;do
aaf{b x'G5 / afnaflnsf lau|G5g eGg] wf/0ff w]/} jo:sx?df kfOG5 .
kl/jf/df afnaflnsfdfly jo:ssf] lg0f{o yf]kg]{ ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ c¿
ultljlwdf klg ;xefuL x'g] pT;fx xFb}g . afnaflnsfn] s'g} ljifodf
rf;f] b]vfP eg] s]6fs]6L af7f] x'g] xf]Og eg]/ xtf]T;fxL ug]{ k|rng klg
afn ;xeflutfdf afws x'G5 .
@=& afn;xeflutf s;/L <@=& afn;xeflutf s;/L <@=& afn;xeflutf s;/L <@=& afn;xeflutf s;/L <@=& afn;xeflutf s;/L <
afn;xeflutf goFf cjwf/0ff xf] . ljsf; jf zf;gsf ultljlwdf ;xefuL
x'g kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . afn;xeflutf clxn]
gful/s clwsf/sf] k|of]u xf] eg] eljiosf nflu nf]stflGqs cEof;sf]
k|lzIf0f / bLIff klg xf] . afn;xeflutfsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf
af/]df ljrf/ ug{, cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ / c¿;Fu ;sf/fTds ¿kdf
5nkmn ug{ ;dy{ / pT;flxt agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . afn;xeflutfsf]
d'n p2]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ JolQm / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf
1111126

cfkmgf ljrf/x¿ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] /fVg / cfkm";Fu ;/f]sf/ x'g]
lg0f{onfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;dy{ t'Nofpg' dflgG5 . o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf
jo:s ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]u / ;+nUgtf klg cfjZos x'G5 . nf]stflGqs
k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]kl5 afn;xeflutfsf] 9f]sf v'N5 . lgDg nf]stflGqs
cEof;x¿af6 ;xeflutfsf] afnclwsf/sf] pkof]u ;'lglZrt x'g;Sg]
b]lvG5 M
s_ lg0f{o k|lqmof / ljlwdf ;xeflutf u/fP/ Ms_ lg0f{o k|lqmof / ljlwdf ;xeflutf u/fP/ Ms_ lg0f{o k|lqmof / ljlwdf ;xeflutf u/fP/ Ms_ lg0f{o k|lqmof / ljlwdf ;xeflutf u/fP/ Ms_ lg0f{o k|lqmof / ljlwdf ;xeflutf u/fP/ M
afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf] / pgLx¿ a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfonfO{
k|efljt ug]{ zf;g jf ljsf;sf of]hgf th'{dfnufotsf s'g} klg
lg0f{odf ;xefuL agfP/ afn;xeflutfnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;lsG5 .
ljz]if u/L :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fdflhs ;]jfsf c¿ ljifox¿ / jftfj/0f
tyf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] pkef]usf of]hgf th'{dfsf qmddf afnaflnsf Pj+
o'jfx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ . oL ;a} afnaflnsf / pgLx?sf] kl/j]znfO{
k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ ;jfn x'g . o:tf ;afnx?df afnaflnsfsf s'/f ;'Gg]
/ dxTj lbg] u/]/ afn;xeflutf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
v_ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ Mv_ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ Mv_ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ Mv_ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ Mv_ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ M
of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog r/0fdf klg afn;xeflutf x'g'k5{ . o;sf] cy{
zf/Ll/s >d jf cfly{s ;xof]u jf c¿ k|sf/n] ;+nUg u/fpg' eGg]
xf]Og . of]hgf jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf qmddf x'g] ul/g] sfdsf/afxLsf]
/]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf klg afnaflnsf ;xefuL ePdf dfq afn;xeflutf
eGg ldNb5 . cfkmgf] lg0f{odf ePsf] sfddf ckgTj x'G5 . afnaflnsfn]
cfkm" ;+nUg ePsf of]hgfnfO{ eljiodf klg cfkmgf] 7fG5g . o;f] ePdf
of]hgf lbuf] x'g;Qm5 .
ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu
sfof{Gjogsf] cEof; / k|lqmof kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ .
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] lg0ff{os ;xeflutf ePdf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf kf/blz{tf
a95 . kf/blz{tf a9of] eg] e|i6frf/ 365 . kf/blz{tf / e|i6frf/sf
aLrdf gsf/fTds ;x;DaGw x'g] x'gfn] afn;xeflutfn] e|i6frf/sf]
;Defjgf 36fpF5 . ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf ePdf ;]jf
jf j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{, cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf ljt/0f Gofok"0f{
agfpg klg ;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] dflgG5 .
u_ :jfldTj ;'Dk]/ Mu_ :jfldTj ;'Dk]/ Mu_ :jfldTj ;'Dk]/ Mu_ :jfldTj ;'Dk]/ Mu_ :jfldTj ;'Dk]/ M
afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] of]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf]
lhDdf lbP/ klg afn;xeflutf a9fpg ;lsG5 . x'gt, of]hgf th'{dfsf]
27

r/0fb]lv g} k|lqmof / cEof;df ;xL cy{df afn;xeflutf eof] eg]
:jfldTj x:tfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof cf}krfl/s dfq x'gk'U5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf
cfk}+mn] th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/]sf] of]hgfsf] :jfldTj efjgfTds ¿kdf
klxn] g} u|x0f ul/;s]sf x'G5g . t}klg ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cflwsfl/s
¿kdf g} cfkmgf] 7fg'g eg]/ ljlwjt :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ul/g] xf] .
cfkm"dfly nfu" x'g] lgod agfpg] / nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/
;/f]sf/jfnf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'Dk]/ zf;gdf :jfldTj x:tfGt/0fsf] cEof;
ug{ ;lsG5 . :jfldTj x:tfGt/0fkl5 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ g} lg0ff{os x'g]
x'gfn] kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] dfqf klg a95 . oL b'j} c;n
zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g .
3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ M3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ M3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ M3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ M3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ M
afn;xeflutf a9fpg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbg'k5{ .
lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ To; lg0f{oaf6 k|efljt x'g]x¿ jf ltgsf k|ltlglwnfO{
dfq x'G5 eGg] dfGotf nf]stGqsf] d"n dd{ xf] . k|ltlglwTj lagf s/
gltg]{ cd]l/sfnL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf] d'n efjgfn] o;}sf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg'sf] cy{ pgLx?nfO{
ljsf; jf zf;gsf s'g} klg ljifodf cfGtl/s cjojsf ¿kdf lng' xf] .
;xefuL afnaflnsf v6fPcg';f/ ug]{ /}tL x}gg, aflx/af6 yf]kl/Psf
;Nnfxsf/ jf ljsf;] kfx'gf klg x}gg a? ;/f]sf/jfnfsf ¿kdf
lg0f{osf xsbf/ x'g eGg] cjwf/0ff ckgfOPdf afn;xeflutf k|efjsf/L
x'g ;Qm5 .
ª_ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf Mª_ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf Mª_ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf Mª_ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf Mª_ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf M
s'g} s]Gb| jf ;QfnfO{ dfq} lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;jf]{kl/ 7fGg] k/Dk/fut
;fdGtL dfGotfsf sf/0f afnaflnsfnfO{ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf :jLsf/
ug{ ;Qfwf/LnfO{ cK7]/f] nfUg ;Qm5 . ;Qfwf/L eg]sf] /fHosf] zf;sdfq
x}g ;dfh, kl/jf/ / ;+:yfx¿sf 7fn'x¿ klg x'g . nf]stflGqs zf;g
k4ltdf eg] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ g} ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] ul/G5 / lgu/fgL ug]{
clGtd clwsf/ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] xf] eGg] :jLsf/ ul/G5 . k/Dk/fut
zf;g k4ltdf lgu/fgLsf nflu lgsfox?sf] lgdf{0f / lgodx?sf]
th'{df ubf{ lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] 7fpF
agfPsf] b]lv+b}g . lgu/fgLsf] bfloTj / clwsf/ ;/f]sf/jfnfn] lnPdf
ljsf; jf zf;gsf] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{ e/kbf]{ /
cEof; ;/n x'G5 . o;n] k|ltkmndf hgtfsf] kx'Fr lglZrt ug]{ dfq x}g
dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iffdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . afn;xeflutfsf] cEof;
lgu/fgLstf{sf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fP/ klg x'g ;Qm5 . clxn];Dd ;fdfGotM
1111128

afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; u/fO{bf klg of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf
r/0fdf dfq ;xefuL u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
r_ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf u/fP/ Mr_ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf u/fP/ Mr_ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf u/fP/ Mr_ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf u/fP/ Mr_ d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M
afnaflnsf s'g} klg of]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL
x'g ;Qm5g . afnaflnsf ;DaGwL of]hgf jf sfo{qmdx?sf] d"Nof+sgdf
;xefuL x'g] t pgLx?sf] clwsf/ g} xf] . afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf
;/f]sf/jfnfdWo] pgLx?sf] d"Nof+sg cem a9L ;xL, ;fGble{s / pkof]uL
x'g ;Qm5 . d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutfnfO{ kl/of]hgf jf sfo{qmd
th'{dfsf cj:yfdf g} ;dfj]z ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
5_ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf cEof;x?df afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M5_ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf cEof;x?df afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M5_ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf cEof;x?df afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M5_ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf cEof;x?df afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M5_ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf cEof;x?df afn;xeflutf u/fP/ M
:yfgLo lgsfon] cfkmgf] of]hgf th'{dfsf qmddf x'g] kl/ifbx?sf] a}7sdf
cfkmgf] If]qdf sfo{/t afnaflnsfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg ;+nUg u/fP/
pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;+:yfut ¿k lbg ;Qm5g . o;}u/L :yfgLo
:t/df ul/g] ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yfkgdf klg afnaflnsf
;xefuL x'g ;Qm5g . afnaflnsf cGtj{}olQms ;~rf/sf k|efjsf/L
dfWod dflgG5g . hg:jf:Yosf ljifox?df rf;f] hufpg / r]tgf
km}nfpg] sfo{qmdx?sf] afnaflnsfn] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ If]qLo Pj+ /fli6«o :t/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f jf
of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg' pQd cEof; xf] . t/ o;sf
nflu Ps jf s]xL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'eGbf Pp6f lglZrt
k|lqm[ofsf cfwf/df ;a} If]q jf ju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{
;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
h_ lg0ff{os e"ldsf u/fP/ Mh_ lg0ff{os e"ldsf u/fP/ Mh_ lg0ff{os e"ldsf u/fP/ Mh_ lg0ff{os e"ldsf u/fP/ Mh_ lg0ff{os e"ldsf u/fP/ M
;xeflutf eg]sf] lg0f{o, sfof{Gjog, / d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
lg0ff{os ;+nUgtf xf] . ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;a} k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fOP klg
pgLx?sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os gePdf Tof] ;xeflutf dflgb}g . afnaflnsf
g} d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf ePsf ljifodf pgLx?sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os ePdf
dfq afn;xeflutf eGg ;lsG5 . s]xL jif{otf ljleGg /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx?n] afn;xeflutfnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] Pp6f
lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L afnaflnsfnfO{
;fIfL dfq /fVg] sfo{ afn;xeflutf xf]Og . o;}u/L afnaflnsfnfO{
;+nUg u/fOPsf clwsf+z ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmd jo:sx?sf] ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jo:sx?n] cfkmgf s'/fx¿ afnaflnsfsf
gfddf eGg] jf ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . bfloTjjfnf jo:sx?n] k"/f
29

ug'{kg]{ st{JonfO{ clwsf/jfnf afnaflnsfsf] sfFwdf af]sfpg] sfo{n]
afn;xeflutf a9fpFb}g . afn;xeflutf Pp6f k|lqmof xf] eg] ;fWo klg
xf] . o;}n] afn;xeflutfsf k|lqmofdf pgLx?sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os x'g'k5{ .
em_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos k|f]T;fxg u/]/ Mem_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos k|f]T;fxg u/]/ Mem_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos k|f]T;fxg u/]/ Mem_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos k|f]T;fxg u/]/ Mem_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos k|f]T;fxg u/]/ M
afn;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f g}
;sf/fTds x'g'k5{ . kl/jf/df x'g] lg0f{odf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg] / pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ul/Pdf ;xeflutfsf] cEof;
oyfy{df ;'? x'G5 . o;}u/L 3/aflx/ ;d"x jf Snax?df afn;xeflutfsf]
cEof;df ;xefuL x'g] afnaflnsfnfO{ kfl/jf/n] k|f]T;flxt u/]df klg
afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; a9g ;Qm5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ pd]/sf cfwf/df
lt/:sf/ ug]{ / pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ k|j[lQsf] cGTo u/]/
cleefjsx?n] afn;xeflutfsf] afnclwsf/ pkef]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{
;Sb5g .
1111130

v)*–tLg
afn ;+/If)fsf
nflu
afn ;xeflutf
31

#=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <#=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <#=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <#=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <#=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <
afnaflnsfx?sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf, ;xeflutf / ;'emfjdf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] klxrfg, k|fyldsLs/0f, ;+/If0f Goflos tyf
k'g:yf{kgf sfo{, hf]vd Go'gLs/0f Pj+ ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf nflu gLltlgod
tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] k}/jL, lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg /
;dLIff tyf k|rf/ k|;f/sf] k|s[ofnfO{ g} afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn
;xeflutf elgG5 . afnaflnsf tyf afn ;d"xx?s} ;xeflutfdf
afnaflnsfdflysf] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff, lx+;f / zf]if0fsf] /f]syfd tyf
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu sfd ug{' klg afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf
xf] .
#=@ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf lsg <#=@ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf lsg <#=@ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf lsg <#=@ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf lsg <#=@ afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn ;xeflutf lsg <
afnaflnsfn] jo:sx?sf] eGbf a9L ;fyLx?sf] ljZjf; ug]{ ub{5g /
pgLx? Pscfk;df /dfpm5g klg . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfOkg]{ hf]lvdx?sf]
jf/]df ;fyLx? jf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ g} a9L yfxf x'g] / cg'ej tyf
36gfx? klg Ps cfk;df cfbfgk|bfg x'g] x'Fbf o; sfo{df afn
;xeflutf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g]ub{5 . o;sf nflu tnsf a'+bfx?n] yk
:ki6 x'g d2t ub{5g .
jo:sx?sf] t'ngfdf afnaflnsfx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ km/s x'G5g
afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnf g} afnaflnsf ePsf]n] klg afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afn
;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
afnaflnsfx?n] afn ;+/If0fsf] ;/f]sf/sf ;jfnx?sf] /f]syfd tyf
;Daf]wgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g .
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutfn] pgLx?sf] ;d'Gglt, ;'/Iff / ljrf/sf]
;Ddfg x'G5 .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f df ;xefuL u/fpFbf kl/jf/x¿, ;d'bfox¿
/ ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] e"ldsf a'emg / To;sf] ;Ddfg ug{ pgLx¿
pT;fxL x'G5g .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL u/fpg' pgLx?sf] lzIff k|lqmofsf]
c+z xf] lsgls o;af6 pgLx?n] b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;f unt xf] eGg]
l;Sg ;s5g .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL u/fpgfn] ;fdflhs wf/0ff,
1fg / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gdf bL3{sfnLg k|efj kg{ ;S5 .
1111132

#=# afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]q / txx¿ M#=# afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]q / txx¿ M#=# afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]q / txx¿ M#=# afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]q / txx¿ M#=# afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]q / txx¿ M
#=#=! afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]qx? M#=#=! afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]qx? M#=#=! afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]qx? M#=#=! afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]qx? M#=#=! afn ;+/If0f sfo{df afn ;xeflutfsf If]qx? M
afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] ;+jf]wgsf nflu kxn ug{, ;'/lIft kl/j]zsf]
lgdf0f{ ug{ / afnalfnsf lj?2 x'g] lx+;f tyf b'Jo{xf/sf 36gfnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu afn;+/If0f sfo{sf lgDg If]qx?df afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutf ka4{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f Ms_ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f Ms_ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f Ms_ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f Ms_ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f M afnaflnsfx¿ ;"rgf,
lzIff, :yfg, kl/j]z,;fdflhs ;f:s[lts cEof;x¿, e|dk"0f{ dfGotfx¿
cfly{s Pj+ ef}uf]lns cj:yf cflbsf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lx+;f, e]befj tyf
b'Jo{jxf/sf] hf]lvdtfdf /x]sf x'g ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfx¿ n] cg'e"t
u/]sf jf dx;"z u/]sf o:tf hf]lvdtfsf kIfx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ /
cj:yfdf ;sf/fTs kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ sfo{x?sf] ;jfndf
afnaflnsfx¿ :jo+n] g} jl9 k|efjsf/L Jojxf/Ls tyf gljgtd pkfox?sf]
klxrfg ug{ ;Sb5g To;}n] afnd}qL ljlwx?sf] k|of]u 4f/f afnaflnsfx?s}
k/fdz{ tyf ;+nUgtfdf hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"lgs/0fsf sfo{x¿
;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfx¿ rng rlNtsf unt
;fdflhs cEof; / dfGotfx¿ Aff6 lgb]{lzt gx'g eGg] s'/fsf] z'lGflZrt
ug{sf nflu ;xhstf{ jf ;DjlGwt ;d"xn] o; ljifodf afnaflnsfx?nfO{
kof{t ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
v_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg]v_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg]v_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg]v_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg]v_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg] MMMMM afn ;+/If0fsf]
sfo{df afnaflnsf :jo+n] g} lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/ tyf hf]lvdtfdf /x]sf
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df k|fylds sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5g . h:Tf}
cfkm"eGbf ;fgf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ljBfno cfpbf hfbf
cfkmg} ;d"xdf ;u} lnP/ lx8g, af6f] sf6bf xft ;dft]/ ;u} af6f]
s6fO lbg], n8]/ rf]6k6s nfUbf k|fylds pkrf/ ul/lbg] tyf cGo
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ l;sfpg] / ;+jlGwt lgsfox?df
hfgsf/L u/fOlbg] . o:tf sfo{df afnaaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf u/fO{ /xbf
pgLx?sf] ;Lk Ifdtf / pgLx?df kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdtfsf] af/]df Vofn
ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .
u_ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?sf] vf]hL, ;]jfdf kx'Fr / l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL Mu_ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?sf] vf]hL, ;]jfdf kx'Fr / l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL Mu_ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?sf] vf]hL, ;]jfdf kx'Fr / l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL Mu_ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?sf] vf]hL, ;]jfdf kx'Fr / l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL Mu_ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?sf] vf]hL, ;]jfdf kx'Fr / l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL M
afnalfnsfx?n] cfkmgf] j/k/ /x]sf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lng] tyf cGo afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lbg] / o:sf] af/]df
atfpg] . ;]jf k|bfkos lgsfox¿ nfO{ ;+/If0sf ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L lbg k|efljt afnaflnsfx¿nfO ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo;Dd k'Ug
;xof]u ug]{ jf l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5g . o; k|sf/sf] sfo{df
33

afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutf u/fO{ /xFbf pgLx?n] ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?sf]
Ifdtf l;ldttf tyf pgLx¿ n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf k|lqmofx?sf] af/]df
k'0f{ / ;xL ;"rgf k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .
3_ pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jL M3_ pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jL M3_ pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jL M3_ pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jL M3_ pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jL M afnaflnsfx?sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu /fHo ;/sf/sf ljlEfGg lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;3+ ;+:yf
tyf lghL If]qx?n] u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿, to u/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿
/ ljlgof]hg u/]sf] ah]6sf] af/]df afnaflnsfx?n] tL gLlt sfo{qmd
sfg"g tyf k|ltj4tfx?sf] ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, nufgL / pknlAwx¿
sf af/]df vf]hL u/L ;DjlGwt lgsfox?nfO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfa k|bfg ug{
tyf kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g .
o;sf nflu afnaflnsx?n] zflGtk"0f{, nf]stflGqs k|lqmofx?sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L ePsf] / o:tf cEof;x?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt
ul/g' kb{5 .
8_ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg M8_ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg M8_ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg M8_ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg M8_ of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg M ;/sf/L tyf
u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] afn;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd tyf
kl/of]hgfx?sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f b]lv sfo{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg
k|lqmodf nlIft ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;xeflu ePsf] s'/f ;'lglZrt
ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;+jlGwt lgsfo tyf ;+3 ;+:yfx?n]
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ afnd}qL ;xof]uL / ;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf :jtGq 9+un]
;xeflutf u/fOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
#=#=@ Affn ;+/If0fsf nflu Affn ;xeflutfsf txx¿ M#=#=@ Affn ;+/If0fsf nflu Affn ;xeflutfsf txx¿ M#=#=@ Affn ;+/If0fsf nflu Affn ;xeflutfsf txx¿ M#=#=@ Affn ;+/If0fsf nflu Affn ;xeflutfsf txx¿ M#=#=@ Affn ;+/If0fsf nflu Affn ;xeflutfsf txx¿ M
Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf cleGg c+u x'g t/ afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿ aLrsf]
zlQm ;+/rgf c;Gt'lnt x'g] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] clwsf/ pNn+3g eO/x]sf]
x'G5 . cyf{t jo:sx?n] :jefljs 7fg]sf ;jfnx?df afnaflnsfx?sf
nflu eg] ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf eO/x]sf] x'G5 . afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] lgDg txx?df afn;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 .
s_ afnSnadf ;xeflutf Ms_ afnSnadf ;xeflutf Ms_ afnSnadf ;xeflutf Ms_ afnSnadf ;xeflutf Ms_ afnSnadf ;xeflutf M afnSna afnaflnsfn] ;+ul7t x'g kfpg]
7fpF xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf cfjfhnfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf JoQm ug{
kfpF5g . Snasf] dfWodaf6 pgLx?n] cfkm" / cfkmgf ;fyLx?n] ef]Ub}
cfPsf ;d:ofx¿, jo:sx?n] Wofg k'¥ofpg g;s]sf afn ;+/If0fsf
;jfnx?nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ;S5g . ljBfno jf ufpFdf afnaflnsfdfly
x'g] u/]sf] zf]if0f, oftgf cflbsf af/]df jo:sx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ /
;dfwfgsf nflu 3R3Rofpg ;S5g .
1111134

v_ 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf Mv_ 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf Mv_ 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf Mv_ 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf Mv_ 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf M sfFrf] df6f]nfO{ s:tf] cfsf/ lbg] eg]/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ klxnf] lhDd]jf/L 3/ Kfl/jf/sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsf 3/kl/jf/sf]
;b:o x'g . 3/ kl/jf/leq klg afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿ x'G5g . o:tf
;jfnx¿sf af/]df jo:sx?n] afnaflnsfsf ljrf/x?nfO{ ;'Gg] ug'{
kb{5 . 3/ kl/jf/df afnaflnsf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;jfnx?df x'g]
lg0f{odf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf x'u] u/]df o;n] afnaflnsfsf] k9fOdf
;xof]u x'g ;S5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f ug]{ sfddf
d2t k'Ub5 . afn>daf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ afnaflnsfn] pNn]Vo
e"ldsf lgefpg ;S5g .
u_ ljBfnodf ;xeflutf Mu_ ljBfnodf ;xeflutf Mu_ ljBfnodf ;xeflutf Mu_ ljBfnodf ;xeflutf Mu_ ljBfnodf ;xeflutf M afnaflnsfsf] ljBfnodf ;a}eGbf a9L
;do latfpg] ub{5g . afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] uf]/]6f] sf]g]{ dxTjk"0f{
:yn ljBfno ePsf] x'gfn] ljBfnodf x'g] lqmofsnfkx?df pgLx?sf]
;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] cfjZotf x'G5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn] s}of}+
;d:ofx¿ Eff]lu/x]sf x'g ;S5g . ljBfnodf klg afnaflnsfdfly oftgf
lbg], of}g b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ e]befj h:tf 36gfx¿ eO/x]sf x'g ;S5g .
vfg] kfgL, rkL{ cflbsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf gePsf] x'g ;S5 . o:tf
;jfnx¿sf af/]df cfjfh p7fpgsf nflu ljBfnodf afn;xeflutfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . o;n] lzIfs, lzlIfsf tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ ljBfnodf b]vf kg]{ afn;/f]sf/sf ljifox?df afnaflnsfsf
ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fx¿ a'emg / a'emfpg d2t k'Ub5 . jo:sx¿af6 o;sf
nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg pko'Qm x'G5 .
3_ ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf M3_ ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf M3_ ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf M3_ ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf M3_ ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf M Affnaflnsf ;d'bfosf
;b:ox¿ x'g . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] p7fpg] s}of}+ ;jfnx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu
;Da4 ;jfnx¿ x'g ;S5g . pgLx?n] ug]{ lg0f{ox?n] afnaflnsfnfO{
k||ToIf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . o;}n] o:tf ;+:yfx?n] afnaflnsfsf;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;jfnx?df afnaflnsfsf ljrf/x¿ a'emg' kb{5 . pgLx?sf]
ljrf/ a'emgsf nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf h?/L
x'G5 . ;d'bfodf afn clwsf/ pNn+3gsf y'k|} ;jfnx¿ x'g ;S5g .
h:t} M afn>d, of}g b'Jo{jxf/, afn ljjfx, e]befj nufotsf ;jfnx?sf]
;Daf]wgsf nflu afn ;xeflutfn] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgefpg ;S5 .
ª_ Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf Mª_ Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf Mª_ Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf Mª_ Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf Mª_ Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf M Ufflj; /fHosf]
:yfgLo lgsfo xf] . :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ klg
uflj;n] ub{5 . o;}u/L /fHon] uflj; :t/Lo lgsfox¿ ;+rfng u/]sf]
x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf clwsf/x?sf] pkef]u ug{sf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg tyf cGo ;xof]u h'6fpg uflj; jf uflj; :t/Lo
35

lgsfox?dff afnaflnsfn] glhssf] ;Dks{ Pj+ ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 .
;"rgfx?sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . lxhf]cfh afnSnax?n] uflj;
:t/Lo ;~hfn ;d]t u7g ug]{ u/]sf 5g . o:tf afnSna ;~hfnx?n]
cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{x?df ;xefuL x'g / afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt
ug{] sfddf of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5g .
r_ lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf Mr_ lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf Mr_ lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf Mr_ lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf Mr_ lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, uflj; /
uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox¿ eGbf dflyNnf txsf lgsfox¿ x'g . uflj;
txaf6 ul/Psf k|of;x?af6 cfkmgf ;jfnx?sf] pko'Qm lsl;dn]
;Daf]wg x'g ;s]g eg] afnaflnsfn] lhNnftxsf lgsfox?df kxn ug'{
kb{5 . o;sf nflu lhNnf:t/df ag]sf afnSna ;~hfnx?n] cfkmgf
;jfnx¿ lhNnf :t/Lo lgsfox?df k'¥ofpg' k}/jL tyf jsfnt ug'{
kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] o:tf] ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 afn ;+/If0fsf nflu
ljz]if kxn ug{ ;S5g .
5_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M5_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M5_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M5_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M5_ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf M afn
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
xf] . o;}u/L g]kfn e/ sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] afn clwsf/sf]
kIfdf jsfnt ul/x]sf x'G5g . pgLx?sf] lg0f{on] afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 . afnaflnsfx?n] cfkmgf ;jfnx?nfO{ of]
tx;Dd k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/df x'g] k/fdz{ uf]i7L jf sfo{zfnfx?df
;xefuL eP/ afnaflnsfsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ gLlt agfpg]
sfddf cfkmgf ljrf/x¿ JoQm ug{ ;S5g . s]lGb|o tyf /fli6«o :t/sf
lgsfox?n] afn Snax?sf] s]Gb|Lo ;~hfn lgdf{0f tyf ;Nnfxsf/
;ldlt u7g ug{' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo txdf x'g]u/]sf lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] ;Djf]wg x'gsf ;fy} afn
;+/If0fsf nflu afnaflnsfx?n] k}/aL tyf jsfntsf sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5g .
h_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf Mh_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf Mh_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf Mh_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf Mh_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf M afnaflnsfsf nflu ljZjel/ nfu"
x'g] sfg'g agfpg] sfo{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 sf] xf] . o;}u/L afn clwsf/sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t 5g . a]nf–
a]nf o:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] afn k|ltlglwx?sf] e]nf u/fO{
afnaflnsfsf cfjfhx¿ ;+sng ub{5g . o:tf cj;/x?df afnaflnsfn]
cfkmgf cfjfhx?nfO{ of] :t/;Dd klg k'¥ofpg ;S5g . h;sf sf/0f
afnaflnsfsf nflu aGg] gofF lgod, sfg'g, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ cem
Jojxf/Ls / afnd}qL aGg ;Sb5 .
afn ;+/If0fsf nflu afnaflnsfn] s'g s'g If]q / txdf ;xefuL x'g'
kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgDg tflnsfaf6 klg k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
1111136

#=$ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0fdf afn;xeflutf M#=$ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0fdf afn;xeflutf M#=$ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0fdf afn;xeflutf M#=$ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0fdf afn;xeflutf M#=$ Hff]lvdtfsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0fdf afn;xeflutf M
Affnaflnsfx¿ ;dfhsf ;lqmo / l;h{gzLn zlQmx¿ x'g . ;dfhdf
x'g] x/]s k|sf/sf ultljlw ;d:of / ljsf; sfo{x?n] pgLx?nfO{
k|efljt kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnssfx?n] cfkmGff] 3/ l5d]s, ljBfno
/ ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfx?n] ef]lu/x]sf ljifox?nfO{ c?n] eGbf a9L
:k:6 / Jofjxf/Ls ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5g .
Affn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf afnaflnsfx?n] cfkmgf] j/k/sf] kl/j]zdf /x]sf]
hf]lvdtf, ef]Ug' k/]sf] ;Df:of / To;sf sf/0fx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
tyf ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5g . o;n] pgLx?n] ef]Ub} cfO/x]sf
;d:ofx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu pgLx?n] cfˆgf] 3/
If]qIf]qIf]qIf]qIf]q
hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg
tyf Go"gLs/0f
; ] j f k | b f o s
lgsfox?sf] vf]hL,
;]jfdf kx'Fr /
l;kmfl/; k|0ffnL
gLltut k}/jL
of]hgf lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog
cg'udg / d'NofÍg
txx?txx?txx?txx?txx?
afnSna, 3/ Kfl/jf/, ljBfno, ;d'bfo,
sfo{qmd cfof]hg:yn cflb .
ljBfno, ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, ufflj;
jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox¿, lhNnf:t/Lo
;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
Ufflj; jf uflj; :t/Lo lgsfox¿,
lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo u}/;/sf/L,
;+:yfx¿ ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf
/fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx¿, cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
;xeflutf
afnSna, uflj; jf lhNnf:t/Lo afnSna
;~hfn 3/ Kfl/jf/, ljBfno, ;d'bfo /
;fd'bflos ;+:yf, lhNnf tyf s]lGb|o :t/sf
;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx¿
afnSna, afnSna ;~hfn / u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
37

kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s, ljBfno, ufpmF jl/kl/ cfkm}n], ;fyLx?n] / cGo
afnaflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df ;fyLx¿ aLr, afnSnadf
5nkmn rnfpg' kb{5 . o;af6 afnaflnsf hf]lvddf kg]{ :ynx¿
sxfF sxfF /x]5 eGg] yfxf x'G5 . o;af6 s'g afnaflnsf a9L hf]lvddf
5g eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvddf kfg]{ kL8sx¿ /
pgLx?nfO{ k|>o lbg] JolQmx?sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;jfn
klxrfgn] cd's 36gfaf6 afns jf aflnsfdfly s] / s:tf] c;/ k/]sf]
5 jf kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg tyf of] ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{
cfOkg]{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;dfhsf ljlEfGg JolQm tyf
lgsfox¿af6 ;+rnfg ul/Psf sfo{x¿, ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts tyf kfl/jfl/s
cEof;x?n] afnaflnfsfsf] JolStut tyf ;fd'lxs hLjgdf s] s:tf
;sf/fTDfs jf gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf
nflu klg afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf h?/L x'G5 . o;n] afnaflnsfx?sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ ;f]rn] k|f]T;fxg kfpF5 . afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df
ePsf ;sf/fTds sfo{x?sf] clen]vLs/0f x'G5 . o;n] cGttM
afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 .
o;sf ;fy} /fHo jf /fHosf lgsfox?n] afn ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g ug]{ k|s[ltsf Jojxf/ Pj+ cEof;x¿ u/] gu/]sf] tyf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f ug{sf nflu pko'Qm gLlt jf sfg'g gagfPsf jf ag]sf sfg'gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf sf/0faf6 klg afnaflnsfx¿ hf]lvddf
k/]sf eP To:Tff hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKTf ug{sf nflu klg afn;xeflutfsf]
cEof; k|efjsf/L /xG5 . o;n] afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] af/]df
;r]tfgf clej[lb ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg cleofg ;+rfng ug{ klg k|f]T;fxg
ldNb5 . afnaflnsfx¿;uF hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu lgDg
pkfox¿ caNfDjg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ afn k/fdz{ Ms_ afn k/fdz{ Ms_ afn k/fdz{ Ms_ afn k/fdz{ Ms_ afn k/fdz{ M o; ljlw cGt/ut afn aflnsfx?;Fu pgLx¿ dfyL
kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdtf s] s] x'g ;Sb5g elg k|Zg ul/ ;xhstf{n]
pgLx?n] atfPsf s'/f nfO{ l6kf]6 u/L hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
v_ afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn Mv_ afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn Mv_ afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn Mv_ afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn Mv_ afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn M afnaflnsfdfly kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdtf
klxrfg ug{ of] ljlWf cToGt dxTk'0f{ ljlw dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;d"x hDdf u/L afn ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf dfly kg{
;Sg] hf]lvdtfx¿ s] s] x'g ;Sb5g elg k|Zg ug]{ / ;xefuL afnaflnsx¿
af6 k|fKTf pt/x?nfO{ l6kf]6 u/L afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf
hf]lvdtfx?sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
1111138

u_ ;xeflutfTds ;d'bflos hf]lvdtf gSz+fsgu_ ;xeflutfTds ;d'bflos hf]lvdtf gSz+fsgu_ ;xeflutfTds ;d'bflos hf]lvdtf gSz+fsgu_ ;xeflutfTds ;d'bflos hf]lvdtf gSz+fsgu_ ;xeflutfTds ;d'bflos hf]lvdtf gSz+fsg M afnaflnsfx?sf]
hf]lvdtf klxrfg ug{sf] nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw dflgG5 . o; ljlw
cGt/ut ;xefuL afnaflnsfx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] gSzf
lgdf0f{ ug{ nufpg] / To; gSzfdf ljBfno, af6f], k'n, xl:k6n, ;fgf
;fgf ulNnx¿, h+un, vf]nfx¿, dlGb/, ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿ h:tf
a:t'x?sf] lrGx nufpg] . lrGx nufPsf dWo] s'g s'g :yfgdf hf]lvdtf
x'g ;Sb5 egL ;xefuL afnaflnsx?nfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ nufO{ ;fd'bflos
hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
3_ nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn M3_ nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn M3_ nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn M3_ nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn M3_ nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn M ;d"x 5nkmn eg]sf] ;fgf] j}7s xf] h;df
lglZrt ljifox?df 5nkmn ul/G5 . s'g} klg ljifo jf j:t'af/]sf ;"rgf
lng tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ oL ljlw pkof]u ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf ;"rgf
lng'kg{] ljifojf/] 5nkmn u/fpg nlIft ;d"xsf] tof/L u/L ljifoj:t'nfO{
;d"xdf /flvG5 . nlIft ;d"x 5nkmndf ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt ;d"x
sf] pkl:ylt x'g] xF'bf ;"rgf a9L ljZj;gLo x'G5 . h:t}M 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{
k9fOsf] ;do lbg] ;jfn, of}gb'Jo{jxf/sf] ;d:of, lj/fdL kbf{sf] cf}ifwf]krf/
cflb ;"rgf o; ljlwjf6 lng ;lsG5 .
ª_ hLjg/]vf Mª_ hLjg/]vf Mª_ hLjg/]vf Mª_ hLjg/]vf Mª_ hLjg/]vf M s'g} JolQmsf] hGdb]lv xfnsf] cj:yf;Dddf x'g] dxTjk"0f{
36gfx?nfO{ b]vfpg / tL 36gf jf kIfx¿sf af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{
o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . afnaflnsfx¿ kl/kSj x'b} hfFbf cfkmgf] hLjgdf
36]sf dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf af/]df pgLx?n] l6kf]6 ug]{ / pgLx?df k/]sf
hf]lvdtfsf] cfwf/df klg afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]lvdtfsf] klxrfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
r_ ;d:of j[If lrq Mr_ ;d:of j[If lrq Mr_ ;d:of j[If lrq Mr_ ;d:of j[If lrq Mr_ ;d:of j[If lrq M afnaflnsfx?sf] hf]lvdtf ktf nufpg] of] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o; ljlw cGt/ut afnaflnsfx?nfO{ Pp6f 7"nf]
a|fpg k]k/ df Pp6f ?vsf] lrq lgdf0f{ ug{ nufpg] / afnaflnsfx?nfO{
cfpg] ;d:ofsf af/]df l6Kg nufpg] h:nfO{ ?vsf] 8fF7 / To;sf]
sf/0f s] egL pgLx¿af6 cfPsf pQ/nfO{ h/f To;kl5 o:n] Nofpg]
kl/0ffdnfO{ kmn jf kftsf] ¿kdf n]Vg jf /fVg nufpg] h:sf] d2tn]
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;d:of hf]lvdtf ;xh tl/sfn] lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
o;nfO{ km/s # k|sf/sf d]6f sf8{ jf cGo dfs{/ h:tf s'/f ckgfP/
?vnfO{ cfsz{s klg agfpg ;lsG5 .
#=% afn;+/If0fsf Jofjxfl/s sfo{sf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=% afn;+/If0fsf Jofjxfl/s sfo{sf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=% afn;+/If0fsf Jofjxfl/s sfo{sf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=% afn;+/If0fsf Jofjxfl/s sfo{sf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=% afn;+/If0fsf Jofjxfl/s sfo{sf nflu afn;xeflutf M
afnaflnsfx?n] afn;+/If0sf ;jfnx?df k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0f
k"jf{cj:yf u|x0f ug{ tyf ;+efljt b'3{6gfsf] /f]syfd ug{sf nflu
JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lgDg Jofjxfl/s sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5g .
39

cfkmgf ;fyL tyf efOalxgLx¿ dfem lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f tyf
e]befj h:tf hf]lvdtfx¿af6 aRg] pkfox¿ tyf ;]jf k|bfos
lgsfox?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L Pj+ ;"rgfx¿ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ .
cfkmgf ;fyL tyf efOalxgLx¿ lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt ePsf],
gePsf] af/]df pgLx?df cfPsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g tyf zf/Ll/s
lrGXsf] af/]df rgfvf] eO{ /xg] / uf]kgLo 9+un] ;f]wk'5 ug]{ .
lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt afnlsfnsfx¿sf ;"rgf glhs}sf]
;]jf k|bfos lgsfo, cleefjs, lzIfs jf afn;+/If0f ;ldltnfO{
hfgs/L u/fpg] .
lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ af6 k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] ;"rgf /
klxrfgnfO{ c? ;fyLx¿ Dffem rrf{ kl/rrf{ gu/L uf]kgLo /fVg] .
lx+;f tyf of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf nIf0fx¿ jf Jojxf/df x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{
lgofn]/ x]g{ ;S5g .
lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/sf k|efljt afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfTdLo Jojxf/
b]vfpg], cfTdfljZjf; hufO{ k9fO{, sfd, v]ns'b h:tf sfo{x?df
;xefuL u/fpg] .
lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] kIfdf ;fIfL
a;Llbg], cfkm"n] yfxf kfPsf s'/fnfO{ Goflos lgsfodf k'¥ofOlbg] .
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolQmx?sf] af/]df
;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?dff ;"rgf lbP/ ks|fp ug{ tyf bl08t
ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
afnaflnx¿sf lj?4 lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolQmx?n] ;hfo
kfPsf] s'/fnfO{ ;fyLx¿ dfem k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
cfkm", cfkmgf ;fyLx¿, Affn;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ tyf kl/jf/ leqsf
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ e]befj, zf]if0f, lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] vfnsf
Jojxf/ gu{g] / cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu" ug]{ . cfkm'nfO{ dg gkg]{
36gfaf/] afnaflnsfn] afn Snax¿, ljZjfl;nf jo:sx¿,
;fd'bflos ;+:yf jf ;]jf k|bfosx?df ph'/L ug{ ;S5g .
#=^ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; k|0ffnLsf nflu afn ;xeflutf M#=^ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; k|0ffnLsf nflu afn ;xeflutf M#=^ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; k|0ffnLsf nflu afn ;xeflutf M#=^ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; k|0ffnLsf nflu afn ;xeflutf M#=^ ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; k|0ffnLsf nflu afn ;xeflutf M
hgtfnfO{ ;]jf / ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] ljz]if e"ldsf ePsf ;/sf/L
sfof{no jf pgLx?;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ g} ;]jf k|bfosx¿ x'g .
o:tf lgsfox¿ /fHon] s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf tyf :yfgLo tx;Dd ;+rfng
u/]sf] x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/df :yfkgf ul/Psf lgsfox?df dGqfnox¿,
Joj:yflksf ;+;b, ;jf]{Rr cbfntx¿ cflb x'g . o:tf s]Gb|:t/df
/x]sf lgsfox?n] gLlt, P]g sfg'g lgdf{0f ub{5g . If]q, lhNnf tyf
1111140

:yfgLo txdf /x]sf lgsfox?n] /fHon] lgdf{0f u/]sf gLlt P]g sfg'gx¿
sfof{Gjg ug]{ ub{5g . oL lgsfox?n] hgtfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf
;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg] sfd ub{5g / hgtfnfO{ k/]sf cK7]/fx?nfO{
km'sfpg] sfd ub{5g . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff, lx+;f /
zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] xf] . afn ;+/If0fsf ;a}
;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ clGtd bfloTj /fHosf] xf] .
lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txdf :yfkgf ul/Psf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ leq
kg]{ lgsfox?df ljBfno, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, uflj;,
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no, c:ktfn,
k|x/L sfof{no, cbfntx¿ x'g . o;sf ;fy} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿,
u}/;sf/L ;+:yfn] klg dgf];fdflhs ljdz{, sfg'gL ;xfotf, cf>o /
k/fdz{ h:tf ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg ;S5g .
#=^=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf s]xL ;]jf k|bfos#=^=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf s]xL ;]jf k|bfos#=^=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf s]xL ;]jf k|bfos#=^=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf s]xL ;]jf k|bfos#=^=! afn ;+/If0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf s]xL ;]jf k|bfos
lgsfox¿ Mlgsfox¿ Mlgsfox¿ Mlgsfox¿ Mlgsfox¿ M
afn ;+/If0fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ s] s] s'/faf6 hf]ufpg] dfq gegL
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / lx+;f ug]{nfO{ b08 lbgsf
nflu /fHon] ljleGg ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf s]xL ;+/rgfx¿sf
af/]df tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ ;d'bfo:t/Lo ;ldltx¿ Ms_ ;d'bfo:t/Lo ;ldltx¿ Ms_ ;d'bfo:t/Lo ;ldltx¿ Ms_ ;d'bfo:t/Lo ;ldltx¿ Ms_ ;d'bfo:t/Lo ;ldltx¿ M ;d'bfo:t/df ljleGg afn ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿
sfo{/t 5g . oL ;ldltn] afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if e"ldsf lgefpg'sf
;fy} afn clwsf/sf ;a}h;f] ljifodf sfd ul//x]sf 5g . ;+:yfx?n]
afnaflnsfsf] lxtsf nflu ;d'bfodf ljleGg ;ldlt agfPsf x'G5g .
g]kfndf Kof/flnun sld6Lx¿, dfgj a]rlavglj?4sf ;ldltx¿, zflGt
;ldltx¿, clwsf/ lgu/fgL ;d"x cflb w]/} gfpdf afn clwsf/sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf 5g .
v_ k|x/L sfofv_ k|x/L sfofv_ k|x/L sfofv_ k|x/L sfofv_ k|x/L sfof{no M{no M{no M{no M{no M afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn
@# lhNnfdf oL ;]jf s]Gb|x?n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no cGtu{t /x]/ sfo{
ul//x]sf 5g . oL sfof{no afx]s k|x/L sfof{non] klg afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf sfo{ ug{' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L 5 .
u_ lhu_ lhu_ lhu_ lhu_ lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt MNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt MNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt MNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt MNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt M lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltcGtu{t afn
;+/If0fsf sfo{x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg afn ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿ lqmofzLn
5g . o:tf ;ldltx?n] afn ;+/If0fsf ljifodf hgr]tgf km}nfpg],
afn;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;+/If0fsf
clwsf/ pNn+3g ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ p4f/ / ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{x¿
ub{5g .
41

3_ lhNnf / ufp:t/Lo ljleGg ;ldltx¿ M3_ lhNnf / ufp:t/Lo ljleGg ;ldltx¿ M3_ lhNnf / ufp:t/Lo ljleGg ;ldltx¿ M3_ lhNnf / ufp:t/Lo ljleGg ;ldltx¿ M3_ lhNnf / ufp:t/Lo ljleGg ;ldltx¿ M lhNnf :t/df afnsNof0f
;ldltsf cltl/Qm dfgj a]rlavglj?sf] ;ldlt, afn>d;DaGwL ;ldlt,
5fpk8L lgoGq0f ;ldlt, afnljjfx /f]syfd ;ldlt, PrcfOeL lgoGq0f
/ /f]syfd ;ldltx¿ klg lqmofzLn 5g . oL ;ldltx?n] klg
afn;+/If0fsf] ljz]if If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g .
ª_ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt Mª_ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt Mª_ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt Mª_ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt Mª_ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt M afnaflnsfsf] ;du| gLltut If]qdf
sfo{ ug{ s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . s]Gb|Lo
afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] afn;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ljz]if e"ldsf 5 . afnaflnsfsf]
lzIff, :jf:Yosf If]qdf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] :yfkgf ePklg
afn;+/If0fsf If]qdf csf]{ lgsfo gePsf]n] afnsNof0f ;ldltn] o;
If]qdf k|d'v sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
r_ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno Mr_ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno Mr_ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno Mr_ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno Mr_ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno M afn ;+/If0f
nufot afnaflnsfsf ;a} If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ g]kfn ;sf/sf] k|d'v lgsfo
dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno xf] . afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/ pNn+3g ePdf afnaflnsfsf] sfg'g adf]lhd kfpg' kg]{ clwsf/
tyf ;'ljwf k|fKt gu/]df, afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ ;hfo
gePdf To;sf] clGtd pQ/bfloTj dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfnosf] xf] . g]kfnleq ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cfkmgf] clwsf/
k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] bfloTj klg dGqfnosf] xf] .
5_ Affn cbfnt jf Ohnf; M5_ Affn cbfnt jf Ohnf; M5_ Affn cbfnt jf Ohnf; M5_ Affn cbfnt jf Ohnf; M5_ Affn cbfnt jf Ohnf; M afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf] l56f]eGbf
l56f] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg afn cbfnt jf Ohnf;sf] :yfkgf
ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfdfly s'g} cGofo eof] eg] c? cbfntn] w]/}
;do nufpg] / afnd}qL klg gx'g] ePsf]n] afnd}qL ¿kdf Goflos sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ afn cbfnt :yfkgf ul/G5 . g]kfndf xfn ;dd afn
cbfnt :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g . t/ afnaflnsfn] u/]sf unt sfo{x?sf]
;'g'jfO ug{ afn Ohnf;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .
h_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Mh_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Mh_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Mh_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Mh_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ M g]kfndf afn;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;+:yf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfsf]
lgldQ x]NknfOg -cK7]/f]df ;xof]u dfUg ;lsg] lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf_
:yfkgf ug]{, afnaflnsfnfO{ p4f/ ug]{, ;+/If0f / cf>o k|bfg ug]{,
afnalfnsfnfO{ dgf];fdflhsnufotsf k'g/:yfkgfsf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{,
sfg'gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg], afnaflnfsfsf clwsf/sf nflu k}/aL /
hgjsfnt ug]{ sfo{x¿ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ul/cfPsf 5g .
1111142

#=^=@ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;dIf afnaflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL#=^=@ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;dIf afnaflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL#=^=@ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;dIf afnaflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL#=^=@ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;dIf afnaflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL#=^=@ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;dIf afnaflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL
(Referral System) MMMMM
Affn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L jo:sx?sf] xf] .
o;sf] clGtd bfloTj /fHosf] xf] . o;}n] cfkmgf] kxn / k|of;af6
;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ afnaflnsfn] ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;dIf l;kmfl/z ug'{ kb{5 . l;kmfl/z k|0ffnL eg]sf]
afn ;+/If0fsf] ;/f]sf/sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;]jf
k|bfosx?;Fu afnaflnsfn] s;/L ldn]/ sfd ug]{ eGg] af/]df of]hgf
agfpg] sfo{ xf] . o; cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{ kb{5.
s_ sf] s;n] s] s] sfd ub{5g gS;fËg ug]{,
v_ 36gf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z (Referal) ug]{,
u_ s'g ;]jfsf nflu s'g lgsfodf hfg] eGg] af/]df k"j{ hfgsf/L lbg]
3_ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf 36gfsf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf kmnf]ck ug]{
nufotsf sfo{ kb{5g
ª_ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno / :jf:Yo s]Gb| h:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ jf
u};/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g . ;]jf k|bfosx?n] :jf:Yo
;]jf cf>o, lzIff / sfg'gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg ;S5g .
r_ afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] ufpF jf ljBfno jl/kl/ cfkm"nfO{ ;xfotf ug]{
;]jf k|bfosx¿ sf] sf] 5g eg]/ klxrfg ug]{ .
5_ afn ;+/If0fsf] ;/f]sf/sf ;jfnx¿ pTkGg ePdf ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{
l;kmfl/; ug{] .
h_ ;xof]u lng sxfF hfg] eGg] ljifodf afnSnax?sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .
em_ hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfx?sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] ;'lglZrt
ug{sf nflu l;kmfl/;sf] kmnf] ck ug]{ .
#=& pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jLdf afn;xeflutf M#=& pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jLdf afn;xeflutf M#=& pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jLdf afn;xeflutf M#=& pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jLdf afn;xeflutf M#=& pQ/bfloTjsf] vf]hL tyf gLltut k}/jLdf afn;xeflutf M
afn ;+/If0fsf tdfd ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ clGtd lhDd]jf/L /fHosf]
xf] . t/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf /fHosf cfFvfaf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfsf ;jfnx¿
cf]em]ndf kg]{ u/]sf 5g . Toltdfq xf]Og, ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs
tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfsf] sf/0fn] afnaflnsfn] ef]u]sf s}of}+ ;jfnx¿
3/ kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;d'bfosf] b[li6df :jfefljs x'g] u/]sf 5g .
To:tf ;jfnx¿ jo:sx?sf] cfFvfn] gb]v]sf], dx;'; gu/]sf] x'g
;S5 . o;}n] afnaflnsfx?n] 3/ kl/jf/ ljBfno, ;d'bfo tyf /fHonfO{
cfkmgf ;jfnx¿sf af/]df a]nf a]nfdf 3R3RofO/xg' kb{5 . o;}n]
43

afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf cfjfhx¿ ;'Gg] lgsfox¿ s'g s'g x'g < cfkmgf
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ bfloTj s;sf] xf] < eg]/ klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5 . cfkmgf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu hgjsfnt ug'{ h?/L 5 .
#=&=! gLltut k}/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <#=&=! gLltut k}/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <#=&=! gLltut k}/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <#=&=! gLltut k}/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <#=&=! gLltut k}/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <
;fdfGotof gLltut k}/jL eGgfn] To:tf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;+ufnf] xf] .
h'g s'/f clwsf/af6 al~rt kfl/Psf ;d"xsf ;jfn tyf ;d:of
;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0fb]lv gLlt lgod th'{df ug]{ tx;Ddsf JolQmx?nfO{
;r]t kfb}{ gLltut txdf ;d]t kl/jt{g u/L ;DalGwt ;d"xsf cj:yfdf
;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ul/G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] gLltut k}/jL
clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu zflGtk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ul/g] ;+3if{ xf] . of] lg/Gt/
rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] .
afn ;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL eg]sf] afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ gofF gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, ePsf gLltx?sf]
kl/dfh{g Pj+ kl/jt{g ug{ ag]sf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf Pj pgLx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ ul/g] Pp6f
cleofg xf] . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t afn ;+/If0fsf nflu
ul/g] k|To]s r/0fdf ;xhstf{x¿, afnaflnsfsf ;xof]uL jo:sx¿,
;+:yfx?sf] plrt k/fdz{ Pj+ ;xof]usf] cfjZos x'G5 .
#=&=@#=&=@#=&=@#=&=@#=&=@ afn;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL lsg cfjZos 5 <afn;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL lsg cfjZos 5 <afn;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL lsg cfjZos 5 <afn;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL lsg cfjZos 5 <afn;+/If0fsf nflu gLltut k}/jL lsg cfjZos 5 <
afnaflnsf s} ;xeflutfdf afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] :yfoL
;dfwfg ug{sf nflu .
afn;+/If0fsf] ljleGg ;jfndf k|efjsf/L sfg'g, lgodx? th'{d
ug{ tyf ePsf sfg'g tyf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lylt a;fNg .
o:tf sfg'g tyf gLlt lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjog / afn;+/If0fsf
;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu ;j{;fwf/0f, gful/s ;dfh tyf
;/sf/L lgsfo ;a}sf] kxndf va/bf/L / lgu/fgL ug{, ;a}
ldn]/ kx/]bf/L ug{ .
ljleGg 7fpFdf ePsf afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf xn ug]{
bf}/fgdf ePsf /fd|f sfdx?nfO{ cGo ;a}lt/ k|j4{g ug{ .
afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ .
afnaflnsfnfO{ afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf af/]df ;r]t / ;zQm
agfpg .
afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ .
1111144

#=&=##=&=##=&=##=&=##=&=# afn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/g] gLltut k}/jLdf afnafn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/g] gLltut k}/jLdf afnafn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/g] gLltut k}/jLdf afnafn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/g] gLltut k}/jLdf afnafn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/g] gLltut k}/jLdf afn
;xeflutf lsg cfjZos 5 <;xeflutf lsg cfjZos 5 <;xeflutf lsg cfjZos 5 <;xeflutf lsg cfjZos 5 <;xeflutf lsg cfjZos 5 <
gLltut k}/jL ul/g] ljifodf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfsf]
nflu,
kL8sx?dfly bafa l;h{gf ug{,
cfkmgf ;d:of cfk}m ;dfwfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf afnaflnsfx?sf]
Ifdtf a[l4 ug{,
gLltut k}/jL ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L / pko'Qm 5 ls 5}g eg]/
e'Qmef]uLsf tk{maf6 cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f tyf ;'emfjx?
lnO/xg,
afnclwsf/ k|flKtsf] cleofgnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf afnaflnsf
cfk}mFn] cl4 a9fpg .
#=&=$ gLltut k}/jLsf tl/sfx¿ M#=&=$ gLltut k}/jLsf tl/sfx¿ M#=&=$ gLltut k}/jLsf tl/sfx¿ M#=&=$ gLltut k}/jLsf tl/sfx¿ M#=&=$ gLltut k}/jLsf tl/sfx¿ M
ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ nlIft ;d"x agfO{ gLltut k}/jL ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn]
;d"x cg';f/ km/s km/s tl/sf ckgfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu y'k|}
tl/sf / ljlwx?sf] 1fg / ;Lk x'g' cfjZos 5 . gLltut k}/jL ug]{
w]/} tl/sf 5g . tL tl/sfx?df nlIot ;d"x cg';f/ ljleGg tl/sfx¿åf/f
cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 . oL tl/sfdWo] z'?df ;lhnf]
/ g/d vfnsf tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{ / kl/jt{g ePg eg] cln hl6n /
s8f vfnsf ljlwx¿åf/f sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 . sxfF s'g txdf s] kl/jt{g
vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] cg';f/ klg ljlw km/s x'g ;S5 . h:t} kl/jf/ txdf
rng kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] h'n'; g} lgsfNg' h?/L x'Fb}g . t/
/fli6«o :t/df 7'nf] gLlt kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] rflx /fi6«JofkL
¿kdfg} gLltut k}/jLsf sfo{qmdx¿ ug'{kb{5 . oxfF gLltut k}/jL ug]{
s]xL tl/sfx¿ tn j0f{g ul/Psf 5g .
s_ kqfrf/ Ms_ kqfrf/ Ms_ kqfrf/ Ms_ kqfrf/ Ms_ kqfrf/ M kqfrf/ gLltut k}/jL ug}{ Pp6f ;zQm dfWod xf] .
JolQmut ¿kdflrghfg gePsf] 7fpFdf xfdLn] gLltut k}/jL ug'{ 5 eg]
kqfrf/af6 z'?cft ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . vf]lhPsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt x]/]/
slxn]sfxL+ o;sf] uf]kgLotf k|lt ;t{s x'g cfjZos 5 . clg xfdLn]]
vf]h]sf] kl/jt{gk|lt cGo ;+3;+:yf JolQmx?sf] ;dy{g 5 eg] pgLx?nfO{
klg kq n]Vg k|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} lt/af6 Pp6} ljifodf kq n]lvPdf
kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 7fpFdf bafa dx;'z x'g ;S5 . gLltut k}/jLsf]
nflu ul/g] kqfrf/df ;DalGwt lgsfosf plrt JolQmnfO{ plrt 9+un]
;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 . kqfrf/df afnSnasf] kl/ro n]Vg'k5{ . To;kl5
cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] kl/jt{g / kqfrf/ ul/g] ;+:yfn] ug'{kg]{ sf/afxLsf] nflu
45

cg'/f]w ;d]t k|i6;+u n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . of] ljlw k|fo u/]/ ;a}vfn]
;d"x;Fu gLltut k}/jL ubf{ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
v_ cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 Mv_ cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 Mv_ cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 Mv_ cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 Mv_ cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 M cfkmgf] xslxt ;'lglZrt ug{ afnaflnsf
cfk}mn] ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn u/]/ gLltut k}/jL ug{ ;S5g .
p7fOPsf ;jfnx?df lj/f]w ug]{ cyjf kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf 7fpFsf
JolQmx?;Fu cfkmgf] ;jfnaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg / cfjZos sf/afxL
ug{sf nflu bafa lbgsf nflu cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn tyf e]63f6n]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpg ;S5 .
u_ k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6Mu_ k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6Mu_ k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6Mu_ k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6Mu_ k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6M k|ltlglw d08n e]63f6 gLltut k}/jLsf
nflu Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo dflgG5 . afnaflnsfx¿ jf afnSnan]
cfkmgf ;jfnx¿ k|:t't ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo÷JolQmx?;Fu e]6 ug{ tyf
cfkmgf ;jfnx¿ k|:t't u/L cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu dfu ug{sf nflu
k|ltlglw d08n k7fpg ;S5g . w]/} hgf uP/ s'/fsfgL ug'{eGbf
k|ltlglw d08n jf o:tf ;d"xaf6 ul/g] s'/fsfgL jf 5nkmn Jojl:yt
x'g ;S5 . o;/L k|ltlglw d08ndf hfFbf sxfF / sf];Fu 5nkmn ug{
hfg] xf] ;f] JolQmnfO{ klxNo} ;';'lrt u/]/ ;do lnP/ hfg' kb{5 .
k|ltlglw d08ndf hfg]x?n] ToxfF hfg' cl3 g} cfkmgf ;jfn c8fg
tyf ss:n] s] s] af]Ng] eg]/ cfkmgf] 6f]nLdf k|i6 of]hgf agfP/ dfq
hfg' kb{5 .
3_ k|:t'tLs/0f3_ k|:t'tLs/0f3_ k|:t'tLs/0f3_ k|:t'tLs/0f3_ k|:t'tLs/0f M afnSna jf afnaflnsfsf k|ltlglwx?n] gLltut k}/jL
ug{sf] nflu cfkm"n] p7fPsf ;jfnx?sf] ;DaGwdf pko'Qm sbd rfNgsf
nflu ;DalGwt lgsfosf ;DalGwt dflg;x?nfO{ e]nf u/]/ k|:t'tLs/0f
klg ug{ ;S5g . o:tf] k|:t'tLs/0f ubf{ cfkm" dfq k|i6 eP/ k'Ub}g
;'gfpg vf]lhPsf JolQmx?sf] klg rfxgf x'g'kb{5 . lsgeg] k|:t'tLs/0fsf]
d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] g} p7fOPsf ;jfndf >f]tfsf] ;xdlt vf]Hg' xf] .
k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg 5f]6f] ld7f], k|i6, ;Gb]zd'ns agfpg'
h?/L 5 . nfdf] efif0f g5fl6sg cfkm"n] eGg vf]h]sf / p7fpg
vf]h]sf ;jfn / To;df ul/g'kg]{ cfjZos sf/afxL 5f]6f] ¿kdfk|:t't
ug'{ k5{ . cgfjZos e"ldsf 5fF6g' h?/L 5}g .
ª_ ;"rgf k|jfx Mª_ ;"rgf k|jfx Mª_ ;"rgf k|jfx Mª_ ;"rgf k|jfx Mª_ ;"rgf k|jfx M UffpF zx/sf w]/} dflg;x¿ hDdf x'g] xf6 ahf/, d]nf,
hfqf cflb 7fpFdf afnaflnsf jf afnSnax?n] afn ;+/If0fsf d'Vo–
d'Vo ;jfn / To;df vf]lhPsf] kl/jt{gaf/] kf]i6/÷krf{ afF8]/, uLt
ahfP/, gf6s b]vfP/ bafad'ns ;Gb]z k|jfx u/]/ klg hgjsfnt ug{
;S5g . ;fy} syf, ;8s gf6s ug]{, ;"rgfd'ns xf]l8{+u af]8{x¿ /fVg],
/]l8of] sfo{qmd rnfpg], ;Gb]zd"ns ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug{ ;S5g .
1111146

r_ ¥ofnL Mr_ ¥ofnL Mr_ ¥ofnL Mr_ ¥ofnL Mr_ ¥ofnL M cfkmgf ;jfndf ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ bafa lbg Pp6f gf/f
;lxtsf] h'n'; k|bz{g klg gLltut k}/jLsf] d'Vo pkfo xf] . ;jfnsf]
k|s[lt / bafa lbg'kg]{ lgsfosf] :t/ cg';f/ h'n';sf] k|sf/ lgwf] ug{
;lsG5 . h'n'; tyf ¥ofnL bafa lbgsf nflu dfq xf]Og ;jfnsf
af/]df hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ tyf hg;dy{g h'6fpgsf nflu klg
cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
5_ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u5_ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u5_ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u5_ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u5_ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u M afnaflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf
;d:of / To;;+u ;DalGwt ;jfnx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/]/ ;a}sf] ;dy{g
h'6fpg ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u clt k|efjsf/L x'G5 . :yfgLo
/ /fli6«o :t/sf kq–klqsf, :yfgLo Pkm=Pd /]l8of], cem ;lsG5 eg]
6]lnlehgaf6 ;d]t o:tf ;Gb]zx¿ k|;fl/t ug{ ;lsG5 . slxn]sfxL+
of] cln vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 . t/ ;~rf/sdL{x?;Fu ;DaGw la:tf/
u/]/ ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . h:t} ;+rf/ dfWodx?df afnaflnsfsf
;d:ofx¿, s7f]/ Jojxf/ ug]{ /f]huf/bftfn] b08 kfPsf, afnaflnsfsf
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ePsf syfx¿ / afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{
jo:snfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ lsl;dsf s'/f ;Gb]zx?nfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g'
kb{5 . o:t} u/]/ sf6'{g lrq, v]n tyf gf6s k|bz{gL ug]{, cGtlqmof
cflb sfo{qmd ug{ ;~rf/dfWodsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
h_ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|lta4 u/fpg] Mh_ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|lta4 u/fpg] Mh_ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|lta4 u/fpg] Mh_ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|lta4 u/fpg] Mh_ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|lta4 u/fpg] M Affnaflnsfn] s'g} ;ef,
;Dd]ng, e]nfdf ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ cfkm"n] p7fPsf ;jfnx?df k|lta4tf
JoQm ug{ nufP/ klg gLltut k}/jL ug{ ;S5g . vf;u/L r'gfjL e]nfdf
g]tfx?nfO{ afnaflnsfsf ljleGg ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L sfg'g
agfpg], sfg'g sfof{Gjog u/fpg] h:tf k|ltj4tf u/fpg] ul/Pdf o;n]
klg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . To:t} ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ aLr afn
clwsf/sf] r]tgf sIff ;~rfng, afn>ldssf] Go"gtd clwsf/ ;+/If0f
ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/fO{ ;f] k"/f ug]{ k2lt ckgfpgnfO{ ljBfnonfO{
;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
em_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO Mem_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO Mem_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO Mem_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO Mem_ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO M gLltut k}/jL Ps hl6n k|lqmof ePsf] x'Fbf
o;df ;ts{ x'g' h?/L 5 . afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?sf] kIfdf ;d{yg /
o;sf ljleGg r/0fx?df cfpg ;Sg] ptf/ r9fjdf 5nkmn ug{ ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO ul/g' klg plrt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO Pp6f k|fljlws sfo{
xf] / o;sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;xhstf{x?sf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug'{kb{5 .
`_ ah]6 cg'ud M`_ ah]6 cg'ud M`_ ah]6 cg'ud M`_ ah]6 cg'ud M`_ ah]6 cg'ud M afn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf :yflgo lgsfo ljBfno jf
/fHosf cGo lgsfo Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;Fu ;+:yx?n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf
ah]6, ah]6sf] nufgL pknlAwsf ;jfndf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;d"xn]
cfjlws ¿kdf;DjlGwt lgsfo;Fu e]63f6 jf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd u/L
47

;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ Kf|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g o:n] ;+jlGwt lgsfox?sf]
kf/b{lztf / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ jxg ub{5 .
#=* pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=* pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=* pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=* pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf M#=* pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf M
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;d"xx¿af6
ljljw lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ul/Psf x'G5g o:tf sfo{qmdx?n]
afnaflnsfx?sf] JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs hLjgdf ;sf/fTDs kl/jt{g
Nofpg'sf ;fy} gofF ;jfnx?sf] klg phfu/ ug]{ ub{5g sfo{qmd
;+rfngsf ;jfndf y'k|} r'gf}tL / ;kmn cEof;x¿ ePsf x'g ;Sb5g .
o;sf nflu cfjlws ¿kdf sfo{qmdx?sf] pknlAw dfkg ;dLIff tyf
d"Nof+sg x'g' h?/L 5 . o; k|lqmodf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutf
u/fOg' ;fGble{s dfq} geP/ cem al9 k|efjsf/L / Aofjxfl/s klg
x'G5 . of] afnaflnsfx?sf] clwsf/ klg xf] . pknlAw dfkg tyf
;dLIff k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf u/fOgfn] sfo{qmdn] Jofjxfl/sf
¿kdf kf/]sf k|efjx¿, ;d'bfodf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿ / afnaflnsfsf
cfjZosftfx?sf] af/]df ;xL hfgsf/L k|fKTf ug{ ;lsG5 ;fy} o;
k|lqmofn] h;sf] ;jfn p;sf] g]t[Tjsf] efjgfnfO{ klg sfo{Gjog ub{5 .
#=*=! pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf s;/L#=*=! pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf s;/L#=*=! pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf s;/L#=*=! pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf s;/L#=*=! pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIffsf nflu afn;xeflutf s;/L
ul/G5 <ul/G5 <ul/G5 <ul/G5 <ul/G5 <
s_ ;dLIff sfo{zfnf Ms_ ;dLIff sfo{zfnf Ms_ ;dLIff sfo{zfnf Ms_ ;dLIff sfo{zfnf Ms_ ;dLIff sfo{zfnf M afnaflnsfx¿ clwsf/ wf/s ePsf] x}l;Ptn]
pgLx¿ sf] nflu ;+rfng ul/Psf] sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIff
ug]{ clwsf/ klg pgLx?sf] 5 . t;y{ of] ljlw cToGt dxTk"0f{ dfGg
;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx?sf] nlfu nlIft ul/Psf sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg kl5
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf sfo{qmdsf ;an kIf s] s] /x] < ;'wf/
ug'{ kg]{ kIf s] s] b]lvof] < sfo{qmd af6 p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;lsof] ls
;lsPg < h:tf k|Zgx?sf] cfwf/ df afnaflnsfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf
pknlAwx?sf] dfkg tyf ;dLIff ug{ ;lsG5 .
v_ Affn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt Mv_ Affn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt Mv_ Affn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt Mv_ Affn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt Mv_ Affn ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt M afn;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt afn;xeflutfnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] / o; ljlWf sf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx?sf]
lg0f{odf kx'Fr k'¥ofpgnfO{ ;xh k'Ub5 . o; ljlw cGt/ut afnaflnsfnfO{
nlIft u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] sfo{df s] slt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsof]
pgLx?sf] k|ltlqmofaf6 klg sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIff ug{
;lsG5 .
1111148

u_ ;'emfa k]l6sf /fVg] Mu_ ;'emfa k]l6sf /fVg] Mu_ ;'emfa k]l6sf /fVg] Mu_ ;'emfa k]l6sf /fVg] Mu_ ;'emfa k]l6sf /fVg] M ;'emfa k]6Lsf ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
dfWod xf] . afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf
pknAwL dfkgsf nflu klg ;'emfa k]6Lsf dfkm{t klg pgLx¿sf cfkmgf
b[li6sf]0f, ljrf/ / pgLx?n] k|ToIf b]v]sf s'/fx?sf] ;+sng ug{
;lsG5 . h;af6 sfo{qmddf ePsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f cfpg ;Sb5 .
3_ cfjlws ;'emfa ;+sng ug]{ M3_ cfjlws ;'emfa ;+sng ug]{ M3_ cfjlws ;'emfa ;+sng ug]{ M3_ cfjlws ;'emfa ;+sng ug]{ M3_ cfjlws ;'emfa ;+sng ug]{ M cfjlws ;'emfj ;+sng ljlw afn
;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ljifodf afnaflnsfs} ;xeflutfdf
s] s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ / To;af6 k|fKt s] s:tf pknlAw eP eGg] yfxf
kfpgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Ps dxTjk"0f{ lalw xf] . o; ljlwaf6
afnaflnsfx?sf] jLrdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng kZrft lglZrt ;do kl5
cfj:ostf cg';f/sf] ;"rgf ;+sng u/L Toxf eP u/]sf pknlAwx?sf]
dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ª_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ Mª_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ Mª_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ Mª_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ Mª_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ M k|efljt
afnaflnsfx?;Fusf] cGt/lqmof dfkm{t pknlAw dfkg ug'{ eg]sf] h;sf]
;jfn p;s} ;/f]sf/;Fu d]n vfg] ljifo xf] . o; ljlwaf6 k|efljt
afnaflnsfx¿s} ;xeflutfdf k|ToIf ¿kdfg} pgLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf ;]jf
;'ljwf, ;xof]usf af/]df pgLx¿ cfkm}+af6 n]vfhf]vf ;lxtsf] ;"rgf
;+sng u/L pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIff ug{ ;lsG5 .
r_ Affn cg'udg ug]{ Mr_ Affn cg'udg ug]{ Mr_ Affn cg'udg ug]{ Mr_ Affn cg'udg ug]{ Mr_ Affn cg'udg ug]{ M pknlAw dfkg tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff ug]{ ljlw
dWo] cg'udg ljlw Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf k|ToIf ¿kdfsfo{
:ynsf] cg'udg tyf e]63f6 u/L sfo{qmdsf] pknAwL dfkg tyf ;dLIff
ug]{ ul/G5 . afn;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx?sf] cg'udg tyf
;dLIff ug{sf nflu klg afnaflnsfx¿s} ;xeflutfdf k|ToIf ¿kdf
sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg u/fO{ pgLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;"rgf ;+sng u/L
pknlAw dfkg tyf ;dLIff ug{ ;lsG5 .
49

v)*–rf/
afn ;+/If)fsf nflu
afnd}qL ;~rf/
/
xflg gu/sf] l;$fGt
1111150

$=! afnd}qL ;~rf/ s] xf] <$=! afnd}qL ;~rf/ s] xf] <$=! afnd}qL ;~rf/ s] xf] <$=! afnd}qL ;~rf/ s] xf] <$=! afnd}qL ;~rf/ s] xf] <
s'g} JolQmn] cfkmgf] ;Gb]z cyf{t ljrf/, ;"rgf csf]{ JolQm jf ;d"x;Dd
af]n]/ n]v]/ jf xfpefpsf] dfWodaf6 k'¥ofpg] sfo{nfO{ ;~rf/ elgG5 .
;~rf/ k"/f x'gsf nflu ;Gb]z, k7fpg], dfWod / kfpg] x'g h?/L 5 .
af]n]/, n]v]/, xfpefp jf cGo dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] ;xh 9+uaf6
u|x0f ug]{ u/L ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z k|]if0f ug'{ afnd}qL ;~rf/ xf] . ;"rgf
;Dk|]if0f ug]{n] h'g cy{df ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf] xf] k|fksn] ToxL cy{df u|x0f ug{
;s] dfq ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L x'G5 . afnaflnsf ;dIf k'¥ofOg] s'g} klg
;"rgf jf ;Gb]z klg afnaflnsfn] u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf dfWod jf
tf}/ tl/sfaf6 ;Dk|]if0f ul/P dfq Tof] k|efjsf/L / afnd}qL x'G5 .
afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿ aLrsf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwsf sf/0f jo:sx?n]
afnaflnsfx¿ ;dIf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ubf{ k|foM cfb]zfTds 9+uaf6 ug]{
ub{5g . xKsfP/, 8/ b]vfP/ / s/sfkdf kf/]/, ha/h:tL tyf bafad'ns
ljlwaf6 ul/g] ;~rf/ afnd}qL ;~rf/ xf]Og .
$=!=! k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf ljz]iftf M$=!=! k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf ljz]iftf M$=!=! k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf ljz]iftf M$=!=! k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf ljz]iftf M$=!=! k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf ljz]iftf M
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ dfWodsf lgDg ljz]iftf x'G5g M
-!_-!_-!_-!_-!_ :ki6 / ;/n M:ki6 / ;/n M:ki6 / ;/n M:ki6 / ;/n M:ki6 / ;/n M ;Gb]z :ki6 / ;/n x'g' kb{5 . Ps cfk;df
s'/fsfgL ubf{ ;lhn};Fu a'lemg] x'g' kb{5 .
-@_-@_-@_-@_-@_ pd]/ / :t/ cg';f/sf] efiff, zAb / xfpefp Mpd]/ / :t/ cg';f/sf] efiff, zAb / xfpefp Mpd]/ / :t/ cg';f/sf] efiff, zAb / xfpefp Mpd]/ / :t/ cg';f/sf] efiff, zAb / xfpefp Mpd]/ / :t/ cg';f/sf] efiff, zAb / xfpefp M b'j} tkm{af6
af]lng] efiff, zAbx¿, a'emg ;Sg] vfnsf] eP dfq ;~rf/
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
-#_-#_-#_-#_-#_ bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ Mbf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ Mbf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ Mbf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ Mbf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ M ;~rf/ bf]xf]/f] x'g' kb{5 . ;~rf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf]
ljifodf lbg] / lng] aLr k|Zg ;f]Wg], ts{ /fVg] pQ/ lbg] c?sf]
s'/f ;'Gg] ul/g' kb{5 . b'j} kIf ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] x'g'
kb{5 . eGg] / ;'Gg]sf] aLrdf e]befj x'g'x'Fb}g . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/df
Psn] csf{nfO{ bf]if glbP/ ljifo / ;d:ofsf 5nkmn ug'{ k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ;d:of s] xf] < ljsNkx¿ s] s] 5g < s]
lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] af/]df bf]xf]/f] 5nkmn x'G5 .
$=!==@ s:tf] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L xf]Og <$=!==@ s:tf] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L xf]Og <$=!==@ s:tf] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L xf]Og <$=!==@ s:tf] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L xf]Og <$=!==@ s:tf] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L xf]Og <
• ;Gb]z :ki6 gePsf] ;~rf/
• Psf]xf]/f] ;~rf/
• Effiff gldn]sf], ga'lemg] ;~rf/
• cg'dfgsf] e/df ul/Psf] ;~rf/
51

• ;Gb]z lng] JolQmn] g;'g]sf], tof/ gePsf], Wofg glbPsf] a]nf
ul/Psf] ;~rf/
• ljifoj:t', :t/ / sfo{If]qdf km/s k/]sf] ;~rf/
• ;Gb]z lng] / lbg] aLr c;xh ;DaGw jf l/;fPsf] a]nfdf u/]sf]
;~rf/
• xtf/df ul/Psf] ;~rf/
$=@ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M$=@ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M$=@ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M$=@ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M$=@ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M
afnaflnsfn] ;'g]sf s'/f nfdf] ;do ;Dd klg lal;{b}gg . ;'?df h]
;'Gof] pgLx?n] ToxLg} s'/f c?nfO{ eGg] ub{5g . To;}n] afnaflnsfx?
;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 M
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx¿sf efjgfx¿ lgw{Ss eP/ cleJoQm
ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOlbg]
afnaflnsf;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pgLx?sf] ;dfgfGt/ aGg' kb{5 .
ljZj:t eP/ af]Ng] tyf Wofgk"j{{s ;'Gg] ug'{ kb{5 .
w}o{zLn aGg' kb{5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ s'6lk6 ufnL tyf b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
afns jf aflnsf g5'6ofO{ b'j};Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{ kb{5 .
afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ / IfdtfnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] efiff / lqmofsnfkx?sf]
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
afnaflnsfx¿ k|lt lg0ff{os aGg' x'Fb}g jf pgLx?sf] ljrf/nfO{
a]jf:tf ug'{ x'Fb}g
afnaflnsf;Fu ;sf/fTds zAbx?sf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx?nfO{
/fd|f sfd ugf{;fy :ofaf;L / k|f]T;fxg lbg' kb{5 .
pd]/, lnË, hflt, ckfËtf jf cGo tTjx?df cfwfl/t
afnaflnsfx¿sf km/s cfjZostfx¿ cg'?k Jojxf/ ug{ nlrnf]
x'g'k5{ .
pko'Qm ;dodf 7§f / /dfOnf] ug'{kb{5 .
t/ ljifoj:t'sf] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf uDeL/ x'gsf nflu
klg ;Fu;Fu} ;r]t u/fpg' kb{5 .
uLt, gfr, lrqsnf, bf]xf]/L b]p8f, gf6s, syfsyg, sljtf /
v]n h:tf ljljw Pj+ /f]rs ljlwx¿sf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
;xefuL u/fpg l;h{gfTds aGg'k5{ .
afnaflnsfn] /fd|f] sfd ubf{ k|z+;f ug'{ kb{5 .
;Dej eP;Dd afnaflnsfsf] :yfgLo efiffdf s'/fsfgL ug'{kb{5 .
jo:sx?n] lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfx?sf] efjgfn] slt
dxTj /fV5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 atfOlbg' kb{5 .
1111152

$=# k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f M$=# k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f M$=# k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f M$=# k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f M$=# k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f M
• k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu afnaflnsfn] dgleq} s'/f /fVg' x'Fb}g .
• dg leqsf s'/fx¿ c?nfO{ geg] ;d:ofx¿ dgleq} x'G5g .
;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g jf jo:sx?n] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb}gg
• cfkm"n] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿af6 cfkm" lk/f]ln/xg' kb{5 . cfkm"leq
zÍf pkzÍfx¿ Af9]/ hfG5 . ;~rf/ gugf{n] cfk;L ;DaGwx¿
cem lrl;P/ hfG5g
• dgleqsf s'/f c?n] yfx kfpgsf nflu JoQm ub}{ kb{5 . h:t}
vfg]s'/f ld7f] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f vfg] JolQmn] vfP/ cfkm"nfO{
nfu]sf] ld7f] / gld7f]sf] :jfbsf af/]df ljrf/ JoQm gu?~h]n
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ yfxf xF'b}g . geg'~h]n cg'dfgsf e/ kg'{ kb{5 .
$=$ afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df xflg gu/sf] l;4fGt M$=$ afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df xflg gu/sf] l;4fGt M$=$ afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df xflg gu/sf] l;4fGt M$=$ afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df xflg gu/sf] l;4fGt M$=$ afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df xflg gu/sf] l;4fGt M
afn;+/If0f sfo{df afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; ul//xFbf k|efljt afnalfnsf
jf ;xefuL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ JolQmut jf ;fd'lxs ¿kdf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] hf]lvdtf tyf vt/fx¿ g/xpg Pj+ pgLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu pko'Qm Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] ;'lgZrt ug'{ g} xflg gu/sf] l;4fGtsf]
cjnDjg ug'{ xf] .
$=$=! afn ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUg] afn cleoGtfx¿ dfly$=$=! afn ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUg] afn cleoGtfx¿ dfly$=$=! afn ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUg] afn cleoGtfx¿ dfly$=$=! afn ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUg] afn cleoGtfx¿ dfly$=$=! afn ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUg] afn cleoGtfx¿ dfly
cfOkg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿ McfOkg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿ McfOkg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿ McfOkg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿ McfOkg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿ M
• k|efljt afnaflnsf tyf afn ;+/If0f sfo{Dff ;xefuL x'g]
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ stf{sf] kIf af6 8/, wDsL, dfgl;s
bjfj tyf ef}lts cfs|d0f x'g ;Sb5 .
• ;xefuL afnaflnsfx?af6 s'g} ;"rgf aflx/ cfPsf] sf/0fn]
To; af6 gsf/fTds c;/ k}bf x'g] ;d'bfo jf JolQmaf6 vt/f
pTkGGf x'g ;Sb5 .
• k|efljt tyf ;xefuL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ 8/, qf; tyf ;fdflhs
nfG5gsf sf/0fn] kl/jf/ Pj+ ;d'bfon] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
• ;DalGwt ;jfnsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf af]Ng] qmddf o;}u/L ;zQm
ts{x¿ k|:t't ug]{ qmddf pQm ;jfnsf] af/]df ljdlt /fVg]
cfkm"eGbf 7'nf cleefjs, lzIfs, lzlIfsf, bfO, lbbLx¿,
jo:sx¿af6 cK7]/f]df kg{ ;Sg] l:ylt cfOnfUg ;S5 .
53

$=$=@ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=@ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=@ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=@ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=@ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M
• afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfdf afn ;+/If0f cleofg ;fd'lxs ¿kdftyf
afnSna dfkm{taf6 ;+rfng ug]{
• o:tf cleofgx¿ uflj;:t/Lo, lhNnf:t/Lo afnSna ;~hfn
dfkm{t ug]{
• Affn clwsf/;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{
• k|To]s cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ eGbf cl3 afnSna, afnSna
;~hfnsf ;xhstf{x?;Fu a;L uDeL/ 5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 .
• :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ cleofgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
$=$=# hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=# hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=# hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=# hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ pkfox¿ M$=$=# hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ pkfox¿ M
• cleofgsf nflu pko'Qm ljlwsf] 5gf}6
• cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
• sfo{ of]hgf agfpg]
• sfo{qmd ug]{ :yfgsf] 5gf}6
• lnË, hfthflt tyf afn>ldsx¿;d]tsf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf
u/fpg]
• Affnaflnsfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpg]
• nf]stflGqs k4lt cjnDag ug]{
56

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