1) The document discusses children's rights and defines a child according to international standards as anyone under 18 years old. It explains that children's rights include the basic requirements for their physical, mental, social and moral development like nutritious food, medical care, affection, protection and education. 2) It outlines the four main types of children's rights - the right to life, development, protection and participation. It then discusses the principles of non-discrimination, best interests of the child, survival and development, respect for the child's views and international and national laws relating to children's rights. 3) It emphasizes that while children are rightsholders, adults like parents, community, schools and local

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k|sfzs M ;dfh ;]jf / dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf - l;lj;_
k|sfzg ;xof]u M

2. afn clwsf/

3. afnaflnsf s;nfO{ elgG5 <
ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg';f/ !* aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf JolQm g} afnaflnsf x'g . xfd|f] b]zsf] sfg'gn] eg] !^
jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf] AolQmnfO{ afnaflnsf eg]sf] 5 .
afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
afnaflnsfx?sf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs tyf g}lts ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] Go'gtd cfjZostfx? h:t} kf]lifnf]
vfgf, cf}ifwL pkrf/, dfofF :g]x, ;+/If0f, lzIff cflb g} afnclwsf/ xf] . cyf{t afnaflnsfx?sf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfx? g} afn clwsf/ xf] . afn clwsf/nfO{ cem ;lhnf] ;+u a'emg o;nfO{ rf/j6f ljleGg clwsf/sf]
?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g M
k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] aFfRg kfpg] clwsf/ 5 M ;a} afnaflnsfx?sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . s'g} klg sf/0fn]
afnaflnsfx?sf] d[To' x'gaf6 /f]Sg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Ao xf] . o; cGtu{t afnaflnsfx? :j:y / ;'/lIft hGdgsf
nflu ue{jtL cfdfsf] ;'/Iff / :ofxf/, hGd]kl5 /f]ux?;u n8gsf nflu vf]k tyf cfjZoQmf k/]sf] ;dodf plrt
cf}ifwL pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/x? kb{5g .
k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 M s'g} klg e]befjlagf g} afnaflnsfx?n] cfkmgf] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, efjgfTds tyf g}lts ljsf; ug]{ cj;/x? kfpg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;a} afnaflnsfx?n]
lzIff kfpg], cfkm"n] hfg]sf] / ?rL /fVg] v]ns'bdf Ifdtf cg';f/ ;xefuL x'g kfpg], dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg],;Lk
l;Sg kfpg'kb{5 . o;}nfO afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ elgG5 .
k|To]s afnaflnsf sf] ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ 5 M afnaflnsfx? zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lx;fan] x's{b} u/]sf]
cj:yfsf JolQmx? ePsfn] pgLx?nfO{ xfd|f] ;dfh 3/ tyf ljZjdf y'k|} vt/fx? cfOkg{ ;S5g . tL ];a} vt/f
hGo kl/l:ytLaf6 pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft ug'{kb{5 . o; cGtu{t pd]/ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ >ddf nfUg af6
hf]ufpg], a]ralvg, of}g b'Jo{axf/, of}g zf]if0f, lx+;f, n8fO{ emu8f, ul/aL, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / o;af6 pTkGg ePsf
ckm7of/fx? ,s'nt, b'Jo{;g cflbaf6 pgLx?n] ;'/Iff kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ kb{5g . o;/L pgLx?nfO{ ljleGg
hf]lvdx?af6 ;+/If0f ug{ ;/sf/n] sfg"g agfP/ nfu' ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg o;} cGtu{t kb{5 .
k|To]s afnaflnsf sf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ 5 M afnaflnsfx?n] cfkmgf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ ljifo / ultljlwx?df
/ To; ;DalGw lglt lg0f{ox? ubf{ cfk'm ;xefuL x'g / cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg'kb{5 . o;}nfO{ afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ elgG5 . afnaflnsfx?n] cfkmgf] 3/, 6f]n ;dfh, ljBfno, ;+:yf, ;d"x, /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o
txdf klg afnaflnsfsf laifodf x'g] 5nkmn, s'/fsfgL tyf lgod sfg'g / sfo{qmdx? agfpFbf cfkmgf] ljrf/

4. 7Ls tl/sfn] 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ g} o; clwsf/ leq kb{5 . o; cGtu{t afnaflnsfx?n] ;'rgf
kfpg] / k|bfg ug]{ tyf cfkmgf] ;Fu7g / ;d"x agfP/ afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / nfu" ug]{ sfd klg ug{ ;S5g .
xfdL ;j}n] a'emg} kg]{ s'/f ;j} clwsf/ ;a}sf nflu ;dfg 5g
xfdL ;j} n] a'emg' kg]{ s'/f afnclwsf/sf d"'ne"'t l;4fGtx? klg 5g . lt l;4fGtx? sf] cfwf/df g}
afnclwsf/df sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yf JolQm tyf sfo{stf{x? n] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . afnclwsf/sf lgDg l;4fGtx? 5g M
e]bEffj /xLt M ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ aLgf e]befj, aLgf kIfkft ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x? pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . s'g}
klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lghsf] jf p:sf afa'cfdf, cleefjssf] hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, /fhg}lts jf cGo
ljrf/x?, /fli6«o hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklt, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L
;dfg ?kdf ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . -wf/f – @_
Affnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt M
Affnaflnsfx?sf lglDt ul/g] k|To]s sfo{x?df afnaflnsfx?sf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx?, cbfnt, k|zf;lgs lgsfo, ljwflosf nufot ;a}n] afnaflnsf;+u ;DalGwt
sfds'/f ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;af]{Qd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . -wf/f– #_
bL3{ hLjg / ljsf; M afFRg kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGd l;4 clwsf/ xf] . afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf
lglDt /fHon] oyf;Dej a9L eGbf a9L k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . -wf/f – ^_
Affnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ M Affnaflnsfx?;+u ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx?n] cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{
kfpg' k5{ . afnaflnsfsf ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ pgLx?sf] pd]/ / kl/kSjtf cg';f/ plrt dfGotf klg
lbOg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;dfhsf] Ps cleGg c+u dfgL ;xefuL u/fOg' kb{5 . -wf/f – !@_
afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ s;n] ;'/lIft kfg'{ k5{ <
afnclwsf/sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ afnaflnsf eg]sf clwsf/sf wf/sx? x'g eg] jo:sx? afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fstf{
x'g . To;sf/0f klg afnaflnsf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug]{ tyf k'/f ug]{ s'/fsf] lhDd]jf/L ao:sx?sf] xf] . cem ;lhnf]
;+u eGg' kbf{ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ / afnclwsf/sf] nfu" ug]{ dflg;x? eg]sf a'af cfdf,
cleefjsx?, ;dfh, ljBfno / ljBfnosf lzIfs, k|zf;s, :yfgLo lgsfox? - h:t} j8f sfo{fno,k|x/Lsfof{no _
x'g .
afnclwsf/;+aGwL cGt/fli6«o P]g lgod tyf sfg"gx?
 afnclwsf/ ;+jGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*(
 z;:q 4JGbdf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf /f]Sg] P]lR5s k|n]v @)))

5.  afnaflnsf sf] a]rlavg , cZnLn lrq0f tyf of}gzf]if0f ;+jGwL P]lR5s k|n]v @))
 /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* ;g !(&#
 lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*@ – h'g !, ;g !(((
 afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg lgoGq0f ug]{ ;fs{ cle;lGw@))@
afnclwsf/ ;+jGwL /fli6«o P]g, lgod tyf sfg"gx?
 afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*
 afnaflnsfsf] lxt /Iff ug{ ag]sf] lgodfjnL ,@)%@
 afn>d lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ P]g ,@)%^
 afn>d lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ lgodfjnL ,@)^!
 afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g lgb]{lzsf ,@)^&
 afnaflnsf ;+aGwL /fli6«o gLlt ,@)^*
dfly pNn]lvt ;j} /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o sfg'g tyf lgodx? n] afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gdf hf]8
lbPsf] 5 eg] afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fdf ao:ssf] lhDd]jf/L / afnaflnsfsf] st{Ao klg hf]8LPsf] x'G5 .
afnclwsf/df jo:ssf] lhDd]jf/L bfloTj / afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo
xf], afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu jo:sx?n] lhDd]jf/L lng' kb{5 . jo:sx?n]
afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w ug}{ kb{5 . afnaflnsf cfdfsf] ue{df cfPb]lv
:jf:y hGdg kfpg], hlGd;s]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf Vjfpg], ;/;kmfOdf a:g kfpg] cflb clwsf/
pkef]u ug{sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ lhDd]jf/L jf bfloTj jo:sx?sf] xf]
. t/ ha afnaflnsf x's{b} hfG5g o;qmddf lj:tf/} pgLx?n] cfkmgf clwsf/sf] pkef]usf nflu
st{Jox? Kf"/f ug{ kg]{ s'/fsf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg] To; ;+u ;DalGwt 1fg tyf ;Lkx? l;sfpg]
lhDd]jf/L jo:sx?n] k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . dfgf} # dlxgfsf] lzz' kmf]xf]/L eof] eg] p;sf] ;kmf;'U3/ /xg
kfpg] clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ bfloTj cfdfafa'sf] x'g hfG5 . lsgsL pm cfkm} of]
sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ ha pm x's{b} hfG5 . *÷( jif{sf] ePkl5 ;kmf;'U3/ x'gsf nflu g'xfOw'jfO
ug'{ kb{5 eGg] 1fg tyf l;k l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L jo:sx?s} x'G5 . 1fg tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L
jo:sn] k"/f u/]kl5 ;kmf ;'U3/ eP/ a:g] st{Jo afnaflnsfsf] x'G5 . g'xfpgsf nflu kfgL,
;fa'gnufotsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] aGbf]a:t ldnfpg] lhDd]jf/L jo:ssf] x'G5 .
afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo

6. s'g} JolQmsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfo{nfO{ st{Jo elgG5 . clwsf/ k|flKtsf
nflu :jo+ JolQmn] s]xL st{Jo k"/f ug{' kb{5 . clwsf/ / st{Jo Pp6f l;Ssfsf b'O{ j6f kf6fx? x'g
. afnaflnsf eljiosf s0f{wf/dfq xf]Ogg jt{dfgsf ;fem]bf/x? klg x'g . pgLx? o; ;dfhsf
;lqmo ;b:o x'g . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/sf] ;fy ;fy} st{Josf af/] klg hfgsf/L u/fp“b} nu]sf]
v08df afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhsL/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;sf/fTds ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
!= cfkmgf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu k"/f ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo
pd]/, lzIff Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d cfkm"n] s] s] st{Jo kfngf ug'{k5{ eg]/ 5nkmn u/]/ klxrfg u/L st{Jo k"/f ug]{
. cfÎgf] k9fO k"/f ug{ s] s] ug'{ kb{5 eg]/ yfx kfpg] . h:t} M 7Ls ;dodf ljBfno hfg], lzIf0f l;sfOdf
;xefuL x'g], sIffsfo{ / u[xsfo{ ug]{, ghfg]sf] s'/f lzIfsnfO{ ;f]Wg], cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{, o;}u/L :jf:Yo
;DaGwL clwsf/ kfpgsf nflu cfk"mn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ st{Jox? s] s] x'g klxrfg ug]{ h:t} M ;/;kmfO{ lgoldt ug]{,
;dodf vfg], /f]u nfu]df ;dodf pkrf/ ug]{, cfÎgf] ;'/Iffdf Wofg lbg], /ftla/ft glx8g], vt/f x'g] 7fp“df
ghfg], s'nt 5 eg] 5f8g], v/fa ;fyLsf] ;+ut 5f8g] .
@= cfkmgf] kl/jf/ k|ltsf] st{Jo
cfdfa'af / dfGohgsf] cfb/ ug]{, 3/sf] sfddf cfkm}n] ;Sbf] / EofP;Dd ;xof]u ug]{, 3/sf] ;/;kmfO, ;fdfgsf]
;+/If0f, efOalxgLsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug]{, efO alxgLnfO{ d2t ug]{, Jojxfl/s s'/f l;sfpg], 3/df em}emu8f gug]{,
plrt lg0f{o lng ;Nnfx lng], cfÎgf] sf/0faf6 kl/jf/df s'g} sl7gfO kf] ePsf] 5 ls eg]/ dgg ug]{, 3/sf]
km"naf/L, af]6la?jf, v]ltkftL ufOj:t' 5g eg] Vofn ug]{ .
#= ;fyL / cGo afnaflnsfk|ltsf] st{Jo
cfkmgf ;fyLx? / cGo afnaflnsf;“u e]befjo'Qm Jojxf/ gug]{, cfk"mn] hfg]sf s'/f l;sfpg], ;xof]uL aGg,]
;fyLx?;“u em}emu8f gug]{, glh:Sofpg], ckzAb gaf]Ng], ckfËtf ePsfnfO{ lzIffdf, afnSnadf ;dfj]z ug]{,
afnljjfx, afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf cGo k|sf/sf] b'Jo{jxf/, afnaflnsfdfly lbOg] oftgf cflbsf] af/]df cfjfh
p7fpg], s'ntsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg], afnSna jf ;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g] . s;}n] ljBfno 5f8]df vf]hL ug]{ /
laBfno hfg pTk|]/0ff ug]{ , ;fdflhs ;befjsf Aojxf/ ug]{ .
$= ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo
ljBfnosf] cWoog cWofkgdf ;xefuL x'g], ljBfnosf ;DklQ, ;fwg ;|f]t, h:t} vfg]kfgL, 6]ans';L{, z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, v]ns'bsf ;fdu|L, lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf k|of]ufTds ;fdu|Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{ . ljBfnosf]
cg'zf;gnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{, ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf ;fyLnfO{ k9gsf nflu ef}lts ;'ljwf
h'6fpgsf nflu cfjfh p7fpg], ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ;hu agfpg], sIffsf] k9fO k|efjsf/L gePdf
k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, lzlIfsfnfO{ va/ ug]{, Pp6f ;fyLn] csf]{nfO{ ;tfpg] u/]df To;sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, afn
;+/If0f ug]{, afnaflnsfdfly s'g} lsl;dsf] b'Jo{jxf/ eP cfjfh p7fpg] . eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf k9g] jftfj/0f
agfpg ;a} hgf ldn]/ sfd ug]{ .

7. %= ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / cfkmgf] jftfj/0fk|ltsf] st{Jo
ljBfno, v]n d}bfg, ;8s, ;8saQL, k'n, s'nf]s'n];f, vfg]kfgLnufot ;d'bfodf k|of]u x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf]
;+/If0f ug]{, xfgL gk'¥ofpg], af6f] ufp“3/ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g], :j:o, ;'/lIft / x/fe/f jftfj/0fsf]
nflu cfjZos j[If/f]k0fnufotsf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g], afnaflnssf] clwsf/sf] lgldQ l5d]sL, ;d'bfo,
/fi6«n] s] ul//x]sf 5g < cGo 7fp“sf afnaflnsfn] s] s;/L cfkmgf] ljsf; ul//x]sf 5g hfgsf/L lng] ;f]sf
nflu k':tsfno, ;|f]t s]Gb| cflbsf] :yfkgfsf nflu k|of; ug]{ .
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|d'v bfloTj jf lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] xf] . /fHon] ljBfno, c:ktfn, vfg]kfgL, 9n
Joj:yf, v]nd}bfg / ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ bfloTj ;/sf/n] k"/f ul/lbPg eg] afnaflnsf tyf ltgsf
cleefjsn] cfÎgf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sb}gg . t;y{ afnaflnsfn] cfÎgf] cleefjsnfO{ ;d]t hfu?s agfP/
:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;dIf cfÎgf clwsf/ k"/f ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpg bafad"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . o;sf
nflu gful/s ;dfhsf] d2t lng' kb{5 .
afn;+/If0f

8. afn;+/If0f eg]sf] s]xf] xf] <
Affnaflnsf;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / cjwf/0ff cg';f/ afn;+/If0f eGgfn] s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{
lghdfly x'g;Sg] zf/Ll/s oftgf tyf dfgl;s kL8f, >dzf]if0f, ckx]ngf, of}gzf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ jf ;a}vfn]
lx+;faf6 hf]ufpg' xf] eGg] s'/f a'emg' kb{5 . afnaflnsf kl/jf/ jf cleefjssf] ;+/If0fdf /x] jf g/x]sf] cj:yf,
hf];'s} klg o;vfn] zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 kLl8t x'g ;Sb5g . oBlk kl/jf/ljxLg tyf cK7of/f]
kl/l:yltdf af“Rg afWo afnaflnsfx? o;vfn] s'/faf6 a];L jf ;lhn};“u k|efljt x'g ;Sb5g .

9. afn;+/If0fsf] cy{ xf],
 afnaflnsfnfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 ;+/If0f
 afnaflnsfnfO{ >dzf]if0f jf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgfaf6 ;+/If0f
 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{ jf ;a} lsl;dsf lx+;faf6 ;+/If0f
 afnaflnsfnfO{ of}gzf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f
g]kfndf afn;+/If0fsf d'Vo ;jfn tyf ;d:ofx?
afnaflnsfx? ljZje/ g} ljleGg lsl;dsf hfl]vdtfx?df afFr]sf 5g eg] nfvf}+ afnaflnsfx? clxn]klg ljleGg
lsl;dsf lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, eo, Pj+ e]befjsf] lzsf/ eO/x]sf 5g . g]kfndf klg afnaflnsfx? w]/}
lsl;dsf vt/f tyf ;+/If0fsf] cefjaf6 hlGdPsf ;d:ofx?af6 k|efljt Pj+ kLl8t 5g . g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f b]lvPsf d'Vo ;d:ofsf If]qx? lgDg 5g M
e]befj M e]befj g]kfndf afnaflnsfx?n] ef]Ug'kl//x]sf] Ps k|d'v ;+/If0fsf] ;d:of xf] . 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf ul/g]
e]befj, ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfx?lj?2 ul/g] e]befj, hftLotf tyf ;Dk|bfosf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj,
Pr=cfO{=eL= ;+qmldt afnaflnsflj?4 ul/g] e]befj OToflb .,
afn >d zf]if0f M !$jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfly{s jf cGo s'g} kmfObf jf cj;/sf nflu
>ddf ;+nUg u/fpg' / !% b]lv !* aif{ pd]/ ;d'xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs tyf cGo cj;/x?df c;/ k'Ug] u/L
/ sfg'gn] tf]lslbpsf] eGbf a9L ;do / a9L sfd nufpg' afn >d zf]if0f xf] . /fli6«o afn >d ;j]{If0f, @))*
sf cg';f/ g]kfndf sl/a !* nfv afnaflnsfx? >ddf ;+nUg 5g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ttsfn pGd'ng ug'{kg]{ *
j6f ljleGg >d If]qx?nfO{ lgs[i6 afn >dsf] If]qdf /x]sf] 5,tL x'g M 3/]n' afn>d, vfgL tyf O6f e66fdf sfd
ug]{ afnaflnsf, afn el/of, ;8s afnaflnsf, sfk]{6 sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf, lu6L s'6g] k]zfdf ;+nUg
afnaflnsf, afn aFw'jf dhb'/ tyf a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx? . sl/a ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfx? o;
k|sf/sf] >ddf /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] 3/]n' afn>ddf dfq %^ xhf/ afnaflnsfx? /x]sf] dflgG5 .
afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f M g]kfndf afnaflnsfx? of}g b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0faf6 klg kLl8t tyf k|efljt
ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfx?dfly of}g cfzosf;fy ul/g] s'g] klg Joaxf/x? of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'g . o:tf Joaxf/x?
anfTsf/, anfTsf/ k|of;, clZnn xfpefp Ozf/f af]nL Aoaxf/ tyf lrq0f cflb kb{5g . afnaflnsfx?;Fu of}g
cfzosf ;fy ul/Psf Joaxf/x?nfO{ cfly{s jf cGo nfesf] ;|f]t agfpg' g} of}g zf]if0f xf] . l;lj;n] @))% df
u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ ljBfno hfg gkfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx?dWo] %^ k|ltzt of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ ePsf 5g .
l;ljg / ;]e b lrN8]gn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfx?dWO] $%
k|ltztn] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ef]u]sf 5g .
zf/Ll/s oftgf tyf ;hfo Pj+ lx+;f M zfl/l/s lx+;f, oftgf tyf ;hfoaf6 g]kfnsf cToGt} w]/} afnaflnsfx?
k|efljt 5g . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;fgf]ltgf] uNtL ubf{, jf pgLx?sf] Joaxf/df ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf cleefjs, lzIfs,
/f]huf/bftf, k|x/L Pj+ cGo jo:sx?n] klg zf/Ll/s lx+;f tyf oftgfk"0f{ ;hfosf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

10. afnaflnsfx? o; lsl;dsf] Joaxf/af6 ljBfno 5f]8g], 3/ 5f]8g], lh2L x'g], dmu8fn' aGg] / sltko 36gfdf
Hofg uPsf] tyf cfTdxTof u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 .
åGb / o;sf gsf/fTds c;/ M ljleGg ;dodf rn]sf ;z:q åGb , ljBfnodf ePsf n8fO tyf ljikmf]6x?,
afnaflnsf lx+8g] af6f] tyf v]n d}bfgdf lj5ofOPsf af?bL;'?u+x?, ljleGg cfGbf]ng tyf x8tfndf afnaflnsf
r9]sf a; tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgdf ePsf cfqmd0fx?n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf eo, qf; / hf]lvdtfx?
NofOlbpsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx? zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ?kdf ljIfKt ePsf 5g / sltn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g .
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ M g]kfnsf afnaflnsfx? a]ralvgaf6 k|efljt / To;sf] vt/fdf klg
Tolts} /x]sf 5g . ljz]ift ef/t nufot cGo c/aL d'n'sx?df klg g]kfnL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ of}g k]zfdf
hah{:tL ;+nUg u/fpg, aFw'jf dhb'/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{, c+u k|Tof/f]k0fsf nflu, dfUg] k]zfdf nufpg, ;s{; tyf
pmF6 bf}8df k|of]u ug{ xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nnfO{ kmsfO{ tyf nf]e nfnrdf kf/L ;Ldf kf/L k'/ofOG5 /
a]lrG5 . cg'dflgttYof+s cg';f/ x/]s jif{ !@ b]lv !* xhf/ g]kfn dlxnfx? ef/ttk{m laqmLsf nflu nluG5g
h;sf] 7"nf] lx:;f aflnsfx? /x]f 5g .
w'd|kfg, gzf tyf nfu"kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gM g]kfnL afnaflnsfx? ljleGg e|ddf k/L, /dfOnf] jf ;fyLsf] nx}nx}df
nfu]/ tyf w'd|kfg tyf gzfn' / nfu" kbfy{x?sf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt gePsf sf/0fn] slnn} pd]/df
o;k|sf/sf] b'Jo{;gsf] lzsf/ eO/x]sf 5g .
kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8 M g]kfndf afnaflnsfx? ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ kfl/jfl/s lj5f]8, kl/ToQmtf tyf cleefjsTj
ljlxg aGg k'u]sf 5g . o;/L kl/jfl/s lj5f]8df k/]sf afnaflnsfx? ljleGg zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lx+;f Pj+
b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ x'g] vt/fdf t x'G5g g} ;fy} klxrfg, gful/stf h:tf clwsf/x?af6 ;d]t a+lrt x'G5g /
ckf/fwLs/0fsf] lzsf/ aGg ;S5g . ljz]ift M x/fPsf afnaflnsf, >ddf /x]sf afnaflnsf, ;8sdf /x]sf
afnaflnsf, ljleGg xf]:6n tyf afnu[xx?df /x]sf afnaflnsf, ck/flws lu/f]x tyf ;z:q ;d'x;Fu /x]sf
afnaflnsf, ckx/0f tyf a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx? o; ;d'xdf kg]{ ub{5g . g]kfnsf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f
@))# sf cg';f/ sl/a % k|ltzt afnaflnsfx? cfkmgf] 3/ ufpF jf hGd:yfgeGbf k/ a;L/x]sf 5g eg] $
k|ltzt afnaflnsfx? kl/jf/;Fu 5'l6P/ a:g' kl//x]sf] 5 .
;8s afnaflnsf M ;8shLjg latfO/x]sf afnaflnsfx? afn ;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] vt/.df /x]sf tyf lx+;f
b'Jo{jxf/sf lzsf/ ePsf afnaflnsfx? x'g . sl/a % xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf g]kfndf /x]sf ;8s afnaflnsfx?sf]
b}lgs hLjgofkg t hf]lvdk'0f{ 5 g} ;fy} of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;f tyf oftgf, ck/flws/0f tyf
pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s :jf:y, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf ;Dj]ufTds ljsf;df g} uDeL/ gsf/fTds k|efj af6 lkl8t
eO/x]sf 5g .
afn laHofO tyf ;hfo M afnaflnsfx?n] ljleGg sf/0fjz ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg] sfg'g n] jlh{t sfdx? g}
afnlaHofO x'g . afnaflnsfx?n] ug]{ ;fgf]ltgf] rf]/L, ks]6df/L, dmu8f jf tf]8kmf]8 h:tf sfo{x?nfO{ afn laHofO
cGtu{t lnOG5 . afnaflnsfx? o:tf 36gfsf] ;Defljt kl/0ffdx?sf] af/]df k"'0f{tof hfgsf/ xF'b}gg tyf ljleGg
kl/j]z, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ tyf pgLx?k|ltsf] Joaxf/ jf ljleGg syf tyf rnlrqx?af6 k|efljt eP/ ul/g] x'Fbf
oL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L c;n gful/ssf] hLjgofkgdf 8f]/ofpg'kb{5 .
afn ljjfx M afnljjfx g]kfnL afnaflnsfx?n] ef]ug' kl//x]sf] csf]{ k|d'v ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf ePsf s'n
ljjfxx?dWo] $% afnlajfx x'g] ub{5 . afnljjfxsf sf/0faf6 w]/} aflnsfx?sf] k|;j ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;fg}

11. pd]/df d[To' x'g], ;fg} pd]/df jo:ssf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'kbf{ pgLx?sf] z}lIfs, Jofjxfl/s, ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf
afnkgdf w]/} gsf/fTds k|efjx? kg]{ u/]sf 5g . k|hgg :jf;Yo ;DaGwL kof{Kt hfgsf/Lx? gx'Fbf,hLjgpkof]uL
;Lkx? tyf lszf]/fj:yfsf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/Lx? Pj+ k/fdz{ ;]jfx? gx'Fbf w]/} lszf]/lzf]/Lx? klg o;
;d:ofaf6 lkl8t ePsf 5g . g]kfnsf] sfg"'g cg';f/ cleefjssf] ;xdtLdf @) aif{ pd]/ gk'uL ljjfx ug{
kfOb}g / cleefjssf] dGh'/Llagf g} ljjfx ug{ @@ aif{ pd]/ k'Ug' h?/L 5 .
k/Dk/fut s'/Llt tyf xflgsf/s Joaxf/x? M g]kfndf /x]sf ljleGg wd{ ;Dk|bfo tyf hfthfltx?dfdm k/Dk/fut
?kdf rlncfPsf w]/] Aoaxf/x? afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf lx;fan] xflgsf/s 5g . o; cGtu{t eujfgsf gfddf
afnaflnsfnfO{ dlGb/df r9fpg] k|yfx? h:t} b]psL, d'mdf, dlxgfj/L ePsf ;dodf ul/g] Joaxf/x? h:t} 5fpk8L,
of]lgR5]bg h:tf sfo{x? unt x'g o:tf sfo{x?nfO{ sfg'gn] klg lgif]lwt u/]sf] 5 .
afn>d

12. afn>d s]xf] <
s'g}klg afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, g}lts tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df gsf/fTds
k|efj kg]{ u/L tyf pgLx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] u/L sfddf nufOg' g} afn>d xf] .
s] afnaflnsfn] ug]{ ;j} sfdx? afn>d x'g t <

13. afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ u/L pgLx?sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, l;kx? l;Sg
l;sfpgsf nflu tyf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L cfkmg} 3/df jf ljBfnodf u/fOg] sfd afn>d xf]Og . o:tf
sfdx?n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx?n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf clwsf/x?dfly x:tIf]k ub}{gg . ;fy}
o:tf sfd n] afnaflnsf nfO{cf3ft gkf/L a? pgL x? df lhjgpkof]uL ;Lkx?sf] lasf; x'G5 .
3/]n' afn>d s] nfO{ eGg] <
sfg'gåf/f dfGotf k|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfx? lgoldt ?kdf tna lnP/ jf glnOsg klg cfkmgf]
kl/jf/afx]s c? s'g} JolQmsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{ g} 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 . h;leq 3/ ;kmfug]{
vfgf ksfpg] efF8f dfemg], n'uf ldnfpg], w'g,] 3/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] x]/rfx ug]{ tyf ljBfno k'/ofpg] / Nofpg]
cflb sfdx? kb{5g . 3/]n' afn>d nfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/ sf] afn>d sf] ?kdf klg lnOPsf] 5 lsg eg] o; >d df
;+nUg xhf/f} afnaflnsf x? laleGg k|sf/sf] zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf 5g .
s] tkfO nfO{ yfxf 5 <
g]kfndf M
 g]kfnsf ljleGg zx/x?df !* jif{d'lgsf s'n %% xhf/ ^%% 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf] tyf To;dWo] $@
xhf/ ^&$ 3/]n' afn>lds !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .
 sf7df8f}+ zx/df dfq} @!))) eGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf 5g .
 3/]n' afn>dsf] cf};t cfo' !#=$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;aeGbf sd pd]/sf] afn>ldssf] pd]/ ^ jif{sf] 5 /
pgLx?dWo] (* k|ltzt cfkmgf kl/jf/sf ;fy a:g kfPsf 5}gg .
 3/]n' afn>ldsx? lbgsf] !# b]lv !% 306f;Dd 306f sfd ub{5g . (@ k|ltztn] laxfg & aHg'eGbf
cl3b]lv g} sfd z'? u5{g eg] (&=^ k|ltztn] ;ftfdf ;ft} lbg sfd ug'{ kb{5 .
 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] sl/a cfwf lagfkfl/>lds sfd ul//x]sf 5g . sltko afn>ldsx?nfO{ cfk"mn] sfd
u/}afkt kfl/>lds kfpg'kb{5 eGg] klg yfxf 5}g .
 kfl/>lds kfO/x]sfx?dWo] (& k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] Ps xhf/ ?lkofFeGbf klg sd tna kfpg] u/]sf 5g .
 clwsf+z 3/]n' afn >ldsx?nfO{ ljBfno hfg lbOb}+g . pgLx?nfO{ sfdug]{ 3/af6 aflx/ c?
;fyLefOx?nfO{ e]6g / pgLx?;Fu v]Ng klg lbOb}+g .
 w]/} 3/]n' afn >ldsx? sfd ug]{ 3/df s'6lk6, lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ stLko t of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] klg lzsf/
ePsf 5g .

14.  3/]n' afn >ldsx?nfO{ k9fpg] vfg] a:g] ;'ljwf cToGt} Go'g :t/sf] x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] pgLx? la/fdL
x'Fbf :jf:y pkrf/ klg gkfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
affn>ldssf klg clwsf/ 5g ;fy} sfg'g n] klg afn>d nfO{ aGb]h
u/]sf] 5 M
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ,@)^#
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @@ df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t Joj:yf
u/]sf afnaflnsfsf xsx? lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
 afnaflnsfsf] klxrfgsf] xs – wf/f @@-!_
 afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs – wf/f @@ -@__
 k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0flj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf]
zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg'gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhdsf]
Ifltk"lt{lbOg]5 . @@-#_
 c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt
eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @@-$_
 s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf
åGå k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g . @@-%_
Affn>d lgoldt / lgif]lwt ug]{ P]g @)%^
 !$ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ s'g}klg lsl;dsf] >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg kfO{b}g .
 afnaflnsfnfO{ /ftdf -;fFem ^ ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd_ sfddf nufpg x'b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] ^ 306f
/ xKtfsf] #^ 306feGbf a9L sfddf nufpg x'b}g . nuftf/ # 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd / xKtfsf]
! lbg ljbf lbg'k5{ . pQm lj>fdsf] ;do / ljbfsf] lbgsf] kfl/>lds s§f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . olb o;sf] kfngf
gu/L sfd nufPdf ? %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
 s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfOkmsfO{, em'SofO{, 8/ qf;, k|nf]eg, bjfjdf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf]
OR5flj?4 >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg' x'b}g . OR5fljkl/t sfddf nufPdf ! jif;{ Dd sb} jf ? %),)))
.– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

15.  !^ jif{;Ddsf s'g}klg afnaflnsfnfO{ xNsf vfnsf] sfddf dfq nufpgkb5{ . hf]lvdk'0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf
nufpg' x'b}g . s;}n] o:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .– ;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
 s'g} k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg k/]df ;DalGwt >d sfof{no jf tf]lsPsf] cGo lgsfo jf
clwsf/L / afnaflnsfsf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] :jLs[[t lng{] Joj:yf 5 . o;f] gu/]df @ dlxg ;Dd s}b
jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfoF x'g]5 .
 k|lti7fgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg'cl3 >d sfof{no dfk{mt lrlsT;såf/f sfd
ug{;Sg] of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lng'kg{]5 . ;f] glnPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j}
;hfo x'g]5 .
 k|lti7fgn] >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug{] s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lnË, j0f{, wd,{ hfthfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj
gu/L ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds lbg'kb{5 . ;f] glbPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?=%,))) .– ;Dd
hl/jfgf j b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
/f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* ;g !(&#
 g]kfnn] ;g !((& d] #) df o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
 /fHon] afn>d pGd"ng ug{] sfo{ lglZrt ug{ tyf /f]huf/Ldf jf sfddf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ tf]Sg
tyf sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;;Fu ldNg] u/L k|ultzLn ¿kdf a9fpFb}
n}hfg tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o gLlt cjnDag ug{]5g . -wf/f !_
 /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ clgjfo{ lzIff k"/f ubf{ k'Ug] pd]/eGbf sd x'g]5}g . ;fy} of] pd]/sf] xb
s'g} klg cj:yfdf !% jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g . -wf/f @=#_
 cfly{s, z}lIfs ;'ljwf kof{Kt ljsl;t gePsf] o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«n] ;DalGwt /f]huf/bftf tyf
sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ePdf ltgLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L ;'?df Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ sfod ug{ ;Sg]5g . -
wf/f @=$_
 /f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]s]sf x/]s kIf /fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL
k|ltj]bgdf Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]Sg'sf sf/0f / ljrf/fwLg /x]sf k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf cfkm"n] k|fKt ug{
kfpg] clwsf/x¿ kl/Tofu ug{ tf]lsPsf] ldlt v'nfpg'kb{5 .
 /f]huf/L jf sfo{sf] k|s[lt jf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ kl/l:yltn] sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iff jf
g}ltstf vt/fdf kg{;Sg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfo{ /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ !* jif{eGbf sd
x'g]5}g .
lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*@ – h'g !, ;g !(((

16.  g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g @))) sf] hgj/Ldf cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
 o; dxf;lGwn] !* jif{d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm >ddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .
 dxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M
 bf;Tj jf ;f] ;/xsf ;a} :j¿kx¿, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, cf];f/k;f/, C0f aFw'jf, afFwf>d, ;z:q
;+3if{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] clgjfo{ jf ha/h:tL egf{nufot s'gklg ha/h:tL jf clgjfo{ >d .
 b]xJofkf/, cZnLn lrq0f jf k|bz{gx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f .
 u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf]nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u,
k|flKt jf ck{0f .
 afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff jf g}ltstfdf xflg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sfo{x¿ .
afn ;xeflutf

17. afn ;xeflutf s] xf] <
g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]zdf ;xeflutfsf] cy{ o; k|sf/sf] 5 – ;xeflutf – gf= -;+=_ ;xefuL x'gfsf]
efj, s'g} sfds'/fdf c¿sf ;fy} efu lng] jf ;xefuL eP/ sfd ug]{ k|lqmof jf cj:yf . c¿sf
;fy ldn]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ jf clwsf/ . -g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]z, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg_ .
cfkmgf] ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf nf]stflGqs k4lt / efjgfcg'¿k
kx'“r / cEof; ;xeflutf xf] . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf eg] c¿n] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g'nfO{
;xeflutf eGg] ul/Psf] lyof] . lg0f{o, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] lg0ff{os
;+nUgtf, kx'“r / cEof; ;xeflutf xf] . clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;xeflutfsf] cy{ cfk"m;“u
;/f]sf/ /fVg] s'g} klg ljifodf ;a} r/0fdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ ;xeflutf xf] . ;xeflutf oyfy{df

18. ;zQmLs/0fsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ubf{ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;r]t
u/fpg], k|Zg ug]{, dfu /fVg], zf;gsf lgsfox¿dfly bafa l;h{gf ug]{ ultljlwx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
afn ;xeflutf s] xf]Og <
afn ;xeflutfnfO{ ;sf/fTds cy{df lnOg' kb{5 . o;}n] afn;xeflutfleq afnaflnsfn] dgdf
nfu]sf] eGb}df h] dg nfUof] ToxL af]Ng', e]nf x'g] eg]/ cgfjZos x'nx'Hht tyf jfbljjfb ug'{
h:tf s'/fx? kb}{gg . o;} u/L afnaflnsfsf] dt wf/0ffnfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{, 3/ ;dfh / /fHon]
cfkm"v'zL lg0f{o ug'{, afnaflnsfsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfsf] gfd dfq /flvg'
lgliqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fOg', h:tf s'/fx?n] afn ;xeflutfleq gkg]{ s'/fsf] af/]df jo:sx?n]
x]Ssf /fVg' kb{5 .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*( df pNn]v ePsf afn;xeflutf;DaGwL lgDg clwsf/x¿nfO{ k|Tofe't
u/]sf] 5 .
!= :jtGq ljrf/sf] clwsf/ -wf/f !@_
@= cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !#_
#= :jtGq cf:yfsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !$_
$= ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !%_
%= ;"rgfsf] clwsf/ -wf/f !&_
Affn ;xeflutfsf If]qx?
Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf cleGg cË x'g t/ afnaflnsf / jo:sx? larsf] zlQm ;+/rgf c;Gt'lnt x'g] x'“bf
pgLx?sf] clwsf/ pNn+3g eO/x]sf] x'G5 . cyf{t jo:sx?n] :jefljs 7fg]sf ;jfnx?df ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] lgDg txx?df afn;xeflutfsf]
cfjZostf 5 .

19. != afnSnadf ;xeflutf
afnSna afnaflnsfn] ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] 7fp“ xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf cfjfhnfO{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf JoQm ug{
kfp5g . Snasf] dfWodaf6 pgLx?n] cfkm" / cfÎgf ;fyLx?n] ef]Ub} cfPsf ;d:ofx?, jo:sx?n] Wofg k'¥ofpg
g;s]sf afn ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ;S5g . ljBfno jf ufp“df afnaflnsfdfly x'g] u/]sf] zf]if0f,
oftgf cflbsf af/]df jo:sx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ / ;dfwfgsf nflu 3R3Rofpg ;S5g .
@= 3/ Kfl/jf/df ;xeflutf
sf“rf] df6f]nfO{ s:tf] cfsf/ lbg] eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ klxnf] lhDd]jf/L 3/ Kfl/jf/sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsf 3/kl/jf/sf]
;b:o x'g . 3/ kl/jf/leq klg afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx? x'G5g . o:tf ;jfnx?sf af/]df jo:sx?n] afnaflnsfsf
ljrf/x?nfO{ ;'Gg] ug'{ kb{5 . 3/ kl/jf/df afnaflnsf;“u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;jfnx?df x'g] lg0f{odf afnaflnsfsf]
;xefuLtf x'u] u/]df o;n] afnaflnsfsf k9fOdf ;xof]u x'g ;S5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f ug]{
sfddf d2t k'Ub5 . 3/]n' afn>daf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ afnaflnsfn] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgefpg ;S5g .
#= ljBfnodf ;xeflutf
afnaflnsfsf] ljBfnodf ;a} eGbf a9L ;do latfpg] ub{5g . afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] uf]/]6f] sf]g]{ dxTjk"0f{ :yn
ljBfno ePsf] x'gfn] ljBfnodf x'g] lqmofsnfkx?df pgLx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] cfjZotf x'G5 . ljBfnodf
afnaflnsfn] s}of}+ ;d:ofx? Eff]lu/x]sf x'g ;S5g . ljBfnodf klg afnaflnsfdfly oftgf lbg], of}g b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+
zf]if0f x'g] h:tf 36gfx? eO/x]sf x'g ;S5g . vfg] kfgL, rkL{ cflbsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf gePsf] x'g ;S5 . o:tf
;jfnx?sf af/]df cfjfh p7fpgsf nflu ljBfnodf afn;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;n] lzIfs, lzlIfsf
tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ljBfnodf b]vf kg]{ afn;/f]sf/sf ljifox?df afnaflnsfsf ljrf/ /
b[li6sf]0fx? a'emg / a'emfpg d2t k'Ub5 . jo:sx?af6 o;sf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg pko'Qm x'G5 .
$= ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;xeflutf
Affnaflnsf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? X'g . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] p7fpg] s}of}+ ;jfnx? afnaflnsf;“u ;Da4 ;jfnx?
x'g ;S5g . pgLx?n] ug]{ lg0f{ox?n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k||ToIf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . o;}n] o:tf ;+:yfx?n]
afnaflnsfsf;“u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;jfnx?df afnaflnsfsf ljrf/x? aemg' kb{5 . pgLx?sf] ljrf/ a'emgsf nflu
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xefuLtf h?/L x'G5 . ;d'bfodf afnclwsf/ pNn+3gsf y'k|} ;jfnx? x'g ;S5g .
h:t} M afn>d, 3/]n' afn>dnufotsf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu afn ;xeflutfn] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgefpg
;S5 .
%= Ufflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?df ;xeflutf
Ufflj; /fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfo xf] . :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ klg uflj;n] ub{5 . o;}u/L /fHon]
uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox? ;+rfng u/]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] cfÎgf clwsf/x?sf] pkef]u ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
;|f]t ;fwg tyf cGo ;xof]u h'6fpg uflj; jf uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?Df afnaflnsfn] glhssf] ;Dks{ Pj+ ;dGjo
ug'{ kb{5 . ;"rgfx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . lxhf] cfh afnSnax?n] uflj;:t/Lo ;~hfn ;d]t u7g ug]{ u/]sf
5g . o:tf afnSna ;~hfnx?n] o:tf sfo{x?df ;xefuL x'g / afn xslxtsf] kIfdf naL ug{] sfddf of]ubfg
lbg ;S5g .

20. ^= lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L lgsfox?, uflj; / uflj;:t/Lo lgsfox?eGbf dflyNnf txsf
lgsfox? x'g . uflj; txaf6 ul/Psf k|of;x?af6 cfÎgf ;jfnx?sf] pko'Qm lsl;dn] ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]g eg]
afnaflnsfn] lhNnftxsf lgsfox?df kxn ug'{ kb{5 . o;sfnflu lhNnf:t/df ag]sf afnSna ;~hfnx?n]
cfÎgf ;jfnx? lhNnf :t/Lo lgsfox?df k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] o:tf] ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 afn ;+/If0fsf
nflu ljz]if kxn ug{ ;S5g .
&= s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jf /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx?df ;xeflutf
afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xf] . o;}u/L g]kfn e/ sfd ug]{ u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] afn clwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt ul/x]sf x'G5g . pgLx?sf] lg0f{on] afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg]{ ub{5g . afnaflnsfx?n] cfÎgf ;jfnx?nfO{ of] txDd k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/df x'g]
k/fdz{ uf]i7L jf sfo{zfnfx?df ;xefuL eP/ afnaflnsfsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ gLlt agfpg] sfddf
cfÎgf ljrf/x? JoQm ug{ ;S5g .
*= cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf
afnaflnsfsf nflu ljZjel/ nfu" x'g] sfg'g agfpg] sfo{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 xf] . o;}u/L afn clwsf/sf ;+/If0fsf
nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ljleGg ;+:yfx? ljleGg b]zx?df sfo{/t 5g . a]nf a]nf ljleGg o:tf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx?n] afn k|ltlglwx?sf] e]nf u/fO{ afnaflnsfsf cfjfhx? ;+sng ub{5g . o:tf cj;/x?df afnaflnsfn]
cfÎgf cfjfhx?nfO{ of] :t/;Dd klg k'¥ofpg ;S5g .+ ;+o'Qm /fi6| ;+3n] klg afnaflnsfsf] cfjfh x? ;'Gg
laz]if clwj]ifg x? ug]{ u5{g .
cfkmgf] afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ sf nflu sxf+ ;Dks{ ug]{ <
afnclwsf/ sf] k'0f{ pkef]u ug{ kfpg' ;j} afnaflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . afnclwsf/ ;j}sf nflu ;dfg
x'G5 . olb tkfOdfyL s'g} lsl;dsf b'Ao{jxf/ tyf zf]if0f ePdf tkfO n] glhs sf afnsNj afn;+/If0f ;ldtL,
k|x/L sfo{no, ufla;, gu/kflns tyf >dsfof{no, lhnnf afnsNof0f ;ldtL dfkm{t zf]if0f tyf b'Ao{jxf/ ug]{
AolQm ;d'bfo jf /f]huf/ bftf la?4 ph'/L ug{ ;Sg' x'g] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ sf laleGg afn;+/If0f / afnclwsf/
;+jGwL ph'/L ;'Gg] lgsfox? klg 5g h:n] lgz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ n]
;+rfng u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDj/ !)(* df kmf]g ug{ ;Sg' x'g] 5 .
yk hfgsf/L sf] nflu / ;xof]u sf] nflu afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ cu|0fL ;+:yf x? h:t}
l;lj; g]kfn
a'4gu/ sf7df08f}
kmf]g gDj/ M )!$&*$%$%,)!$&*!#*^
x6nfOg M !^^)—)!!)))) df ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sg' x'g] 5 .