Child Rights in Nepal

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Interpedia, Finland

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eg] clxn] Tof] 36]/ $^ df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . Tof] ;do;Dd afnljjfx afSn} ePsf] kfOGYof]
t/ clxn] …slnnf] pd]/df ljjfx ug{' dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sflglDt 3fts xf]Ú
eGg] af/]df pNn]Vo ¿kdf ;r]tgtf a9]sf] kfOG5 . lxhf]sf lbgdf afnclwsf/sf
af/]df yfxf kfpg] afnaflnsf lj/n} dfq e]l6Gy] eg] clxn] o;af/]df ;r]t ag]sf
afnaflnsf afSn} kfpg ;lsG5 . b]zJofkL ¿kdf afnSnax¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g
g]kfndf afnclwsf/iv

/ ljBfno k9g] clwsf+z afnaflnsf o:tf Snax¿df ;+ul7t /x]sf 5g . lgw{Ss
af]Ng / cfˆgf s'/fx¿ v'n:t /fVg;Sg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof lgs} a9]sf] 5 . a];xf/f
eP/ / larNnLdf k/]/ ;s;k"0f{ lhGbuL afFRg'kg{] cj:yfsf afnaflnsf klg lxhf]sf]
cg'kftdf lgs} sd b]lvG5g . pNn]lvt o:tf kIfx¿nfO{ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] @%
jif{] cjlwleq x'g;s]sf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
afnclwsf/sf sf]0faf6 x]bf{ b]Vg ;lsg] of] pHofnf] kf6f] g} xf] . t/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
l;Ëf] lrqnfO{ ulx/f];Fu lgofNbf o:tf] pHofnf] kf6f] leq cFWof/f] kf6f] klg ;3g ¿kdf
g} ljBdfg /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] lgs} pRrtf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] eP klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs
/ ;fF:s[lts cj:yf eg] ck]lIft ¿kdf ljsf; / kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s
/ ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf] vf8n ljuteGbf clxn] emg a9L ulx/f] aGb}uPsf] cfef;
kfOG5 . o;sf] k|ltljDa lzIffsf] If]qdf :ki6 emNs]sf] 5 . lzIffdf lghLs/0f ePkl5
clwsf+z ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg] tx–txsf lghL ljBfno
lgs} km:6fpg k'u]sf 5g . cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg kl/jf/x¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{
dx+uf lghL ljBfnox¿df k9fP/ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbnfpg ;s]sf 5g . ljkGg
kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df egf{ x'G5g . klxnf] s'/f t k9fO u'0f:t/Lo
gePsfn] pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs:t/ ;an aGg ;Sb}g . bf];|f] s'/f cfly{s ljkGgtfs} sf/0f
sltko afnaflnsf $÷% sIff k9bfk9b} ljBfno 5f8g afWo eO/x]sf 5g . o:tf
afnaflnsf cGttM sd kfl/>ldsdf >d ug{ ljj; aGb5g . k|foM ljkGg kl/jf/s}
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgj t:s/x¿n] ljleGg k|nf]egdf kf/]/ nnfO{kmsfO{ ljb]z nuL lgs[i6
/ hf]lvd k|sf/sf >ddf nufpF5g . cem aflnsfx¿nfO{ t of}g ahf/df g} klg
k'¥ofpF5g . afnt:s/Lsf] of] wGbfdf klg ck]lIft lx;fan] lgoGq0f x'g;s]sf] kfOb}g .
Psflt/ b]zleq pBf]u Joj;fox¿ km:6fpg g;s]sfn] a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of lbgfg'lbg
rs{bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 / o;n] lgDg cfo;|f]t x'g] kl/jf/df cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
kl/k"lt{sf nflu klg sl7g x'g] l:ylt ;[hgf ul/lbPsf] 5 . csf{]lt/ pkef]QmfjfbL
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;n] o'jf lkF9Ldf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfeGbf a9L dxTjsf+Iffsf] ljsf;
u/fOlbPsf] 5 . o;af6 sltko o'jfo'jtL / lszf]/lszf]/L k|efljt aGg k'u]sf 5g .
oL b'j} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dfhdf sltko lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿;d]t cj}w lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
x'g k'u]sf 5g / sltko t b'Jo{;gL ;d]t aGg k'u]sf 5g .
o:tf sltko k'/fg} ;d:ofsf] lg/Gt/tf / sltko ylkg k'u]sf ;d:ofn] ubf{
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] @% jif{ l5rf]nL;s]tfklg g]kfndf afnclwsf/af6
jl~rt afnaflnsf kof{Kt} /x]sf 5g . @)&@ ;fn j}zfvdf cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDksf sf/0f afnclwsf/ xggsf] cj:yf cem} j[l4 x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/
eO/x]sf] afnclwsf/ xggsf ;du| cj:yfsf] lrq eg] cfpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g, h;sf
af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ v

g]kfn ljleGg hflt, efiff / ;+:s[lt ePsf] ldl>t ;dfh xf] . of] ;fdflhs ljljwtf
leq ljljw lsl;dsf ;+:sf/ / k|yf k/Dk/fx¿ rNb}cfPsf 5g . oLdWo] sltko
afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g . afnclwsf/sf sf]0faf6 logsf ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds kIfx¿nfO{ s]nfP/ gsf/fTdsnfO{ x6fpFb} hfg] / ;sf/fTdsnfO{ kl/dfh{g
;lxt ;+/If0f ug{'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
x/]s b]zsf] dfgj ;dfh cf–cfˆg} vfn] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, bfz{lgs cfwf/, wfld{s
jf ;fF:s[lts dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ljsf; xF'b} cfPsf 5g . ljljwtfo'Qm xfd|f] ;dfh
klg o:tf k[i7e"ld, cfwf/ / dfGotfx¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ g} ljsf; xF'b}cfPsf] xf] . o:tf
dfGotfx¿ leq afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfdf cfwfl/t eP/ pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf z[ªvnfnfO{
s]nfpg] xf] eg] cg]sf}F /f]rs kIfx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . h;leq sltko plrt, cfjZos
/ cg's/0fLo kIfx¿ e]l6g] 5g eg] sltko ;'wf/ / lgif]w g} ug{'kg{] klg e]l6g] 5g .
lognfO{ klg ljj]rgfTds lx;fan] kf7ssf ;fd' k:sFbf cjZo g} pkof]uL x'g]5g .
xfd|f] b]zsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df ljleGg vfn] ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g .
ljifdtf / ljljwtf sfod /x]sf] xfd|f oL ;a}vfn] ;dfhsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf klg
ljljwftfo'Qm g} /x]sf] 5 . t/ oL ;dfhsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'Idtd ¿kn]
vf]tNg cem} klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;nfO{ vf]tn]/ j:t'tYo hfx]/ ug{ klg plQs}
cfjZostf 5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf oL ofjt ;jfnx¿nfO{ 5n{+Uofpg] / afnclwsf/ axfnLsf nflu
cem} :ki6 af6f] b]vfpg d2t ug{] p2]Zo /fv]/ l;lj;n] of] g]kfndf afnclwsf/
ljifos k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] . ;fwg, ;|f]t / ;dosf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f
afnclwsf/sf sltko ;jfnnfO{ o;n] cem} ;d]6g g;s]sf] sdL kIfnfO{ xfdLn] klg
cg'ej gu/]sf] xf]Og . tyflk o; k':tsn] h] hlt kf7o ;fdu|L kl:sg ;s]sf] 5,
o;af6 afnclwsf/sf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn cleoGtfx¿sf ;fy} cGo cfd kf7sx¿
klg Psxb;Dd nfeflGjt x'g;Sg'xf]nf eGg]] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . o;leq ;d]l6Psf
n]v /rgfx¿ slQsf] ;fGble{s / pkof]uL 5g, Tof] v'6ofpg] sfd eg] kf7s
dxfg'efjx¿s} xf] .
Hof]ltnfn ag
;Dkfbs, ;+sns / n]vs
g]kfndf afnclwsf/vi

g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] @% jif{ / casf] af6f]
p4a /fh kf}8ofn
xfd|f] b]zdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} ljsf; xF'b}cfPsf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿leq
afnclwsf/sf sltko kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g . ltgnfO{ xfd|f] ;dfhn] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
;Ddfg ub{} cfPsf] klg gkfOg] xf]Og . g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 of] k||of; cem ;'b[9 / lbuf] aGb}cfPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu
afnclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{
;lsb}g .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfnn] afnclwsf/sf d'Vo rf/ ;d"x
-afnarfj6, afnljsf;, afn;+/If0f tyf afn;xeflutf_ df pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sf]
5 . afnarfj6df afnd[To'b/ 36fpg / vf]k sfo{qmdnfO{ b'u{d tyf ljs6 7fpFx¿df
;d]t la:tf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . afns'kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L kf]if0fsf]
l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg;Sg' klg ;kmntf s} kl/rfos xf] . afnljsf;sf ;jfndf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Frdf Nofpg / v'begf{ b/ -(&=# k|ltzt_ a9fO{ aLrd}
ljBfno 5f8g] k|j[lQdf sdL Nofpg ;Sg' ;sf/fTds kxn g} xf] . afnaflnsfsf]
dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfnodf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf sfo{qmd ug{'sf
;fy} afnSna u7g u/L v]ns'bsf ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg] lqmofsnfksf] yfngL ug{'
/ afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s ljsf; ug{ ljBfnodf k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ;d]t ug{'nfO{
klg ;/fxgLo sbd dfGg} k5{ .
afn;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ k|j{wg ug{ sltko gLltut lg0f{ox¿ eO{ afnd}qL :yfgLo
zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff tyf lgb]{lzsf @)!) klg sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . afnSnasf]
d"NofÍg u/L o;nfO{{ cem ;b[9 tyf of]Uo agfpg s]xL /0fgLltx¿ klg cjnDag
ePsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf
b'O{ afnaflnsfdWo] Ps aflnsfnfO{ clgjfo{ ;xefuL u/fpg] kl/kf6L a;flnPsf]
5 . o;af6 afnssf] dfq x}g aflnsfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfnfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
o;} kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] @% jif{ k'u]sf]
pknIo kf/]/ k|sflzt ul/Psf] of] :dfl/sfn] oL ;a} k|ult tyf r'gf}tLnfO{ s]nfPsf]
5 . j}lbssfnb]lv jt{dfgsfn;Dd afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{', afnaflnsf
;DalGwt eP/ g]kfndf k|rlnt x'Fb}cfPsf k|yf k/Dk/fnfO{ s]nfpg', ljleGg wfld{s
dtx¿ leq afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Psxb;Dd vf]tNg'nufotsf ljifox¿
;d]6g'nfO{ klg o; :dfl/sfsf] ;an kIf dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf afnclwsf/nufot
afnaflnsfsf ;du| kIfx¿ ;d]6g] u/L :dfl/sfsf ¿kdf k|sflzt of] k':tsnfO{
d}n] Pp6f ;sf/fTds yfngL 7fg]sf] 5' . ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nufot ;du|
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ vii

cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6g] o:tf uxgtd k|sfzgx¿ cem} a9L Jojl:yt / kl/dfh{g ;lxt
k|sflzt xF'b} hfpg eGg] sfdgf klg ub{5' .
o; :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt ljleGg n]v tyf /rgfnfO{ cWoog÷ljZn]if0f u/L ca cufl8
ug{' kg]{ sfd tyf d'2fx¿sf] klxrfg ;lxt s]xL ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t /fVg' ;fGble{s
b]lvPsfn] æcasf] af6f]Æ sf] ¿kdf of] cfn]v k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] . o;n]] afnclwsf/sf
pNn]lvt rf/} ;d"xnfO{ cem ;b[9 tyf ;an agfpg ;xof]u ug{]5 eGg] ck]Iff klg
/flvPsf] 5 . cfpg] lbgx¿df afnclwsf/sf ;a} s'/fnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt dfkb08sf]
¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{sf nflu o;/L g} ;a}sf] of]ubfg k|fKt e}/xg] 5 . h;af6
clxn] yflnPsf] of] ;fgf] k|of; lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9b} hfg] s'/fdf klg xfdL ;a}
afnclwsf/sdL{x¿ ljZj:t 5f}F .
afnarfj6
afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] afnarfj6sf ;DaGwdf ljut jif{x¿df w]/} sfd
ePsf 5g / o; cleofgaf6 afnd[To'b/df sdL gcfPsf] klg xf]Og . t/ cem} klg
kf]if0f tyf vfB ;'/Iffdf eg] ck]lIft Joj:yfkg x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf nflu cem}
w]/} ug{ afFsL g} 5 .
ue{b]lv g} afnaflnsfnfO{ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' /fHosf] st{Jo xf] .
t/ o;sf nflu cem} klg ;d'lrt Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] kl/k]|Ifdf
afnarfj6sf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt ug{ cfufdL lbgx¿df lgDg af6f] klxNofpg' h?/L
b]lvG5 .
• afnarfj6sf] d'Vo r'gf}tL g} /f]ulj?Wbsf] vf]k nufpg' xf] / o; sfo{qmdnfO{ b"/
b/fhdf k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . xfnsf] (& k|ltzt se/]hnfO{ a9fO{ !)) k|ltzt
k'¥ofpg' g} afnarfj6sf] d'Vo d'2f xf] .
• vfB ;'/Iffsf] cfwf/df kf]if0f tyf ;+efljt afn/f]usf] /f]syfdsf sfo{qmdnfO{
cfufdL lbgsf nflu cem Jofks agfpg /0fgLlt to ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
• afnaflnsfsf nflu afnc:ktfn l;ldt 5g / To:tf c:ktfnx¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{
qmlds ¿kdf a9fpb} nfg' kb{5 / slDtdf Ps If]q jf Ps k|b]zdf Ps afnc:ktfnsf]
:yfkgf x'g'kb{5 . cfufdL lbgdf afnaflnsfsf] pkrf/ lgMz'Ns ug]{ gLlt canDag
ug{' / afnaflnsfsf] csfn d[To'nfO{ /f]syfd ug{' lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 .
• afnaflnsfdf x'g] d'Vo /f]ux¿ h:t} emf8fkvfnf Go"df]lgof, bfb'/f, cf}nf], s'kf]if0f,
PrcfOeL, l6=aL cflbsf] /f]syfd / /f]u nfluxfn] To;lj?4sf cf}}ifwLx¿sf] lgMz'Ns
ljt/0f ug]{ gLlt lng' lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 .
• u|fdL0f :t/df :jf:Yo ;]jf ;xh u/fpg' kg{], lbOg] ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ / pknAwtf
;'b[9 ug{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{' kg{] / To;;DaGwL gLlt cjnDag ub{} ;]jf k'¥ofpg'
klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/viii

• afn:jf:Yodf sfo{ ug]{ >dansf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{'kg{], afn:jf:Yo ;DaGwdf
lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg ug'{sf;fy} afn:jf:Yodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a} lgsfox¿ aLr
;dGjo / ;xof]usf nflu ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{'kg{] ;jfnnfO{ klg k|fyldstf lbg'kg{]
b]lvG5 .
afnljsf;
afnljsf;sf] kIfdf g]kfnn] ut @% jif{df nfd} km8sf] df/]sf]] b]lvG5 . o;sf]] d'Vo
cfwf/ g} lzIff tyf dgf]/~hg xf] . ;++o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw
cg'df]bg ug{' cl3 klg g]kfnn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]/~hg / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf w]/}
cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/] kl5 afnaflnsfnfO{
lzIffsf] kx'Frdf s]xL ;'netf k'¥ofP klg clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf eg]
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ljBfnodf v'b egf{ b/ (&=$ k|ltzt k'¥ofP klg egf{ ePsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfpg tyf ltgsf] sIff k"0f{ u/fpg] ;jfndf cem} w]/} sfo{
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . dfly cf}+NofOPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ lgDg a'Fbfx¿df cfwfl/t
eO{ sfo{ ug{' g} afnljsf;df casf] af6f] x'g] b]lvG5 .
• clxn]sf] ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf sltko
3/kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfn] cfwf/e"t lzIff k|flKtsf] cj;/ ;d]t kfpg ;s]sf
5}gg . clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf gxF'bf;Dd To:tf tKsf tyf ju{sf
afnaflnsf ljBfno k9g kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt eO{ g} /xg] 5g . To;}n]]
tTsfn cfwf/e"t lzIff clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns ug]{ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
• sltko cleefjsn] lzIffsf] dxTjnfO{ sd a'em]sf sf/0f klg afnaflnsfsf] k9g
kfpg] clwsf/ s'l07t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o; kl/k]Iodf cleefjsnfO{ cfˆgf
afnaflnsf k|ltsf] bfloTj cg'ej u/fpg Jofks ¿kdf r]tgf clej[l4 tyf
hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ .
• afnljsf;df k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf] dxTj 7"nf] /x]sf]n] k"j{ k|fylds lzIffnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;a} ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf ;du| ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpFb} hfg' k5{ .
• afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt u/fpg u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qx¿df
afnpBfgx¿sf] lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} dgf]/~hgsf nflu
afnSna kl/rfng u/L v]ns'b / c¿ dgf]/~hgsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljt/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg ul/g' k5{ .
• lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qdf ljBfnosf] b"/L Psflt/ ufpF a:tLaf6 6f9f x'g] / csf{]lt/
ef}uf]lns ljs6tf -psfnf],cf]/fnf] / le/fnf]_ n] ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k'Ug
lgs} sl7g x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] klg afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg dfGb}gg jf ljBfno
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ ix

5f85g . To;}n] :yfgLo afnaflnsfnfO{ cg's"n / ;xh x'g]u/L ljBfnosf]
:yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkg ldnfOg' k5{ .
• lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;dfg agfpg lzIfsnfO{ kf7oqmdcg'¿k cWofkg ug{ nufO{
l;sfO To;cg'¿k eP gePsf] cg'udg ul/g' k5{{ . ;fy} l;sfOsf gofF gofF
ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag klg ub}{ hfg' k5{ .
• :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffg'¿k afnljsf;df clgjfo{
;+nUg x'g] jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ / afnljsf;df oyf]lrt nufgL gug]{ :yfgLo
lgsfonfO{ sf/afxL ug]{{ kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL ul/g' k5{{ .
• Psflt/ ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿ kof{Kt ah]6sf cefjdf /fd|/L ;~rfng x'g
;ls/x]sf 5}gg eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f
ug]{ kl/kf6L rNb}cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ k|b]z jf s]Gb|n] ;fd'bflos
ljBfnonfO{ kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljBfno tyf sfo{:yndf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;hfo lbg]
Jojxf/ cem} klg kfOG5 . o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g' k5{ .
• afnd}qL ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
afn;+/If0f
afnclwsf/sf ;a} ;d"xdWo] afn;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' s'g} klg /fHosf nflu
;xh sfd xf]Og . g]kfnsf] xsdf t of] emg ufx|f] x'g] g} eof] . To;} sf/0f xfdLn]
afnclwsf/sf nflu k|ToIf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ yfn]sf] @% jif{ sl6;s]sf] eP
klg afn;+/If0fnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;zQm agfpg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . s]xL k|of;x¿ gePsf xf]Ogg,
t/ ltgsf] lg/Gt/tf / ;anLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . afn;+/If0f ;ldltx¿sf] u7g
eP klg ltgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ug{ cem w]/} afFsL 5 . em08} em08} s'n
hg;+Vofsf] $$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf ePsf] b]zdf ;zQm afn;+/If0f k|0ffnLsf] cefjn]
pgLx¿sf] ;]jf :ofxf/ tyf j}slNks :ofxf/sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf ug{ ;ls/flvPsf]
5}}g . afn;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff g]kfnL ;dfhdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} /xb} cfPsf] 5 . To}
klg afn;+/If0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf tyf Joj:yf ug{ xfdL kl5 k/]sf 5f+} / afn;+/If0f
k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf sltko afnaflnsf Hff]lvdo'Qm hLjg latfpg afWo 5g .
ljBdfg of] cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] k|efjsf/L k|of;nfO{ cl3 a9fO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ lx+;f,
zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf x]nfaf6 ;+/If0f ul/g' kb{5 . ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{
Ps ;'b[9 ;+/If0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{' g} afn;+/If0fsf] casf] af6f] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf
nflu lgDg aF'bfdf cfwfl/t eO{ sfd ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fk|lt /fHosf] ;f]r s] xf] t eGg] s'/f g} klxn] lglZrt ug{'
afn;+/If0fsf] klxnf] r/0f ePsfn] o;sf nflu gLlt agfpg cfjZos eO;s]sf]
g]kfndf afnclwsf/x

5 . o:tf] gLltcg'¿k ;+/rgf tyf k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ug{' h?/L b]lvG5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] hf]lvdsf] /f]syfd / k"j{ x:tIf]k ug]{ ;+/rgf tyf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
u/]/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afn;+/If0f k|0fnLsf] :yfkgf ug{' plrt b]lvG5 . o:tf
k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;df klg plts} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .
• /fHosf tkm{af6 afn;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ jf afn;+/If0f ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ rf/j6f s'/f
clt cfjZos x'Fbf]/x]5 . klxnf], afnaflnsfn] ef]lu/x]sf ;+/If0fsf hf]lvdx¿
gcfcf]; eg]/ /f]syfdd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{'kb{5 . bf];|f], s'g} 36gf eOxfNof]eg]
;s];Dd l56f] afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eg]/ To;af/] ;xof]u
of]hgf jf ;]jf k|bfos ;+/rgfx¿ agfpg'kb{5 . t];|f] eg]sf] s'g} 36gfaf6
kLl8t ePsf afnaflnsfsf], afa'cfdf jf kl/jf/sf] k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu, Gofosf
nflu, :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu, cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;3fpg nlIft sfdx¿ ug'{kb{5 .
/, rf}yf] eg]sf] 36gfx¿af6 kf7 l;s]/ ca To:t} 36gfx¿ c¿ afnaflnsfdf
gbf]xf]l/of]; eg]/ To;nfO{ km]l/ gLltut txdf cWoog u/L gLlt kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{
ug{' kb{5 .
• afnlx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gfx¿ sd ug{ Jofks hghfu/0f tyf r]tgf
clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' k5{{ .
• afn;+/If0f ;ldltx¿nfO{ ;dofa4 ¿kdf Ifdtf clej[l4sf] k|of;nfO{ sfod} /fvL
afn;+/If0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
• afnaflnsfsf] afa' tyf cfdfaf6 dfofddtf kfpg] clwsf/sf] cfb/ ub}{ e/;s
afnaflnsfnfO{ :ofxf/ u[xdf /fVg /f]s nufOg' k5{ / afnu[xnfO{ clGtd pkfosf]
¿kdf dfq k|of]u ul/g' k5{ .
• afn;+/If0fsf] alnof] kIf eg]s} cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'
/ cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt u/L hf]lvd sd ug{' xf] . t;y{
afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] kx'Frdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg' k5{ .
• afnaflnsfsf] hf]lvd ;a} eGbf w]/} a;fOF;/fOdf x'g] ub{5 . afnaflnsfsf] a;fOF
;/fOsf] a]nf cln rgfvf] eO{ hf]lvd sd ug{ tTk/ /xg' g} afn;+/If0fsf] sfdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg' xf] .
• afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L s]Gb«, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df
afn;+/If0fsf] ;+/rgf / ;dGjo lgsfo tf]Sg' / ;a}sf] ;dGjodf PsLs[t ¿kdf
sfd ul/g' k5{ .
• afnaflnsfk|lt x'g] of}g b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ Go"g ug{ ;+ljwfgcg'¿k sfg'gnfO{ afnd}qL
agfpg', afnd}qL Jojxf/ ckgfpg' / afn;+/If0fnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf ckgfpg'
cfjZos 5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ xi

afn;xeflutf
afnclwsf/ cleofgn]] @% jif{ l5rf]ln;s]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfndf afn;xeflutfsf]
d"NofÍg ubf{ o;sf] ¿k kl/kSj xF'b} cufl8 a9]sf] gkfOg] xf]Og . t/ afnclwsf/
leq ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn ;a}n] Ps} k|sf/n] p7fPsf] kfOFb}g / cem o;nfO{ cy{k"0f{
;xeflutfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ w]/} sfd ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . @)$* ;fn kl5
afn;xeflutfsf] k}/jL ePtf klg afnSna afx]s c¿ dfWod cufl8 a9g ;s]gg /
afnclwsf/df sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] afn;xeflutfnfO{ ;+:yfut¿kdf a9fpg
;g !((( df sG;f]{l6odsf] u7g u/] . o;n] ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw tyf k|lqmofsf]
tflnd tyf l;sfOsf] yfngL u¥of] . afns]lGb|t cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?jft / afnaflnsf;Fu
lkcf/P ljlwsf]] Jofks pkof]usf] klg ;'?jft eof] .
o:tf k|of;x¿af6 afn;xeflutfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ afnSna Ps ;zSt dfWod ePsf]
5 / o;n] sltko afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg / cfkm"nfO{ kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/
sd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . …rfON8 6' rfON8Ú eGg] sfo{qmdaf6 afn;xeflutfn]
;+:yfut ¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . xfn o;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug{ afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffn] /fd|f] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . afnd}qL ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog / ljBfno
;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGt{ut afn;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrtf ul/Psf] 5 . afn;xeflutfdf
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L h]g]efdf klxnf] rf]6L
afnaflnsfn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g . zlStzfnL e"sDk @)&@ n] afnaflnsfdf kf/]sf] c;/
af/] afnaflnsfn] g} cWoog / k|:t'lt u/L pgLx¿nfO{ k/]sf] c;/nfO{ k|i6¿kdf /fv]sf
5g . :yfgLo lgsfosf kl/ifbx¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .
tyflk afn;xeflutfnfO{ cem alnof] agfpg lgDg /0fgLlt cjnDag ug{ h?/L 5 .
• afn;xeflutfnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ x/]s ;jfndf
pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf lglZrt ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; / ;xeflutfnfO{ cy{k"0f{
agfpg ;xeflutfsf k|lqmofx¿ / ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g' k5{{ .
• ;xeflutfsf] dfWod afnSna dfq geO{ c¿ dfWodsf] klg ljsf; u/L To;nfO{
;'b[9 agfpg afnaflnsfnfO{ g}} kl/rfng ug]{ gLltsf] cjnDag ul/g' k5{{ .
• g]kfndf ePsf @),))) eGbf a9L afnSna / ltgLx¿sf] !) nfv eGbf a9L
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ljs[lt, lj;+ult h:t} afnljjfx, ax'ljjfx, a]rlavg,
afn>d zf]if0f, of}gzf]if0fsf] Go"gLs/0fdf kl/rfng ug]{ / To;nfO{ ljBfnosf]
cltl/St lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg' ;dof]lrt x'g]5 .
• afn;xeflutfnfO{ nf]stflGqs t/Lsfn] 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
;+:yfut ub}{ nfg] / ;fy}, afnaflnsfnfO{ nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] l;sfOsf] dfWod
klg ;xeflutfnfO{ g} agfpb} hfg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
• cfufdL lbgdf gofF ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]cg'¿k dfly pNn]v ul/Psf /0fgLltx¿nfO{
r/0faWb ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] cjZo klg afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ tyf
st{JonfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|Tofe"lt u/fpg ;lsg] ljZjf; /fVg ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/xii

g]kfndf afnclwsf/ 1
afnclwsf/sf]
ljsf;qmd

l;lj;n] @)&! ;fn c;f]h @( b]lv #! ut];Dd g]kfndf
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] @% jif{ ljifos # lbj;Lo
/fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . …pknlAw,
l;sfO / casf] af6f]Ú df s]lGb|t pQm sfo{zfnfdf
k|:t't ljifox¿sf] d'Vo c+z b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g .
pb3f6g sfo{qmddf k|:t't dGtJo M–
>L lji0f' ltdlN;gf -l;lj;sf tTsfnLg sfo{sf/L
lgb{]zs_M afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/]sf] @% jif{ k'u}s} ;dodf ef/tsf afnclwsf/sdL{ >L
s}nf; ;TofyL{ tyf kfls:tfgsL afnlzIff cfGbf]ngsL
pboLdfg cleoGtf dnfnfn] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{'
blIf0f Pl;ofsf nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . ;fy} o;af6
afnclwsf/sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofpg xf};nf
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; @% jif{] cjlwdf afnaflnsfsf]
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] @% jif{M
/fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] ;f/;+If]k
2 g]kfndf afnclwsf/

ljBfno s'n egf{b/ (% k|ltzt k'Ug' / dft[ tyf afnd[To'b/df Go"gtf cfpg'nfO{
;sf/fTds pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
o;} jif{ g]kfnsf afnaflnsfsf] tkm{af6 cnUu} k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/
;ldltdf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf cem} klg afn>ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf]
;+Vof !^ nfv b]lvg' / To;dWo]df ^ nfv t hf]lvdo'Qm >ddf ;+nUg b]lvg'n] g]kfndf
afn>dlj?4sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem} ;zQm ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
>L rl/dfof tfdfª, zlQm ;d"x M– g]kfnn] afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] eP klg Jojxf/df ltgsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / of}g lx+;faf6 hlGdPsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] h:tf ;jfnnfO{ dxf;lGwsf] efjgfcg'¿k sfof{Gjog ug{
ljz]if kxn ul/g'k5{ .
>L ;'/]Gb| 9sfn, afnclwsf/ cleoGtf M– ;du|df g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] l:ylt /fd|}
b]lvPklg >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;+VofTds ¿kdf w]/} g} a9]sf 5g . t/ ;/sf/L lgsfo
tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿df sfdeGbf klg k|rf/ a9L ug{] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . ul/aLnufot
afn>d zf]if0fdf p4t d'gfkmfvf]/ k|j[lQsf sf/0f ljBfno 5f8]/ >ddf ;+nUg x'g afWo
ag]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ 7f]; kxn x'g' cTofjZos 5 .
>L s[i0f ;'j]bL, rfON8 g]kfnM– of] @% jif{] cjlwdf afnclwsf/sf If]qdf ePsf
;sf/fTds pknlAwnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ ljBdfg r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;Daf]wgdf /0fgLlts of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 . j}lbssfnb]lv g} afn;'/Iff / pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{' xfd|f]
;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . afnclwsf/ k|Tofe"ltsf nflu cleefjs ;Ifd x'g
cfjZos 5 . …;a}sf nflu lzIffÚ cleofgn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr a9]sf] 5, ca
xfd|f] hf]8 u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .
8f= ljho ;}h', sG;g{ g]kfnM– !) jif{ nufP/ tof/ u/L ;g !(*( df kfl/t ePsf]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ljZjsf k|foMh;f] /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g .
tYofÍdf afn>lds sd ePsf] b]lvP klg pgLx¿dfly x'g] zf]if0f, pTkL8g eg] sd
ePsf] kfOFb}g . of] cj:yfdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu /fHo kIfn] lhDd]jf/Lsf]
af]w ug{'k5{ .
olta]nf g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf nueu ^) xhf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
%)) bft[;+:yf / !%) cGt/f{li6«o u};;x¿sf] ;+nUgtf ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . o:tf
;+3÷;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf ub}{ cfPsf ;xof]usf] ck]lIft ;b'kof]u x'g
3g]kfndf afnclwsf/

g;s]sf] Jofks u'gf;f] ;'lgg yfn]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;/sf/L tj/af6 cyf{t dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnoaf6 g} bft[;+:yfx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;xof]u lnO{
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
>L d'lg/ ddfh]8, afn;+/If0f ljz]if1, o"lg;]km g]kfn M–afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf g} cu|ult lbg kIf/fi6«x¿ cem} a9L pQ/bfoL aGg cfjZos b]lvPsf]
5 . SjfO6f] ;Dd]ngsf] efjgf cg';f/ afnclwsf/ k|Tofe'ltsf] k|of;nfO{ cufl8
a9fOg' k5{{ . afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL cleofgx¿df slt vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 / slt
lxgfldgf ePsf] 5 ;f]sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g' k5{ . dfgj a]rlavgdf afnaflnsfsf] 7"nf]
;+Vof kg{] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsf klg hftLo, juL{o / eflifs e]befjsf] l;sf/
x'g'k/]sf] l:ylt 5 . afnaflnsfsf] :yfgfGt/0f jf a;fOF;/fOsf] ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L
lgoGq0f ug{] o;af/]df of]hgf agfpg / afn>d lgoGq0fsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfo /
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ lhDd]jf/ aGg'kb{5 .
>L k|df]b s'df/ zdf{, pklgb{]zs, lzIff ljefu M– cem} klg ljBfno pd]/sf !)÷!!
nfv afnaflnsf ljBfnfo hfg gkfPsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbnfpg k|of;
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . sfg'gL ¿kdf cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns eP klg sltko Joj:yfksLo
sldsdhf]/L / sltko cleefjsx¿sf] hfu?stfsf] cefjn] klg …lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t
lzIffsf]Ú pkof]udf sdL /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ps cWoogsf] glthfcg';f/ #) k|ltzt
afnaflnsfn] P;Pn;L k/LIff lbg' cfufj} ljBfno 5f8g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof]] . of]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ / ;/sf/L z}lIfs lgsfox¿ dfkm{t ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff pknAw u/fpg lzIff dGqfno k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
kfpg ;s]df dfq >d ahf/df uP/ klg /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g .
>L ;/:jtL kf]v/]n, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnoM– xfdLn] s] u¥of}+, s] eO/x]5 / s]
ug{'k5{ < o; af/]df ;dLIff ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf tkm{af6
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/, dlxnf lx+;fsf] lgoGq0f tyf oL d'2fx¿;Fu ;DalGwt cfly{s,
;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox¿df ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodaf6
hfu/0f tyf r]tgf clej[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng e} /x]sf 5g . o:tf
sfo{qmdx¿af6 ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4df s] slt ;3fp k'u]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df ;dLIff
ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
>L ldªdf/ nfdf, k|x/L pk dxflg/LIfs M– /fHon] ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] lhDdf k|x/LnfO{
lbPsfn] o;sf nflu b]zJofkL ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdfly
x'g] lx+;f tyf clwsf/ xggsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu :yflkt ;]jf s]Gb|x¿dWo] @@) df
dlxnf k|x/L clws[tx¿ g} cg';Gwfg clws[tsf ¿kdf sfo{/t /xg'ePsf] 5 .
k|x/LnfO{ hgtfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu t}gfy hg;]js eGbf klg hgtfnfO{ cft+lst kfg{]
4 g]kfndf afnclwsf/

/ b'Mv lbg] JolQmx¿sf] ¿kdf lrGg] / lrgfpg] k/Dk/f sfod xF'b} cfPsfn] sltko
7fpFdf cem};Dd klg afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k|x/Lsf] gfd lnP/ t;f{pg] ul/G5 . ca o:tf]
;f]rfO / k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . afnaflnsfdf k|x/LnfO{ …uAa/ l;+xÚ sf] ¿kdf
xf]Og, afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug{] ldqsf ¿kdf lrgfpg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn k|x/LnfO{
cem} s;/L afnd}qL agfpg] eGg] af/]df g;{/L, s]hL txb]lv g} l;sfpg] / ;fyL agfpg]
of]hgf g]kfn k|x/Ln] agfPsf] 5 .
>L tf/s lwtfn, sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs, s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt M– afnclwsf/sf
If]qdf …s]xL klg ePsf] 5}gÚ eGg] / …w]/} ePsf] 5Ú eGg] b'j} vfn] wf/0ff ;To xf]Ogg .
cjZo ljnDa ePsf] 5 t/ s]xL ePsf] 5 eGg] g} jf:tljstf xf] . afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw nfu" x'g'eGbf klxn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fdf :ki6tf lyPg . o;
dxf;lGwn] b[li6sf]0fdf :ki6tf Nofpg ;3fpg'sf ;fy} jo:s JolQm tyf lgsfox¿nfO{
pQ/bfloTj af]w u/fpgdf klg ljz]if k|]/0ff k|bfg u/]s} xf] . g]kfndf dxf;lGwnfO{
cg'df]bg ul/Potf sfg'gL / gLltut ¿kdf w]/} g} ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . of] @% jif{sf]
cjlwdf afn–;r]tgf;DaGwL k|rf/k|;f/ kof{Kt g} ePsf] 5 . ;/f]sf/ / ;r]tgf
ljsf;df klg j[l4 ePs} 5 . afnclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ /fHosf] rf;f]sf] ljifo
ag]sf] 5 . ljutdf eGbf afnhLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g . s]xL ;+/rgf
/ ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ klg ag]sf 5g . g]kfndf sfd ug{] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿dWo]
em08} %) k|ltztn] afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf nufgL u/]sf 5g . k|foM ;a} lhNnfx¿df
afnSnax¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .
>L zflGt clwsf/L, k"j{ cWoIf l;lj; M– afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg'df]bg
x'g'eGbf klxn] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] Jojxf/ / To; kl5 x'Fb} cfPsf Jojxf/x¿df w]/}
km/s k/]sf] 5 . Tolta]nf h'g lsl;dn] afnclwsf/sf] pNn+3g x'GYof], To;df qmd;M
;'wf/ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . @% jif{ klxn] afnaflnsfnfO{ sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /fVbf uf}/j ug{]
;+:sf/ lyof] t/ cfh To;f] ug{]nfO{ 3[0ff ul/G5 . klxn]eGbf clxn] k|x/Lx¿sf] Jojxf/
w]/} dfgjLo, ;xof]uL, ldqjt / lxt}ifL ag]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf k|ltsf] dfgjLo efjgfdf
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cfh xfdL s'g} afnaflnsfn] lu6L s'6]sf] b]Vbf b'Mv dfG5f}+ . o;/L
afn>d u/fpg'nfO{ ck/fw xf] eGg] 7fG5f}+ . of] ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4sf] ;+s]t klg
xf] . afnclwsf/nfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg /fd|f gLltsf;fy} sfof{Gjo klg /fd|f] x'g'
k¥of], ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfo Ps csf{sf k|ltåGåL xf]Og, ;xsdL{ aGg' k¥of] .
>L ;Tof kxf8L, k"j{ dGqL M– xfd|f] b]z e"uf]n, ;+:s[lt, efiff, hflt, ;d'bfo, r]tgfsf]
tx, cfly{s cj:yf cflb ;a} kIfdf ljljwtf / pr lgrtfn] o'Qm d'n's xf] . olta]nf
klg afnaflnsf clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g' / afn>d ljBdfg /xg'sf k5fl8 ef}uf]lns
ljs6tf, ul/aL, zf]if0f, hftLo / juL{o lje]btf, r]tgfsf] Go"gtf, lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg'kg{] cj;/ / ;x'lnotsf] cefj g} k|d'v sf/0f x'g h:tf]
5g]kfndf afnclwsf/

nfUb5 . afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfsf s'/f pgsf cleefjs, ;dfh / /fHo;Fu hf]l8G5 .
cleefjs, ;dfh / /fHosf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ geP;Dd dxf;lGw Pj+ P]glgodsf]
sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L aGg ;Sb}gg . s0ff{nL / sf7df8f}+sf afnaflnsfsf nflu Ps}
vfn] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g ;s] dfq} ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / afnclwsf/
axfnLsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g ;S5 .
>L lgnd s]=;L=, tTsfnLg dGqL, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
M– g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/] otf afnclwsf/sf If]qdf
y'k|} /fd|f sfdx¿ ePsf 5g . tyflk xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / /fHo Joj:yfdf ;'wf/
gePsfn] afnclwsf/ xggsf] 36gfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] s6' oyfy{ klg
xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu cg'df]bg ePsf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgsf]
sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/L k|of;af6 dfq afnclwsf/
k|Tofe"t x'g ;Sb}g . o;df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] k|of; / e"ldsf
cem} a9L k|efjsf/L aGg ;S5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xsfo{ tyf
;+o'Qm k|of;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsP dfq} afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
nfu" x'g ;S5 .
>L ljdnf 1jfnL, cWoIf l;lj; M– olta]nf g]kfndf afnclwsf/ pNn+3g, afndgf]lj1fgdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{] / lg/f; agfpg] sltko ;fF:s[lts ljs[ltx¿sf] k|efj lgs} rsf{]
¿kdf cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . o;kflnsf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf cg'QL0f{ ePs} sf/0f @%
hgf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] cfTdxTof ug{' o;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . afndgf]lj1fgdf ;sf/fTds
;f]rsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu 1fgaw{s afn;flxTosf] cfjZostf klg v6lsPsf]
5 . To;/L g} g]kfndf ue{df /x]sf] e|'0fsf] lnË klxrfg ug]{ / aflnsf eP e|'0f xTof
ug{] rng a9]sf] 5 . o;af6 vf; u/L t/fO{df aflnsfsf] hGdb/ 36b} uPsf] tYofÍ
b]lvG5 . hGdg] clwsf/af6} jl~rt u/fpg' cfkm}Fdf Ps ck/fw ePsfn] o;nfO{ aGb
ul/g' k5{ . afn;+/If0f / klxrfgsf] ;jfn klg olta]nf lgs} HjnGt d'2f ag]sf] 5 .
;+/If0f / klxrfgsf] cefjs} sf/0f afnlaHofOF a9b} uPsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
cem};Dd klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlwdf k|of]u ug{] / ef/tsf
ljleGg 7fpFdf ;s{;df sfd ug{ k7fpg] rng /f]lsPsf] 5}g . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
k|efjsf/L sbd cfjZos 5 .
sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kqx¿ / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;xefuLaLr ePsf 5nkmnaf6
cfPsf wf/0ff / cg'ejx¿ M–
!= g]kfndf afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;qmd
p4j/fh kf}8ofnåf/f k|:t't sfo{kqsf k|d'v a'Fbfx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
6 g]kfndf afnclwsf/

!_ clwsf/ af/]sf] cjwf/0ff . @_ afnclwsf/sf] Oltxf; . #_ g]kfndf afnclwsf/
cleofgsf] ljsf;qmd . $_ afnclwsf/ axfnLsf] pko'Qm pkfo .
%_ PsLs[t ¿kdf p7fpg' kg{] d'2fx¿ – hLjg /Iffsf] clwsf/, ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/,
ljsf;sf] clwsf/ / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ .
;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf hfgsf/L, cg'ej / ;'emfjx¿ M–
-s_ hfgsf/L tyf cg'ej
• @)%@ df3 @% df sf7df08f} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf …afn r]tgf ;d"xÚ btf{
ePsf] .
• ;g !((& cu:tdf ePsf] klxnf] afn e]nf– bdf}nL afn e]nf .
• ;g !((%–@))) cl3 g} /]8qm;n] h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n u7g u/L afnaflnsfnfO{
;]jf sfo{df pTk|]l/t ub{Yof] . ;s{nn] xflh/L hjfkm, :jf:Yo hgr]tgfh:tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ub{Yof] . ;g @)))–@))% sf] cjlwdf afn>dsf] Jofks k|rf/ eof] /
afnclwsf/sf af/]df klg k|rf/k|;f/ eof] . afn>d -lgoldt / lgif]w ug]{_ P]g,
@)%^ klg cfof] . o;} ;dolt/ afn>lds tyf ljBfno aflx/sf afnaflnsfsf
nflu cgf}krfl/s sIff ;~rfng ug{] sfd klg ePsf] lyof] .
• ;g @))) b]lv @))% sf] aLrdf cfOPncf], o"lg;]km, ;]e b lrN8«]g, l;lj;
cflbaf6 afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/nufot afn>ldssf cGo cj:yfsf af/]df cg';Gwfgx¿
eP . oL cg';Gwfgx¿af6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf afnaflnsf ljBfno guPsf] kfOof] . h:t}
@))$ sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ !$ k|ltzt 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsf ljBfno
guPsf] pNn]v 5 .
• o; ;dodf afn>ldsx¿nfO{ afnSnadf Nofpg] sfd ePsf] / 3/]n' afn>lds
d~r h:tf ;+:yfsf] u7g eO{ pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf nflu kxn ug{ yflnPsf]
7g]kfndf afnclwsf/

/ ljBfno egf{ cleofg ;~rfng ul/of] . ;g !((% b]lv !((( ;Ddsf]
cjlwleq afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ ;'? ePsf lyP . Tolta]n}
lt/ afnclwsf/sf] ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ ljZj:t/Lo ljleGg ultljlwx¿ klg la:tf/ xF'b}
lyP .
• lj=;+= @)%^–@)^) sf] cjlwdf …ufpF÷gu/ afn;+/If0f ;ldltÚ u7g / kl/rfngsf]
Joj:yf x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . @)%) sf] bzsdf afnOhnf;sf] u7g / afn ;'wf/
u[xsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
• @)%& ;fndf sd}of d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff ul/P klg d'Qm sd}ofsf w]/}h;f] afnaflnsf
sDnx/L tyf cGo afFwfhGo afn>daf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf lyPgg . @)&) ;fndf
cfP/ sDnx/L d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . t/ cem} klg sltko afnaflnsf aFw'jf
>ldss} cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
• ;g !((* df afn>dlj?4 ljZj ofqf (Global March against Child Labour)
;DkGg eof] . ;g @))@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afnaflnsfsf nflu ljif]z;q
-UNGASS) klg ;DkGg eof] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;+;f/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ ljZjJofkL cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;g @))) df g} /]l8of]
g]kfnåf/f ;fyL;Fu dgsf s'/f /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng, @))! lt/ ldl8of dlg6/
tyf afnaflnsfsf aLr sfd ug{] kqsf/x¿sf] ;+oGq ag]sf] lyof] .
• @)%* ;fn cufl8 afnsx¿ klg of}gb'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t x'G5g eGg] ;f]r lyPg .
To; otf sltko ljb]zLx¿af6 afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf] s'/f aflx/ cfP .
• @)&) ;fndf sf:sLsf s]xL 7fpFdf afn>d d'Qm 6f]n 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .
• nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;g @)!$
df afn>dlj?4 xl/of] em08f cleofg ;~rfng yflnof] .
• sfe|], aflkmsf]6 uflj;nfO{ @)&! ;fn j}zfv @& ut] afnljjfx d'Qm uflj; 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] lyof] .
• Child led CRC reporting - 2014 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s afnaflnsfn]
cfˆg} g]t[Tjdf cfd g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf emNsg] u/L agfOPsf] l/kf]6{n]
UNCRC sf] k|L–;]zg @)!$ df pNn]vgLo k|z+;f kfpg ;s]sf]] lyof] .
• g]kfnsf] gful/s ;dfhsf] tkm{af6 ;g @)!$ sf] UNCRC sf] k"j{ ;qdf g]kfnL
afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] .
;xefuLx¿af6 pNn]lvt hfgsf/Lsf;fy} afnclwsf/sf lglDt ag]sf P]g sfg'g,
gLltlgod / s]Gb|Lo Pj+ :yfgLo txdf ePsf cGo Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df klg hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] lyof] .
-v_ ;'emfj
• ;g !&^% b]lv afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf]n] ;f]af/]df / klxnf] afnclwsf/sf]
8 g]kfndf afnclwsf/

cjwf/0ffsf af/]df pNn]v x'g'kg{] .
• k"jL{o ;Eotfdf afnclwsf/sf] l:ylt – h:t} afnaflnsfsf] k"hf, afnzlQmsf] dxTj,
rf/ cf>dsf] dfGotfcg';f/ k|yd a|Xdro{ cf>ddf afnaflnsfn] lgjf{x ug{'kg{]
e"ldsf / kfpg'kg{] clwsf/, u'?s'nLo lzIff k|0ffnL cflbsf af/]df :ki6 kfl/g'kg{] .
• ;+;f/sf cGo ljleGg wd{x¿df afnclwsf/sf af/]df pNn]lvt dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{
klg ;d]6g'kg{] .
• k|frLg P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv afnclwsf/sf If]qdf x'Fb} cfPsf k|of;x¿sf af/]df
hfgsf/L x'g'kg{] .
• lj=;+=!(!) df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 hf/L d'n'sL P]gdf
afnaflnsfsf af/]df cfPsf dfGotf tyf g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] yfngL
-lj=;+= !((&_ b]lv jt{dfg -h:t} klxnf] r/0f– !((& – @))$, bf];|f] r/0f
@))$–@))&, t];|f] r/0f @))& – @)!&, rf}yf] r/0f @)!& – @)$&, kfFrf} r/0f
@)$& – @)^# / 5}7f}+ r/0f @)^# otf_ ;Dd afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf eP u/]sf
sfdx¿sf] r/0fa4 ;dLIff / k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg{] .
@= afnclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{ / cfwf/–/]vf sfo{kq M
rlGb|sf vltj8fn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] sfo{kqdf pNn]lvt s]xL k|d'v aF'bfx¿ lgDg lyP
M afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff cGtu{t uef{j:yf, hGd / afNofj:yfsf] ljlzi6kgsf]
klxrfg / ;Ddfg, afnaflnsfsf] pbof]Gd'v Ifdtfsf] klxrfg / ;Ddfg ul/Psf] t/
afnaflnsfsf] gful/s x}l;ot Pj+ pgLx?sf] lg0f{o ug{] ;IfdtfnfO{ eg] :jLsf/ u/L
g;lsPsf] l:ylt, /fHosf] zf;gsf] d"nk|jfxeGbf 6f9f /x]sf] cj:yf, afnclwsf/sf
cTofjZos kIfx¿, /fli6«o gLlt / sfg'gsf] of]ubfg, g]kfndf afnaflnsf;DaGwL
gLlt, afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;d'bfo:t/sf ;+oGqx?,
lhNnf:t/df lqmofzLn ;+/rgfx¿, g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;+/rgfx¿,
cbfnt, cfof]ux¿ / afnsNof0f ;ldlt cGtu{tsf ;+/rgfx¿ cflb .
sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf s]xL yk cjwf/0ffx¿ M– Ps ;dodf agfOPsf
;+/rgf ;do km]l/Fbf kl/jt{g x'g;Sg] ePsfn] kl/jlt{t ;do / ;+/rgfcg'¿ksf] gLlt
tyf sfo{ljlw lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf nflu :yfgLo
lgsfosf] txdf lhDd]jf/L t ;'lDkOPsf] 5 t/ To;nfO{ k|jfx ug{;Sg] hgzlQm tyf
r':t ;+/rgfsf] vfFrf] 5 . To:t}, :yfgLo txdf afnclwsf/;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljleGg
;+/rgf ag]sf] / aGg ;xh ePsf] ePklg ;+/rgfsf] p2]Zocg';f/ sfd x'g;s]sf]
l:ylt 5}g .
k|:tfj M– t/fO{df /x]sf d'l:nd tyf blntsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf cWoog x'g'kg{] .
db/;f / u'DafnfO{ dfGotf lbP/ dfq x'Fb}g, pgLx¿nfO{ gofF d"nwf/df Nofpg'k5{ .
cGoyf pgLx¿sf] eljio cGwsf/ aGg] b]lvG5 .
9g]kfndf afnclwsf/

#= afnarfj6sf @% jif{ – pknlAw, r'gf}tL / ljBdfg cj:yf;DaGwL sfo{kq
p4j /fh kf}8ofnåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] sfo{kqdf pNn]lvt k|d'v a'Fbfx¿ lgDg lyP M
;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ -kf]if0f, vf]knufotsf :j:Yo ;'/Iff, ;'/lIft hGd / hGd btf{, ;kmf
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO cflb ._
eP u/]sf pknlAwx¿ M s'kf]if0f cGTosf nflu ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x¿, kf]if0fo'Qm
vfgfsf nflu zx/ tyf u|fdL0f If]qx¿df ;~rflnt ;r]tgf;DaGwL ultljlwx¿,
EoflS;g lbg] nufot afn:jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt e} ;~rfng ul/Psf ljleGg
:jf:Yo lzlj/x¿, :jf:Yo lzIff tyf o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|jfx
ul/Psf] ;"rgf cflb .
r'gf}tLx¿M vf;u/L ljs6 If]q tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfodf cem} klg s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of
ljBdfg /x]sf] / d'n'ssf] ;du| If]qnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfx x'g
g;s]sf] cflb .
d'2fx¿ M d'n'ssf] ;du| If]qnfO{ ;d]6]/ u'0f:t/Lo :jf:y ;]jf k|jfxsf]], ;d'bfodf JolQmut
¿kn] cfwf/e"t :j:y r]tgf clej[l4sf]], :jf:Yo lj1x¿sf] ;+oGq ljsf;sf],hLjg:t/sf]
;'wf/ / ljsf;, ah]6sf] lgsf;f tyf vr{ cflb .
;xefuLaLr ePsf] 5nkmnsf] ;f/f+z M– vfglkg, ;/;kmfO{ kf]if0fsf If]qdf …;'cfxf/fÚ
sfo{qmdn] #^ ldlnog 8n/ vr{ u/]sf] lyof] . xl/of] ;fu;AhLsf] k|of]u a9]kl5
afnaflnsfsf] cfFvfsf] ;d:ofdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf bfb'/f pGd"ngsf] cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] 5 . cGo sltko ;+qmd0ffTds /f]ux¿df lgoGq0f ePsf] 5 . dlxnf :jf:Yo
:jo+;]ljsfsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLotxdf g} cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;r]tgf k'¥ofpg
;lsPsfn] afn:jf:Yosf] If]qdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . Plgldof / lgdf]lgof lgoGq0f
x'Fb} uPsf] 5 t/ afFs] / bfªsf yf¿ ;d'bfodf eg] clxn] klg /QmcNktfsf] ;d:of
b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu :jf:Yo s]Gb|df n}hfg]
k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL] cflgafgLdf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lzz'x¿nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg] rng a9]sf] 5 . ljleGg
k|rf/ ljlw -VofnL nufot ljleGg ;fF:s[lts ultljlw tyf lj1fkg cflb_ n] klg
:jf:Yo ;+/If0faf/] ;r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fPsf] 5 . dft[lzz' :jf:Yo ;+/If0fdf ;]jf k|jfx
a9]sf] 5 . sltko ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfsf nflu cnu–cnu rkL{sf] klg Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 t/ kfgLsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf gePsfn] k|of]udf sl7gfO{ sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 .
r'gf}tLx¿ M– r]tgf clej[l4 ;DaGwdf ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ePtfklg ^÷&
10 g]kfndf afnclwsf/

sIff k9bfk9b} k|]d ljjfx ug{] / sd pd]/df aRrf hGdfpg] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . sltko
ljBfnodf cWoog/t / ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfdf b'Jo{;g a9]sf] 5 . lszf]/Lx¿
3/leq} c;'/lIft ePsf tyf pgLx?dfly of}g Jolerf/ / of}g lx+;f al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;'emfj / wf/0ffx¿ M– :jf:Yo ladf ug{ sl7gfO{ -8f= pk]Gb| b]jsf]6f :jf:Yo dGqL
xF'bf ladf gLlt NofPsf] eP klg sfof{Gjog ePg_ 5 . o;y{ :jf:Yo ladfsf] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb{5 . ;'wf/fTds gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjog ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'
kb{5 . clxn] l;kmfl/; ;+oGq (Referral Mschanism) 5}g, Tof] agfpg cfjZos 5 .
clxn] klg t/fO{sf ;LdfGts[t / lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, s0ff{nLnufot b'u{d kxf8L ufpFsf
clwsf+z afnaflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ ag]sf 5g . vfgfsf] cefjn] dfq s'kf]if0f
a9]sf] geP/ :jf:Yoaf/] r]tgfsf] sdL, k/Dk/fut aflgJoxf]/f, vfg]kfgL cflb klg
sf/0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g . sltko lxdfnL If]qdf of;f{u'Dafaf6 kof{Kt cfDbfgL x'g]
u/]sf] kfOP klg ul/aL 36]sf] / afnaflnsf s'kf]if0f/lxt x'g;s]sf] kfOFb}g . o;
k5fl8 pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nL, aflgJoxf]/f / kf]if0f af/]sf] Go"gr]tgf g} k|d'v sf/0f
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 lgDg Joj:yf x'g
cfjZos b]lvG5 M–
/fHosf] tx– /fHoaf6 ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf nflu clgjfo{ ¿kdf lgMz'Ns
kf}li6s cfxf/f pknAw u/fpg' kg]{, k|To]s uflj;df k|hgg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg{], cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ladfsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, tflnd k|fKt
:jf:YosdL{sf] Joj:yf, ;d'bfo tx;Dd afnarfp;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng,
afnaflnsfsf] lglDt slDtdf #) k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/g'k5{ / o;sf] $)
k|ltzt afnarfj6df vr{ ul/g] k|fjwfg x'g'kb{5 . :j:Yo vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf]
;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ . :jf:YosdL{ :yfgLo jf :yfgLo efiff hfg]sf] x'g'k5{ .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf – u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 /fHo;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
afnarfpsf] ;jfndf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog, ;d'bfo ;r]tLs/0f, afnarfpsf
nflu cleefjssf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Laf/] cled'vLs/0f ug{'kb{5 .
afnljsf;sf] ;jfnsf r'gf}tLx¿ – afnljsf;sf ;jfnx¿df d"ntM lgDg ;jfnx¿
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5gM kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/sf] sdL, cleefjsn] cfˆgf] st{Joaf]w
gug{', afnaflnsfdf ;"rgfsf] sdL, pko'Qm v]n d}bfgsf] sdL, afnd}qL jftfj/0f
gx'g', ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ gkfpg', n}lËs lje]b, ;d'bfo tyf kl/jf/df afnaflnsfnfO{
x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg' k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] sdL, afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/
tyf efjgfsf] sb/ gug{', Psn kl/jf/ ljsf; ePsf] cj:yfn] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf
11g]kfndf afnclwsf/

sdhf]/L, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ljleGg sf/0faf6 x'g] a;fOF;/fO, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf,
afnaflnsfnfO{ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf] af/]df l;sfOsf] cefj, afnSnanufot
cGo ;d"xdf ;dfg ;xeflutf / cj;/sf] sdL, k"j{afNofj:yfsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ dWogh/
gul/Psf], kfl/jfl/s lx+;f / sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf, afnljjfx x'g'sf sf/0fx¿sf
af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;r]t u/fpg g;s]sf], pd]/ gk'u]sf] aflnsfn]
aRrf hGdfpg', afns / aflnsf ;dfg ¿kn] cufl8 a9g g;Sg', ;do lbg g;Sg'
cflb .
$= afn;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{kq
ldng w/]nåf/f k|:t't sfo{kqdf lgDg aF'bfx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf lyP M kl/jf/n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ /fHon] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . cbfntn]
cfˆgf] kxndf klg sfd ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . afn;'/Iff;DaGwL k/LIf0f(Assessment) ;'?
ePklg ;'/lIft jftfj/0f eg] ag]sf] 5}g . ljutdf ;Kt/Ldf ePsf] af9Lsf] k|sf]kb]lv
afn;+/If0fdf b}jLk|sf]k ;]jf /flvPsf] lyof] h'g ;sf/fTds s'/f lyof] . afn;+/If0fsf]
sfo{nfO{ Jofks agfpg gful/s ;+u7gnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'kb{5 . afn>dsf] k"lt{ kIfdf
b]lvPsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg gx'~h]n;Ddsf] cj:yfdf afn>ldssf] d'lQm xf]Og
sfo{If]qdf ;'wf/ / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
5nkmnaf6 cfPsf ;'emfj, cg'ej tyf l6Kk0fLx¿
afn;+/If0fsf r'gf}tL /
ljsNkx¿ M– sfg'g 5
sfof{Gjog 5}g, To;}n]
sfg'gn] lgif]w u/]sf] ePtf
klg !$ jif{d'lgsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6
k|sf/sf >ddf nufpg]
rng htf;'s} /x]sf]
5 . afn>ldsx¿nfO{
afv|fsf] vf]/df ;'tfpg]
-dsjfgk'/sf] pbfx/0f_
h:tf cdfgjLo Jojxf/
klg u/]sf] kfOPsf]5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm sfddf nufpg]nfO{ sf/afxL ePsf]
5}g . lgs[i6 afn>dnfO{ /f]Sg afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kf7
o;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{] tyf ;DalGwt
afnaflnsfsf cleefjsnfO{ ;r]t agfpg' kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfn]
cleefjs;Fu a:g / l;Sg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ul/g' k5{ .

cfrf/, ;+:sf/ / cg'zf;gsf ljifox¿ lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df l;s]sf] eGbf klg 3/af6
l;s]sf] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sltko ;DkGg kl/jf/n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ :t/Lo
ljBfnodf t k9fPsf 5g t/ To:tf afnaflnsf 3/sf] Jojxfl/s sfd hfGgaf6
eg] jl~rt 5g . /fHon] gLlt kf; u/]klg >ldssf ¿kdf sfo{/t afnaflnsfnfO{
k'g:yf{kgf ug{] ;+oGq agfPsf] 5}g . o:tf] ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf cfjZos 5 . /fHosf]
sfof{Gjog kIf t lkmtnf] 5 g}, To;dfly cleefjs klg lkmtnf] ePsfn] afn;+/If0fsf]
;d:of a9]sf] xf] . pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ cleefjsnfO{ k|]l/t ug{'k5{ . gdfGg]nfO{
sf/afxL klg ug{'k5{ . ;Ldf ;'/Iffdf v6]sf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;'Idtd ¿kn]
lg/LIf0f gu/]sfn] bnfnx¿n] ;xhtfsf ;fy afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Ldf s6fpF5g . o:tf]
u}/lhDd]jf/Lkgn] afnaflnsf a]rlavg ug{]nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf M afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu :yflkt dfkb08 tyf P]g
lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf lkmtnf] 5 . h;sf sf/0fx¿df – gLlt lgoddf
bf]xf]/f]kgf b]lvg', ;/sf/L lgsfodf ;dGjosf] cefj, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ / kl/j]z, P]g,
lgodsf] af/] cgle1tf, ;+/If0fu[x / ;'wf/u[xsf] sdL, afnaflnsfsf] nflu 5'6ofOPsf]
Go"g ah]6 tyf ah]6sf] b'?kof]u, cfwf/e"t ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj, Goflos If]qdf
hgzlQmsf] cefj, cg'udg ;'b[9 gx'g' cflb k|d'v /x]sf 5g .
afn;+/If0fsf nflu ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] kIfx¿ M– w]/} ;+/rgf, pxL JolQm agfpg'eGbf Pp6f
;+/rgf / Pshgf JolQmn] w]/} ;+/rgf gcf]u6g] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .
%= g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] Goflos ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{kq
lj=s]= d}gfnLåf/f k|:t't sfo{kqsf k|d'v aF'bfx¿ lgDgk|sf/ lyP M afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f -;fdflhs tyf Goflos_g]kfnsf] afnaflnsfsf] Goflos ;+/If0fsf lgldQ
agfOPsf dxTjk"0f{ sfg'gx¿ -/f0ffsfnb]lv jt{dfg;Dd_, afnGofosf lgldQ g]kfndf
ePsf jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿, afnaflnsfnflu sfd ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dGqfnox¿,
afnaflnsfnflu sfd ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, Gofo k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿,
afnaflnsfnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿, g]kfnsf] Goflos
lgsfoaf6 ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ k}m;nfx¿ .
sfo{zfnfdf klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofx¿M afnOhnf;sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ePsf]
5}g . afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ jlsnsf] clgjfo{ pkl:yltdf sdL b]lvG5 .
afnaflnsfsf] d'2fdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOFb}g . xr'jf dfubfaLnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/Psf]
kfOPg . pd]/ a9fO{ d'2f bfo/ ug]{ qmd hf/L g} 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL d'2fsf] cjlw
5f]6f] x'g;s]sf] 5}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cgfjZos ¿kdf Dofb yk
13g]kfndf afnclwsf/

u/fpg] / oftgf lbg] sfo{df sdL cfPsf] 5}g . afnaflnsf;DaGwL d'2fsf] bfo/L tyf
km5of}{6sf] tYofÍ 5}g . afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO x6fpg] sfo{ oyfjt
5 / afnd}qL Jojxf/ sfod x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf lh1f;fdf cfwfl/t sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿
afnaflnsflj?4 x'g] anfTsf/sf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2f ;DaGwdf M !* jif{ eGbf
dflysfnfO{ cbfnt -Goflos lgsfo_ n] / Tof]eGbf d'lgsf] pd]/sfnfO{ afnOhnf;n]
x]g]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 t/ afnOhnf;x¿ ;fwg ;DkGg 5}gg . jt{dfg cj:yfdf
klg l;l; l6le /flvPsf] 5}g / afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg] 5'§} 7fpF klg 5}g . To;}n] !*
jif{d'lgsf] d'2f klg Goflos lgsfodf g} k7fpg' kg{] afWotf /x]sf] 5 .
afnljjfxdf s]6fkIfnfO{ dfq sfg'g nfUg'sf] sf/0f M ljleGg sfg'gdf afnaflnsfsf]
kl/efiff km/s–km/s ePsfn] klg c;/ k/]sf] 5 . csf{] s'/f o:tf 36gfx¿ k|foM
aflnsfsf] OR5f ljk/Lt 36g] ePsfn] klg o:tf] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] x'g;S5 .
d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ Gofo lbg] Jojxf/ klg gePsf] xf]Og .
ufpF 7fpFdf afnaflnsf ;+nUg ePsf d'2fx¿ cf]em]ndf kg{'sf] sf/0f M afnaflnsf
;+nUg ePsf d'2fdf lgMz'Ns ;]jf lbg' kb{5 . t/ afnaflnsf cGofodf k/]sf
d'2fx¿nfO{ klg ufpFdf g} ldnfO{ dfUg] sfddf ;DalGwt JolQmx¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g .
pgLx¿ afnaflnsfsf] d'2f lnP/ sltsf] cbfnt k'Ug] u/]sf 5g < o;/L sfg'gL
sf/afxLdf ghfg] rngn] ubf{ klg slyt d'2f ldnfpg]x¿n] gfhfoh kmfObf p7fO/x]sf
5g . ufpFdf cg]sf}+ anfTsf/sf 36gf x'g] ub{5g t/ tL w]/}h;f] aflx/ cfpFb}gg .
sfg'gL k|lqmofdf hfFbf Psflt/ kL8sn] wDSofpg] / csf{]lt/ ;fdflhs OHhtdf c;/
kg{] 8/n] klg k|foM o:tf d'2f sfg'gL k|lqmofdf hfg] gu/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= g]kfndf afnljsf; tyf lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd;DaGwL sfo{kq
l;lj;sf sfo{qmd Joj:yfks ;/f]h s]=;L=åf/f k|:t't sfo{kqsf] s]xL ljz]if c+zx¿
lgDgk|sf/ 5g M /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf aflnsfnfO{ k9fpg] rng lyPg . a|fXd0f IfqLsf
afnsx¿nfO{ u'?s'ndf k9g k7fpg] rng /x]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf k'/f]lxtsf] 5f]/fn]
dfq j]b k9g kfpg] ub{y]{ . h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff a]nfotaf6 kms{]kl5 b/af/ :s"nsf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] ePklg To;df klg ;a}n] k9g kfpFb}gy] . ;g !(%^ df lzIff of]hgf
ag] klg lzIffdf clehft ju{sf] dfq kx'Fr /x]sf] lyof] . @))& ;fnkl5 lzIffdf
;a}nfO{ cj;/ lbg] sbd rflnof] . @))& ;fndf $)) :s"n / !),^%) ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
/x]sf] pNn]v 5 . @))& b]lv @)$^ sf] aLrdf l;4fGttM ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/
lbnfpg] gLlt agfOPtfklg Jojxf/tM blnt, cGo lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo / dlxnfx¿dWo]

sd}n] dfq ljBfno hfg] cj;/ kfpg ;s]sf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf Psflt/ 5f]/LnfO{
k9fpg' kb{}g eGg] wf/0ff k|an /x]sf] / csf{lt/ clwsf+z ljBfnox¿df dlxnf lzIfs
g/x]sfn] klg sd dfq aflnsfx¿n] k9g] cj;/ kfpg] l:ylt lyof] . cleefjsx¿df
/x]sf] v]ns'b k|ltsf] gsf/fTds wf/0ffsf sf/0f w]/}h;f] afnaflnsf v]ns'b;DaGwL
cj;/x¿af6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{ l:ylt ljBdfg lyof] . ;g !(() otf ( sIff;Dd
lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] gLlt ag]klg z}lIfs r]tgfsf] kof{Kt ljsf; x'g g;s]sf sf/0f w]/}
afnaflnsfn] k9g kfPgg . To; otf lghL :s"nx¿sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ lzIffdf klg
juL{o lje]b a9of] . wgLsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] :t/Lo lghL :s"ndf k9]/ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ /fd|f]
agfpg] cj;/ kfP eg] ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] dfq k9g yfn]
h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ klg lug{ yfNof] . ;/sf/L :s"ndf
k9fpg] lzIfsn] ;d]t cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ lghL :s"ndf k9fpg yfn] . ;fd'bflos
ljBfnox¿ cfjZostfcg'¿k ah]6 gePsfn] klg k5fl8 k/]sf x'g . ;/sf/n] ah]6
glbPsfn] sltko ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿ ;d'bfoaf6 k};f p7fP/ rnfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
sltko lghL :s"nx¿n] dfl;s ¿=#))).– dfq lbP/ lzIfs /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . dfcf]jfbL o'4sfn -@)%@ – @)^@_ df åGåsf sf/0f sltko lghL :s"nx¿
aGb ul/P . To;sf/0f sltko lghL :s"ndf k9g] ljBfyL{ klg ;/sf/L :s"ndf hfg
afWo eP . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] z}lIfs ;dfgtf / ;'ne Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu ;/sf/L
:s"nx¿sf] :t/ pGgt agfpg] s'/f u/] klg Jojxf/tM To:tf] x'g ;s]g .
;g !(() k"j{ afnclwsf/sf] cj:yfsf af/]df ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf ljrf/x¿
• cfh eGbf @% jif{ cufl8 h'ga]nf 6f]n l5d]sdf wf/fsf] kfOk nfOg lyPg .
To;a]nf cleefjs -cfdf_x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ 5f]/Ln] 9'Ë]wf/fdf kfgL yfKg hfg],
To:t} b"w lsGg] nfOgdf a:g hfg' kg]{ lyof] . k9fOnfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstf dfq lbOg]
ul/GYof] .
• aflnsfx¿nfO{ k9fpg kg]{ eGg] ;fdflhs cleofg cGt/ut dfWolds ljBfnodf
klxnf] aflnsf blnt aflnsf ag]sL lyOg .
• @)#@ ;fndf klxnf] k6s afnlbj; dgfOPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf;Dd klg ;fyLx¿n]
a'lnË -wdSofpg], ;tfpg]_ ug{' / u'?x¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s b08;hfo lbg'
;fdfGo s'/f lyof] . ;g !(** lt/ afn>dsf] ljifodf k|Zg ubf{ …ltd|f] cfˆgf] 5f]/f
jf 5f]/L xf]< ltdLnfO{ s] dtna < afnclwsf/ klg x'G5 / sfd gkfP/ afnaflnsf
laufg{ cfPÚ h:tf k|ltlqmof klg cfpFy] .
• d'l:nd ;d'bfosf aflnsfx¿nfO{ pRr lzIffdf /f]s lyof] / pgLx¿nfO{ 3/af6
aflx/ lgl:sg lbOb}gYof] . afnljjfx a9L x'g] ub{Yof] .
&= afn;xeflutf;DaGwL sfo{kq
k|sfz sf]O/fnfåf/f k|:t't sfo{kqsf k|d'v a'Fbfx¿ lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf lyP M
15g]kfndf afnclwsf/

afn;xeflutfsf cGtlg{lxt dfGotf / l;4fGt, afn;xeflutfsf] cy{ tyf p2]Zox¿ /x]sf
lyP . o;sf ;fy} sfo{kqdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw aflnsfx¿nfO{ ;xeflutfsf]
clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ k|yd dfgj clwsf/ b:tfj]h ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
afn;xeflutfsf ljifodf ljleGg txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 p7fOg] u/]sf lh1f;fx¿
pNn]v ul/Psf lyP .
;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf ;'emfj / l6Kk0fL M–
• cfufdL af6f] klxNofpgsf nflu afnSnax¿sf] pknlAwsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g' kg{] .
• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿aLr bf]xf]/f]kg -8'lKns]zg_ gug{sf nflu
;dGjo / ;xsfo{ x'g'kg{] .
• l9nf] Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg{] .
• afnSnanfO{ Pglhcf]s/0f ul/g gx'g] .
• afnSnax¿ btf{ e};s]kl5 clgjfo{ cl86 ul/Psf] x'g'kg{]
• afnaflnsfdf klg hflt, /Ë, lnË cflbsf cfwf/df r/d e]befj ePsf] kfOg] .
• afnSna agfpbf Jojxfl/s / sfo{d"ns x'g'kg{] .
• afn;xeflutfsf] s'/f ubf{ afnSnadf dfq s]lGb|t gu/L lzIffdf hf]8 lbg'kg{]] .
• afn;xeflutfsf] cy{ afnSna / af]Ng ;Sg] jf g;Sg]df dfq ;Lldt x'g gx'g] .
• afnSnanfO{ ;zQm / ;fy{s ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg' kg]{ .
• lhNnfdf dfq ;"lrs[t x'g] kl/kf6LnfO{ uflj; tx;Dd ug{'kg]{ .
l;sfO–
• s] l;s]+, s] l;Sg] / afnSnadf lgefPsf] e"ldsfn] kl5 s] ug{] < eGg] af/]df klg
:ki6tf x'g'k5{ .
• afn;xeflutf kl/jf/df, ljBfnodf, ;dfhdf hxfF;'s} eP klg gfd dfqsf] xf]Og,
cy{k"0f{ x'g'k5{ .
• cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu s]–s] x'g'k5{ / ;xeflutfsf] ;jfnnfO{ s;/L p7fpg]
eGg] af/]df uDeL/ 5nkmn x'g'k5{ .
sfo{zfnfn] klxrfg u/]sf afn ;xeflutfsf r'gf}tLx¿ M
;do / cy{sf] cefj, cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] cefj, Snasf] lglZrt ejg jf sf]7fsf]
cefj, hflt, j0f{ / juL{o lje]b, ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g', :ki6 gLlt lgod gx'g', /fhgLlts
x:tIf]k, dt leGgtf x'g', ;fdflhs ;xeflutfdf tyf kl/jf/;Fusf] ;+nUgtfdf sdL,
afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] plrt sb/ gx'g', afnaflnsf a]rlavg, ha/h:tL
s/0fL h:tf ck/fwdf ;hfosf] lkmtnf] gLlt x'g', l;sfpg] ljlwdf km/s /xg' cflb .

*= g]kfndf afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] k'g/fjnf]sg;DaGwL sfo{kq
p4j /fhkf}8ofnåf/f k|:t't sfo{kqsf k|d'v aF'bfx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
sfo{zfnfsf] p2]Zo – g]kfndf ePsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldnfO{
vf]tNg' / o;sf nflu xF'b}cfPsf k|of;x¿sf] ljj]rgf ug{' . o;sf pknlAw tyf
r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ s]nfpg' / eljiosf of]hgfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug{' . afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwdf g]kfnaf6 x:tfIf/ ePsf] @% jif{] ;Gbe{df afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf ;du|
kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ / b:tfj]hLs/0f u/]/ Pp6f P]ltxfl;s u|Gy k|sfzg ug{' .
sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf cg'ej / ;'emfjx¿ M g]kfndf sl/a $),)))
afnaflnsf HIV ;+qmd0faf6 k|efljt ag]sfn] ;+qmd0f b/df sdL Nofpgsf nflu gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdx¿ Nofpg cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . dgf]/~hg If]qdf sfd ug{] afnaflnsfdf
clxn] klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ e}/x]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg ?s'd lhNnfdf
afnljjfx afSn} x'g] u/]sf], To;} u/L afnaflnsfn] ljBfno 5f8g] ;d:of klg /x]sf]
5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu s'g} dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ v]n d}bfg jf
cGo cfjZos Joj:yfsf] cefj g} /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf tyf ufpF tx;Dd afnsNof0f
;ldltx¿sf] u7g tyf kl/rfng ePsf] 5 . bfª lhNnfdf #÷$ jif{ klxn];Dd
afnaflnsfnfO{ a9L g} >d zf]if0f ul/GYof] . clxn] s]xL sdL ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf
/x]sf afnSnax¿sf] k|hftflGqs cEof;sf af/]df cWoogsf] cfjZostf 5 . s]Gb|b]lv
ufpF tx;Dd afnsNof0f ;ldltx¿sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ u/L oL ;a}df afnOhnf; tyf
…;a}sf nflu lzIffÚ cleofg ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
ljBfnodf afnSna / afn;+/If0f ;ldltsf] :yfkgf kl5 afnaflnsfdf cfˆgf] ljrf/
/ efjgf JoQm ug{] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . klxn] ljBfnoaf6 cg'QL0f{ ePsf
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;xof]uL sfo{qmdx¿ lyPgg . clxn] yf]/} eP klg ;xof]uL sfo{qmd
-sIff_ ;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . klxn] 5f]/fnfO{ ljBfno k7fpFy] t/ 5f]/LnfO{ eg] 3/df
sfd nufpFy], clxn] To:tf] Jojxf/df sdL cfPsf] 5 .
tyflk clxn] klg 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf e]befj /x]sfn] aflnsfsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;df cj/f]w
sfod} 5 . /h:jnfsf] ;d:ofn]] w]/} lszf]/Lx¿ ljBfno hfgaf6 jl~rt /x]sf lyP
t/ clxn] o:tf ;d:ofdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . ;a} lhNnfx¿df DCWB sf] u7g x'g'
/ CRO sf] Joj:yf x'g' pknlAw xf] . To;}u/L afnclwsf/df sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf]
;~hfnLs/0f x'g', sG;f]l6{od afn;+/If0f ;~hfn nufotsf ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g'
klg pknlAw g} xf] .
17g]kfndf afnclwsf/

Gf]kfndf ;g !((! Kfl5 b]zdf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eof] .
To;kl5 dfq b]zdf ;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] / afnclwsf/,
dlxnf clwsf/ / ;du|df gful/s clwsf/sf kIfdf
jsfnt ug]{ :jtGqtf k|fKt eof] . To;}a]nf g]kfndf
k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ tkm{af6 cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwdf
x:tfIf/ eof] / b]zdf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ y'k|}
;+3 ;+:yf klg :yfkgf eP . o;} qmddf ;g !((# df
xfdL s]xL dlxnfx¿ ldn]/ dfgj clwsf/ / ;fdflhs
;]jfdf dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ ;+:yf btf{ u/]/
g]kfnsf afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf kIfdf jsfnt ug]{
lgZro u¥of}+ . l;lj; :yfkgfsf k|f/lDes lbgdf g]kfndf
w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf cflbjf;L hghflt yf¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{
cf}krfl/s lzIff sfg'gL ;r]tgf / cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f
ug'{k5{ eg]/ gjnk/f;Lsf ljleGg ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf
sfo{qmd yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . sfd ub}{ hfFbf ToxfFsf
dlxnfx¿sf] csf]{ 7"nf] kL8f klg phfu/ eof] Tof] lyof]
pgLx¿sf y'k|} afnaflnsf k9g] cj;/sf] vf]hLdf /
afnclwsf/ cleofgdf l;lj;
zflGt clwsf/L

cfly{s ;d:of 6fg{ egL ;x/lt/ cfPsf / k7fOPsf /x]5g . nfdf] ;dob]lv e]63f6
/ ;Dks{df g/x]sf cfˆgf afnaflnsf s:tf] xfndf 5g < s] u5{g < sxfF 5g < eGg]
s'/f yfxf gkfPsf cfdfx¿sf] b'Mv];f]kl5 xfdLn] ;g !((^ b]lv yk csf]{ cleofg
;'? u¥of}+ . Tof] lyof] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf hgjsfntL cleofg . xfd|f] cleofg cGtu{t
klxn] sfdsf] vf]hLsf nflu ;x/lt/ cfPsf jf k7fOPsf afnaflnsfsf] vf]hL ug]{ /
ltgLx¿sf] xslxtdf sfd ug]{ lgwf] u¥of}+ . xfdLn] xfd|f] sfdsf] s]Gb|ljGb' afn>ddWo]
klg To;a]nf ;a}sf] cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ agfof}+ .
b]zdf ;/sf/n] ;g !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3df x:tfIf/ u/]/ afn;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug]{ k|lta4tf t hgfof] t/ k|lta4tf cg';f/ sfg'g aGg] tyf ;/sf/L of]hgfx¿
;'/;f/ lyPg . ;dfhdf afnaflnsfnfO{ sfd nufP/ cfkm" dflns aGg' eg]sf] k|lti7fsf]
ljifo lyof] . cfkm"nfO{ b'O{ 5fs vfg k'Ug], ;fgf] hflu/ / ;fgf] Joj;fo x'g]b]lv lnP/
cfkm"nfO{ ;De|fGt eGg]x¿ ;a} afnaflnsf sfd ug{ 3/df /fVg] k|rngs} ¿kdf lyof] .
o;/L afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0f ug'{ cGofo xf] . sfg'g ljk/Lt sfo{ xf] eGg ;Sg] xfd|f]
l:ylt lyPg . To;a]nf xfdL ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ hf]lvddf k/]sf s]xL afnaflnsfsf]
p4f/ ug]{, ltgLx¿nfO{ k9fpg'k5{ eGg] / pgLx¿dfly ePsf] HofbtL af/]df dfq af]Ng
;Sg] l:yltdf dfq lyof}+ . lsgeg] To;a]nf;Dd g sfg'g g} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] lyof]
gt cfd gful/sdf afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf]if0flj?4 r]tgf g} km}lnPsf] lyof] .
19g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ /fi6«n] x:tfIf/ kZrft
cfˆgf] b]zdf dxf;lGw sfof{Gjg x'g yfn]kl5sf] k|ult ljj/0f lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3df a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj x'G5 . of] bfloTj k"/f ug{sf nflu klg ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿sf] cufl8 afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;Gbe{df s]xL sfg'g tyf gofF of]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f ug}{ kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] o;tkm{ u/]sf
k|of;x¿af6 afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f aGb} uof] . xfdL h:tf ;+3
;+:yfnfO{ sfd ug{ klg ;xhtf xF'b} uof] . afnaflnsfsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfpFb} uof] .
o;} qmddf @)$* ;fndf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f eof]
/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ;d]t ePkl5 g]kfndf !$ jif{eGbf sd
pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf nufpg' gx'g] sfg'g kfl/t eof] . To;kl5 eg] xfdLn]
To;} sfg'gdf 6]s]/ cln v'n]/ afnclwsf/sf af/]df jsfnt ug]{ jftfj/0f aGof] t/
Tof] sfg'g nfu" ug{sf nflu ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 tbf?stf b]vfOPsf] lyPg . cg'udg
k6Ss} lyPg . cfd gful/sdf ;r]tgf lyPg eg] ;/sf/L lgsfodf a:g] sd{rf/L
;d]t o; ljifodf ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn lyPgg . To;a]nf;Dd klg g]kfndf afn>d
sxfF–sxfF s'g–s'g If]qdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 < tL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < b]zdf
slt afnaflnsf cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt 5g < eGg] s'/f ;/sf/sf]
rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg ;s]sf] lyPg . kl5 g]kfndf ag]sf unF}rfx¿df afn>d k|of]u
ePsf ljifon] cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} xNnLvNnL ePkl5 To:tf sf/vfgfdf afnaflnsfnfO{
sfddf nufPsf] af/] ;/sf/L :t/af6 cg'udg ;'? eof] . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g
nufot y'k|} cGt/f{li6«o /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿n] o;;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ / pgLx¿sf
xslxtsf ljifodf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{ yfn]kl5 ;/sf/n] klg o; ljifodf rf;f] b]vfpg
yfNof] .
o;} qmddf l;lj;n] ;g @))@ df :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df 3/]n' afn>lds;Fu

sfd ug{ ;'?jft u/]sf] xf] . l;lj;n]
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] kIfdf ;~rfng
u/]sf] hgjsfntL cleofgkl5 x]6f}+8f
gu/kflnsfn] cfˆgf] gu/df ePsf o:tf
afn>ldsx¿sf] xslxtdf sfd ug]{
rf;f] lb+b} ah]6;d]t 5'6ofPsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L sf7df08f} j8f g+= & n] cfˆgf]
j8fleq /x]sf 3/]n' >ldssf] ljj/0f
/fVg] / kl/rokq lbg];Ddsf] sfd eof]
t/ of] sfdn] kl5;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfpg
eg] ;s]g . h]xf]; ta;Dd ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿df klg s]xL ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf]
ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] . @))^–@))&
;Dd cfOk'Ubf cfd gful/sdf w]/} ;r]tgf
clej[l4 ePsf] lyof] . b]zsf s'gf s'gfaf6
k|fylds ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf ePsfn] pt}
k9g] cj;/ k|fKt x'g yfn]kl5 afnaflnsf
sfdsf nflu ;x/df ef}+tfl/g] qmddf klg
s]xL sdL cfO;s]sf] lyof] . o;kl5
l;lj;n] 3/]n' >lds afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffdflysf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;xhLs/0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] ( dlxg] cgf}krfl/s sIff
;~rfng u¥of] . o;/L l;lj;n] Pp6f
7fpFdf sIff ;~rfng ubf{ x/]s ( dlxg]
sIff ;lsGYof] . k'/fgf ljBfyL{{ ;/sf/L
ljBfnodf egf{ x'Gy] t/ To;} 7fpFdf km]l/
gofF ljBfyL{x¿ Tolts} cfpFy] . o;sf]
cy{ 3/]n'>ddf afnaflnsf cfpg] qmddf
s]xL sdL cfof] t/ k"0f{lj/fd eg] nfu]sf]
lyPg . o;/L afnaflnsf >dsf nflu
;x/lt/ cfpg] qmd xfn;Dd klg hf/L
/x]s} 5 .
t/ klg ;don] s]xL sf]N6f] km]/]sf] 5 . Ps
;do afnaflnsfnfO{ gf]s/sf] ¿kdf /fVg'
uf}/j / k|lti7fsf] ljifo lyof] eg] ca of]
k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] ljifo aGg k'u]sf]
5 . To;a]nf afn>ldsx¿nfO{ v'n]cfd
afnclwsf/ cleofgdf l;lj;sf]
kxn
• :yfkgf ePsf] ;fn !((^ b]lv
@)!$ ;Dddf &,!!* hgf 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s
lzIffdf egf{sf nflu ;xof]u
u/]sf] lyof] .
• kl5Nnf] cjlw;Dddf 3/]n'
afn>lds tyf 3/]n' >ddf hfg]
hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsf u/L
hDdf !)@^$ hgfnfO{ ljBfno
egf{ tyf z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx¿sf]
;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
• ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l;lj;
lgj]bs eO{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6
kLl8t aflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6
kl/k"/0f;lxtsf] Ifltk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf;DaGwL xfn]sf] l/6sf]
kIfdf ldlt @)&!÷!!÷@) df
km};nf ePsf] .
• ldlt )^^÷@÷!# df sf7df08f}
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ha/h:tL
s/0fLsf] d'2fdf kLl8t aflnsfsf]
kIfaf6 cbfntdf ax; ug{
afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+3
;+:yfn] klg kfpg] cfb]z ePsf] .
• ldlt @)^^÷&÷@$ df 3/]n'
afn>ldssf] kIfaf6 afn>d
lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{ P]g
@)%^ nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu klxnf] k6s >L >d
sfof{no afUdtLdf lkm/fbkq btf{
u/]sf] .
21g]kfndf afnclwsf/

oftgf lbg] ul/GYof] eg] ca n'sL5kL dfq
ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . oftgfsf] ljifo ca
sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf cfpg ;Sg] ePsf]n]
o;df klg w]/} sdL cfPsf] 5 . o;/L
afn>d zf]if0fdf / afnclwsf/ :yfkgfdf
kfOnf km'sL km'sL kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf xfd|f] b]zn]
x:tfIf/ u/] kZrft afn>dlj?4 ;sf/fTds
jftfj/0f aGb} uPsf]n] of] kl/jt{g ;Dej
ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .
b]zdf k|hftGq :yfkgfsf] s]xL ;dokl5b]lv
ePsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;z:q ;+3if{
/ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf] ;dosf
sf/0fn] klg b]zsf] ljsf;n] ult lng
;s]sf] 5}g . o; l:yltdf afnclwsf/sf
;jfnx¿ klg :jtM cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g .
kmn:j¿k cfh klg w]/} afnaflnsf lzIff,
:jf:Yoaf6 jl~rt 5g . 3/ 5f8]/ lx8g
afWo 5g . of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf
5g . >d zf]if0fdf k/]sf 5g . olt x'Fbfx'Fb}
ljleGg k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt
l;lj;
• afn>d pGd"ngsf] If]qdf
pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
;Ddfg ub{} cGt/f{li6«o >d
;+u7g -ILO_ n] ;g @))%
sf] ljlzi6 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf k'/:s[t u/]sf] lyof] .
• o;}u/L ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbn]
;g @))^ df dfgj clwsf/
k'/:sf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .
• afn b'Jo{jxf/ lgif]w ug{ ljlzi6
of]ubfg u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lbP/
;g @))( df World Women
Summit Forum n] l;lj;nfO{
Global Award on Prevention
of Child Abuse n] ;Ddflgt
u/]sf] lyof] .

klg afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw nfu" ePkl5sf @% jif{sf] bf}/fgdf afnclwsf/sf]
kIfdf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds 9Ëaf6 u|x0f ug}{ kb{5 .
casf] cfjZostf
3/]n' afn>dnufot ;a} k|sf/sf afn>dx¿ d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts
;+/rgf;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;jfn ePsf]n] o;sf] ;d"n ¿kdf cGTosf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf b]xfo
cg';f/sf] Joj:yf x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 M–
!_ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
@_ cleefjsnfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsf k|ltsf] bfloTj cg'ej u/fpg Jofks ¿kdf r]tgf
clej[l4 tyf hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ .
#_ b'u{d 7fpFdf ljBfnox¿ -vf;u/L k|fylds_ ufpF glhs /xg] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
$_ cleefjssf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ /fHon] /f]huf/L jf cfod"ns Joj;fosf
nflu lgJof{hL C0f lbg] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
%= e"ldxLg tyf ul/a ls;fgx¿sf] cfhLljsfsf] cfwf/sf nflu v]tL ug{] e"ld pknAw
u/fOg' k5{ . o;sf nflu k|ultzLn e"ld;'wf/ u/L 7"nf e"ldkltx¿af6 e"ld
clwu|x0f u/]/ ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
^_ ;/sf/n] afnaflnsfsf nflu kof{Kt nufgL ug'{k5{ / o;sf nflu jflif{s ah]6
g} 5'6ofpg' k5{ . gofF of]hgf lgdf{0f, ePsf sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog s9fOsf ;fy
23g]kfndf afnclwsf/

ug'{k5{ .
&_ :yfgLo lgsfon] klg afnljsf;sf nflu k|fyldstfk"j{s sfd ug'{k5{ .
*_ ;/sf/L:t/af6 cg'udg lg/Gt/ / k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ug'{k5{ .
lgisif{
ljut @) jif{b]lv afn>d tyf afnclwsf/sf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf]
l;lj;n] clxn] klg lgs[i7 / hf]lvd cj:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf afnaflnsfsf] p4f/ /
;+/If0fsf nflu ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/L g} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f,
ljsf; tyf ;xeflutfsf] kIfdf cleofg ;~rfng ug{] bf}/fgdf l;lj;n] ljleGg
k|sf/sf hf]lvd / sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . oltdfq xf]Og o;n]
k6s k6s afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ pNn+3gstf{x¿sf] wDsLx¿sf] ;d]t ;fdgf ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . cK7of/f] kl/l:ylt;Fu kf}F7]hf]/L v]Ng cEo:t alg;s]sf] of] ;+:yfn] cfpFbf
lbgx¿df cfpg ;Sg] Jojwfgx¿nfO{ kG5fpFb} o; cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg]5 .
o;sf] ;fy} ha;Dd b]zdf afnclwsf/ k|flKtsf] cj:yf ;'lglZrt x'Fb}g ta;Dd cfˆgf]
st{Jo kyaf6 ljrlnt geO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kn] cufl8 al9/xg] s'/fdf l;lj; k|lta4 5 .

afnclwsf/ cjwf/0ffsL cleoGtf PUnfOG6fOg h]a
o'4x¿ ljgfzsf/L x'G5g .
o;af6 w]/} dfgjLo Iflt
x'g] ub{5 . o'4sf] qmddf
afnaflnsf, dlxnfx¿,
j[4j[4f tyf czQmx¿
;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'G5g
tyflk afnaflnsfsf
kL8fx¿ jo:sx¿sf]
k|fyldstfleq k/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5}g . o'4sf
sf/0f pNn+3g ePsf
afnclwsf/sf ;jfnx¿
/fHosf] cfFvfaf6 cf]em]ndf
kb{5g . o'4af6 kLl8t o:tf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nfO{ Ps dlxnfn] cfjfh p7fpFb}
;a}sf] Wofg tfGg ;kmn eOg . tL dxfg dlxnf lyOg, a]nfotsL PUnfOG6fOg h]a .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ sfddf PUnfG6fOg h]a cu|0fL cleoGtf
lyOg . ljZjsf hgtf !(!$ b]lv !(!* df ePsf] k|yd ljZjo'4af6 k|tfl8t eO/x]sf
lyP . o;df afnaflnsf / dlxnfx¿ a9L lyP . oxL cj:yfnfO{ ;+s]t ub}{ PUnfG6fOgn]
elgg, æ;a} o'4 ;xL jf unt, ljWj+zsf/L jf ljhosf/L h] x'g tL ;a} afnaflnsflj?4
5]l8Psf x'G5gÆ . kmf]6f]u|fkmLk|lt ljz]if ?lr /fVg] PUnfG6fOgn] o'4sf sf/0f ef]sfgfËf
ag]sf afnaflnsfsf] t:jL/ lvr]/ kqklqsfdf 5kfpg] sfd ul/g . o;n] afnaflnsfsf]
jf:tljs cj:yfnfO{ ljZj ;fd' 5n{Ë agfOlbof] . To;a]nfsf] a]nfotL ;/sf/n] ef]sf
gfËf afnaflnsfsf] t:jL/ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfo{nfO{ uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lnof] .
kl/0ffd:j¿k pgnfO{ kqmfp u/L h]n xfNof] . pgn] h]nleq}af6 klg afnaflnsfsf]
kIfdf cfjfh p7fO/lxg . afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf yfn]sf] cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]
qmddf ;g !(@# df h]g]efdf pgn] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf kfFr a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq tof/
ul/g . h]g]efdf tof/ u/]sL x'gfn] o; 3f]if0ff kqnfO{ h]g]ef 3f]if0ff kq klg elgG5 .
afnclwsf/sf] h]g]ef 3f]if0ff kqdf ePsf kfFrj6f a'Fbfx¿1
M
1 rlGb|sf vltj8f, -@)^!_, PUnfG6fOg h]j / afnclwsf/ cleofg afnclwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff, k[i7 !&
afnclwsf/ cleofgsf] ljsf;qmd
–/d]zs'df/ kf}8]n
25g]kfndf afnclwsf/

!= afnaflnsfnfO{ ef}lts tyf cfWoflTds b'j} ¿kdf ;fdfGo ljsf; ug{sf nflu rflxg]
;a} k"jf{wf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 .
@= ef]sf] afnaflnsfn] vfg kfpg'kb{5, ladf/L afnaflnsfn] :ofxf/, pkrf/ kfpg'kb{5,
zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] ckfËtf jf czQmtf ePsf afnaflnsfn] plrt tflnd
/ lzIff kfpg' kb{5, cgfy Pj+ kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfn] cf>o kfpg'kb{5 .
#= b'Mv, ;Í6, k|sf]k k/]sf a]nfdf ;aeGbf klxn] afnaflnsfn] p2f/ sfo{sf] ;]jf
kfpg'kb{5 / ljklQdf ;j{k|yd /fxt kfpg] JolQm afnaflnsf g} x'g'kb{5 .
$= afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] hLjg wfGg] u/L sdfpg ;Sg] x'gsf nflu cfjZos / plrt
cj;/ / tflnd ;dod} kfpg' kb{5 / pgLx¿n] x/]s lsl;dsf] zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f
kfpg'kb{5 .
%= afnaflnsfnfO{ p;sf] k|ltefnfO{ dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/fpg ;lsof];
eGg] af]w jf 1fgsf ;fy x'sf{Og' kb{5 .
PUnfG6fOgn] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ;g !(@# df ;]e b lrN8«]gsf] klqsf
b jN8{; lrN8«]gdf k|sflzt eof] . o;nfO{ ;]e b lrN8«]g OG6/g]zgn o'lgogåf/f
:jLsf/ ul/of] . o;sf] ;fy} k|yd ljZj o'4 kl5 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /fi6« ;+3 (League
of Nation) n] PUnfG6fOg h]aåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] % a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kqdf ;g !(@$ df
c¿ b'O{j6f a'Fbf yk u/L pQm 3f]if0ff kqnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ cfJxfg ub}{ kfl/t ug]{
sfd u¥of] .
/fi6« ;+3af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;ft a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq2
!= afnaflnsfnfO{ ef}lts tyf cfWoflTds b'j} ¿kdf ;fdfGo ljsf; ug{sf nflu
rflxg] ;a} k"jf{wf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 .
@= ef]sf] afnaflnsfn] vfg kfpg'k5{, la/fdL afnaflnsfn] :ofxf/, pkrf/ kfpg'k5{,
zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] ckfËtf jf czQmtf ePsf afnaflnsfn] plrt tflnd
/ lzIff kfpg'k5{, afnlaHofO{+df k/]sf afnaflnsfn] plrt k'g:yf{kgfsf] cj;/
kfpg'kb{5, cgfy Pj+ kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfn] cf>o kfpg'kb{5 .
#= b'Mv, ;+s6 k|sf]k k/]sf] a]nfdf ;aeGbf klxn] afnaflnsfn] p4f/ sfo{sf] ;]jf
kfpg'kb{5, ljklQdf ;j{k|yd /fxt kfpg] JolQm afnaflnsf x'g' kb{5 .
$= ;fdflhs ;]jfaf6 afnaflnsfn] kl/k"0f{ nfe kfpg'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf]
hLjg wfGg] sdfpg ;Sg] x'gsf nflu cfjZos / plrt cj;/ / tflnd ;dod}
kfpg'kb{5 / pgLx¿n] x/]s lsl;dsf] zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f kfpg'kb{5 .
%= afnaflnsfnfO{ p;sf] k|ltefnfO{ dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/fpg ;lsof];
eGGf] af]w jf 1fgsf ;fy x'sf{Og'kb{5 .
^= kl/jf/nfO{ plrt ;Ddfg lb+b} kl/jf/ leq afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt :ofxf/ ;';f/
2 rlGb|sf vltj8f, -@)^!_, PUnfG6fOg h]a / afnclwsf/ cleofg, k[i7 !*

k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
&= afnaflnsfn] g}lts, cfWoflTds, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / j:t'ut cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf
plrt ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ;'ljwfx¿ kfpg'kb{5 / o;f] ubf{ g}ltstf, hft, hftLotf,
j0f{, wd{sf 3]/f kf/ u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befjljxLg ¿kdf k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ff
;g !($* df :yfkgf ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 -United Nations_n] kfl/t u/]sf]
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqdf oL afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6]sf]
5 . o;}u/L afnclwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ cem kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(%(
gf]e]Da/ @) df afnclwsf/;DaGwL bz a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq–Declarationon the Rights of
the Child_ kfl/t u¥of] .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ff kqsf bz a'Fbfx¿3
M
!= afa'cfdf, JolQm cyjf kl/jf/sf] dfof ddtf / ;dembf/Ldf afnaflnsf x'ls{g' kb{5
/ x/]s If]qdf -zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts_ ljsl;t x'g'kb{5 .
@= cfˆgf] Go"gtd zf/Ll/s cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu rflxg] vfg]s'/f
afnaflnsfn] kfpg'kb{5 .
#= lzz'sf :jf:Yo / ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
$= lzz'n] plrt cf>o, cfjf; kfpg'kb{5 .
%= afnaflnsfn] Go"gtd ¿kdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg'kb{{5 .
^= afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] hLjg /dfP/ lhpg] / ;Defjgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg'kb{5
/ cfˆgf] hftLo kl/ro / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg'kb{5 .
&= cf–cfˆgf] Ifdtf, ?lr, / ;Defjgfcg'¿ksf] k]zf ckgfpg afnaflnsfn] plrt
lzIff / tflnd kfpg'kb{5 .
*= x/]s afnaflnsfn] cf–cfˆgf] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ df}sf kfpg'kb{5 .
(= ;/sf/L / u}/;sf/L If]qdf rflxg] ;dodf sfd kfpg] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g'kb{5 .
!)= afnaflnsfn] cf–cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / ?lraf/] hfgsf/L lng] / clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ df}sf kfpg'kb{5 .
;fy} afnclwsf/sf] af/]df ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(&( df
cGt/f{li6«o afn–jif{ 3f]if0ff klg u¥of] .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw / o;sf k|fjwfgx¿
o;} jif{ kf]Nof08n] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw lgdf{0fsf nflu d:of}bf tof/ ug]]{ k|:tfj cufl8
3 rlGb|sf vltj8f, -@)^!_, PUnfG6fOg h]a / afnclwsf/ cleofg, k[i7 @#
27g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;f¥of] / o; k|:tfjnfO{ cWoog / ;dLIff u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
cfof]un] clGtd d:of}bf–kq tof/ ug{ sfo{bn u7g u¥of] . ;g !(*# df ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo sfo{bnnfO{ ;xfotf ug{ ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
tby{ ;ldlt u7g ul/of] . ;g !(*( df sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] clGtd d:of}bf kq ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u ;dIf k|:t't u¥of] . o;} jif{ !(*( sf] gf]e]Da/ @)
sf lbg afnclwsf/ 3f]if0ff kqsf] #) cf}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] ;Gbe{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
dxf;efn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ ;j{;Ddt ?kdf kfl/t u¥of] . o;kl5 ;g
!(() sf] ;]K6]Da/ @ tfl/vb]lv afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw nfu" eof] . =;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf cg';f/ ;g @)!% ;Dddf o; dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof
!(^ k'u]sf] 5 . ca dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ gug]{ /fi6«df cd]l/sf dfq /x]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw nfu" ePkl5 ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/#) df afnaflnsfsf
nflu ljZj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . o; ;Dd]ngn] gAa]sf] bzssf nflu afn
arfj6, afn;+/If0f / afnljsf;;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf agfof] . g]kfnn] o;} jif{ !(()
sf] !$ ;]K6]Da/df pQm dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u¥of] . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf %$
j6f wf/f 5g .
dxf;lGwsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿4
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/
cleefjsx¿sf] dfu{ bz{g k|fKt ug]{ -wf/f %_, afFRg] bL3{hLjg / ljsf; ug]{ -wf/f
^_, ;':jf:Yo /xg] / :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ -wf/f @$_, pGgt hLjg:t/ -wf/f @&_
ljsf;sf] clwsf/
hGdbtf{, gfd, /fli6«otf / :ofxf/;';f/ -wf/f &_, klxrfg -wf/f *_, cfdfa'af;Fu a:g]
-wf/f (_ kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng -wf/f !)_, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -wf/f @^_ lzIffsf] clwsf/
-@*_ cf/fd, v]ns'b / ;+:s[lt -wf/f #!_, ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/
-wf/f @#_ z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/ / ;+/If0f -wf/f @@_
;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
anaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxt -wf/f #_, dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f -wf/f
$_, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0faf6 jl~rt afnaflnsf -wf/f @)_, wd{k'qk'qLsf] clwsf/ -wf/f
@!_, z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsf -wf/f @@_, åGåsf] cjlwdf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
-#*_, afnGofo -wf/f $)_, ckx/0f / a]rlavgaf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f !!_, afnaflnsfsf]
laqmL, aGws / a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ /f]Sg /fli6«o, låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo pkfo
ckgfpg] -wf/f #%_, ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;faf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f !(_, Hff]lvdk"0f{ >daf6
;+/If0f -wf/f #@_, of}g zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f -wf/f #$_, cGo zf]if0fx¿af6 ;+/If0f -wf/f
4 afn;+/If0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos kl/rfng, ;|f]t ;fdfu|L, o'lg;]km, k[i7 !#

#^_, xflgsf/s y'gf / b08 ;hfoaf6 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ -wf/f #&_
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
e]befj ug{ gx'g] -wf/f @_, cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f cleJoQm ug]{ / cfkm" k|efljt x'g]
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu lng] clwsf/ -wf/f !@_, ;+3;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf -wf/f !%_,
uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg -wf/f !^_, cleJolQm :jtGqtf -wf/f !#_, ljrf/,
cf:yf / wd{ -wf/f !$_, ;"rgf / cfd ;~rf/df kx'Fr -wf/f !&_ .
;g @))) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf b'O{ j6f OR5flwg
cfn]vx¿ kfl/t u¥of] . tL x'g æ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtflj?4Æ tyf
æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn b]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0flj?4Æ cfn]v .
oL OR5flwg cfn]vx¿nfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf OR5flwg cfn]vx¿ (Optional Protocals)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] @% d] @))) df æafnaflnsfsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df
;+nUgtflj?4Æ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn b]xJofkf/ tyf afnaflnsfsf]
clZnn lrq0flj?4Æ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( sf b'O{j6f cfn]vx¿
kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .
!=@ ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtflj?4 afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] OR5flwg
cfn]v, @))) df ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿5
M
• !* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+3if{df ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg] .
• /fli6«o ;z:q bndf :j]lR5s ;DnUgtfsf] pd]/ a9fpg] / !* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{
/fli6«o ;]gfdf ;+nUg u/fpg ljz]if ;'/Iff ckgfpg' kg]{, cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng'
kg]{, ;}lgs ;]jfdf k"/f ug'{ kg]{ k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ of] jf:tjd} :j]lR5s x'g'
kg]{ . /fHosf] ;z:q bn afx]s s;}n] klg !* jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ ;z:q sf/afxLdf
;+nUg u/fpg gkfpg] u/L ;a} cfjZos pkfo ckgfpg] .
• o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs nufot ;a} pkfo ckgfpg' kg]{ .
• o; cfn]v ljk/Lt egf{ ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]jf d'Qm ug]{, pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s k'gk|f{lKt / ;fdflhs k'gP{sLs/0fsf nflu /fHon] plrt ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
• o; ;lGwkqsf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ kLl8t afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u h'6fpg /fHo kIf ;xof]uL x'g'kg]{ .
!=@= æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf clZnn lrq0fÆlj?4 afnclwsf/
5 l;ljg, afnclwsf/ ;+r]tgf k'l:tsf, k[i7 @!, @@
29g]kfndf afnclwsf/

dxf;lGwsf] OR5flwg cfn]v,@))) df ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿6
M
• afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf clZnn lrq0fnfO{ uDeL/ ck/fw dfgL
To;dfly k|ltaGw nufpg] .
• b]zdf cfGtl/s ¿kdf ePsf] xf]; jf Ps csf]{ /fi6« aLr ePsf] xf]; tyf
JolQmut ¿kdf ;+ul7t h'g;'s} ¿kdf ePsf] eP klg /fHo kIfx¿n] afnaflnsfsf]
a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf clZnn lrq0fnfO{ k"0f{tM cfk/flws ultljlwsf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ u/L kmf}hbf/L sfg'g cGtu{t ;d]l6g' kg]{ .
-s_ afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} klg dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ of}g zf]if0f
ug{, gfkmfsf nflu cË k|Tof/f]k0f ug{, ha/h:tL >ddf nufpg k|:tfj ug]{, :jLsf/
ug]{ jf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ tyf wd{ k'qk'qL lng] lbg];DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL
Joj:yfx¿nfO{ pNn+3g u/L unt 9Ëaf6 :jLs[lt lng] tyf dWo:ytf ug]{ sfo{ .
-v_ afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0f lgdf{0f ug'{, ljt/0f ug{', cfoft ug'{, k|:tfj ug'{, laqmL
ug'{ jf of}g k|of]hgfsf nflu cfkm";Fu /fVg' . -u_ afnj]Zofj[lQsf nflu afnaflnsf
pknAw u/fpg', lng', lgo'Qm ug'{ jf k|:tfj ug'{ .
• s'g} klg /fHosf] If]qleqsf ;fy} ;f] /fHosf] clwgdf /x]sf] kfgL hxfh jf xjfO{
hxfhdf ePsf] eP klg ck/fwL jf kLl8t kIf cfˆgf] /fHosf] afl;Gbf ePdf
sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] aGbf]a:t k|To]s /fHokIfn] ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
• kmf}Hbf/L Goflos sf/afxLsf] x/]s txdf o:tf ck/fwaf6 kLl8t afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/ / pRrtd lxtsf nflu pko'Qm pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kg]{5 .
• o:tf ck/fwsflj?4 sfg'g, k|zf;lgs sf/afxL, ;fdflhs gLlt, sfo{qmdx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{5 . o;;DaGwL afnaflnsf nufot ;a}df Jofks hgr]tgf
hufpg] tyf lzIff Pj+ tflnd pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljz]if a}7s, @))@
;g @))@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] afnaflnsf nflu ljz]if a}7ssf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .
a}7sn] afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;+;f/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ljZjJofkL cleofg ;~rfng
ug]{ 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o; lgDg !) a'Fb] 3f]if0ff7
u¥of] M
!= afnaflnsfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbcf}+ .
@= ul/aLsf] cGTo u/f}+ M afnaflnsfsf nflu nufgL u/f}+ .
#= sf]xL klg afnalfnsfnfO{ g5'6fcf}+ .
$= x/]s afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ u/f}+ .
%= k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ lzlIft kf/f}+ .
6 l;ljg, afnclwsf/ ;+r]tgf k'l:tsf, k[i7 @# b]lv @^
7 afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;+;f/, ;]e b lrN8«]g, k[i7 #, $

^= afnaflnsfnfO{ zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 hf]ufcf}+ .
&= afnaflnsfnfO{ o'4af6 hf]ufcf}+ .
*= Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8;lj?4 n8f}+ .
(= afnaflnssf s'/f ;'gf} / pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/f}+ .
!)= k[YjLnfO{ afnaflnsfsf nflu arfO{ /fvf}+ .
#= afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] ph'/L k|lqmof;DaGwL OR5flwg cfn]v, @)!!
(Optional Protocol of the CRC on a Communications Procedure, 2011)
afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cufl8 a9g] qmddf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
;fwf/0f ;efsf] ^^ cf}+ ;qn] !( l8;]Da/ @)!! df afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]
ph'/L k|lqmof;DaGwL OR5flwg cfn]v kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/
;ldltn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / o;sf b'O{j6f OR5flwg cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg
ug]{ ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf nflu o; OR5flwg cfn]v x:tfIf/ ug{sf nflu hgj/L
@)!@ b]lv v'Nnf u/]sf] 5 .
ph'/L k|lqmof;DaGwLOR5flwg cfn]v, @)!! sf d"ne"tclwsf/x¿
• ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf
36gfx¿sf] /fli6«o sfg'gaf6 ;Daf]wg gePsf] cj:yfdf l;w} JolQmut ph'/L klg
:jLsf/ ug]{5 .
OR5flwg cfn]vdf $ j6f efux¿ 5g M
efu ! M (General) k|fjwfgx¿ -wf/f !b]lv $_
efu @ M ;~rf/ sfo{ljlw -wf/f % b]lv !@_
efu # M hf“ra'em sfo{ljlw -wf/f !# b]lv !$_
efu $ M (Final) k|fjwfgx¿ -!% b]lv @$_
hDdf wf/fx¿ M @$ j6f
o;/L afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwkfl/t ePb]lv cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf afnaflnsfsf
clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿df
;do;fk]If OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ qmd hf/L /x]sf] 5 .
31g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= PUnfG6fOg h]a / afnclwsf/ cleofg, n]vsM rlGb|sf vltj8f, k|sfzsM sG;f]l6{od,
k|yd ;+:s/0f, k|sfzg ldlt M @)^!
@= afnclwsf/ ;+r]tgf k'l:tsf M k|sfzs l;ljg, g]kfn, cf7f}+ ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ldlt
@))! Kfm/j/L
#= afn;+/If0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos kl/rfng, ;|f]t ;fdfu|L, n]vs s]6 a]/L tyf ;'/]Gb|
/]UdL, k|yd ;+:s/0f, k|sfzg ldlt M @)^^
$= afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;+;f/, ;DkfbsM rlGb|sf vltj8f, k|sfzsM ;]e b
lrN8«]g gj]{, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @))@, k'gM k|sfzg @))$ .
%= www.un.org, UN News Center

!= afnclwsf/;DaGwL hfu/0f
afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq !(%( cg'df]bg ePsf] @) jif{ k5fl8
cyf{t ;g !(&( nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] æcGt/f{li6«o afn aif{Æ 3f]if0ff u¥of] . tTsflng
d'df a8fdxf/fgL /Tgsf] ;+/IfsTjdf ljleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf g]kfn afn ;+u7gx¿n]]
afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]/~hg, v]ns'b / uLt–;+uLtsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/] .
t/ st} klg afnclwsf/sf] ljifodf s'g} rrf{–kl/rrf{ ePsf] yfxf ePg . Tolt~h]n
b]zdf lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]lj?4df ;g !(&( -@)#%÷@)#^_ df P]ltxfl;s
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng ;'? ePsf] lyof] . o; cfGbf]ngsf] Ps ;lqmo ;xefuLsf] gftfn]
b]zdf k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] k'gM:yfkgfsf] vf“rf]sf] ljifodf d /fhg}lts ¿kdf ;r]t
eO;s]sf] lYf+PF . To;}n] cGt/f{li6«o afnjif{ vfln ;/sf/L cf}Kfrfl/stf / pT;jdf dfq}
;Lldt /x]sf] ljifodf d leq k|;:t c;Gt'li6x¿ v]ln/x]sf lyP . P]ltxfl;s hgdt
;+u|xsf] bf}/fg b]zJofkL ¿kdf ;DkGg …ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfÚ sf] KfIfdf ;~rflnt
k|rf/ cleofgx¿sf] bf}/fg d}n] Tolt~h]n dfgjclwsf/ / afnclwsf/ pNNf+3gsf]
ljifo klg efif0f ubf{ p7fpg yfn]sf] lyPF . ;fob log} 36gfqmd / ;f]rx¿n] klg
qmdzM d leq b]zdf afnclwsf/ cleofgsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ;f]rsf] lahf/f]k0f ePsf]
x'g'kb{5 .
@= afnbf;tfsf] ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L
;g !(*# sf] cS6f]a/df yfONof08sf] /fhwfgL a+}ssdf Pl;ofnL ljBfyL{
;+3 (ASA) n] dfgj clwsf/ / o'jfsf] ljifodf Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] lyof] . TfTsfnLg cg]/f:jljo' / lqljlj s]Gb|Lo SofDk;sf] :jtGq ljBfyL{
o"lgogsf] g]t[Tj txdf lqmofzLntfsf] sf/0f ;f] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL aGg d]/f] gfd
rog ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf dnfO{ æg]kfndf afn>d / dfgj clwsf/Æ ljifos
sfo{kq Kf|:t't ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cfOnfu]sf] lyof] . Tolt~h]n ;f] sfo{kq tof/ ug{ xfdLn]
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo SofDk;, sLlt{k'/df Ps sfo{bn agfPsf lyof}+ . d nufot
lqljljsf ljleGg ;ªsfosf ;fyLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] sfo{bnn] ;f] sfo{kqsf]
vfsf tof/ u/]kZrft ;f] sfo{kqnfO{ clGtd:j¿k lbP/ ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't u/]sf] lyPF .
;f] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] / sfo{kq k|:t't ug]{ cj;/sf] sf/0f afnclwsf/ vf;u/L
afnbf;tf / afn>d zf]if0fsf] ljifodf yk ;r]t / hfu?s x'g dnfO{ an k'u]sf]
ly+of] .
#= afnclwsf/sf] ljifodf ax;sf] yfngL
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ cleofgM Oltxf;sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
;Demgfx¿
– uf}/L k|wfg
33g]kfndf afnclwsf/

afnclwsf/ / afnbf;tfsf] ljifodf la:tf/} :fr]t / hfu?s x'g yfn]kl5,
d}n] o; ljifodf ljZjljBfnosf ;fyLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/L 5nkmn / ax; cufl8 a9fpg
yfn]sf] lyPF . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g !(*$ sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo SofDk;df afnclwsf/sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL
Ps ljrf/uf]i7L ;DkGg u/]sf lyof+} . TolTf~h]n ;dfhdf dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ng
/ cleofg leq klg afnclwsf/sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / o; ljifodf
uDeL/ 5nkmn÷ax; ug]{ rng lyPg . o; 36gfn] af}l4s ;d'bfodf afnclwsf/ /
afnbf;tfsf] ljifodf cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{, 5nkmn, ax;x¿ t]h ug'{kg]{ / o;
ljifonfO{ a[xQ/ k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / dfgj clwsf/ cleofgsf] cleGg cË agfp“b}
afnaflnsfnfO{ bf;tf / zf]if0faf6 d'Qm ug{' kg]{ lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] .
$= l;ljg g]kfnsf] :yfkgf
;g !(*% df ljZje/ cGt/f{li6«o o'jfjif{ dgfOPsf] lyof] . o; cj;/df
cfof]lht ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿df klg xfdLn] afnclwsf/ / afnbf;Tjlj?4sf s'/fx¿
la:tf/} hf]8b} uPsf lyof}+ . ;g !(*) df :fDkGg P]ltxfl;s hgdt ;+u|xn] b]zdf
/fhg}lts lgoGq0fsf] l:ylt s]xL v's'nf]] ePklg dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ultljlwx¿df
;/sf/L aqmb[li6 sfod g} lyof] . ;g !(*^ df d]/f] ;+of]hsTjdf sf7df08f}df
cw{e"ldut cj:yfdf ;DkGg æPlzof–k|zfGt If]qdf dfgj clwsf/M oyfy{ / r'gf}tLÆ
ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf klg afnclwsf/sf] ljifodf 5nkmn yfn]sf lyof}+ . o;/L
ljleGg ;dodf ePsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL 5nkmn÷ax;n] g]kfndf afnclwsf/;DaGwL
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ dxz'; ul/Psf]n] l;ljg g]kfnsf] ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f / /0fgLltsf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o; ljifodf d}n] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f d~rsf tTsflng cWoIf
k|f=8f=dy'/f k|;fb >]i7, g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gsf cWoIf Clifs]z zfx, tTsflng
hgkIfLo /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o kbd /Tg t'nfw/ / clwjQmf ;'jf; g]DjfË -jt{dfg
;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf_ cflb;Fu k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyPF . ;a}sf] ;Nnfx–;'emfjcg'';f/
l;ljg g]kfnnfO{ tTsflng sfg'g cg';f/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf btf{ ug{ k|oTg ul/of] . t/
lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yflj?4sf] d]/f] lqmofzLntfsf sf/0f ;f] ;+:yf nfdf] ;do;Dd
lhNnf sfof{no, sf7df08f}df btf{ x'g ;s]g . k5fl8 ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ cf}krfl/stfsf]
nflu u}/ gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ;+:yf ;g !(*^ sf]
cGt/f{li6«o afnclwsf/ lbj; gf]e]Da/ @) tfl/vsf] lbg :yfkgf u/]tfklg ;f]sf]
cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff !(*& hgj/L ! sf lbg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;Gbe{df cfof]lht
;f] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf l;ljg g]kfnnfO{ jQmfx¿n] b]zs} klxnf] afnclwsf/ ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . To;sf] s]xL ;do kZrft g} l;ljgn] sf7df08f}df ;g
!(** df æblIf0f Plzofdf afn>dM oyfy{ / r'gf}tLÆ ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7L dfkm{t
o; If]qsf ljleGg b]zx¿df afnclwsf/sf] l:ylt / r'gf}tLsf] ljifoj:t'df Jofks
5nkmn / ax; ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . gf]a]n k'/:sf/ lah]tf s}nfz ;TofyL{ To;a]nf ;f]
sfo{qmdsf] Ps ;lqmo ;xefuL dWo]sf] x'g'x'GYof] . o;} qmddf l;ljgsf] kxndf æblIf0f
PlzofO{ afnclwsf/ d~rÆ sf] klg u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}sf] kxndf sf]nsftf

-!(*(_ / 9fsf -!(()_ df afnclwsf/;DaGwL blIf0f PlzofO{ ;Dd]ngx¿ / cGo
b]zx¿df klg ljleGg afnclwsf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
%= hgcfGbf]ngdf afnclwsf/sf] s'/f
;g !(*(÷() sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng d"ntM …k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfÚ sf]
lglDt ;DkGg ePsf] ePtfklg o; cfGbf]ngdf dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] tkm{af6
;zQm P]Soj4tf k|bz{g ug'{sf] ;fy} ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
;fy;fy} g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;fob klxnf] rf]6L ;+:yfut ¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
/ ;Dj4{gsf] ljifo l;ljg g]kfnn] hgcfGbf]ng;Fu ufF;]/ p7fPsf] lyof] . Tolt~h]n
l;ljg g]kfnn] hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf ;/sf/L bdgsf] sf/0faf6 ePsf afnclwsf/
pNn+3g:fDaGwL k|ltj]bg klg ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . Tolt~h]n ePsf w/ks8 /
lu/ˆtf/Lsf] qmddf l;ljg g]kfn;Fu cfj4 y'k|} ;b:ox¿ klg k/]sf lyP .
^= afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf af/]
afnclwsf/sf ljifoj:t'x¿ af/] nfdf] ;dob]lv cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ax; /
5nkmn ePtfklg /fHox¿nfO{ o; ljifodf afWosf/L agfpg] vf; s'g} Jojl:yt
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] lyPg . o; ljifodf ;g !(&( df cGt/f{li6«o
afnjif{sf] ;Gbe{df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf Ps ;b:o /fi6« kf]Nof08n] …afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwÚ sf] cfjZostf / pkfb]otf ljifodf /fv]sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 pk/f]Qm k|:tfj kfl/t eO;s]kZrft lj1x¿sf] Ps sfo{bn u7g
u/L …afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwÚ sf] d:of}bf ug]{ sfd yfn]sf] lyof] .

g]kfndf pk/f]Qm …afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwÚ sf] d:of}bfnfO{ o"lg;]kmsf]
;xof]udf cg'jfb / k|sfzg u/L l;ljg g]kfnn] /fli6«o ax; / 5nkmn yfn]sf] lyof] .
;fy;fy}, lkmGfNof08sf] /fhwfgL x]nl;GsLdf ;g !(** df ;DkGg afnclwsf/ d:of}bf
dxf;lGw;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf d :jo+n] g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xefuL eO{ /fli6«o
ax; / 5nkmnsf lgrf]8x¿ k|:t't u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] dxf;lGwsf]
d:of}bfdfly Jofks 5nkmn / ax; u/L To;df ePsf sdL sdhf]/L / yKgkg]{ s'/fx¿
;dflji6 u/L ;f] d:of}bf dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 csf]{ jif{ -;g
!(*(_ df kfl/t ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] lyof] .
&= ;+ljwfg / afnclwsf/
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf kl5 tTsflng /fhf aL/]Gb|n] GofofwLz
ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, d:of}bf ug{ Ps
;+ljwfg d:of}bf zfxL cfof]u u7g u/]sf lyP . /fli6«o ;efu[x sf7df08f}df sfof{no
ePsf] cfof]udf x/]s lbg h;f] ljleGg /fhg}lts bn, ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng, ljleGg ju{
/ txsf hgtf cfˆgf] k|ltlglw d08n ;lxt ;+ljwfgdf cfˆgf xs–clwsf/sf] ;jfn
;dflji6 ug{ ljleGg h'n'; / ;d"xx¿ lnP/ hfg] ub{Yof] . Tolt~h]n æcfjfhljxLgÆ
35g]kfndf afnclwsf/

elgPsf afnaflnsf;DaGwL xs–clwsf/sf] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 ug{ l;ljg
g]kfnsf] kxndf Ps k|ltlglw d08n agfO{ !) a'Fb] cjwf/0ffkq k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
Tolt~h]n cfof]usf cWoIf pkfWofon] eGg'ePsf] lyof], æuf}/LhL, of] cfof]udf x/]s
lbg h;f] ljleGg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ ;+ljwfgdf cfˆgf] xs–clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{
k|ltlglw d08n lnP/ cfpF5g . ;fob tkfO{Fsf] k|ltlglw d08n dfq To:tf] xf], h;n]
cfjfhljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;/f]sf/ lnP/ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . d tkfO{FnfO{ wGojfb lbG5'
/ ;se/ tkfO{Fx¿n] p7fpg' ePsf] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 ug{ k|oTg ub{5' .Æ
afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf d]/f] lg/Gt/tf b]v]/ pxfFn] ;do–;dodf ;f] s'/f ;Demg'x'GYof] .
kl5 pxf“s} ;xf]b/ efO /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf x'“bf Ps cfo'Stsf]
gftfn] ;xsfo{ ug]{ df}sf kfp“bf d}n] ;do ;dodf ;f] s'/fnfO{ ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf p7fpg]
ub{y]F .
*= afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf g]kfnsf] ;dy{g
g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf / k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfn] ubf{
dfgj clwsf/ / nf]stGqsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf Ps ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ePsf] lyof] . To;}n], g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfo / gful/s ;dfhsf] kxndf
tTsfnLg cGtl/d ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{;Fu e]63f6 u/L dfgj
clwsf/sf d"n dxf;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bg ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn
pk/f]St dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ vf]n]s} klxnf] lbg x:tfIf/ ug]{ b]zsf k+lQmdf kb{5 .
kmn:j¿k g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ dxf;efaf6 kfl/t ug{
klg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;f] dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ !$ tfl/vsf] lbg Joj:yflksfn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cg'df]bg u/L
g]kfnnfO{ kIf/fi6«sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] lyof] . :d/0fLo 5, pk/f]Qm P]ltxfl;s
lbgsf] :fDemgfdf g]kfnn] kl5Nnf jif{x¿df /fli6«o afnlbj; klg dgfpg] ub{5 .
(= afnclwsf/sf] /fli6«os/0f / ;+:yfut ug]{ k|s[ofsf] yfngL
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg eO;s]kZrft k|To]s /fHo kIfn] To;
ljifodf cfˆgf b]zjf;LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], ;r]t agfpg] / ;f] cg's"nsf] /fli6«o
sfg'g, gLlt / ;+oGqx? lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/ vf;u/L afnclwsf/sf]
ljifoj:t'df cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;/sf/L k|lta4tf xfl;n ePtfklg To;nfO{ Jojxf/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ ljleGg laWgafwfx¿ / lxlRsrfx6x¿ ljBdfg /x]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{
kf/ ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfo / ;r]t gful/s ;dfhn] g]kfn
;/sf/ / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;Fu Jofks 5nkmn / ax; u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu zflGtk"0f{ bafa ;[hgf ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . kmn:j¿k, qmdzM afnaflnsf;DaGwL
P]g @)$* / afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%! lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . tL P]g /
lgodfjnLx¿ oyfy{df dxf;lGwsf] efjgfg';f/ b'?:t gePtfklg g]kfndf klxnf] k6s
afnclwsf/;DaGwL lj:t[t sfg'g lgdf{0f ePsf]n] To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds sbdsf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] lyof] .

To; k5fl8sf jif{x¿df vf;u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6« dxf;efn] ;g !(() nfO{ afnljsf;sf]
bzs 3f]if0ff u/]kZrft xfd|f] b]zn] klg afnljsf;sf] lglDt /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfx¿
lgdf{0f ug]{, s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf:t/Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltx¿ u7g ug]{, afn bf;tf,
afn>d zf]if0f / afnljjfx Hf:tf k/Dk/fut afnclwsf/ pNn+3gsf] l:yltnfO{ cGTo
tyf Go"gLs/0f ug{ cleofg rnfpg] cflb sfdx¿ ;DkGg ePsf lyP . ;fy;fy}
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df gful/s ;dfhsf] kxndf ljleGg ;~hfn / dxf;+3x¿ u7g u/L
afnclwsf/ cleofgnfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf qmdzM :yflkt ul/+b} nu]sf] xf] . :d/0fLo
5, ;g @))) df afnclwsf/ / afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtsf] kIfdf of]ubfg lbg]
ljZjsf dxTjk"0f{ JolStx¿ g]N;g d08]nfsf] ;fy;fy} d :jodnfO{ klg o'lg;]kmn]
;x;|fAbL ;Ddfg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof], h'g g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt Ps
dxTjk"0f{ klxrfg klg xf] . ;fy;fy}, ;g @)!$ sf] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/sf lah]]tfdWo]
Ps s}nfz ;TofyL{, hf] d]/f] Ps c;fWo 3lgi7 ldq klg x'g'x'G5, jxfFnfO{ g]kfnsf]
afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] Ps ;xsdL{sf] ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . o:t}u/L, ef/ts}
:jfdL cUgLj]z, ef/ts} ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"j{ k|wfg GofofwLz lk=Pg=eujtL / blIf0f
Plzofsf cGo b]zsf dfgj clwsf/ / afnclwsf/ If]qsf ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ klg o;qmddf
;Demgf / ;Ddfg ug'{ d]/f] st{Jo xf] .
!)= afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj cleofgdf g]kfnsf] ;lqmotf / ;+nUgtf
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] lahf/f]k0f ;g !(*) sf] bzsdf ePtfklg
To;sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; eg] dxf;lGwsf] x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgkZrft ;g !(() sf]
bzsdf ePsf] xf] . o; aLr g]kfn ;/sf/n] afn ljsf;sf] bzs -;g !(()–
@)))_, ;fs{ aflnsf bzs -!((!–@)))_, ;fs{ afnclwsf/ bzs -@))!–@)!)_
dgfpg'sf] ;fy} afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf OR5flwg cfn]vx¿df x:tfIf/ /
cg'df]bg ug]{, dxf;lGwx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ljifodf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/
;ldltdf k|ltj]bgx¿ k|:t't ug]{, ;ldltsf tkm{af6 ePsf l;kmfl/; / lgisif{x¿nfO{
qmdzM ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg] sfd klg eof] . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf g]kfnn] afnaflnsfsf] lxt
/ ljsf;;Fu ufFl;Psf ;x;|fAbL nIox¿ (MDG) sf] sfof{Gjog, afnaflnsfsf] lglDt
!) aif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfdx¿ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
o; qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx¿n] u/]sf sfd / k|oTgx¿nfO{
;3fpg o'lg;]km, cfOPncf], ;]e b lrN8«]g cflb ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] k'¥ofPsf of]ubfgx¿
klg ;/fxgLo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy;fy} kl5Nnf r/0fx¿df ;~hfnsf] ¿kdf lzIffsf] lglDt
/fli6«o cleofg (NCE Nepal), ljBfno zflGtIf]q tyf ;+/If0f cleofg (SZOPP),
afn ;xeflutf ;~hfn (Consortium), P6ljg g]kfn (AATWIN Nepal) cflbn] klg
dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;afx]s afnclwsf/sf ljleGg ljifo /
If]qx¿df klg ljleGg gofF / k'/fgf ;+:yfx¿sf] lqmofzLntf klg lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf]
5 . ;g !(*) sf] bzs cufl8 g]kfndf æcgfyÆ tyf æ6'x'/fÆ afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
lglDt k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno, afndlGb/, P;=cf]=P;= afnu|fd cflb h:tf ;+3–;+:yfx¿n]
37g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] lglDt ljleGg sNof0fsf/L sfdx¿ ub{}cfPsf lyP .
;fy;fy}, To;a]nf ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt cGtu{t Ps afn sNof0f
;dGjo ;ldlt klg lqmofzLn lyof] . t/ tL ;+:yfx¿ afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf
;lqmo lyPgg .

afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{ th'{df ePsf cGt/f{li6«o cleofgx¿
h:t} afn>dlj?4sf] ljZjofqf -!((^_, lzIffsf] lglDt ljZj cleofg -@))!_,
;x;|fAbL nIo sfof{Gjog cleofg -@))!_ h:tf P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df g]kfnsf]
afnclwsf/ cleofgsf] tk{maf6 dxTjKf"0f{ e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ePsf] ;j{ljlbQ} 5 .
o;afx]s dfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] cleofg / afnof}g b"Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0flj?4sf]
cleofgdf klg g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;lqmo of]ubfg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . b]zdf ePsf]
/fhg}lts cl:y/tf / Ps bzs nfdf] -;g !((^–@))%_ ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] kl/l:yltn]
b]zdf cGo If]qx¿df h:t} afnaflnsfdf kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd / Go"gLs/0f ug{
/ afnljsf; / clwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ rfn]sf cleofgx¿ h:t} æljBfno zflGt
If]q cleofgÆ, æafnaflnsf zflGt If]q cleofgÆ, æafn;xeflutf cleofgÆ, æafnljjfx
/f]syfd cleofgÆ, vf]k cleofgÆ, æafnd}qL ;'zf;g cleofgÆ, æafn;+/If0f cleofgÆ
cflbn] klg g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cleofgsf] ;+jw{gdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df æafnclwsf/ cleofgÆ Ps
sfG5f] cleofgsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
@% jif{ k'u]sf] o; cj;/df xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf pknlAw / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;'Id ;dLIff ug'{
clt h?/L 5 . Psflt/ xfdLn] b]zdf afnclwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ /fHo, gful/s ;dfh / ;d'bfox¿sf] tkm{af6 e/dUb'/ k|oTgx¿
ul//fv]sf 5f}+ . t/ afnclwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut / ljsf;sf] af6f] k|z:t ug{ ;do–;dodf
/fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts laWgafWffx¿ v8f x'g] ub{5 . t/ h] xf];,
ljut @% jif{sf] bf}/fg afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAwx¿ c;fWo
dxTjk"0f{ 5g . casf] cleef/f eg]sf] ljutsf pknlAwx¿sf] /Iff ub}{ cu|ultsf]
af6f]nfO{ km/flsnf] kfb}{ cufl8 a9g' xf] . afnaflnsfsf] xs–lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f,
;+jw{g / d"nk|jfxLs/0f lagf gof“ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f nIf ;kmn / ;Dej x'g] klg 5}g .
xfdLn] e/v/} dfq ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t hgtfn] cfkm}+n] n]v]sf] gofF ;+ljwfg kfPsf 5f}+ .
t;y{, o; ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsfsf] xssf] ;Gbe{df ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df
¿kfGt/0f ub}{ afnclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] lbzf tkm{ cufl8
a9g h?/L 5 .
sflQs *, @)&@
sf7df08f}

ljifo k|j]z
g]kfn afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIf/fi6« aGg'eGbf cl3 afnclwsf/sf] ljifonfO{
sNof0fsf/L b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L d'n'sL P]g, gful/stf P]g,
;}lgs P]gnufotsf P]gx¿df /flvPsf b08;hfosf Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{, aflnu /
gfaflnu 5'§ofpg, ;]gfdf egf{ ubf{ Go"gtd pd]/ lglZrt ug{, pd]/sf] xb tf]Sg'kg]{
ePsf]n] log} ;Gbe{x¿df afnaflnsfsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . dxf;lGwsf]
kIf /fi6« alg;s]kl5 klxnf] k6s afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu
@)$* df afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} P]g aGof] / o;sf] lgodfjnL @)%! aGof] . o;}u/L
afn>dnfO{ lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{ p2]Zon] afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf]
P]g @)%^ / o;sf] lgodfjnL @)^@ aGof] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @@ df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] eg] xfn} dfq g]kfnL hgtfsf k|ltlglwaf6 lgld{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf]
wf/f #( df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf
afnaflnsfsf xsx¿ lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
wf/f #(= afnaflnsfsf] xs
-!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg ;lxt gfdfs/0f / hGdbtf{sf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff :jf:Yo, kfngkf]if0f, plrt
:ofxf/, v]ns"b, dgf]/~hg, tyf ;jf{ËL0f JolQmTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf afn;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf
nufpg kfOg] 5}g . .
-%_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ afnljjfx, u}/sfg'gL cf];f/k;f/ / ckx/0f ug{ jf aGws
/fVg kfOg] 5}g .
-^_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]gf, k|x/L jf ;z:q ;d"xdf egf{ jf k|of]u ug{ jf
;f+:s[lts jf wfld{s k|rngsf gfddf s'g} klg dfWod jf k|sf/n] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff
jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ug{ jf cg'lrt k|of]u
Gf]kfndf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf @% jif{ / g]kfnL sfg'gL
–/fds[i0f sfˆn]
39g]kfndf afnclwsf/

ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-&_ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljBfno jf cGo h'g;'s} :yfg / cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] oftgf lbg kfOg] 5}g .
-*_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ afn cg's"n Gofosf] xs x'g]5 .
-(_ c;xfo, cgfy, ckfËtf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-!)_ pkwf/f -$_, -%_, -^_ / -&_ ljk/Ltsf sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5g /
To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{ kL8saf6 sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs
x'g]5 .
o;} u/L ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !## -@_ df df}lns xssf] k|rng gePsf] v08df
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L kLl8tnfO{ ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h'g lgDg k|sf/ 5 M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ wf/f !## -@_
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] o; wf/f cGtu{t ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lnsxssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf
csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg To:tf] pkrf/
ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg'gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs
xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL k|Zgsf]
lg¿k0fsf nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{, plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{, To:tf]
xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{
x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{¿kdf Gofou/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s}
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sb5 .
o;}u/L df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu pRr cbfntnfO{ klg aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z,
pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} cfb]z hf/L ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .1
/fHon] afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9g lgdf{0f u/]sf afnaflnsf;DaGwL
b'O{ j6f ljlzi6 sfg'gx¿df ePsf k|d'v Joj:yfx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g M
!= afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / ;f]sf] lgodfjnL, @)%!
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg
u/]kl5 lgdf{0f u/]sf] P]g xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] xsclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L ltgLx¿sf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s ljsf; ug{ ;dofg's"n sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf]
1 Gf]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -@_, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+

52
. !^ jif{nfO{ pd]/sf] xbdfgL ;f] d'lgsfnfO{ afns -aflnsf;d]t a'lemg]_ dfg]sf]
5 . of] P]g @)$( h]i7 & df /fhkqdf k|sfzg eO{ ldlt @)%) a}zfv ! ut]af6 nfu"
ePsf] xf] . lgodfjnL eg] @)%! df3 @ ut]af6 nfu" ul/of] . o; P]gdf afnclwsf/sf
rf/} kIf– arfp, ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;xeflutfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 eg] afn>dnfO{
lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]gsf d"ne"t k|fjwfg o; k|sf/ 5gM
o; P]gdf afnaflnsfsf] xsclwsf/sf ;DaGwdf gfd /fVg] / hGdldlt sfod ug]{,
kfng kf]if0f, lzIff, :jf:yf]krf/, v]ns"b / dgf]/~hgsf] Joj:yf ug]{, 5f]/f, 5f]/L,
wd{k'q, wd{k'qL, ljjfx cl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g], qm'/ jf
oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g] h:tf cfwf/e"t afnclwsf/ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . cfdfafa'aLr
;DaGw ljR5]b ePdf afa'cfdf;Fu e]63f6sf] ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{, afa' kQf gnfu] hGdbtf{
/ gful/stfdf -cfdf gful/s eP_ cfdf / cfdfsf] afa'sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ kfpg],
afnaflnsfsf] cfk/flws bfloTj gx'g], afnaflnsfsf] xssf] k|rngsf] Joj:yf u/L
afnaflnsfsf] xssf] k|rngsf nflu afnaflnsfsf] tkm{af6 hf];'s}n] afnaflnsf a;]sf]
Onfsfsf] lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Psf3/sf sf]xL gx'g]
afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / lghsf] ;Dklt lhDdfsf] nflu afnsNof0f clwsf/L jf k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lghsf] ;Dkltsf] kmfF6jf/L /fvL, ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm ug]{ jf afnsNof0f
u[xdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;d]tsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf P]gdf 5 .
sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo
afnsNof0f ;ldlt cGtu{t lhNnfx¿df u7g ul/g] lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltdf k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+/IfsTjdf lrlsT;sx¿, ;fdflhs ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿,
lzIfsx¿, afndgf]j}1flgs, afnssf] xslxt;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ;fdflhs sfo{stf{
/ dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
sfg'gL sf/afxLdf x'g] b08;hfo tkm{ x]bf{ !) jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ s'g} ;hfo gx'g], !)
b]lv !$ jif{;DdsfnfO{ lghn] hl/jfgf x'g];Ddsf] ck/fw u/] ;DemfOa'emfO{ ug]{ / s}b
x'g] ck/fw u/] a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b x'g] sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 . ;fy} !$ aif{dfly !^
jif{ d'lg;DdsfnfO{ eg] pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo ul/g] k|fjwfg 5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ck/fw ug{ l;sfpg]nfO{ cfkm}Fn] u/] ;/x k"/f ;hfo x'G5 . afNosfndf
u/]sf] ck/fwsf cfwf/df cof]Uo gdflgg], afnsn] Pp6} ck/fw w]/} k6s u/] klg
k6ssf] cfwf/df ;hfo a9fpg gkfpg] / k6s] cf/f]k gnufpg] k|fjwfg 5 .
cgfyfno tyf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng, afnsNof0f u[x, afn;'wf/
u[x, cgfyfnosf] lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g] s'/f ;d]t P]gdf 5 . !$ jif{ eGbfdflysf
afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg] ;DaGwdf afn>d lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ P]g tyf
lgodfjnLdf ePsf Joj:yf o;df ;d]t 5g .
2 k|:tfjgf, afnaflnsf;DaGwL P[]g, @)$*, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+
41g]kfndf afnclwsf/

g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnGofonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf %* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L afnGofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^# agfPsf]
53
.
afnGofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^#
o; lgodfjnLcg';f/ afnsn] u/]sf] s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft ug{ k|To]s
k|x/L sfof{nodf 5'§} PsfO{ /xg]5 . To:tf] PsfO{ geP;Dd k|x/L k|wfg sfof{non] s'g}
k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] sfo{ ug{ tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
kqmfp kl5 cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ;f]wk'5 ubf{ lghnfO{ ;f]lwPsf]
s'/fsf] pQ/ JoQm ug{ ;Sg] afnd}qL jftfj/0f agfO{ ;xh 9Ëdf afnssf] afa', cfdf,
;+/Ifs, sfg'g Joj;foL jf To:tf] afns afnsNof0f u[x jf cgfyfnodf a;]sf] eP
;f]sf] k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf ;f]wk'5 ug{'kg]{ / To:tf] ;f]wk'5 nuftf/ ! 306feGbf
a9L ug{ gx'g] tyf cfjZos k/] bf]efif]sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg 54
.
afnOhnf;sf] u7g
k|To]s lhNnf cbfntdf lhNnf GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm ;dfh;]jL, afnljz]if1 jf
afndgf]j}1flgsnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L afnOhnf; u7g ul/g], afnaflnsflj¿4 cleof]ukq
bfo/ ePkl5 afncbfnt jf afnOhnf;n] To:tf] cleof]ukq / tt;DaGwL lnvt
k|df0fsf] Ps–Psk|lt afnssf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/IfsnfO{ t'¿Gt lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rgf
lbg afnssf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifs ge]l6Pdf lghn] To:tf] ;"rgf a'‰g gdfg]df To:tf]
;"rgf afnssf] sfg'g Joj;foLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
afncbfnt jf afnOhnf;df afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf ;'g'jfO ug'{ kg]{5 . afncbfnt jf
afnOhnf;n] afnsn] a'‰g] Pj+ pd]/ / lghsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf; ;'xfpFbf]
efiff k|of]u ug'{ ;'g'jfO ubf{ cf/f]lkt afnsnfO{ s;'/sf] k|s[lt / k|fKt ;fIfL k|df0fsf
;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{, afnsnfO{ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ afncbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf]
5'§} sf]7fdf Sofd]/f h8fg u/L afnsnfO{ ;f]xL sf]7fdf ;f]wk'5 u/L To;/L ;f]lwPsf]
s'/f Ohnf;sf] kbf{ -l:qmg_ df b]lvg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg], ;f]wk'5 ubf{ afns;Fu}
lghsf afa', cfdf, ;+/Ifs jf sfg'g Joj;foL a:g ;Sg], afnlj¿4 cleof]u kq bfo/
ubf{ ;fdflhs cWoog k|ltj]bg ;+nUg u/]sf] gb]lvPdf afncbfnt jf afnOhnf;n]
To:tf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k]; ug{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] JolQm jf ;+:yf jf afnssf]
xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ul7t ;+3;+:yfnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] ;d]t
Joj:yf lgodfjnLdf 5 .
/fHon] b]zdf JofKt afn>dnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%^ ;fndf afn>d -lgif]w
tyf lgoldt ug]{_ P]g @)%^ tyf ;f]sf] lgodfjnL @)^@ lgdf{0f u¥of] . o;leq ePsf]
3 k|:tfjgf, afnGofo -sfoljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^#, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
4 P] lgod % -$_

k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M
@= afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ / ;f]sf] lgodfjnL, @)^@
P]gdf s;}n] klg !$ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf afns -aflnsf_ nfO{ >ldssf ¿kdf
sfddf nufpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf
nufpg' gx'g] k|fjwfg 5 . s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfOkmsfO{, jf em'SofP/, jf s'g}
k|nf]egdf kf/L, jf 8/, qf;, jf bafadf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj?4
>ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g . of] P]gn] hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{x¿sf]
lgDg cg';f/ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 M
hf]lvdk"0f{ >d egL P]gsf] cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿M
r'/f]6–la8L agfpg], un}+rf a'Gg], h"jf3/ -Sofl;gf]_, af/, xf]6n , /]i6f]/]G6, kbofqf,
kj{tf/f]x/0f, ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fox¿, k|of]uzfnf, sfo{zfnf, kz'awzfnf, zLt
e08f/ h:tf ;]jfd"ns Joj;fox¿, ;fj{hlgs kl/jxg, lgdf{0f Joj;fox¿, /Ëfpg],
5fnf k|zf]wg, l;d]G6 pTkfbg tyf Koflsª ug]{, ;nfO{ tyf ljikmf]6s kbfy{ pTkfbg
/ laqmL ug]{, dlb/f, lao/ h:tf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg / laqmL ug]{, sL6gfzs cf}ifwL,
t]n pTkfbg, kmf]x/d}nf pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg, /a/, l;Gy]l6s, Knfli6s, lzzf, kf/f];Fu
;DalGwt sfo{x¿, hn>f]t, sf]Onf, k|fs[lts t]n jf Uof; jfof]UofF; tyf phf{ pTkfbg
/ k}bf ug]{, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{x¿, vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvgg, k|zf]wg
/ ljt/0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿, l/S;f, 7]nfuf8f, sl6ª d]l;g, hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg / w]/}
prfOdf r9L ug'{ kg]{ sfo{, /f;folgs kbfy{:fFu ;Dks{ x'g] sfo{ cflb .
Hff]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ tTsfn p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn
;/sf/n] lgDg cg';f/sf] cfktsfnLg afn p4f/ sf]if -;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^&5
lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 M
cfktsfnLg afnp4f/ sf]if -;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^&
of] lgodfjnLn] cfktsfndf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] tTsfn p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkgf
ug{sf nflu cfktsflng p4f/ lgjf/0f sf]if v8f ug]{ / pQm sf]ifdf g]kfn ;/sf/,
ljb]zL ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yf jf JolQm, :jb]zL ;+3–;+:yf jf JolQm, jf cGo s'g}
;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd hDdf u/L vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L /fHon] >dnfO{ sfg'gLsf] 3]/fleq Nofpgsf nflu >d P]g @)$* / o;sf]
lgodfjnL @)%) lgdf{0f u¥of] o; P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfx¿ ;+If]kdf tn rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 .
5 afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg'g /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf k|d'v b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;+ufnf] k[i7 $*
43g]kfndf afnclwsf/

>d P]g, @)$* / ;f]sf] lgodfjnL, @)%)
o; P]gn] gfaflnu / aflnusf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . ægfaflnuÆ eGgfn] ;f]x| jif{sf]
pd]/ k'u]sf] t/ c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf] JolQm / æaflnuÆ eGgfn] c7f/ jif{
pd]/ k'u]sf] JolQm ;D´g'k5{ elgPsf] 56
. tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s gfaflnu tyf
dlxnfnfO{ ;fdfGotM laxfg 5 ah]b]lv ;fF´ 5 ah];Dd sfddf nufpg ;lsg]57
.
afnaflnsfnfO{ ef/ p7fpg nufpFbf afnsnfO{ @% lsnf];Dd / aflnsf eP @)
lsnf];Dd dfq tf}n p7fpg nufpg' k5{8
. To;}u/L krf; jf ;f] eGbf a9L dlxnf
sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t /xg] k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksn] To:tf dlxnf sfdbf/
tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] afnsx¿sf] nflu :jf:Yok|b sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{], dlxnf
sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf afnsx¿nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ b"w v'jfpg] ;do lbg' kg{]59
.
/fHon] dflysf sfg'gsf] cltl/Qm d'n'sL P]gdf klg afnaflnsf;Fu ;Da4 ljifox¿nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ ;d]6g] k|of; u/]sf] 5 M
d'n'sL P]g, @)@) df afnaflnsf;DaGwL k|fjwfg
xbDofb10
leq gfln; ug'{kg]{ dflg; ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf] /x]g5 eg] ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf
lbgb]lv xb Dofb;Dd gfln; lbP nfU5 . ;f] gfafns ;f]x| jif{ gk'Ub} d¥of] eg] ;f] d/]sf]
lbgb]lv xb Dofb;Dd dg]{sf] xsjfnfn] gfln; u/] nfUg] Joj:yf 511
. To;}u/L ;f]x|
jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnssf] xs k'Ug] h'g;'s} s'/fdf sfd sf/jfO{ ug'{kg]{ ePdf c88fsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ tL dflg;x¿sf] Psf3/;Fu a;]sf ;f]x| jif{ gf3]sf] xsjfnfn] / xsjfnf
gePdf lghnfO{ /]vb]v jf ;+/If0f ug]{ JolQmn] c88fsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;f] JolQmsf]
tkm{af6 d'2f dfldnf;DaGwL cGo s'g} sfd sf/afxL ug{ kfpg]5 .12
gfafnssf] wg
laufg{]nfO{ a]OdfgL u/]sf]df xbDofb gnfUg] Joj:yf 513
. Hfah/:tL s/0fLdf pd]/sf
cfwf/df b08;hfosf] Joj:yf 514
. ljjfxsf] pd]/xb tf]sL gfafnssf] ljjfxnfO{
b08gLo agfOPsf] 515
.
afnarfpsf If]qdf d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf x]bf{16
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof
6 bkmf @ -em_ / -~f_
7 P] %-@_
8 P] #@ -@_ , lgodfjnL, @)%) lgod #( -u_ / -3_
9 bkmf $@
10 sfg'gdf tf]lsPsf] d'2f btf{ ug'{kg]{ ;do
11 c=j+= $) g+= d'n'sL P]g, @)@), sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
12 P] P] *# g+=
13 P] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+=
14 P], hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] # g+=
15 P] ljxfj/Lsf] @ g+=
16 P] Hofg;DaGwLsf] @* b]lv #@ g+=

ckgfO{ lgwf{l/t of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf Ohfhtkq k|fKt :jf:YosdL{n] ue{ktg u/fPsf]df
s;}n] ue{ t'xfPdf jf ue{ t'xfpg] lgotn] jf ue{ t'lxg ;Qm5 eGg] hfgLhfgL jf
ljZjf; ug'{kg]{ sf/0f eO{ s'g} sfd ubf{ ue{ t'lxg uPdf s}b ;d]t x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
o;}u/L ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( df g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|j]z ug]{ pd]/ c7f/ jif{ pd]/
k"/f eO{ PSsfO{; jif{ ggf3]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .17
To;}u/L k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( df !* jif{ gf3]sfn]18
/ ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)^) df klg !* jif{
gf3]sfn] egf{df k|j]z kfpg] u/L pd]/ xb tf]s]sf] 519
.
/fHon] dfly pNn]lvt sfg'gx¿sf] ;fy} lgDg P]g sfg'gx¿df klg afnaflnsf;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 M
cGo sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿M
cGo P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿df ePsf sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn gful/stf P]g,
@)^# df ægfafnsÆ eGgfn] ;f]x| jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf] JolQm ;Demg'k5{ egL
JofVof ul/Psf] 520
. To;}u/L g]kfn ;/xbleq km]nf k/]sf] lkt[Tj dft[Tjsf] 7]ufg
gePsf] k|To]s gfafns lghsf] afa' jf cfdfsf] kQf gnfu];Dd j+zhsf] gftfn]
g]kfnsf] gful/s dflgg]521
egL afnaflnsfnfO{ gful/stf / klxrfgljxLgtfaf6
;+/If0f lbOPsf]] 5 . s/f/ P]g, @)%^ df !^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] JolQm s/f/ ug{ cof]Uo
dflgPsf] 522
. /fxbfgL P]]g, @)@$ cGtu{tsf] /fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)%( df % jif{
gf3]sf] afnaflnsfsf nflu ofqf cg'dltkqsf] Joj:yf 5 .23
a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf]
5fglag, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u P]g, @)&! df cfof]udf ph'/L lbg] sfo{df
afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm tyf of}ghGo lx+;fdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{
;xhtf k|bfg ug{ cfof]un] tf]lsP adf]lhd 5'§} Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 524
.
gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ n] !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g}
sf/vfgf jf vfgLsf] sfd jf c¿ s'g} hf]lvdo'Qm sfddf egf{ ug{ aGb]h nufPsf]
525
.
17 ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( lgod & -!_ -#_ tyf ;}lgs k|x/L lgodfjnL , @)%* lgod $-#_
18 lgod !@ -@_ -s_
19 lgod * -!_ -u_
20 g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^#, bkmf @-s_
21 P] bkmf -#_ -#_
22 bkmf # -s_
23 lgod *-!_ -u_
24 ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u P]g, @)&! bkmf !# -&_
25 bkmf –!$
45g]kfndf afnclwsf/

sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( df26
y'lgP jf s}b k/]sL :jf:gLdflg;sf] sf/fuf/ leq 5f]/f5f]/L
hGd]5 jf b'O{ jif{ gk'u]sf] gfafns 5f]/f5f]/L /x]5 eg] aflx/ x]/rfx ug]{ jfl/;jfnf
eP klg lghnfO{ cfdfn] cfk}mFl;t /fvL x]/rfx ug{ rfx]df sf/fuf/ leq} /fVg x'G5 .
To:tf gfafns b'O{ jif{ k'u]kl5 cfjZos ePdf afx]s, lghnfO{ jfl/;jfnfsf] lhDdf
nufO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . s'g} y'g'jf jf s}bLsf] lghn] nfngkfng ug'{kg]{ gfafns
/x]5 / To:tf] gfafnssf] nfng kfng ug]{ c¿ sf]xL /x]g5 eg] lgh y'gf jf s}bdf
/x'~h]n To:tf] gfafnssf] ;Dk"0f{ x]/ljrf/, lzIff bLIff / nfngkfng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
vr{df ul/g] ;d]t Joj:yf 5 . t/ afx|jif{ ggf3]sf] s'g} gfafns y'lgP jf s}b k/]df
lghsf] x]/ljrf/ ug{ lghsf] cfdf, afa' jf c¿ gftfbf/ sf/fuf/ leq a:g rfx]df
klg a:g lbOg] 5}g .
uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg];DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$
afncbfnt jf afnOhnf;af6 x]l/g] afnaflnsf kIf ePsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿df
kl/ronfO{ d'2fsf] xsdf kIfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] gfd, y/ jtg nufotsf
klxrfg v'Ng] ;Dk"0f{ ;Da4 ljj/0fx¿nfO{ uf]Ko /fVg lgb]{lzsf ag]sf] 5 .
;/sf/n] cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^( agfO{
hf/L u/]sf] 5 . dfkb08df afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;~rfng ug]{x¿n]
To:tf afnu[x ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ubf{ afnlxt / afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+jw{gsf nflu kfngf ug'{kg]{;DaGwL cfr/0f, Jojxf/sf k|fjwfg 5g27
. lgDgfg';f/sf
afnaflnsf /fVg afn;'wf/ u[xsf] :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf 5M
s_ s;'/sf] cleof]u nflu d'2fsf] k"k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf a:g'kg]{
v_ s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf]
u_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf nfu]sf]
3_ 3/–kl/jf/af6 efuL lx8g]
ª_ cg}lts jf cfjfG5gLo lqmofsnfkdf ;DnUg JolQm;Fu /x]sf] jf lghsf] cf>odf
a:g' kg]{
r_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf cGo juL{s/0fsf .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL gLlt, @)^(
;a} lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s l+x+;f, Iflt jf b'Jo{jxf/, kl/Tofu, pk]Iff, zf]if0f
jf of}gb'Jo{jxf/af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{, afnaflnsf hGdg' cl3 / hGd]kl5
cfjZos :ofxf/, kf]if0f ;xof]u / lzIff k|bfg u/L afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s
26 bkmf *
27 cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^(

/ z]}lIfs ljsf; ug]{, cfˆgf] wf/0ff agfpg ;Ifd afnaflnsfnfO{ lgh;Fu ;Da4 ;a}
ljifox¿df cfˆgf] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] cj;/ lbO{ afn;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{,
afnaflnsf k|ltsf] lje]b cGTo ug]{ / afnGofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{28
p2]Zo lnOPsf]
5 .
afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
lgldQ cg's"n jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] afn x]NknfOg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^$
hf/L u/]sf] 529
.
lgisif{
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fHosf] tkm{af6 s]xL dxTjk"0f{
sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f ePtfklg ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L 5}g eg] sltko
ckof{Kt eg] kSs} x'g . afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu ljutdf
;~rfng ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x¿n] afnaflnsfsf] l:yltdf vf;} ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf]
lttf] oyfy{ xfd|f ;fd' 5 . Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGåsf] k|efj:j¿k ckfË x'g], 3fOt]
x'g], cleefjs u'dfpg] / dfgl;s kL8f jf dgf]j}1flgs c;/ k/]sf afnaflnsf k|z:t}
5g . åGåsf] sf/0faf6 kfFr xhf/ hlt afnaflnsf cgfy x'g k'u]sf 5g . o;nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu /fHon] ;z:q åGådf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] eP klg o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf eg] cToGt lkmtnf] /x]sf] lyof] .
xfd|f] b]zdf sfg'g, lgod / gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf th'{df ubf{ cem} klg ;xeflutfd"ns
sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmof -Participetory Law Making Process_ cjnDag ul/bF}g . ;fy},
cfjZostf klxrfg -Need Assisment_ ePkl5 sfg'g agfpg] / cfjlws ¿kdf
To;sf] k|efj d"NofÍg÷ljZn]if0f -Impact Analysis÷Evaluation_ ug]{ kl/kf6L g}
a;]g . o;f] ePsfn] sfg'gn]] ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{, nlIftju{nfO{ / ;do ;Gbe{nfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f sfg'g eP/ klg sfg'gL Joj:yf k|efjxLg b]lvG5 .
sfg'g / ;dfhsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw /xG5 . ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; klxnf / lgld{t
sfg'g -Positive Law_ sf] k|of]u / th{'df kl5 ePsfn] ;dfhn] sfg'g agfpg] /
sfg'gn] ;dfhnfO{ lgoldt / lgolGqt ug]{ xf] . of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 t/ casf
lbgdf aGg] jf ;+zf]wg x'g] sfg'g, lgod / gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿ ;xeflutfd"ns
sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmof -Participetory Law Making Process_ cjnDag u/L agfOg] tyf
tL cem ;sf/fTds, k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g]df cfzfjfbL agf}+ .
28 g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbaf6 @)^(.!.$ df :jLs[t gLlt g+= &
29 k|:tfjgf, afn x]NknfOg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^$, dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno,
sf7df8f}+
47g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
afnaflnsf;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( -cg'=_ g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, sf7df08f}
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
>d P]g, @)$* sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
cfdfsf] b"wnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ j:t' -laqmL ljt/0f lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$( sfg'g
lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
gful/stf P]g, @)^# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
hGd d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{ _ P]g,@)## -!(&^_ sfg'g lstfa
Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
hGd d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ lgodfjnL, @)#$ -!(&&_
gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
afn>d lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ lgodfjnL, @)^@ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,
sf7df8f}+
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%! sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
afnGofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)^# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
d'n'sL P]g,@)@) sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
/fxbfgL P]]g, @)@$ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
/fxbfgL lgodfjnL, @)%( sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
ljjfx btf{ P]]g, @)@* sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
;}lgs k|x/L;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}

;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)^) sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
ljkm/ lgoGq0f P]]g, @)@) sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
afnaflnsf -ljsf; tyf k''g:yf{kgf_ sf]]if lgodfjnL, @)%# sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf
;ldlt, sf7df08f}
leIff dfUg] -lgif]]w_ P]]g @)!* sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}
uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg];DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, sf7df08f}
afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^( g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, sf7df08f}
afn x]NknfOg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^$ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, sf7df08f}
afn >d lgd{"ng;DaGwL /fli6«o u'? of]hgf @)^)–@)&% g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, sf7df08f}
;a}sf] nflu lzIff;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^)–@)&% g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, sf7df08f}
49g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg
u/]/ pQm dxf;lGwsf] kIf/fi6« ePkZrft g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnclwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf
;Gbe{df ldl>t pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . o; n]vdf afnclwsf/sf] ;+:yfut
ljsf;sf nflu ul/Psf k|oTgx¿, To;af6 k|fKt pknlAw tyf r'gf}tLx¿ / cfpFbf
lbgdf rflng' kg]{ s]xL /0fgLlts sbdx¿sf af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bgsf] b'O{ jif{kZrft …afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ug{Ú afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* th'{df u/L nfu" ul/of] . afnaflnsfsf ljleGg
;jfnx¿nfO{ Pslqt¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ klxnf] sfg'gL b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf o; P]gsf]
dxTj /x]sf] 5, oBlk d'n'sL P]gnufot s]xL cGo P]gx¿n] afnaflnsfsf ;Lldt
;jfnx¿nfO{ o;cl3 klg ;d]6]sf lyP .
afnaflnsfsf s]xL clwsf/x¿nfO{ :yflkt ug'{sf ;fy} o; P]gn] …sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfÚ
sf gfddf s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]/ afnclwsf/sf]
sfof{GjognfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf pRr:t/df
s'g} klg ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfo jf dGqfno gePsf cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf]
kl/sNkgf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Pp6f ;sf/fTds sbd lyof] . ;ldltsf] u7gdf gful/s
;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;d]t :yfg ;'/lIft u/]/ o; P]gn] afnaflnsfsf ;jfndf
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L kIfsf] ;xsfo{df dfq glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] tYonfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 .
s]Gb| / lhNnfdf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] k|fjwfgsf] cltl/Qm o; P]gn] afnsNof0f
clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug]{, afnsNof0f u[x (Child Care Homes), afn;'wf/ u[x (Child
Reform Home), cgfyfno tyf ;':t dgl:ylt s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf;DaGwL Joj:yf;d]t
u/]sf] 5 . oBlk ;doqmd;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf u[xx¿df /fVg] sfd
clGtd ljsNksf ¿kdf dfq ckgfpg' kg]{ cjwf/0ff alnof] alg/x]sf] 5 h;nfO{
g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] ljsf;qmdsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwsf ¿kdf lng' kb{5 .
P]gsf] th'{df ug'{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ klxnf] v'l8snf] xf] t/ of] dfq kof{Kt sbd
xf]Og . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Hofb} w]/} cfnf]rgf ePsf] ;jfn eg]sf] ePsf sfg'g, gLlt,
lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lkmtnf]kgf xf] . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, o;sf] lgodfjnL,
afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, OToflbsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L nufgL / k|of; kof{Kt
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;M Ps ljj]rgf
l8NnL u'/fufO{+

5}gg . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g nfu" ePsf] sl/a c9fO bzs lalt;Sbf klg lhNnfdf
Pshgf 5'§} (Dedicated) afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / of]
lhDd]jf/L dlxnf ljsf; clws[tnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afnsNof0f
;ldltnfO{ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOP klg g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf slxNo} ug{ ;s]g / oL lgsfox¿ u}/;/sf/L
;+3 ;+:yfsf ;xof]udf lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf e/df rNg' k/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{ xfd|f ;fd' 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnclwsf/sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu u/]sf] k|oTgdf ;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] …afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g /0fgLltÚ sf] rrf{ ug}{ kg]{
x'G5 . afnclwsf/sf ;jfnnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/]/ ;+:yfut ub}{ o:tf
lgsfonfO{ …afnd}qLÚ agfpg] / afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{df afnd}qL
:yfgLo zf;g /0fgLlt cufl8 al9/x]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfaLr ;dGjo ub}{
pknAw >f]t tyf ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L :yfgLo of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofaf6}
afnclwsf/ k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] / o;qmddf afnaflnsfsf] k|ToIf tyf k/f]If¿kdf
;xeflutfsf] cj;/;d]t pknAw u/fpg] nufotsf Joj:yf u/]/ afnd}qL :yfgLo
zf;gn] Pp6f /fd|f] gd"gfsf] cfef; lbg vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk afnd}qL :yfgLo
zf;gsf] k|jw{g ul//x]sf] ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / afnclwsf/sf]
;Dks{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
/ o;cGt/utsf] s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltn] sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf ;+/rgfx¿sf]
bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf sltko cj:yfdf ;|f]t kx'Frsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tds l:ylt;d]t b]vf
kg'{n] ;/sf/sf ljleGg cËaLrsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ck"0f{tfnfO{ :ki6 emNsfpF5 .
afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] rrf{ ubf{ 5'6fpg gx'g] csf]{ Pp6f kIf eg]sf] :jtGq
¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL
;ldlt (UN Committee on the Rights of the Child) n] ;g @))@ df o;sf]
bf];|f] h]g]/n sd]G6df g} ‘Independent Human Rights Institution for Children’sf]
e"ldsfsf] af/]df JofVof ub}{ ;a} kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ o;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;'emfPsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf ;du| dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'udgsf nflu /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf
eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] ;+/rgfleq …Child DeskÚ
sf] :yfkgf ePsf]df Committee on the Rights of the Child n] g]kfnnfO{ @))% df
lbPsf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL (Concluding Observations) df o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds sbd egL
:jfut u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf afah'b clxn]sf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un]
pQm ;+/rgf vf/]h ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;du| dfgjclwsf/df dfq s]lGb|t x'Fbf o; cfof]un]
afnaflnsfsf ;jfndf vf; Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . afnclwsf/df lqmofzLn
;+3 ;+:yf, JolQm tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] Jofks bafasf afah'b klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@)&@ df afnclwsf/sf] :jtGq cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg' b'Mvb
ljifo xf] .
51g]kfndf afnclwsf/

afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] kl/rrf{ ubf{ o;sf] ax'cfoflds kIfnfO{ klg
plQs} Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . of] k|0ffnLn] ;a} afnaflnsfsf ;a} clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
u/fpg ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfsf ljifo s'g} Pp6f jf b'O{j6f dGqfnosf]
If]qleq dfq kg}{ ;Sb}g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ul/aL lgjf/0f, u[x, cy{nufot ;a}
dGqfnon] cfˆgf gLltlgod agfpFbfb]lv sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf;d]t afnaflnsfnfO{
s]Gb|df /fv]/ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt (Best Interest of the Child) sf] l;4fGtnfO{
cg';/0f ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfndf b]lvPsf]
r'gf}tL eg]sf] ;/sf/L lgsfodf afn;+j]bgzLntf tyf cfjZos Ifdtfsf] cefj d'Vo
/x]sf] 5 . ha;Dd ;/sf/L lgsfodf lgo'Qm x'g] s'g} klg cf]xf]bfsf] JolQmn] cfˆgf]
tflndsf qmddf clgjfo{ ¿kdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n u/L Ifdtf
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;dflji6 ul/+b}g ta;Dd afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLut / ;+:yfut ¿kdf
ljsf; geO{ tby{jfbsf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt /xG5 .
oL ;a} k[i7e"ldsf dfem casf lbgdf afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;kmn ljsf;sf nflu
w]/} cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ePsf 5g . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ nfu" eP;Fu} g]kfn ;+3Lo
u0ftGq ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo :t/df s:tf] k|sf/sf] afnclwsf/
;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ / logLx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw s:tf] /xG5 eGg] s'/fsf] Jofks
ax; x'g h?/L 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno afnaflnsf;DaGwL
gofF ljw]ossf] tof/Lsf] cj:yfdf /xFbf ljutaf6 kf7 l;Sb} s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿nfO{
;'lglZrt ug'{ cfjZos 5 . klxnf], o; ljw]osdf afnclwsf/sf] / vf;u/L afn;+/If0f
/ afn;xeflutfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / cfGtl/s ¿kdf cg'udg (Internal
Monitoring) / ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfo :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg ul/g' kb{5 . xfn dlxnf
tyf afnafnaflnsf ljefu / o; dftxt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf] Joj:yf
ePsf]df pQm lgsfox¿nfO{ afn;+/If0f / afn;xeflutfsf] sfof{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/
agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 -lzIff / :jf:Yosf] sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6
eO/x]sfn] To;sf] rrf{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5}g_ . clxn]sf] s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{
:t/f]Gglt u/L xfnsf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnocGt/ut /x]sf]
cj:yfaf6 dfly p7fO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnox¿;Fu k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ug{
;Sg] tyf cfjZos lgb]{zg;d]t lbg ;Sg] :t/df k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . lsgls
afnaflnsfsf ;jfnx¿ ax'dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g / ;dGjosf/L ;+/rgf klg
;f]xL adf]lhdsf] pRr:t/Lo x'g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf] pRr:t/sf] ;+/rgfn] ;dGjo /
cfGtl/s cg'udg (Internal Monitoring) sf] Jofks sfof{b]z k"/f ug'{ kb{5 .
bf];|f], afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu :jtGq ¿kdf cg'udg (Independent
Monitoring) ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g} kb{5 . ;+ljwfgdf afnclwsf/ cfof]u jf
afnclwsf/ cfo'Qmsf] k|fjwfg gePsf] cj:yfdf Pp6f 5'§} P]gaf6 afnclwsf/

cfof]usf] u7g u/L g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"lt{sf] ;'lglZrt eP
gePsf] cg'udg u/]/ /fHonfO{ va/bf/L ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 h'g afnaflnsfsf]
xs k|jw{gsf lbzfdf cfjZos sbd dfq geO{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIf
/fi6« ePkl5 ;lGwn] l;h{gf u/]sf] bfloTj;d]t xf] h;af6 /fHo kl5 x6g ;Sb}g .
dfly plNnlvt s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf Pp6f
pko'Qm cj;/ xf] h;sf] k"/f ;b'kof]u ;/sf/ kIfn] ug]{ / o;sf nflu gful/s ;dfh
tyf afnlxtdf sfo{/t ;+3;+:yfn] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ub}{ bafa l;h{gf ug'{ kg]{ P]ltxfl;s
cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df g]kfndf Pp6f ;kmn afnclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; x'g uO{ ;a} afnaflnsfsf ;a} clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{
;lsG5 .
53g]kfndf afnclwsf/

!= ljifo k|j]z
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ng t'ngfTds ¿kdf kl5Nnf] cfGbf]ng eO{sg klg Ps
;'Jojl:yt ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngx¿ dWo]sf] Ps xf] . g]kfndf em08} tLg bzs cl3
afnclwsf/d'vL ;+:yfsf ¿kdf l;ljg–g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngn]
cf}krfl/s:j¿k u|x0f u/]sf] dflgG5 . ;g !(*( df /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw kfl/t eP kl5 / o;nfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/
cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk phf{ ldn]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngn] o;/L lglb{i6
af6f] lng'df o; If]qdf lqmofzLn ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf, lqmofzLn JolQm÷JolQmTjx¿ /
;+3;+:yfx¿ aLr :yflkt ;~hfnx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ePsf] @% jif{ k'u]sf] ;Gbe{df olta]nf ;+;f/e/
afnclwsf/sf pknlAw Pjd r'gf}tLx¿af/] ;dLIff / 5nkmn eO/x]sf 5g . xfdL
klg lat]sf @% jif{nfO{ afnclwsf/ k|flKtsf lx;fan] n]vfhf]vf ul//x]sf 5f}+ / xfdL
afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]6ofO/x]sf 5f}+ .
o; qmddf oxfF xfdL afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfnx¿sf] u7g / afnclwsf/
k|jw{gdf logn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf af/]df rrf{ ug]{ 5f}+ .
@= ;~hfnx¿sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;
g]kfndf afnclwsf/d'vL ;+:yfx¿sf] hGd;Fu;Fu} ;~hfn la:tf/sf] sfo{ klg cf/De
ePsf] xf] . cfˆgf] Pp6f dfq ;+:yfn] afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg]
cj:yfdf :jefljs ¿kdf ;~hfnsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf
sfd ub}{ hfg] qmddf cfjZostf af]wn] klg ;~hfn lgdf{0f ePsf x'g . x'g klg
hgr]tgf clej[l4, gLlt lgdf{0f, cleofg ;~rfng, afnaflnsfsf] p4f/ h:tf 7"nf
sfdsf nflu yk anzfnL x'g' kbf{ ;+3;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;~hfnsf] cfjZostf kg]{ eof] .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/d'vL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f blIf0f Pl;of :t/Lo ;~hfn
lgdf{0f ePb]lv ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ljleGg sfnv08df leGg leGg kl/l:yltsf
aLr ;~hfnx¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g . o;/L x]bf{ x/]s ;~hfn :yfkgfsf cfwf/e"ldx¿
km/s–km/s 5g . sltko ;~hfn :yfkgfsf nflu tTsflng cj:yfsf] /fhgLlts
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfn lgdf{0fsf] cEof; /
e"ldsf
s'df/ e§/fO{

kl/j]z / 36gfqmdn] ;3fPsf 5g eg] sltko cj:yfdf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf
l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ ;~hfn u7gsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . a]nf avt cfof]hgf ul/g]
afnclwsf/sf If]qut sfo{zfnf tyf afnclwsf/ ;Dd]ngx¿af6 klg ;~hfnx¿
lgdf{0f ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g .
ljZj cleofgsf c+zsf ¿kdf klg g]kfndf ;~hfnx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf 5g . lzIffsf
nflu /fli6«o cleofg g]kfn -Pgl;O g]kfn_ lzIffsf nflu ljZj cleofg -lhl;O_ sf]
c+zsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L PgPl;lh–g]kfn ;~hfnx¿sf] klg ;~hfnsf ¿kdf
blIf0f Pl;ofnL cleofgsf] c+zsf ¿kdf g]kfndf lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] kl5Nnf] @% jif{ ;~hfn lgdf{0f tyf lj36gsf b[li6sf]0fn]
klg dxTjk"0f{ cjlw /Xof] . lglb{i6 p2]Zosf nflu 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu :yfkgf ePsf
;~hfnx¿ lj36g x'g' cgf}7f] ePg t/ bL3{sfnLg p2]Zosf nflu :yfkgf ePsf
;~hfnx¿ g} klg Pp6f sfnv08 kl5 lgis[o / lj36g ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ ;d]t
kfOG5 . afnclwsf/sf If]qdf xfn bh{g eGbf a9L ;~hfnx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;~hfn lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] k|of; If]qLo ;~hfn
#=!=! ;fpy Pl;og kmf]/d km/ rfON8 /fO6;
;fpy Pl;og kmf]/d km/ rfON8 /fO6; afnclwsf/ k|jw{gsf nflu ag]sf] If]qLo
:t/sf] ;~hfn xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ ;~hfnLs/0fsf] klxnf] cEof;
Pjd cg'ejsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;g !(** df l;ljgsf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL blIf0f Pl;ofnL sfo{zfnf sf7df08f}df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
PstGqLo k~rfotL Joj:yfdf s'g} Pp6f u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 o;k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf ul/g' ;lhnf] s'/f lyPg . tyflk b'O{lbg] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L lgjf{w ¿kdf
;DkGg eof] / o;n] afnclwsf/sf lglDt blIf0f Pl;of :t/Lo ;~hfn u7g u¥of] .
l;ljg–g]kfnsf tTsflng cWoIf uf}/L k|wfgsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] of] ;~hfn
xfn lqmofzLn 5}g . oBlk tTsflng ;dodf clwsf/d'vL If]qLo :t/sf] sfof{zfnf
cfof]hgf x'g' / ;~hfn lgdf{0f x'g' cfkm}Fdf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ sfd lyof] . gf]a]n k'/:sf/
ljh]tf s}nfz ;TofyL{ ;d]tsf] ;eflutf /x]sf] o; ;Dd]ngn] /fhgLlts dxTj klg
/fVbYof] . afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] cfj/0fdf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / dfgjclwsf/sf
nflu klg sfd ug'{ tTsflng cj:yfdf /fhgLlts ¿kn] ;r]t o'jf cleoGtfx¿sf]
clei6 x'GYof] . oL ;a} k[i7e"lddf o; ljsf;qmdn] g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf
Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ;Gb]z k|jfx u¥of] . afnclwsf/sdL{x¿sf nflu of] Pp6f phf{ k|fKt
ug]{ cj;/ aGof] .
55g]kfndf afnclwsf/

#=@_ /fli6«o ;~hfnx¿
#=@=!_ sf/ Pg8ANo"hL
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn g]kfnL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ u7g ul/Psf] ;DejtM
g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf ¿kdf lrN8«]g P6 l/:s g]6jls{8= u'|k -sf/
Pg8ANo"hL_ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . !((@ df l;ljgsf tTsflng cWoIf uf}/L k|wfgsf]
;+of]hsTjdf :yflkt o; ;~hfnn] tTsflng cj:yfdf afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf
lqmofzLn ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . 8]lg; ;xof]u /x]sf]
of] ;~hfnn] ljljw sf/0faf6 nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{ ;s]g . olta]/ o; ;~hfnsf]
Oltxf; dfq afFsL 5 .
#=@=@_ afnaflnsfsf lgldQ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] dxf;+3
afnaflnsfsf lgldQ u};; dxf;+3 ;g !(($ df afnclwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn
;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] 5ftf ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . afnclwsf/ cleofg /
cfGbf]ngnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf PsLs[t 9+un] /fli6«o ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf]
o; ;~hfndf Ps;o eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf 5g .
#=@=#_ dfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] ;xsdL{ ;d"x -P6ljg_
Dffgj a]rlavglj?4df sfd ug{sf nflu h'g !((& df :yflkt P6ljg o; If]qdf
:yflkt gfd xf] . cf/Dedf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rlavglj?4sf] ;xsdL{ ;d"x
elgg] ul/Psf]df sfdsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fy xfn o;nfO{ dfgj
a]rlavglj?4sf] ;xsdL{ ;d"x eGg] ul/G5 . cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} P6ljgn]
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rlavglj?4 :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df gLlt
lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{gdf lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf ;b:o ;+:yfx¿ nufot
;d'bfodf cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tfsf nflu klg of] ;~hfnn] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .
#=@=$_ afn ;xeflutfdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;femf ;d"x -sG;f]{l6od g]kfn_
;g !((* df afnSnax¿dfly ul/Psf] cWoogsf cfwf/df ;g !((( df sG;f]{l6od
g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ;~hfnn] afn;xeflutfsf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfx¿
dfem ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ k|jw{g tyf ;b:o ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df of]ubfg
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
#=@=%_ afnu[xx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn g]kfn -l; g]6_
;g @))) df :yflkt afnu[xx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn afnu[xx¿sf] 5ftf ;+:yf xf] .
Jojl:yt, ;'/lIft, afnclwsf/d'vL / afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf u[xx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf
nflu l; g]6sf] k|of; pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 . b]ze/af6 $%) eGbf a9L afnu[xx¿ o;

;~hfnsf] ;b:o /x]sf 5g . afnu[xdf afn;+/If0f gLlt tyf afnu[x ;~rfngsf nflu
Go"gtd dfkb08 lgdf{0fdf o; ;~hfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
#=@=^_ afnclwsf/jfbL ;xsdL{ ;+:yfx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r -gfqmf]_
afnclwsf/jfbL ;xsdL{ ;+:yfx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r afnclwsf/ k|jw{gsf] p2]Zo ;lxt
;g @))! df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ljz]iftM >lds afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug]{
p2]Zosf ;fy of] ;~hfn cl:tTjdf cfPsf] lyof] .
#=@=&_ ;8s afnaflnsf;Fu sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r -gfcf];_
;8s afnaflnsf;Fu sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r -gfcf];_ sf] hGd ;g @))@
df ePsf] xf] . cf/Dedf l:6«6 g]6sf gfddf :yflkt o; ;~hfnn] ;8s afnaflnsfsf]
If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+3 ;+:yfx¿dfem ;xsfo{ ;dGjo / ;fd"lxs Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
#=@=*_ afnaflnsf zflGt If]q /fli6«o cleofg–g]kfn -l;hk_
Psbzs;Dd rn]sf] ;;:q åGåsf] rk]6faf6 afnaflnsf / pgLx¿sf ljBfnox¿nfO{
hf]ufpgsf nflu afnaflnsf zflGt If]q x'g cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . cf}krfl/s
¿kdf ;g @))# cui6df :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;~hfnn] åGå / zflGt k|s[ofsf]
bf}/fgdf v]n]sf] cu|0fL e"ldsfnfO{ ;a}n] ;/fxgf u/]sf 5g . tTsflng cj:yfdf o;
;~hfnaf6 lbOg] k|ltlqmofnfO{ ljb|f]xL kIfaf6 ;d]t ;Ddfg ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ /x]sf
5g .
#=@=(_ lzIffsf nflu /fli6«o cleofg g]kfn -Pgl;O–g]kfn_
lzIffsf] nflu ljZjJofkL cleofg -lhl;O_ sf] g]kfn RofK6/sf ¿kdf ;g @))# df
lhl;O–g]kfn :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . @)!) df o;nfO{ ljlwjt btf{ ul/Pkl5 lzIffsf] nflu
/fli6«o cleofg g]kfn -Pgl;O g]kfn_ gfd lbOPsf] xf] . o;n] lzIff If]qdf ljleGg
cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf bafa l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .
#=@=!)_ ;z:q åGådf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If/0fsf nflu ;fem]bf/L cleofg
-lklkl;;L_
;z:q åGådf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If/0fsf nflu ;fem]bf/L cleofg ;z:q åGåsf
sf/0f afnaflnsf zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf k9g kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt eO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] clwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ p2]Zon] @))% cui6df
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o:t/sf afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf
k|ToIf jf k/f]If 9Ëaf6 sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ cfa4 ePsf lyP . zflGt k|s[of
;'? ePsf] s]xL ;dokl5 of] ;~hfn :jtM lj36g eof] .
57g]kfndf afnclwsf/

#=@=!! /fli6«o afn;+/If0f ;~hfn -Pgl;lkP_
;g @)!) df afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿df dfq s]lGb|t /x]/ sfo{qmd tyf
/fli6«o cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ u/L :yflkt ePsf] /fli6«o afn;+/If0f ;~hfndf #%
;+:yfx¿ ;b:o /x]sf 5g . of] ;~hfn afn >d ;Dd]ng tyf /fli6«o afn;+/If0f
;Dd]ng h:tf gful/s ;Dd]ngx¿sf] lgisif{af6 hlGdPsf] xf] .
#=@=!@ ;dfj]zL lzIff d~r -OGSn'l;e Oh's];g kmf]/d_
ljleGg !^ j6f ckfËtf tyf lzIff If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ @)!# df ;dfj]zL
lzIff d~rsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ckfËtfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;dfj]zL lzIffsf]
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg of] ;~hfn lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ckfËtf;DaGwL ;/sf/sf gLlt
tyf /0fgLlt lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
#=@=!# PgPl;lh -g]zgn PS;g sf]cl8{g];g u|'k cu]G6; efPn]G; cu]G:6
lrN8«]g_
afn;+/If0fsf] nflu ;fs{sf] pkNnf] lgsfo The South Asian Initiative to End
Violence against Children (SAIEVAC) ;fOefsn] blIf0f Pl;ofsf b]zx¿df gful/s
;dfhsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu k|jw{g ul//x]sf] -PgPl;lh–g]kfn_ sf] :yfkgf @)!@
df ePsf] xf] . o; ;~hfndf !) j6f ;~hfnx¿ cfj4 /x]sf 5g . o;/L x]bf{
PgPl;lh–g]kfn ;~hfnx¿sf] klg ;~hfnsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;~hfn
;fOefssf] /fli6«o ;+of]hs dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo
/ ;xsfo{ ub}{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . afn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf gLltut 5nkmn ax;
rnfpg], afn;+/If0fsf;DaGwdf ;To tYo ;+sng tyf k|sfzg -gjnk/f;Ldf afnsnfO{
aln lbOPsf] ;DaGwdf Pgl;lhsf] ;+of]hgdf ;TotYo ;+sng u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf]
lyof]_ nufot cg'zf;gsf gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] b08 ;hfolj?4sf] /fli6«o
cleofg @)&!÷)&@ df ;+nUg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
dfly pNn]lvt afx]s klg afnclwsf/sf If]qdf cGo ;~hfnx¿ u7g ePsf 5g /
ljleGg 9Ën] lqmofzLn /x]sf5g . o:tf s]xL ;~hfnx¿df, ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;~hfn,
a]6L arfp cleofg, uN;{ cf/ g6 a|fO8 -aflnsf b'nxL xf]Ogg_ nufotsf /x]sf 5g .
o;}u/L afnSna cleofgdf klg ;~hfn lgdf{0fsf] cEof;df j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn
ufpF:t/Lo afnSna ;~hfn, lhNnf afnSna ;~hfn, If]qLo afnSna ;~hfn / /fli6«o
afnSna ;~hfn lgdf{0fsf cEof;x¿ eO/x]sf 5g .
$= afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfnLs/0fsf of]ubfgx¿
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|efjsf/L / pknlAwd"ns agfpgsf nflu
;~hfnx¿sf] e"ldsf cxd /x]sf] 5 . ;~hfnLs/0f tyf ;dGjo dfkm{t ul/Psf

ultljlwx¿af6 k|fKt k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf s]xL pknlAwx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
$=!_ afnclwsf/ ;r]tgf a9fpgdf of]ubfg
afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf afnclwsf/ ;a}sf nflu rf;f]sf] ljifo
lyPg . clxn] afnclwsf/sf ljifodf Jofks rf;f] a9g'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ x]g]{
b[li6sf]0fdf klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . o;/L afnclwsf/ ;r]tgf a9fpgdf
;~hfnx¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
$=@_ afn>dlj?4 ;r]tgf a9fpgdf of]ubfg
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; afn dhb"/x¿sf] ljifoj:t'af6 cufl8 cfPsf]
xf] . o; ljifonfO{ ;r]tgfsf b[li6n] cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu afn>dlj?4sf] ljZjofqf
!((* sf qmddf ul/Psf] ;~hfnLs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ^ dlxgf nfdf]
ljZjofqfsf cleoGtfx¿ g]kfn k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 oxfFsf] gful/s ;dfhsf] ce"tk"j{
Pstfn] afn>dlj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ gofF prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] xf] . o; cleofgdf
b]ze/Laf6 ;of}+ ;+3;+:yf / xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg ePsf lyP .
$=#_ gofF ;+ljwfgdf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ of]ubfg
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;~hfn
;~hfnx¿aLr / ;+:yf tyf ;~hfnx¿aLrsf] ;dGjo tyf ;~hfnLs/0f ce"tk"j{
/Xof] . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dodf b]ze/Laf6 bz nfv afnaflnsfsf] cf}+7f 5fk
;+sng b]zsf em08} & ;o ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjo / ;~hfnLs/0fsf cfwf/df ;Dej
ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L afnclwsf/ ;~hfnx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu 5nkmn, a}7s, uf]i7L, ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f cflb h:tf sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/Psf lyP . ltg} k|of;x¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df afnclwsf/
w]/} xb;Dd k|Tofe"t ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] afn;xeflutfnfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf]
5 . afnclwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"t u/fpg] sfddf afn;xeflutfsf] ljifo ;a}eGbf hl6n
ljifosf ¿kdf a'lemGYof] . t/ ;~hfnx¿sf] cgj/t k|of;sf sf/0f ;+ljwfgdf
afn;xeflutf df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] xf] .
$=$_ afn;+/If0fsf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ k|lta4 u/fpgdf of]ubfg
xfd|f] b]zsf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿ afn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf k|lta4 /x]sf 5g . kf6L{sf
lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] lnlvt k|lta4tf hgfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿ afnaflnsfnfO{
kf6L{ut clei7sf nflu k|of]u gug{sf nflu klg ;xdt x'g'x'G5 . o; pknlAwsf nflu
;~hfnx¿sf] of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
59g]kfndf afnclwsf/

$=%_ ljBfno zflGt If]q x'g cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;/sf/L dfGotf lbnfpgdf of]ubfg
åGåsfndf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;~rflnt afnaflnsf÷ljBfno zflGt If]q x'g
cleofgsf] nf]slk|otf Jofks ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . zflGt k|lqmof tyf zflGt sfndf ;d]t
ljBfno zflGt If]q eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] pkfb]otf sfod /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] g}
o; o; cjwf/0ffsf] :jfldTj lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ljBfno zflGtIf]q
/fli6«o 9fFrf / sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^* hf/L u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
$=^_ lzIff If]qdf of]ubfg .
g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff ljefun] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ljBfyL{ egf{ sfo{qmd cGt/ut ljBfyL{
:jfut sfo{qmd cf/Dedf lzIff If]qsf] ;~hfn tTsflng lhl;O -xfnsf] Pgl;O_
af6 ePsf] lyof] . @))$ df gful/s ;dfhn] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;f] cleofgnfO{
kl5Nnf] jif{af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jfldTj u|x0f ug'{ gful/s ;dfhsf tkm{af6 v]lnPsf]
;sf/fTds e"ldsfsf ¿kdf a'emg ;lsG5 .
%= ;~hfnsf r'gf}tL tyf cfnf]rgfx¿
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfnx¿sf] of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] s'/f lglj{jfb
xf] . t/ ;do qmd;Fu o;sf r'gf}tLx¿ klg a9b} uPsf 5g / o;sf sfo{z}nL klg
cfnf]Ro ag]sf 5g . ;~hfnx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf r'gf}tL tyf cfnf]rgfx¿ tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! r'gf}tLx¿
;~hfn ;~rfngdf ;a} ;b:o ;+:yfx¿sf] k|lta4tf g/xg' Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] eg]
o;sf ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] cfly{s ef/ axgsf] ;jfn klg ;~hfnx¿sf
nflu plQs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;~hfnx¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg ;b:o ;+:yfx¿sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xFbf /xFb} klg ;lrjfnodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lqmofzLntf cem
dxTjk"0f{ /xg] u/]sf] oyfy{ xf] . o;qmddf ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cjwf/0ffTds
:ki6tf, ljifoj:t'k|ltsf] k|lta4tf÷em'sfj / sfd ug]{ ;dofjlwn] ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 .
t/ sltko ;~hfnx¿sf nflu ;lrjfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} 5f8g] k|j[lQ
/ pgLx¿sf] ckl/kSjtf klg r'gf}tL ag]/ b]vf k/]sf 5g . sltko cj:yfdf
;~hfnleqsf c;dembf/L / JolQmut :jfy{x¿af6 pTkGg c;xh kl/l:ylt klg
;txdf b]lvg] u/]sf 5g .
%=@ cfnf]rgfx¿
;a}h;f] ;~hfnx¿nfO{ ul/g] cfnf]rgfdf o;n] gful/s cleofg / bafasf/L tyf
cg'udgsf/L e"ldsf ck]lIft ¿kdf v]Ng g;s]sf] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;~hfn :yfkgfsf]

efjgfnfO{ 5f8]/ ;~hfnx¿ kl/of]hgfd'vL eP eGg] u'gf;fx¿ klg plQs} ;'lgG5g .
kl/of]hgfd'vL eGg] lalQs} bftfd'vLsf] cf/f]k klg ;Fu} cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
;~hfnleqsf] ;'zf;g, g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f h:tf ljifo klg uDeL/ ¿kdf p7g] u/]sf
5g . /fli6«o :t/sf ;~hfn elgP klg ;b:o ;+:yfx¿ pkTosf jf zx/ s]lGb|t
ePsf] s'/f klg p7g] u/]sf] 5 .
sltko ;~hfnx¿df nfdf] ;do;Dd klg Pp6} g]t[Tj cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
;~hfnx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] p7fPsf] ;jfnnfO{ /fli6«o /fhgLlts ;jfnsf] ¿kdf n}hfg
g;s]sf] tyf ;dGjofTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf 5g .
Jojl:yt k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] cefj tyf ;b:ox¿sf] ck]IffnfO{ vf;} k"/f gu/]sf]
cfnf]rgf ;~hfnx¿n] v]lk/x]sf 5g . Pp6} ;+:yf ljleGg ;~hfnx¿sf] ;b:o x'g]
l:yltsf] klg a]nf avt cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
^= lgisif{ / eljiosf] af6f]
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . xfn ;~hfn
/ ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw klg ;sf/fTds ¿kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . afnclwsf/
cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf lgdf{0f ePsf ;~hfn / ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw TolQ
xflb{s b]lvFb}g . olta]nf u}/;/sf/L If]q / ;/sf/L lgsfon] Pscsf{nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf
g} ;d:of /x]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfon] u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;d:of dfq p7fpg]
;dfwfg gNofpg]sf ¿kdf a'emg' / u}/;/sf/L If]qn] ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf dfq ug]{
k|j[lQn] klg o;k|sf/sf] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ;DaGw /x]sf] x'g;Qm5 .
t/ clxn] kl/l:ylt km]l/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/ / ;~hfnx¿ Pscfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug]{
kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf nflu ;~hfnx¿ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/sf ¿kdf
km]l/Psf 5g . o;/L afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;;Fu} ;~hfnx¿sf] e"ldsfdf klg
kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngn] /fHo;Fu dfu u/]sf sltko d'2fx¿
;Daf]wg eO;s]sfn] ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt cufl8 a9g' ;'vb ;Gb]z xf] . casf lbgdf
klg ;~hfnx¿ ;/sf/;Fusf] l;h{gzLn ;xsfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
ljut @% jif{sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk phf{ lbgsf nflu
;~hfnx¿ ;dosf] dfu cg';f/ kl/jlt{t / ;Ifd x'Fb} hfg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf ;fy}
;~hfnk|ltsf u'gf;fx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg' h?/L 5 . yk s]xL ;'emfjx¿ tn
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
^=! ;femf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5
clxn];Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;~hfnx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf kl/rfngsf nflu ;femf
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;~hfnsf g]t[Tjstf{ Pjd ;b:ox¿dfem
61g]kfndf afnclwsf/

k|ltlglwTj, ;'zf;g, cEof; tyf JolQmut Jojxf/sf ;jfndf ;fd"lxs cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ / Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{ h?/L 5 . ;~hfn leq Jojl:yt k|zf;lgs
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{] s'/fnfO{ klg plQs} dxTj lbg' kb{5 .
^=@ ;~hfn cleofgd'vL x'g' kb{5
;~hfnsf] ;lrjfno ;~rfngb]lv cGo ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu s]xL xb;Dd
;~hfnx¿nfO{ kl/of]hgf ug}{ kg]{ afWotf x'g;Qm5 . t/ ;~hfnx¿n] cfˆgf
p2]Zocg'¿k sfd ug{ sbflk r'Sg' x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/nfO{ gLltut
txdf :yflkt u/fpFb} Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
;~hfn cleofgd'vL x'g' kb{5 .
^=# ;~hfn ;b:o ;+:yfx¿k|lt bfloTjjfg x'g' kb{5
;b:o ;+:yfx¿sf sf/0f ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . t;y{ ;~hfnx¿n] cfˆgf
;b:o ;+:yfx¿k|ltsf] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;b}j Vofn ug'{ kb{5 . ;b:o ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 / cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tfsf nflu ;"rgf k|jfx nufotsf tflnd, uf]i7L cflbsf]
cfof]hgfdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
^=$ ;~hfnx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf ;|f]t s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ kb{5
;r]tgf cleofgsf nflu tYok/s ;"rgfsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu
;"rgf ;+sng tyf Joj:yfkg / k|jfx Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . To;}n] ;~hfnx¿n]
cf–cfˆgf] If]qsf ;"rgf Joj:yfkgdf cAan /xL cfkm"nfO{ ;|f]t s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug'{ kb{5 .
^=% tYodf cfwfl/t cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5
;~hfnx¿n] ;a}sf cfFvf v'Ng] lsl;dn] tYodf cfwfl/t cleofgx¿ ;~rfng
ug'{kb{5 . ;~hfnx¿n] afnclwsf/sf If]qdf yk cWoog cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfg'kb{5 .
^=^ cleofgnfO{ u|fdL0f :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg' kb{5
cleofgnfO{ ;xL dfg]df cleofg agfpgsf nflu Jofks hg;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu xfn zx/ s]lGb|t cleofgnfO{ ;~hfnx¿n] u|fdL0f
:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] /0fgLlt lng' kb{5 .

^=& ;~hfnx¿ l;h{gzLn x'g' kb{5
k/Dk/fut eGbf l;h{gzLn sfdn] ;a}nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L cleofg
;~rfngsf nflu ;~hfnx¿n] l;h{gzLn cjwf/0ff tyf ljlwx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ kb{5 .
o;f] ePdf cleofg a9b} / km}nb} hfG5 . gful/s ;dfhn] ;~rfng u/]sf l;h{gzLn
cleofgx¿sf] :jfldTj ;/sf/n] u|x0f u/]sf s}of}+ pbfx/0fx¿ xfd|} b]zdf 5g .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= k|wfg uf}/L, sG;f]{l6od–g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt cg'ej @)^*
#= w/]n ldng, g]kfnL afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;~hfnLs/0f
$= afnclwsf/sf cleoGtfx¿ g'k"/ e§frfo{, 8f= ljho ;}+h', dfwj k|wfg tyf
;'lDgdf t'nfw/;Fusf] 5nkmn / cfˆg} cg'ejx¿
%= Poudyal Uddhav Raj and Khatiwada Chandrika, Values and Principles of
Networking and Child Rights
63g]kfndf afnclwsf/

af6f] g} la/fOPsf] 5}g, t/ ljnDa eg] cjZo ePsf]5
ljifo k|j]z
afNosfn dfgj hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / ;Dj]bgzLn cj:yf xf] . h;/L olb s'g}
km"naf/LnfO{ ;Dj[4 agfpgsf nflu s]jn s]xL cUnf / km'ln/x]sf lj?jfx¿sf] nflu
dfq :ofxf/ s]lGb|t u¥of}+ / e/v/ 6';fpFb} u/]sf la?jfsf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbPgf} eg]
Tof] au}Frf Ifl0fs x'G5, / To;n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;Sb}g . To;/L g} afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f / ljsf;df Wofg glbP;Dd s'g} klg ;dfh ;Dj[4 x'g ;Sb}g . afnaflnsf/lxt
;+;f/sf] sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsb}g . To;}n] æ;+;f/nfO{ rnfpg]Æ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf
jo:sx¿n] JolQmut tyf kbLo ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf lglDt slt Wofg k'¥ofpF5g, eGg]
s'/f Ps ;f]rgLo ljifo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ k|fozM jo:sx¿sf] cfjZostfsf cufl8
afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf cf]em]ndf kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cj:yfdf s]xL xb;Dd
kl/jt{g Nofpg afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

afnaflnsfn] /fhgLlt ub}{gg, t/ pgLx¿n] ;w}F /fhg}lts d'2f p7fO/x]sf x'G5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:s :jfy{sf nflu /fhgLltdf nufpg xF'b}g t/ afnaflnsf;DaGwL
ljifo b]zsf] /fhgLltsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljifo eg] x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg
lgjf{rgdf dt v;fNb}gg, t/ uDeL/ eP/ x]g]{ xf] eg], xfd|f] b]zdf k|To]s jif{ Go"df]lgof,
emf8fkvfnf, dn]l/of, s'kf]if0f, hl08;, lr;f] tyf ;+qmd0f h:tf /f]syfdd"ns :jf:Yo
;d:ofsf sf/0f dg]{ % jif{ pd]/ d'lgsf @# xhf/ afnaflnsfn] ;a}eGbf uDeL/
æcljZjf;sf] dtÆ v;fln/x]sf x'G5g, cfˆg} hLjgnfO{ d]6fP/ . ljleGg b'Jo{jxf/,
of}gzf]if0f, a]rlavg tyf >dzf]if0fdf k/]sf, kl/ToQm eO{ ;8sdf ef}Ftfl/Psf,
s'kf]if0fn] Vofpl6Psf, pkrf/ lagf kL8fn] 56kl6Psf, cleefjsTj u'dfPsf, kmsfP/
xf]; of t;f{P/ of afWo agfO{, e|ddf kf/L of ;kgf b]vfO{ cfˆgf /fhg}lts clei6sf
nflu lx+;f–åGådf nufOPsf, ckfËtfsf sf/0f ;]jf;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt eO/x]sf, e]befj
/ lt/:sf/df k/]sf tdfd slnnf afnaflnsfn] ;a}k|lt æcljZjf;sf] dtÆ v;fln/x]sf
x'G5g . afnaflnsf ;b}j bof dfofsf kfq dfq} xf]Ogg, pgLx¿ t b]z ljsf;sf Ps
dxTjk"0f{ lx:;]bf/ x'g . ;dfh s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f ToxfFsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfn]
bzf{O/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' tyf pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f /
ljsf;df nufgL ug'{ eg]sf], /fi6« ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ alnof] agfpg' xf] .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/ cleofgsf pknlAw / r'gf}tL
tf/s lwtfn

xfd|f] k"jL{o ;Eotfdf Psflt/ afnaflnsfnfO{ pRr :yfg lbO{ eujfgsf ¿kdf k'Hg]
rng /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6f j:t'sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ / pgLx¿lj?4sf
y'k|} unt tyf xflgsf/s k/Dk/f klg rlncfPsf] kfOG5g . k/Dk/f, rng / ;f]rx¿
klg ;do ;fk]If x'G5g / logdf qmlds ;'wf/ cfjZos x'G5 . s:tf k/Dk/fnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / s:tfnfO{ lgd"{n ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{ dfgjLo kIf, clwsf/ tyf sfg'gL
kIf / s]xL ;j{dfGo x'Fb} cfPsf afnclwsf/sf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ g} cfwf/ agfOg' k5{ .
;+;f/df afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;g !(@# af6 s]xL Jojl:yt ¿kdf
yfngL eO{ ;g !(*( df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 kfl/t ePsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwn] ;+;f/ e/L afnaflnsfsf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kg]{ s'/f :yflkt
u¥of] . g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() -@( ebf} @)$&_
df cg'df]bg u/L cGt//fli6«o k|lta4tf hgfO;s]sf]5 . o; cjlwdf afnaflnsfsf
lxtsf lglDt g]kfnn] y'k|} cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo k|lta4tfx¿ bzf{Psf] 5 . ljutdf s;}sf]
hGdf]T;jdf dgfOg] /fli6«o afnlbj; xfn nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkZrft afnclwsf/k|lt
/fi6«n] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] lbg ebf} @( df dgfOg] ul/Psf] 5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kZrftsf] c9fO{ bzsdf g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf y'k|}
pknlAwx¿ ePsf 5g eg] ug{ afFsL sfdx¿ klg k|z:t} 5g .
s]xL k|d'v pknlAwx¿M
g]kfn afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof w]/} ePs} b]zx¿df kb{5 . hgu0fgf ;g @)!! cg';f/
g]kfndf !^ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !,)%,$^,*^# cyf{t s"n hg;+Vofsf]
#(=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o dfGotfcg'¿k !* jif{ pd]/;DdnfO{ afnaflnsf
dfGbf of] ;+Vof $$=$ k|ltzt k'Ug hfG5 . hg;+Vofsf] olt 7"nf] lx:;fsf nflu b]zdf
s] pknlAw ePsf] 5 t eg]/ s]nfpg sltko cj:yfdf Plss[t ;"rgf hfgsf/Lsf]
cefjdf s]xL sl7g klg 5 . tyflk ;du|df g]kfndf ePsf afnaflnsf;DaGwL k|d'v
pknlAwx¿nfO{ rf/ efudf /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5M
!= afnclwsf/af/] ;/f]sf/ / ;r]tgfdf j[l4
afnclwsf/k|lt k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] o; c9fO{ bzssf] cjlwdf g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf
;DaGwdf 3/ kl/jf/b]lv /fHosf lgsfox¿ ;d]tsf ljleGg txdf ;r]tgf clej[l4
ePsf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o :t/df ePsf k|lta4tfg'¿k afnaflnsf / ljsf;sf nIox¿
tf]s]/ gLltut tyf sfo{qmdut ¿kdf ljljw lqmofsnfk ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf
afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf 5g .
dfgjclwsf/, dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu lqmofzLn ;+:yfb]lv 6«]8 o'lgog, lzIfs o'lgog
h:tf k]zfut ;+:yfx¿n] afnclwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg yfn]sf 5g .
/fhg}lts bnx¿sf r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkqx¿df afnaflnsfsf ljifo ;dfj]z x'g yfn]sf
65g]kfndf afnclwsf/

5g . afnaflnsfsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt a[xt ;r]tgf cleofgx¿ klg ;~rflnt ePsf
5g .
;~rf/ dfWoddf afnaflnsfsf] ljifon] k|fyldstf kfpFb} uPsf] 5 . 5fkf x'g of ljB'tLo
;a} ;~rf/ dfWoddf afnaflnsfsf lglDt ;fdu|L k|sfzg k|zf/0f ug]{ Go"gtd dfkb08
h:t}sf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfsf lglDt k':ts tyf klqsfx¿sf]
k|sfzg klg eO/x]sf 5g . ljBfno:t/sf ;/sf/L kf7ok':tsdf afnclwsf/;Fu
;DalGwt s]xL ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] klg 5 . ljleGg txdf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt
y'k|} tflnd, sfo{zfnf, cg'lzIf0fx¿ lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf 5g . afnclwsf/ af/]sf] ;r]tgf
sfo{qmd jo:sx¿ dfem dfq} geP/ afn;d"xnufot ufpF ufpFsf afnaflnsf;Dd k'u]sf]
5 . uLt ;+uLtsf dfWodaf6 klg afnclwsf/sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;r]t ug]{ k|of;x¿ ePsf
5g .
t/ sltko cj:yfdf ;r]tgf k'Ug} kg]{ JolQm / If]q;Dd k'Ug ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g eg] a'emg'
kg]{ JolQmx¿n] a'emg] efiffz}nLdf afnclwsf/;Ddt ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . ljleGg cj;/df ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿, lbj;x¿ 7f];
¿kdf pknlAwd"ns x'g' eGbf klg k/Dk/f wfGg ul/Psf h:tf dfq} b]lvPsf 5g .
afnaflnsfsf lglDt ldqjt kf7o ;fdu|L, >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ckof{Kttfn] sltko
afnaflnsfn] g]kfnL ;fdu|L eGbf ljb]zL ;fdu|Ldf lge{/ x'g' k/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;~rf/
dfWodx¿df klg afnflnsfsf ljifonfO{ afnclwsf/;Ddt 9ªun] ;+j]bgzLn e} k|:t't
ug]{ eGbf klg ;G;gLk"0f{ agfP/ k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 .
@= sfg'gL tyf gLltut kl/jt{g
g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] af/]df v'n]/ rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] / gLltut ;'wf/x¿ yfngL
ePsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg kZrft g} xf] . o4lk of] eGbf
cufl8 afnaflnsfsf] af/]df pNn]v g} gePsf] eg] sbflk xf]Og . g]kfnsf] klxnf]
PsLs[t sfg'g lj=;= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gdf klg afnaflnsfnfO{ d[To'b08 tyf
s7f]/ b08 ;hfo glbOg], !) jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g}klg kmf}hbf/L
s;'/df bfloTj axg gu/fOg], gfafns ;fydf ePsf tyf ue{jtLn] ;tL hfg' gkg]{
h:tf k|fjwfgx¿ afnaflnsfsf] lxt / ;+/If0fsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s nfu" ePsf] ;+ljwfg g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf]
wf/f %, …gful/ssf] ;dflhs Joj:yf v08 -ª_Ú df ædhb'/, :qL–k'?ifsf] :jf:Yo /
an tyf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] slnnf] pd]/sf] b'¿kof]u x'g glbg] / gful/sx¿nfO{ cfly{s
kl/l:yltn] lghx¿sf] pd]/ jf annfO{ g;'xfpg] /f]huf/ ug{ afWo ug{ glbg] .Æ v08
-r_ df æ:jfy{ ;fwg tyf g}lts / cfly{s ktgaf6 afNofj:yf / o'jfj:yf ;'/lIft
/fVg] .Æ eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePaf6 afnaflnsfsf ljifo s]xL xb;Dd ;d]l6Ps}
b]lvG5 . o;} u/L lj=;+= @)!#–@)!* sf] k|yd k~rjifL{o /fli6«o of]hgfaf6 g}

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 /fli6«o ljsf; k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ k|d'v /fli6«o
of]hgfdf afnaflnsf;DaGwL a]Un} lzif{sdf sfo{qmd ;dfj]z eg] ;ftf}+ of]hgfaf6 dfq}
x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ttkZrftsf ;a} /fli6«o of]hgfx¿df afnaflnsfsf af/]df a]Un}
kl/R5]b /fvL afnclwsf/sf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6g] ul/Psf]5 . ;ftf}+ of]hgf -@)$#–
@)$&_ sf] kl/R5]b @# df afn ljsf; gLlt eg]/ æafnaflnsf eljiodf s0f{wf/
x'g afNofj:yfb]lv g} pgLx¿sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ePdf dfq
eljiodf pgLx¿ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s b[li6sf]0fn] of]Uo gful/s aGg ;S5g .Æ
eGg] n]lvPsf] lyof] eg] jt{dfg t]x|f} of]hgf -@)&).&!–@)&@.&#_ n] æ;a} ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g / k|jw{g u/L ;du|
JolQmTjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] afnd}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{Æ eGg] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL
æ=====afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f, e]befj / b'Jo{jxf/
lgoGq0f u/L zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] afnaflnsf
tyf lszf]/lszf]/L;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ePsf ljleGg 3f]if0ff tyf
k|lta4tfcg';f/sf k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{tk{m
pGd'v x'g]u/L of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t afn;+/If0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf ;fy}
afn>d Go"gLs/0f, ;8s afnaflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg, afnljjfxsf] /f]syfdnufot ljleGg
k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, lx+;f / ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f / afnclwsf/ pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu of] of]hgf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .Æ
eGg] nufot pNn]v ePaf6 afnclwsf/ k|ltsf] gLltut ;+j]bglzntf qmdzM al9/x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
vf;u/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kl5sf] cjlwdf afnclwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 y'k|} sfg'gL
tyf gLltut Joj:yfx¿ ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfsf lglDt ljz]if P]gsf ¿kdf
afnaflnsf;DaGWfL P]g @)$*, afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g @)%^ /x]sf 5g
eg] cGo w]/} P]gx¿df afnaflnsf;DaGwL y'k|} Joj:yfx¿ ePsf] kfOG5 / oL qmdzM
;+;f]wg klg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g . afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g /fli6«o /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog
lgb]{lzsf @)^*, cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^(
nufotsf b:tfj]hx¿ klg /x]sf5g . afnclwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@)&@ lgs} k|ultzLn /x]sf] 5 / o;n] afnclwsf/nfO{ a]Un} lzif{sdf df}lns xs
cGt/ut /fv]/ afnclwsf/sf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o
gLlt, @)^( n] afnaflnsfsf ljifodf /fHo;+oGqn] Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ w]/} s'/fx¿nfO{
;d]6]sf]5 .

afnaflnsfsf nflu bz jifL{o /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf, afn>d;DaGwL u'? of]hgf, ;z:q
åGåaf6 k|efljt tyf åGådf ;DnUg ePsf afnaflnsfsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu /fli6«o
sfo{of]hgf nufot s]xL ljifout /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfx¿ klg ag]sf5g . lhNnf
afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] ;+of]hgdf k|foM ;a} lhNnfx¿df afnaflnsf;DaGwL kfFr jifL{o
67g]kfndf afnclwsf/

/0fg}lts of]hgfx¿ lgdf{0fug]{ qmd hf/L /x]sf]5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf]
nflu hf/L ul/Psf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)&)df lgjf{rgsf s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿df
afnaflnsfnfO{ k|of]u ug{ gkfOg], ljBfnodf cfd;ef, lgjf{rg k|rf/sf sfd ug{
gkfOg] s'/f :ki6 pNn]v ePaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ /fhg}lts ultljlwdf k|of]u ug{
gx'g] s'/f :yflkt ePsf]5 . o; cjlwdf y'k|} cbfntL lg0f{ox¿df afnaflnsfk|ltsf]
;+j]bglzntf a9]sf] kfOG5 .
t/ sltko sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog lkmtnf] 5 eGg eg] lxrlsrfpg
kb}{g . t;y{ sfof{Gjogsf tx / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo y'k}| kIfx¿df /x]sf] c:ki6tf,
>f]t ;fwgsf] sdL, ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf ;fy Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ g;Sg'' / pgLx?sf] k|fyldstfdf afnaflnsfsf] ljifo gkg'{ nufot cg'udg ug]{
lgsfo tyf k|0ffnLsf] cefj h:tf s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
#= /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ;+/rgf tyf ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf;
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf;ljgf gLlt, sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog x'g
;Sb}g . afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0ffy{ o; cjlwdf b]zdf ljleGg ;+/rgf, ;+oGqx¿ /
;+:yfut ljsf; ePsf]5 . /fHo:t/af6 s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfx¿ ag]sf 5g eg]
u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 klg afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt k|z:t k|efjsf/L ;+/rgfx¿
lgdf{0f eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g . afnaflnsfsf] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljz]if dGqfno
g} /x]sf] k|Tofe"lt lbOPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljifodf gLltut ;'emfj cg'udg
nufot sltko ljifox¿sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / ;f] dftxtdf
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt /x]sf 5g . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]ub]lv >d, :jf:Yo, lzIff,
:yfgLo ljsf;nufotsf dGqfno tyf /fHosf ljleGg lgsfox¿df afnaflnsf;DaGwL
zfvfx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn k|x/Ldf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|
&% j6} lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g .
u}/;/sf/L :t/af6 klg ljleGg k|oTgx¿ ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfsf] cfktsflng
p2f/ ;xof]u tyf k/fdz{sf nflu ;g @))& af6 ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+o'Qm
k|oTgdf …afn x]NknfOgÚ !)(* -bz gf} cf7_ lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g ;lxtsf] ;]jf !#
lhNnfdf k'u]sf]5 . o;} u/L x/fPsf afnaflnsfdf s]lGb|t /x]/ sf7df08f}df vf]htnf;
s]Gb| -kmf]g g+=!)$_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 eg] ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljifout
¿kdf h:t} 3/]n' afn>lds;DaGwL, r]lna]6L a]rlavg;DaGwL x6nfOg ;]jfx¿ klg
;~rfngdf 5g . afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ljifout
g]6js{x¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g . ufpFb]lv zx/;Dd sl/a afO; xhf/ afnSnax¿ u7g
eO{ afnclwsf/sf lglDt lqmofzLn ePsf 5g .
oL ;a} ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ cem a9L afnaflnsfk|lt ;Dj]bgzLn / hjfkmb]xL agfpg ToxfF

/xg] dfgj >f]tsf] ;Ifdtf / cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf j[l4 ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy} cfly{s
>f]t / ;"rgf >f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ klg plQs} h?/L 5 .
$= afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g
o; cjlwdf ;r]tgf, sfg'g gLlt / ;+oGqsf ljsf;sf ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf
k|efj kfg]{ u/L s]xL pNn]Vo k|ultx¿ klg ePsf 5g . lzIffdf afnaflnsfsf]
kx'Fr a9]sf]5 t/ u'0f:t/Lotfsf] r'gf}tL eg] sfod} 5 . :jf:Yodf klg kx'Fr
a9]sf]5, d[To"b/df sdL cfPsf]5 t/ s'kf]if0fdf eg] vf;} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g,
cem} klg ;a}sf lglDt u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf k'Ug ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rflnt ljleGg :t/sf sfo{qmdx¿af6 y'k|} afnaflnsfn]
;+/If0f k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g . afnclwsf/k|ltsf] ;r]tgfn] afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf eP
u/]sf 36gfx¿df w]/}sf] ;/f]sf/ /xg yfn]sf]5 / afnaflnsfn] ;xof]u klg kfpg
yfn]sf 5g . ;~rf/sf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfsf] ;"rgf >f]tdf kx'Fr a9]sf]5,
1fg cfh{gsf] af6f] v'n]sf]5 . t/ ;Fu;Fu} OG6/g]6 cgnfOg nufot cfw'lgs ljB'tLo
;~rf/af6 x'g] afnb'Jo{jxf/sf hf]lvdx¿ klg a9]sf 5g . afn;xeflutfsf] clej[l4n]
afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf s'/fx¿ /fVg ;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . afnclwsf/sf
rf/}j6f kIfx¿M afnarfp, afn;+/If0f, afnljsf; / afn;xeflutfdf y'k|} k|ultx¿
ePsf 5g . pknAw s]xL tYofÍsf] t'ngfaf6 klg o;If]qdf ePsf k|ultsf] s]xL
cfÍng ug{ ;lsG5 . o4lk o; If]qdf /flvPsf ;a} nIox¿ eg] k|fKt ug{ cem} w]/}
ug{ afFsL 5 .
s]xL t'ngfTds tYofÍ
klxn] clxn] pknAw kl5Nnf tYofÍ
;g !(()df lzz' d[To'b/ (& k|lt xhf/
(SOWC, Unicef)
## k|lt xhf/ -NMICS, 2014_
;g !(()df kfFrjif{d'lgsf afnd[To'b/
!$!k|lt xhf/ (SOWC, Unicef)
#* k|lt xhf/ -NMICS, 2014_
;g !(()df dft[ d[To'b/ *%) k|lt nfv
(SOWC, Unicef)
!() k|lt nfv -;g @)!$, ljZjf; cg'dfg_
;g !((!df bIf hGd ;xof]uL -8fS6/,
g;{ jf c=g=dL_sf] ;xof]udf x'g]
afnaflnsfsf] hGd !%Ü (NFSH1991)
%)Ü -:jf;]lj jfk| @)!#.!$_
69g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;g !((^ df !@ b]lv @# dlxgfsf vf]k
kfpg] afnaflnsf
la=;L=hL vf]k &^ Ü, l8=kL=6L=# %$ Ü,
bfb'/f %& Ü (NFHS 1996)
;g @)!# df la=;L=hL vf]k ((Ü, l8=kL=6L=(@Ü,
bfb'/f **Ü -:jf;]lj jfk| @)!#.!$_
@))! df s'kf]if0f % jif{d'lgsf
k'8sf (Stunting) %& Ü , Vofp6]
(Wasting) !! Ü, pd]/cg'¿k tf}n
gk'u]sf (Under weight) $# Ü
k'8sf (Stunting) $! Ü, Vofp6] (Wasting)
!! Ü, pd]/cg'¿k tf}n gk'u]sf (Under
weight) @( Ü -:jf;]lj jfk| @)!#.!$_
s'g} klg vf]k gkfpg] @) Ü (NFHS
1996)
# Ü -:jf;]lj jfk| @)!#.!$_
;g @)))df kf]lnof] vf]k &) Ü @& dfr{ @)!$ df kf]lnof] /lxt b]z 3f]lift . ;g
@))% b]lv dft[ tyf lzz'df l66fg; pGd"ng
ePsf] / hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6; lgoGq0fdf .
;g @)!( ;Dddf bfb'/f pGd"ng ug]{ nIo .
;g !((* df %–!$ jif{sf $! k|ltzt
afnaflnsf >d zlQmdf nfu]sf -n]j/
kmf];{ ;e]{, tYofÍ ljefu_
;g @))* df %–!$ jif{sf ##=( k|ltzt
afnaflnsf >d zlQmdf -n]j/ kmf];{ ;e]{, tYofÍ
ljefu_
;g !(() df k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/
^$ Ü -aflnsf #!=% _ -ˆnf; l/kf]6{,
lzlj_
;g @)!$ df (^=@% ˆnf; l/kf]6{ @)&!,
lzlj_
;g @))! df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|
/ lzz' sIffsf] s'n egf{ b/ !# Ü -ˆnf;
l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @)!# df &^=& Ü -ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @))# df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|
/ lzz' sIffsf] cg'ej lnO;s]sf sIff
! df egf{ x'g] afnaflnsfsf] b/ &=& Ü
-ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @)!$ df %(=^ Ü -lzIff ljefu_
;g @))! df lgdflj txdf v'b egf{b/
#(=$% -ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @)!$ df &$=^%-ˆnf; l/kf]6{ @)&!,
lzlj_
;g @))! df dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/
@%=% Ü -ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @)!$ df %^=! Ü -ˆnf; l/kf]6{ @)&!,
lzlj_

;g !(() df k|fylds tx k"/f ug]{ @&
Ü -lzIff ljefu_
;g @)!$ df *^=* Ü -lzIff ljefu_
;g @))^ Dff sIff ! sf] ljBfno 5f8g]
b/ @)=( Ü tyf sIff % sf] !$=* Ü
-ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;g @)!@ Dff sIff ! sf] &=^ Ü tyf sIff %
sf] ^=) Ü -ˆnf; l/kf]6{, lzlj_
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnufot afnaflnsf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] y'k}| cGt//fli6«o,
If]qLo tyf /fli6«o k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L jf:tjd} afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg y'k}| k|of;x¿ ePsf] ePtf klg o; If]qdf k|z:t ;d:of, sl7gfO{
/ r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g . sltko r'gf}tLx¿ cj;/sf ¿kdf klg /x]sf 5g eg]
sltkonfO{ ;fdgf ug{ w]/} tkm{af6 k|of; x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf
oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf]5 .
/fhg}lts bnx¿, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿, sfof{Gjog txdf /x]sfx¿, ljsf; sfo{stf{x¿nufot
cleefjsb]lv afnaflnsf;Dddf afnclwsf/ tyf afn;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿k|lt hfu/0fdf
j[l4 cfPtf klg ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] ljifok|lt ;+j]bglzntf a[l4sf nflu
cem} klg cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tf a9fpg cfjZos 5 . b]zsf] /fhg}lts t/ntfn] ubf{
klg afnaflnsfsf] ljifo /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf kg{ g} ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ePsf sfg'g,
sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjodf ;fwg ;|f]tsf cltl/St ;f]r / OR5fzlQmsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 .
;a} lgsfon] afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ cfˆgf sfo{qmd leq
kfg{ oyf]lrt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . k|efjsf/L afn;+/If0f ;+oGqsf] cefj 68sf/f]
b]lvG5 . s]xL tf]lsPsf lgsfox¿sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]df lqmofzLn
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf ljlzi6s[t Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ a9fpg
;s]dfq o; If]qdf Ifdtfjfg, l;h{GfzLn JolQmTjx¿nfO{ l6sfO /fVg ;lsg] 5 .
/fli6«o >f]t afF8kmfF8df afnaflnsfsf ljifo k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g tyf pknAw
;|f]tx¿sf] plrt kl/rfng klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf]
ljifosf af/]df ;+/rgfTds :ki6tf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . b]zsf] k'g;{+/rgf, ;+3Lotf
nufotsf gofF Joj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ s;/L x]l/G5 eGg] s'/fdf
:ki6tf x'g cfjZos 5 . ;dfhdf a9b} uPsf] å]if km}nfpg] vfn] lx+;fTds ultljlwaf6
afnaflnsfdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/sfaf/]df klg Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL
lbuf] ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt :ki6 x'g afFsL g} 5 . /fli6«ob]lv :yfgLo :t/df afnaflnsfsf
ljleGg ljifox¿df sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ ltgnfO{ bLuf] / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg
71g]kfndf afnclwsf/

;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L Pj+ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ tyf bft[;+:yfx¿df b"/b[li6 Pj+ ;f]rsf] sdL
/x]sf] 5 / k|foM lglZrt …kl/of]hgfÚ df g} l;ldt /x]sf5g . clwsf/ tyf ;|f]t ;DkGg
pRr :t/Lo ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; x'g cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o :t/df afnclwsf/;DaGwL
cg'udg ug]{, cWoog ug]{, PsLs[t ;"rgf >f]t ;Íng ug]{, afnaflnsf;DaGwL ljifosf
1fg Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlzli6s[t tyf clwsf/ / ;|f]t ;DkGg :ki6 ;+/rgf, k|0ffnLsf
nflu ljBdfg ;+/rgf / ;f]sf] clVtof/Ldf :ki6tf x'g cfjZos 5 . gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv
sfof{Gjogsf tx;Dd clwsf/d'vL ;f]rsf] cefjdf kl/jt{gdf sl7gfO{ l;h{gf x'g
k'U5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df k|foM ;a} txdf /x]sf k'/ftg z}nLdf ;'wf/ x'g
afFsL g} 5, l;h{gfTds / clwsf/d'vL ;f]rsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;du|kIf cem vf;u/L afn;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg lgDg ljifox¿df
;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5M
• s'g} klg ¿kdf afnaflnsfk|lt x'g] b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff÷a]jf:tf, e]befj
• zf/Ll/s b08 ;+hfo, s'6lk6, oftgf
• afnof}g zf]if0f, of}gb'Jo{jxf/, Jofj;flos afnof}gzf]if0f
• afn>dzf]if0f
• dgf]j}1flgs, ;Dj]ufTds bafa
• ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, åGå k|efljt,
• /fhg}lts :jfy{df k|of]u, k|efljt
• 3/]n' lx+;fnufot cGo s'g} klg lx+;f
• 5fpk8Lnufotsf s'k|yfx¿
• afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/,
• afnljjfx,
• afnlaHofO{
• nfu"kbfy{ / dfbs kbfy{sf] cf];f/k;f/ / b'Jo{;g
• pk]Iff, ckx]ngf, kl/ToSt ul/Psf tyf cleefjsljxLg afnaflnsf
• ljz]if :ofxf/ jf ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostfdf /x]sf h:t} ckfËtf ePsf, ;8sdf
cfl>t cflb afnaflnsf .
• Kf/Dk/f ljz]if -sdn/L, em'df 5fpk8L, s'df/L cflb_ k|efljt
• k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf
• gofF k|ljlw tyf OG6/g]6 cgnfOgdf afn;+/If0f
• dgf];fdflhs x]/rfx
• k|f/lDes afnljsf;, afnlzIff

• afn:jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr / u'0f:t/
• afn;xeflutf tyf afnaflnsfsf] cfTdlge{/tf
• cfkTsfn tyf k|sf]kdf afnaflnsf s]lGb|t ;]jf, ;+/If0f
• cg'udg / hgzlQm lgdf{0f
• afnaflnsf / ;~rf/
• kl/jf/sf] bfloTjdf ;xof]u
• sfg'gsf] ljjfbdf k/]sf afnaflnsf
cGTodf,
xfdL;Fu cfwf/e"t gLltut Joj:yfx¿ 5g, sfo{of]hgfx¿ 5g, sfg'gx¿ 5g t/
sfof{Gjog cToGt lkmtnf] 5, ;dGjo sdhf]/ 5 . lsg < sfg'gsf cIf/x¿,
sfo{of]hgfsf nuk|m]dx¿ lglh{j x'G5g, lgis[o x'G5g, oL cfkm}F rnfodfg x'g
;Sb}gg . lognfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg x/]s lhDd]jf/ txsf dfgj dl:tisx¿sf] ;lqmotf,
pTk|]/0ffnfO{ hufpg cfjZos 5 . xfdL k|To]s;Fu :ki6Ls/0f lbg] ;of}}+ ts{x¿ x'g
;S5g, t/ tL s'g} klg ts{n] Pp6f afnssf] vf]l;Psf] afnkg kmsf{pg ;Sb}g,
b'Jo{jxf/sf] kL8fnfO{ lgld6ofGg kfg{ ;Sb}g . t/ klg xfdL lg/fz x'g' kg]{ cj:yf g}
eg] 5}g, xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] lbzfdf af6f] g} la/fPsf 5}gf}+ t/ ljnDa
eg] cjZo ePsf]5 . ;|f]t 5l/Psf 5g, Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;|f]tsf]
sdL klg 5, l;h{gfTds 9Ën] ;Íng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . ;|f]tfefjnfO{ cf}+Nofpg' eGbf
klxnf xfd|f] ;f]rnfO{ lgvfg{ ;s] y'k|} ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ v'Ng] 5g . afnclwsf/
;a}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . t;y{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt s;}n] klg of] t d]/f]
lhDd]jf/L eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] eGg' zf]egLo x'g ;Sb}g . cGTodf w]/} cufl8 st} d}n]
k9]sf] a]gfdL s]xL x/kmsf kl/dflh{t efjfg'jfb k:sG5'M
dl;gf cfFvfx¿n] lbg /ft tkfO{+nfO{ lgofln/x]sf 5g,
;fgf sfgx¿n] tkfO{+sf x/]s zAb emg{ gkfpFb} 6kSs l6Kb5g,
slnnf xftx¿ tkfO{+n] u/]sf x/]s sfd ug{ ;NanfO/xG5g
/, tL ;fgf afnaflnsfn] tkfO{+ h:t} x'g] ;kgf a'lg/x]sf 5g .
lg0f{o cfkm}F ug'{xf];, ca ltgsf cufl8 tkfO{+ s;/L k|:t't x'g] <
ltgsf nflu tkfO{+n] s:tf] lg0f{o ug]{ <
73g]kfndf afnclwsf/

g]kfndf ckfË afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ Joj:yfkg / cEof;sf]
cj:yf
;"o{ eQm k|hfklt,
!=e"ldsf
ljut @% aif{sf] cjlwdf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o l;4f-
Gt, dfGotf / sfg'gx¿df Hf:tf];'s} n]lvPsf], k|lta4tf hfx]/ ePsf] tyf kxnx¿
ePsf] ePtf klg afnsflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;xeflutfsf cj:yfdf s] s:tf
kl/jt{g / pknlAwx¿ xfl;n eof] eg]/ x]g]{ / l;+xfjnf]sg ug]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . o;
;Gb{edf x]bf{ afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf] If]qdf ;sf/fTds kxnx¿, pknlAwx¿ Kf|fKt
ePsf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿ e]l6Pnfg . t/ cem} y'k|} ;d:of, r'gf}tL / ;dfwfg ug{' kg]{
If]qx¿ aFfsL /x]sf] gxf]nfg eGg ;lsGg .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg'g kfl/t x'g', ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsf clwsf/sf s'/fx¿
;dfj]z x'g', afnaflnsf;DaGwL dGqfno aGg', afn Ohnf; aGg', s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afn
sNof0f ;ldlt / ufpF tx;Dd afn;+/If0f ;ldlt aGg', afnSnasf ;~hfnx¿ x'g'nfO{
gLltut pkNflAwsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} lzz' sIffx¿sf] la:tf/, k|fylds txdf
(^ Ü afnaflnsfsf] egf{ x'g', afnd[To' b/ 36g', afnSnax¿ la:tf/ x'g' / afnSnax¿
dfkm{t afn;xeflutf a9g', afn>d tyf afnljjfx Go"gLs/0f x'g', b08/lxt lzIff;DaGwL
hgr]tgf a9g', ljBfnox¿df cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f h:Tff y'k|} pknlAwx¿ Kf|fKt ePsf]
cg'e"lt ;'vb kIf xf] .
oL pknlAwx¿sf af/]df ljj]rgf ug]{ ;Gb{edf Pp6f k|Zg 68sf/f] ¿kdf s]
p7g] u/]sf] 5 eg] s] oL pkNflAwx¿ ;a} afnaflnsfn] ;Dffg ¿kdf pkef]u ug]{ cj;/
k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5g t < jf sxL st} r's ePsf] t 5}g < eGg] af/]df ;f]Rg' kg]{
cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . o;df ;LdfGtLs[t -blnt, b'u{ddf /x]sf, >lds, a]rlavgdf k/]sf
tyf ckfËtf ePsf_ afnaflnsf cem laz]if u/L ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
af/]df oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] .
afnaflnsf tyf JolQmdf cfpg] ckfËtf, k|efj / p;sf] eljiosf] ;Defjgf
p;sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt, JolQmut a'emfO{, tTk/tf / p;sf] jl/kl/sf] ;fdflhs / jftfj/
0fLo kIfx¿åf/f lgwf{/0f x'G5g . t;y{ ckfËtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ JolQm jf :jf:YohGo
s'/fdfq x]/]/ k'Ub}g, p;sf] jl/kl/sf] ;du| l:ylt / kl/j]znfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . g]kfndf JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / /fHon] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ x]g]{,
a'emg], Jojxf/ ug]{ / ;Daf]wg ug]{ tf}/ tl/sfx¿ ;do;Fu} lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g pGd'v
b]lvG5g . tyflk o; n]vdf ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf

clwsf/x¿ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o l;4fGt, dfGotf / sfg'gx¿df n]lvPsf,
hfx]/ ePsf k|lta4tf / kxnx¿ cfwf/df s] s:tf cEof; / pknlAwx¿ xfl;n eP <
/ s] s:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ afFsL 5g < eGg] af/d]f klg ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 .
@= ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf tyf cEof;x¿
cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o l;4fGt, dfGotf / sfg'gx¿df n]lvPsf / hfx]/ ePsf k|l-
ta4tfx¿ x]g]{ xf] eGg] ;}4flGts ¿kdf ckfËtf clwsf/x¿nfO{ klg d"n b:tfj]hx¿df
;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @# sf $ j6f a'Fbfx-
¿df pgLx¿sf dof{bf sfod x'g] u/L ;d'bfodf g} clwstd :jfjnDaL hLjg clej[l4
/ ;xefuL ug{ /fHokIfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo :ofxf/ / k'g:yf{kgf dgf]/~hgb]lv lnP/
/f]huf/Lsf] tof/L;Ddsf s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljz]if Joj:yfsf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z
5 . To:t} ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/sf nflu hf/L ePsf] dxf;lGw @))^
sf] wf/f & df cem} ljlzi6 / :ki6 ¿kdf cGo afnaflnsf ;/x dfgjclwsf/, ;jf{]{td
lxt, ;xof]u / pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
3/]n' sfg'g, gLlt lgb]{lzsfx¿df klg ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf clwsf/x¿ af/]
ljljw Joj:yf / k|fjwfgx¿ Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . pk/f]St sfg'gL gLltut
Joj:yfx¿n] lzIffdf lgMz'Ns ljz]if tyf Plss[t lzIff, 5fqj[lQ, :jf:Yo tkm{ lgMz'Ns
hfFr, pkrf/ / cf}ifwL, ;xfos ;fdu|L, clt czQmx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf cflb
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno cGtu{t &%
lhNnfdf g} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
xfn g]kfndf ljBdfg @)^# ;fndf ul/Psf] kl/efiff / juL{s/0f cg';f/ lgDg &
k|sf/sf] ckfËtfsf] Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] 5 . h:t} != zf/Ll/s ckfËtf @= b[li6;DaG-
wL ckfËtf -b[li6 ljxLgtf / Go"gb[li6o'Qm_ #= ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfËtf -alx/f / ;':t
>j0f_ $= >j0f ljxLg %= :j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL ckfËtf ^= dfgl;s ckfËtf -af}l4s
ckfËtf ÷;':tdgMl:ylt, dfgl;s c:j:ytf / cl6Hfd_ &= ax'ckfËtf . oL & k|sf/sf
ckfËtf dWo] klg ulDe/tfsf cfwf/df $ k|sf/sf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} M s_
k"0f{ czQm ckfËtf v_ cltczQm ckfËtf u_ dWod ckfËtf 3_ ;dfGo ckfËtf .
kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^*÷^( sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df g]kfndf s"n hg;+Vofsf] !=($
Ü cyf{t %,#!,#@! Hfgf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] u0fgf ePsf] 5 . oBlk g]kfn
;/sf/sf] pknAw ;fwg;|f]t, cfd gful/sx¿sf] r]tgf:t/, k|fljlws / Joj:yfkgLo
Ifdtfsf] sdLn] ck]lIft ;+Vofdf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] u0fgf x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3sf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ljZjdf !% Ü sf] ;+Vofdf ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx¿ /x]sf 5g .
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tkm{ klg afnaflnsf s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx¿df
d"nk|jfxLs/0f gLlt cGtu{t ckfËtfsf ;jfn / sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ kl/kf6L a9]sf]
75g]kfndf afnclwsf/

b]lvG5 . tyflk cGo afnaflnsfsf] t'ngfdf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
;+/If0fdf hLjgdf kl/jt{g x'g] vfnsf vf;} k|ult ePsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5+}g .
pknAw ;"rgf / tYox¿ x]bf{ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu eP u/]sf sfdx¿
ck]lIft ¿kdf pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
ckfËtf kl/ro kqM ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] klxrfgsf nflu /fHon] k|bfg ul/g]
ckfËtf kl/ro kq, ufpF tx, b'u{dsf tyf cltczQmx¿n] tyf :yflkt k|lqmofsf sf/0f
kfpg} d'lZsn 5 / yf]/} afnaflnsfn] dfq} kfPsf] cj:yf 5 . @)&)÷&! ;Ddsf]
kl/rokq ljt/0f l:yltdf !,**,@#% hgfn] ckfËtf kl/rokq k|fKt u/]sf] ;/sf/L
/]s8{df 5, h'g s"n ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] #%=$@ Ü -%,#!,#@!
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] s"n ;+Vof_ dfq xf] h;df afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof lgs} Go"g
/x]sf] 5 . oL sf/0fx¿af6 klg ltgLx¿n] ckfËtf clwsf/ / cGo pknAw ;]jf /
;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rt x'g] cj:yf 5 .
lzIffdf kx'Fr M afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] clwsf/;DaGwL pknlAwx¿ tkm{ x]bf{ klg
ck]lIft pkNflAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf] b]lvb}g . @)&! ;fnsf] lzIff;DaGwL k|ltj]bg x]bf{
;~rfngfdf /x]sf #%,!@! k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df @,)^$ hgf ckfËtf ePsf
afnaflnsf dfq} /x]sf]] pNn]v 5 h'g ;fx|} lg/fzhgs xf] . ckfËtf ePsf afna-
flnsfsf] hLjgdf k|f/lDes k|ltsfo{ c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 h;af6 pgLx¿ jl~rt
x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} k|fylds ljBfno txdf $&,**@ hgf lgDg dfWolds
ljBfnodf !^,$^% hgf, dfWolds ljBfnodf ^,(#& hgf / pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf
@,@*% hgf u/L hDdf &#,%^( -)=(* Ü_ -s"n ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof &$,**,@$* _ hgf
ljBfnodf cWoog/t /x]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . ;a} ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfn]
5fqj[lQ kfpg ;Sg] b]lvPtf klg kl/ro kq k|fKt gePsf]]], ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g'
tyf ljBfno lzIfsx¿sf] ;lqmotfsf] sdLn] pn]Vo ;+Vofdf ljBfyL{x¿ 5fqj[lQaf6
jl~rt /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsfn] ;dod} kfpg' kg]{ a|]n k':ts, n]Vg]
a|]nk]k/, ;]tf] 58L cflb gkfpg] u/]sf] x/]s aif{ bf]xf]l/Ps} 5 . alx/f afnaflnsf
kof{Kt ;fÍ]lts efiffsf] zAbsf] cefj, tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx¿sf] cefjn] lzIf0f l;s-
fOdf k5fl8 kg]{ cj:yfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . xfn pknAw ljBfnox¿, #^$
j6f ;|f]t sIff, #$ j6f ljz]if sIff / s]xL u}/;/sf/L ljBfnox¿ dfq}n] ckfËtf d}qL
lzIf0f l;sfO ;~rfng u/]sf 5g . cGo ;fdfGo ljBfnodf ck+fËtf;DaGwL tflnd
k|fKt lzIfssf] cefj, ckfËtf d}qL lzIf0f l;sfO / ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] cefjsf] sf/0f
/ o; If]qsf nflu pknAw ;|f]tn] ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5}g .
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'FrM :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf s'/fx¿ x]bf{ /f]syfdd"ns :jf:Yo
;]jfdf ePsf kl/jt{g / ;'ljwfx¿df / /f]u nfUg] tyf d[To'b/df pn]Vo pknlAw
b]lvPsf 5g . t/ pxL ;]jf / ;'ljwf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;jfndf ;dfg

¿kdf ;Gt'li6 lng] 7fpF b]lvPsf] 5}g . ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] /f]u nfUg] b/
/ d[To'b/ cGo afnaflnsfsf] t'ngfdf $ u'0ff a9L x'G5 . tyflk g]kfndf o; af/]df
s'g} cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :jf:Yo lgsfosf s]Gb|Lo txdf afx]s ckfËtf;DaGwL
klxrfg ug]{, k|f/lDes k|ltsfo{ / k'g:yf{kgf ;]jf lbg] dfgjLo ;|f]t tyf sfo{qmdsf]
cefjn] ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfn] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnf:t/df :jf:Yo / k'g:yf{k-
gf ;]jf kfpg] l:ylt /x]g . ;du|df eGg] xf] eGg] :jf:Yo lgsfosf] e"ldsf ckfËtf
;dfj]zL / d}qL x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afn sNof0f ;+/rgfx¿ / ltgLx¿sf sfof{b]zx¿ Kflg ckfËtf
;dfj]zL / d}qL x'g afFsL b]lvG5 . #) ;f}+ xhf/ afnSnax¿df ckfËtf ePsf af-
naflnsfsf] ;xeflutf cfg'kflts / cy{k"0f{ agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfndf 7"n}
;+Vofdf cgfyfnox¿ v'n]sf 5g t/ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu tL ;+:yfx¿
pkof]uL x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf dfgj clwsf/ xggsf
s'/fx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g] / k|ltsfo{ x'g] cj:yf la/n} dfq b]lvG5g . ckfËtf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf a[l4sf] nflu 3/, ljBfno, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ 7fpFx¿
/ ;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿ ckfËtfd}qL x'g h?/L x'G5 h;sf] cefjdf ckfËtf ePsf afna-
flnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;Dej 5}g .
#= g]kfndf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿
g]kfndf ckfËtf clwsf/nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;'?jft ul/Psf] em08} ## aif{ eof] . af-
nclwsf/s} lx;fan] @% jif{sf] cjlwdf eP u/]sf pknlAwx¿sf af/]df n]vfhf]vf ubf{
ldl>t vfnsf] cg'e"lt / cg'ej x'G5 . cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf
k|bfg x'g', ;+/rgfut ljsf; x'g', hgr]tgf j[l4 / ;/f]sf/ a9g'nfO{ pknlAwsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ckfËtf clwsf/sf] afnd}qL Joj:yfkgdf ljBdfg r'gf}tL
/ cj;/x¿ af/] Jofks / v'Nnf 5nkmn / cGt/s[of klg x'g h?/L x'G5 . o;
;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt ;jfnx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g;S5g .
#=!= ckfËtf;DaGwL lj:t[t tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] cefj
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljljw sfndf ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+sng / k|sfzg ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] kl/efiff / juL{s/0fcg'¿k ;ft} k|sf/sf]
ckfËtf;DaGwL tYofÍ / sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;3fpg] vfnsf] :yfgLo lhNnf / uf-
pFx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rgfx¿ ;+sng x'g ;s]sf] eg] 5}g . ;fy} To:tf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL
klg Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ckfËtf;DaGwL lj:t[t ;"rgfsf] cefjdf gt cl-
wsf/sf] dfu g} ug{ ;lsg] eof] gt dfusf] cf}}lrTo g} :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] eof] . o;}
;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cf=a= @)^^÷^& b]lv dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f
dGqfnon] &% lhNnfdf lhNnf ljsf;, dlxnf ljsf; / l;=la=cf/=sfo{qmdsf] ;xsfo{df
ckfËtf;DaGwL 3/w'/L gS;fÍgsf] sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fPsf] xf] t/ To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg
;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
77g]kfndf afnclwsf/

#=@=ckfËtf;DaGwL PsLs[t sfo{qmdsf] vfFrf]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] / j}b]lzs ;xof]udf ckfËtf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ sltko
lhNnfx¿df ;~rfngdf 5g t/ tL sfo{qmdx¿ cfsf/df ;fgf] / 5f]6f] cjlwsf] x'g]
u/]sfn] lbuf] x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kg, ;fwg;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u, hgd-
fg;df x'g] cGof}n tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwg ljt/0fdf x'g] c:j:y k|ltikwf{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ Pp6} lhNnfdf w]/}j6f / w]/} yl/sf sfo{qmdx¿ cfjZos b]lv+b}g .
To;n] lbuf] / clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;Ddt lhNnfdf
Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df l;=la=cf/= sfo{qmdnfO{ ;an agfpg d2t u/]sf] b]lv+b}g .
t;y{ cfkfËtf;DaGwL cflwsfl/s lgsfo ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf] l;=la=cf/=
sfo{qmdnfO{ cGo ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] :jLsf/ u/L o;}df of]ubfg
k'Ug] u/L ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . t/ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L, låkIfLo
ljsf; / /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿sf] gLlt ;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / k|fyldstfnfO{
;3fpg] ePtfklg pgLx¿sf] ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df ckfËtfsf ;jfnx¿ k|fyldstfdf
kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . oL ;+:yfx¿n] ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt s'g} klg l;=la=cf/= sfo{qmd;-
Fu ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ u/]sf] la/n} e]l6G5 . g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs
l:yltdf oL ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg Nofpg' lgs} g}
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]tfklg l;=la=cf/=sf] s]Gb|b]lv ufpF tx;Dd ljBdfg ;+/rgfn] ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg] / ;xsfo{ ug]{ kof{Kt ;sf/fTds
jftfj/0f k|bfg u/]sf] eg] b]lvG5 .
#=#= ljBdfg ;]jf ;'ljwf;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿sf] oyf]lrt sfof{Gjog
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf
k|fjwfgx¿ ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / lgb]{lzsfx¿ dfkm{t to ePsf
b]lvG5g . ckfËtf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf g]kfn
Plzofdf g} w]/} cufl8 ePtfklg sfg'g tyf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog pxL ¿kdf gx'Fbf
w]/} ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ cfˆgf] clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt /xg' k/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . clwsf+z :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] clxn] klg ckfËtf If]qsf] nflu 5'6ofOPsf]
/sd ljt/0f ug{ ufx|f] dfGg] u/]sf] u'gf;f] ckfËtf clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] /x]sf] 5 .
l;=la=cf/= sfo{qmdsf nflu tyf cGo ckfËtfsf If]qdf ljlgof]lht /sdx¿ jif{sf]
cGtdf dfq lgsf;f x'g] k|rngn] sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;ls/x]sf
5}gg . g]kfnsf låkIfLo / u}/;/sf/L ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; sfo{qm-
dx¿df ckfËtfsf] If]q k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . gt pgLx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f
gLlt g} k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5 < :jf:Yo, lzIff, oftfoft, lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt
;]jf k|bfosx¿df ;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] af/] kof{Kt ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lsf]
sdLn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] ;f] :t/af6 ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg sl7gfO ef]Ug' kl//x]sf]
cj:yf klg ljBdfg 5 .

#=$= dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg
s= ckfËtf If]qsf sltko ljifo / ;]jf–If]qx¿ ljz]if / k|fljlws ljifosf ¿kdf ljsf;
/ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ lsl;dsf 5g . t/ clxn];Dd ckfËtf ljifo k|zf;sLo
ljifo h:tf] dfq b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ l;=la=cf/ sfo{qmd tyf xfn;Ddsf]
ckfËtf clwsf/ cfGbf]ngn] :yflkt u/]sf d"No dfGotf cg'ej, l;sfO / ckfËtf
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws ljsf;sf s'/fx¿ ;+:yfut x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
clxn];Ddsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{t ckfËtf ljifo x]g]{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿
/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg x]g]{ xf] eg] d'Vo s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t dGqL, ;lrj, Ps
;x;lrj, Ps pk;lrj / Ps zfvf clws[t / lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; clws[tnfO{
;dfh sNof0f clwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] ;dGjosf/L,
k|efjsf/L / g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf cem a9L ck]lIft b]lvG5 . ;fy} ljleGg ;/sf/L
/ u}/;/sf/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿nfO{ ckfËtf ljifosf d'Vo gLlt / sfo{qmd
cg's"n kl/rfng ug{' d'Vo r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
v= g]kfnn] kl5NNff] cjlwdf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 z}lIfs / k|fljlws sf];{x¿sf]
ljsf;df t'ngfTds ¿kdf 7"n} km8sf] df/]sf] b]lvPtfklg ckfËtf ljifosf s'g}
z}lIfs tyf k|fljlws sf];{ / tflndx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] e]§fpg ufx|f] 5 . ckfËtf
Joj:yfkgdf pkof]u x'g] dfgjLo ;|f]tx¿ h:t}M ufpF3/df uO{ ;d'bfod} ckfËtf
ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ax'p2]zLo l;=la=cf/=
sfo{stf{, alx/f / ;':t>j0f ePsf JolQmx¿ / cleefjsnfO{ ;fÍ]lts efiff
l;sfpg] k|lzIfs, >j0f oGq ljz]if1, :j/ tyf af]nLdf ;d:of ePsfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
ug]{ l:kry]/flk:6, b[li6ljxLgx¿nfO{ lx+88'n ug{ / n]Vg k9g l;sfpg] k|lzIfs,
xftv'6f ;~rfng / lxF88'ndf ;3fpg] lkmlhof]y]/flk:6, ljljw k|sf/sf] ;xfos
;fdu|L agfpg] k|fljlws cflb h:tf dfgj >f]t tof/ ug{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qaf6 vf;} kxn x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / o;sf af/]df efjL of]hgfaf/] klg
s'g} :ki6tf 5}g . oBlk oL ljifox¿df s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;fg} cfsf/df
ePklg tflndx¿ ;~rfng ug{] u/]sf5g . t/ oL sfdx¿nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;xof]usf] xft a9fpg ;ls/x]sf] eg] b]lvFb}g .
u= ax';+Vos ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu rflxg] k|ToIf k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ k+lQmdf l;=la=cf/=/ To;df sfo{/t l;=la=cf/= sfo{stf{x¿ x'g cfpF5g . t/
clxn];Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt l;=la=cf/= sfo{qmdx¿df To;df
sfo{/t l;=la=cf/= sfo{stf{x¿n] kfl/>lds kfpg];Ddsf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
logLx¿ ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL, :jf:Yo, lzIff, k|zf;lgs jf k|ljlws If]qsf] s'g kb
juL{s/0fdf /xg] x'g cflb s'/fx¿ cem cg'Ql/t /x]sf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f
;~rflnt l;=la=cf/= sfo{qmdx¿df To;df sfo{/t l;=la=cf/= sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
79g]kfndf afnclwsf/

sda];L kfl/>lds Joj:yf xF'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ToxfF klg Go"g kfl/>lds,
sfdsf] clglZrttf / cj;/x¿sf] l;ldttfn] dfgjLo zlQmsf] ljsf; / kl/rfngdf
cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] bf}/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ckfËtf
ePsf JolQmx¿sf] hl6n / sl7g k'g:yf{kgf cleofgdf ;dlk{t ax';Lko'St
l;=la=cf/= sfo{stf{x¿n] kfl/>lds / plrt jl[Q ljsf;sf] cj;/ lagf slt
lbg;Dd w}o{ u/L a:g ;Sg] xf] < / o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg gul/sg ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo k'g:yf{kgf / hLjg s;/L ;Dej x'G5 < eGg] s'/f xfdL
h:tf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
dfly pNn]lvt o:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] 68sf/f] / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg geP;Dd
ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;lxt clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
x'g] s'/fdf zÍ} dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

afnGofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL @)^# k"j{sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;
lzj kf}8]n
Gofo ;Dkfbgdf b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf jo:s / afnaflnsfnfO{ Pp6} lsl;daf6
sfof{Gjog ug{ o'lQm;+ut gx'g] x'gfn] /fHon] afnaflnsfnfO{ b08 ;hfo lbg' kg]{
cj:yf cfPdf o;nfO{ 5'§} lgodfjnL lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 .
pQm lgodfjnL / o;n] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ lgDg k|sf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
unt sfo{ ug{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:s JolQm ;/x Jojxf/ gu/L leGg Jojxf/
ug]{ Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g @)@) sf] b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] ! g+= df klxn]b]lv g} lyof]
t/ ;'wf/fTds Jojxf/sf] l;4fGt eg] afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] yfngL u/]sf]
xf] . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] NofPsf s]xL kl/jt{gx¿sf] ;+lIfKt t'ngfTds
ljZn]if0f o;k|sf/ ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* df ePsf afnGofo;DaGwL d"ne"t ljz]iftfx¿
!= cfk/flws bfloTj;DaGwL Joj:yfdf x]/km]/ M afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !!
-!_ n] ;flassf] d'n'sL P]gsf] b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] ! gDa/df ePsf] afnaflnsfsf]
cfk/flws bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd pd]/nfO{ * jif{af6 a9fP/ !) jif{ k'¥ofPsf]
lyof] . o; afx]s cfk/flws bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ pd]/df ;fdfGo x]/km]/ u/L, !) b]lv
!$ jif{;Ddsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ s;'/bf/ 7x/]df a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf
/ !$ b]lv !^ jif{;Ddsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ s;'/bf/ 7x/] jo:snfO{ x'g] ;hfosf]
cfwf ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/L pd]/sf] tNnf] txnfO{ !@ af6 !$ jif{ k'¥ofOof] . oL
kl/jt{gx¿n] Psftkm{ !@ b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf] afnaflnsfn] kfpg ;Sg] clwstd
;hfonfO{ sd u¥of] eg] !) b]lv !@ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] kfpg ;Sg] ;hfonfO{
@ dlxgfsf] ;§f ^ dlxgf;Dd klg k'¥ofof] . bkmf !! n] ;'emfPsf] of] afx]s csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g hl/jfgf x'g] ck/fw ug]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;flassf] b08 ;hfosf]
dxndf ePsf] æxKsfOÆ eGg] Joj:yfsf] ;§f æ;DemfO a'emfO{Æ eGg] yk Joj:yf ul/of] .
@= s7f]/ ;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yfdf :ki6tfM bkmf & n] afnaflnsfnfO{ qm'/ / oftgfk"0f{
Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] Pj+ bkmf !% n] afnaflnsfnfO{ g]n, xts8L nufpg, PsfGt
sf/fjf;df /fVg jf s'g} ck/fw u/] afkt s}bsf] ;hfo kfPdf pd]/ k'u]sf s}bLsf]
;fydf /fVg lgif]w u¥of] . x'gtM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !$
-$_ df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s dfgl;s oftgf lbg, qm'/, cdfgjLo / xf]Rofpg]
Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] s'/fnfO{ df}lns xsdf Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ afnaflnsfsf]
xsdf ;+ljwfgsf] cnfjf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd jo:snfO{ ul/g] s]xL Jojxf/x¿ ug{
gkfpg] u/L lgif]w ;d]t ul/of] . g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf jo:s y'g'jf / s}bLnfO{
81g]kfndf afnclwsf/

g]n xts8L nufpg kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gn] afnaflnsfsf] xsdf
gkfpg] ul/of] .
#= afn;'wf/ u[x;DaGwL Joj:yf M afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf $@-!_ n] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf ug]{ bfloTj lbof] . o;/L vf]lnPsf
afnu[xdf cGosf cltl/Qm s_ k'k{Ifsfnflu y'gfdf a:g'kg]{ afnaflnsf / v_ s}bsf]
;hfo kfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg'kg]{ eof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf
gug]{ ;do;Ddsf nflu cGo afnsNof0f u[xnfO{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L c:yfoL
Joj:yf ;d]t bkmf $@ -#_ n] u¥of] .
$= Goflos k|s[of M bkmf !( n] ck/fwsf cf/f]k nfu]sf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;'gjfOdf
sfg'g Joj;foLsf] pkl:yltnfO{ clgjfo{ u¥of] . bkmf $( n] afnaflnsfsf] d'2fdf aGb
Ohnf;sf] dfGotfnfO{ cl3 ;f¥of] / bkmf %@ n] uf]kgLotfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] .
%= ;hfosf] :yug M afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gn] txlssft tyf ;hfosf] :yug;DaGwL
gofF l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . h; cGt{ut pkbkmf -!_ df d'2fsf] sf/afxLsf]
qmddf cbfntn] txlssft jf cg';Gwfg :yug u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ rflxPsf] avt
pkl:yt u/fpg] ;t{df afa'cfdf, gft]bf/ jf ;+/Ifs jf ;+:yfsf] lhDdf nufpg ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg :yugsf rf/ cfwf/nfO{ o; bkmfn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 .
tL x'g M zf/Ll/s cj:yf, pd]/, s;'/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt / y'gfdf a:g] 7fpF . pkbkmf
-@_ df cbfntn] c:yfoL ¿kdf ;hfosf] :yug ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;sf cfwf/df
dflysf tLg / s;'/ u/]sf] k6snfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . ;hfo :yug ul/Psf]
afnaflnsfnfO{ tLgj6f :yfgdf /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL x'g M afn;'wf/
u[x, s'g} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f / s'g} ;+:yfsf] ;+/If0f . pkbkmf -@_ df afnaflnsfnfO{
pkbkmf -!_ sf] h:tf] afa'cfdf;Fu /fVg ;Sg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf eg] ul/Psf] 5}g .
^= afnOhnf;sf] Joj:yfM afn Gofosf] ;Gbe{df afn;'wf/ u[x kl5sf] csf]{] ;+:yfut
Joj:yf lhNnf cbfntleq /xg] afnOhnf; xf] . P]gdf afn Ohnf;nfO{ afncbfnt
u7g gug]{ ;do;Ddsf nflu dfq} egL c:yfoL ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm k/Dk/fut Gofo k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] GofofwLzdfqsf] pkl:yltn] cf/f]lkt
afnaflnsfk|lt Gofo x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfn] GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm ;dfh;]jL, afnljz]if1
jf afndgf]j}1flgsnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ k4ltsf] yfngL bkmf %% n] u/]sf] 5 .
v_ afn;'wf/ u[xsf] :yfkgf / cbfntL ;lqmotf
@)%& ;fndf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] tTjfjwfgdf
;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsf lzIff sfo{qmd -o';]k_ g]kfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{ k|f/De eof] . h;sf]
klxnf] r/0fdf cfiff9 @!, @)%* b]lv ck/fwdf ;hfo sfl6/x]sf afa'cfdf;Fu cfl>t
afnaflnsfnfO{ o';]ksf] afnu[xdf ;fg]{ sfo{ eof] t/ o;} aLr ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s]zj

v8sfsf] d'2fdf1
@)%* ;fn j}zfv @* ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnosf] gfpdf
afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf ug{sf lgldQ k/dfb]z hf/L u¥of] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] pQm
cfb]z sfof{Gjog gePsfn] kl5 ttsfnLg u[x ;lrj / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfgxfgL afkt ¿ ! hl/jfgf klg u¥of] . ttkZrft dfq} ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;d]t ug{sf lgldQ c;f]h !%, @)%* df o';]k g]kfn
/ sf/fuf/ ljefu aLrdf Pp6f ;Demf}tf eof] h;cg';f/ g]kfn e/ sf/fuf/df ePsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'wf/ u[xdf ;fg'{kg]{ eof] .
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf sf/fuf/ ljefu / o';]k g]kfnsf] ;Demf}tf x'g'k"j{ g} cbfntL cfb]z
cg';f/ @)%* >fj0f !! df klxnf] afnsn] sf/fuf/af6 o";]kn] ;~rfng u/]sf
afn;'wf/ u[xdf /xg kfP . k|f/lDes r/0fdf Pp6} u[xdf cfl>t afnaflnsf / bf]ifL
afns /xg uP . t/ s]xL ;do kZrft o';]k g]kfndf ePsf ;a} cfl>t afnaflnsfnfO{
cGo u[xdf ;fl/of] / o';]k g]kfn afn;'wf/ u[x ;~rfng ug]{ klxnf] ljlzi6s[t ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf bl/g k'Uof] . xfn -@)&@ c;f]h;Dd_ o';]k g]kfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf sf7df08f},
lj/f6gu/ / kf]v/f u/L tLg :yfgdf afn;'wf/ u[xx¿ ;~rflnt 5g .
u[x dGqfnosf] gfddf afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf ug'{ egL ePsf] @)%* j}zfv @* sf]
klxnf] cfb]z eP klg o; k"j{ aAn' uf]l8ofsf] d'2fdf -aAn' uf]l8ofsf] xsdf cflzif
clwsf/L lj ?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno ;d]t_kZrft ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aAn'
uf]l8ofnfO{ sf/fuf/ zfvfdf y'gf k|of]hgsf nflu /fVg] u/]sf] afFs] lhNnf cbfntsf]
lg0f{o / To;nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{ vf/]h u/L lgh aAn'
uf]l8ofnfO{ bkmf $@ cGt{utsf] ;'wf/ u[xdf ;fg'{ egL ldlt @)%& r}q @ ut] cfb]z
lbof] . t/ o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf
ug]{ cfb]z lbof] g aAn' uf]l8ofnfO{ y'gf d'Qm g} u¥of] .
@)%* j}zfv ! ut] kl5 klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ljleGg d'2fdf afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf ljleGg k|s[ltsf cfb]z lbg] sfd ul//Xof] . @)%* >fj0f
!) ut] kf]8] tfdfª2
sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aAn' uf]l8ofnfO{ h:t} kf]8] tfdfªnfO{
klg y'gfd'Qm u/L ;'wf/ u[xdf ;fg{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfn
;/sf/ u[x dGqfnosf gfpdf afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L u¥of] .
@)%* df3 @ ut] /fhs'df/ /fO{3
sf] d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf] qmddf sf/fuf/ /x]sf /fhs'df/
/fO{nfO{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z dfkm{t;jf]{Rr cbfntn] y'gf d'Qm ul/lbof] . t/
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|lqmofTds q'l6sf ;fy ;fy} /fhs'df/ /fO{n] pd]/sf cfwf/df k|rlnt
sfg'g adf]lhd ef]Ug'kg]{ ;hfo eGbf a9L s}b u/]sf] tYonfO{ klg k|df0fdf lnof] .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf $@ adf]lhd afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf u/L kfpF egL aAn'
1 s]zj v8sfsf xsdf cflzif clwsf/L lj= wgs'6f lhNnf cbfnt
2 kf]8] tfdfªsf xsdf cflzif clwsf/ lj= l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf cbfnt
3 /fhs'df/ /fO{sf xsdf tf/fb]jL vgfn lj= sf7df08f}+ lhNnf cbfnt
83g]kfndf afnclwsf/

uf]l8ofsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] d'2f;Fu} Ps} lbg btf{ ePsf] csf]{ d'2f4
df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfnosf] gfpdf ldlt @)%* r}t @# ut]
afn;'wf/ u[x :yfkgf ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z lbof] . o;df rfv nfUbf] s'/f s]
xf] eg] cfb]z k|fKt ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfo klxn]sf] t'ngfdf dflyNnf] :t/sf] lyof] t/
cfb]zsf] k|s[lt eg] sdhf]/ lsl;dsf] lyof] .
u_ afnOhnf;sf] u7g / sfof{Gjogdf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf M
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)$(÷@÷& ut] /fhkqdf k|sflzt
u/L ;fj{hlgsLs/0f u¥of] t/ pQm sfg'gnfO{ nfu" ug]{ u/L @)%) j}zfv ! ut] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]/ nfu" ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . t/ afnOhnf;sf] u7g cfb]z
eg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%^ j}zfv @* ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L @)%&
j}zfv ! ut] b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L k|To]s lhNnfsf lhNnf cbfntx¿df lhNnf GofofwLz
/x]sf] afnOhnf;sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] oxL ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
;DejtM klxnf] k6s ldlt @)%( ;fn h]i7 @! ut] dfggLo lhNnf GofofwLz
>L dx]Gb|/fh uf}tdn] cfˆgf] km};nfsf] l;/fgdf bf]nvf lhNnf cbfnt / To;sf]
d'lGt/ afnOhnf; n]vL bf]nvf lhNnfdf afnu[x ;~rfng ul//xg' ePsL >L uLtf
lzjfsf]6LnfO{ afn ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf pkl:ylt u/fO{ km};nf u/]sf] kfOG5 .5
t/ ;+:yfut ¿kdf afnGofo k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft eg] s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] kxndf
dfq} ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . @)^@ ;fndf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt6
sf] kxndf dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf afnGofo ;'b[9Ls/0f
;ldltsf] u7g eof] . pQm ;ldltdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] /lhi6«f/, sfg'g dGqfnosf
;lrj, g]kfn k|x/Lsf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf k|ltlglw, dxfGofolwjQmf sfof{nosf ljlzi6
>]0fLsf k|ltlglw / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 lj1x¿sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt lyof] . pQm ;ldltn]
afnGofo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lgldQ b'O{j6f sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf k|f/De u¥of] . klxnf]
sfo{ afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf ug'{ lyof] eg] bf]>f] sfo{ afnGofosf
;DaGwdf sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf e"ldsf ePsf /fHosf lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{
lyof] . oL b'j} sfo{sf lgldQ pQm ;dGjo ;ldltn] b'O{j6f pk;ldlt u7g u¥of] .
afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnLsf] u7gsf lgldQ slDtdf klg b'O{ bh{gj6f k/fdz{ a}7s
u/L sfo{ljlw lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt km"n sf]6{af6 :jLs[t u/fO{ sfg'g
dGqfnoaf6 dGqLkl/ifbdf k]z u/L :jLs[t eof] .
4 cflzif clwsf/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
5 g]kfn afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f ;xof]u s]Gb|, -Sofksg{_, g]kfndf afnGofo / afnclwsf/M s]xL cbfntL
cEof;x¿, k]h @!!, @)^!, sf7df08f} .
6 o; sfo{sfnflu s]Gb||Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ k|f/Dedf ;]e b lrN8]«]g gj]{n] cf+lzs ;xof]u / Knfg
g]kfnn] % jif]{ ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf lyP .

afnGofosf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf lgldQ Ps} k6s &% lhNnfdf tflnd k'¥ofpg ;Dej
lyPg . t;y{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cu'jfOdf !) j6f lhNnfdf gd"gf sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/of] . GofofwLz, cbfntsf clws[t / cGo sd{rf/L, ;/sf/L jlsn, k|x/L / sfg'g
Joj;foLx¿sf lgldQ /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] ;xsfo{df # b]lv % lbgsf] afnGofo
tflnd cufl8 a9fOof] eg] bkmf %% n] ck]Iff u/] cg'¿ksf ;dfh;]jLx¿sf] lgldQ
;fdflhs sfo{df :gfts tx ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ;]G6 h]leo;{ sn]h;Fu @ dlxg]
tflnd k|f/De ul/of] . To:t}, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿sf lgldQ cGt/Ë gfds u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf;Fu $ dlxg] afndgf]j}1flgs tflnd ;~rfng ul/of] . csf]{tkm{ afnGofosfnflu
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 ls egL bz j6f lhNnfdf Sofd]/f hl8t sDKo"6/
/]sl8{ª k|0ffnL klg ;~rfng ul/of] .
afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL @)^# :jLs[t eO;s]kl5 lgodfjnL adf]lhd afnGofo
;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g eO{ ;lrjfno :yfkgf eof] h;n] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljsf;sf
;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿7
sf] ;xof]udf gd"gf sfo{qmdnfO{ &% lhNnfdf g} k'¥ofpg] nIo
/fv]sf] 5 .
3_ cbfntL JofVofsf cGo cg's/0fLo pbfx/0fx¿
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] JofVofdf u|fXotf M ldlt @)%* ;fn >fj0f @# ut]
afns[i0f d}gfnL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cbfntn] g]kfnL sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L pQm Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gdf
ePsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ g]n xts8L nufpg] sfo{ u}/ sfg'gL ePsf]n] gug{ gu/fpg
k/dfb]z hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; kl5 afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cbfntn]
cflzif clwsf/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/8
ePsf] d'2fdf ;d]t JofVofsfnflu k|df0fdf lnPsf]
kfOG5 . To:t} cbfntx¿n] bkmf %) sf] k|of]u u/L txlssft / km};nf sfof{GjognfO{
:yug u/]sf]9
, afnaflnsfnfO{ ;s];Dd y'gfdf g/fvL afa'cfdf jf cGo ;+:yfsf] lhDdf
nufPsf10
pbfx/0fx¿ afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL k"j{ g} cEof;df cfO;s]sf lyP .
afnaflnsfsf P]gsf] ;+sL0f{ Joj:yfsf sf/0f afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnLn] ;f/e"t
s'/fx¿nfO{ cbfntL JofVofsf afah'b klg ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] xf] .
afnGofo sfo{ljlw d:of}bfsf] clGtd r/0flt/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;Gtf]if s'df/ dxtf] lj=
7 kl5Nnf] ;dodf afnGofodf ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfdf o'lg;]km g]kfn k|d'v b]lvPsf] 5 . Knfg g]kfnsf]
;xof]u hf/L 5 eg] ;]e b lrN8]«]gsf] ;xof]u ;dfKt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
8 lj=;+= @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##(!, lg0f{o ldlt @)%* r}q @#
9 @)%^ ;fnsf] kmf}=ld=g+= ##$ / #&$ gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] @)%& c;f/ $ / @& sf
lg0f{ox¿
10 @)%^ / %& ;fnsf] kmf}=ld=g+= #)* / ^!& sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%^ ebf} @$ sf]
lg0f{on] cleo'Qmx¿nfO{ Sofksg{sf] lhDdf nufPsf] .
85g]kfndf afnclwsf/

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf] sfof{no ePsf] d'2fdf ldlt @)^@ d+l;/ ( ut] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ oyflz3| afn cbfnt u7g ug{ cfb]z lbof] o; cfb]zdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
afnOhnf;df afndgf]j}1flgs / ;dfh;]jL jf ljz]if1sf] pkl:yltnfO{ thlahL
k|s[ltsf] eg]sfn] klg afnGofo sfo{ljlwsf] lgod ^ df afnOhnf;sf] u7gnfO{
afWofTds k|s[ltsf] agfpg kxn ul/Psf] lyof] . afnGofo sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL d:of}bf
;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt km"n sf]6{n] u7g u/]sf] ;ldltdf afnOhnf;sf]
u7g;DaGwL Jofks 5nkmn eO{ afnOhnf;df GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm ;dfh;]jL, afn
ljz]if1 jf afndgf]j}1flgs;d]t ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltsf ;b:odf df= lvn/fh
/]UdL, df= sNof0f >]i7, >L 8f= /fds[i0f ltdN;]gf / >L afa'/fd /]UdL x'g'x'GYof] .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] @% jif{ k'lu;;s]sf] 5 . ljZjdf
klxnf] k6s afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6
kfl/t ePsf] of] dxf;lGwdf afnaflnsfsf ;du| clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6g] sfd ul/Psf]
5 . dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf Joj:yf u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿nfO{ $ j6f clwsf/
;d"xx¿df ljefhg u/L JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfsf tL $ j6f clwsf/
;d"xdWo] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;jf]{kl/ clwsf/ xf] . hlGdPsf] jf hGdg] s'g} klg
afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g' x'Fb}g . t/ b'ef{Uo, clxn] klg ljZjdf k|ltjif{ sl/a &^ nfv
afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] kfFrf} hGd lbg dgfpg kfpFb}gg . To;f] t cfheGbf !% jif{ cl3
of] ;+Vof Ps s/f]8 !) nfv lyof] . clxn] eO/x]sf kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf]
d[To'dWo] sl/a ^# k|ltzt dTo' /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf emf8fkvfnf Go"df]lgof,
bfb'/f, cf}nf], PrcfOeL, s'kf]if0f gjhft lzz'df x'g] hl6ntfx¿ cflb 5g . o:tf
sf/0fn] x'g] d[To'sf] sl/a (( k|ltzt ;+Vof ul/a / ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf 5 .1
o;/L
x]bf{ ;+qmd0f eP/, hGdg] a]nfdf kfpg'kg{] vf; ;]jfsf] cefj jf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf vfg
gkfP/ g} afnaflnsfsf] d[To' ePsf] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 .
g]kfn klg Ps
cNkljslzt d'n's
ePsf]n] oxfFsf
a f n a f l n s f s f ]
:jf:Yo l:ylt klg
rf}tkmL{ ¿kdf g}
sdhf]/ / ;f]rgLo
5 . g]kfnn]
klg ljZjn] h:t}
kfFrjif{ d'lg x'g]
afnaflnsfsf] d[To'
b/ t !% jif{sf]
bf}/fgdf sl/a #&
k|ltztn] 36fPsf] 5 . ;g @))! df /x]sf] % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To' (!
hgfk|lt !))) hGddf lyof] eg] ;g @)!! ;fndf cfOk'Ubf %$ k|lt !))) df
1 Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) [Nepal], New Era, and ICF International Inc.; 2011. p.
111‐18.
afnarfpsf] cj:yf, r'gf}tL / k|of;x¿
8f= v]daxfb'/ sfsL{
lrq ! M g]kfnsf] afnaflnsfsf] d[To'sf] cj:yf -!((!–@)!)_

cfO;s]sf] 5 . t/ Ps jif{ eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsf / vf;u/L Ps dlxgf;Ddsf
gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ vf;} 36]sf] b]lvb}g . Ps jif{ eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'
;g @))^ df $* k|ltxhf/ /x]sf] d[To'b/ @)!! df $^ df dfq em/]sf] 5 / gjhft
lzz'sf] d[To'b/df s]xL klg kl/jt{g geO{ ## k|ltxhf/ g} 5 .2
-lrq–! x]g'{xf];_ .
o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] hGd]sf] Ps dlxgfleqdf g} w]/} afnaflnsfsf] d[To' eO/x]sf] 5 .
Ps jif{ d'lg d[To' x'g]df sl/a &) k|ltzt / kfFr jif{ d'lg d[To' x'g]df lx;fa ug{] xf]
eg] ^! k|ltzt afnaflnsf hGd]sf] Ps dlxgf g} gk'uL dg{] u/]sf] tYofÍx¿n] k'li6
u/]sf 5g .
csf{]lt/ d[To'sf] b/ zx/dfeGbf ufFpdf w]/} b]lvG5 . To;}u/L lxdfnL / t/fO{sf
e"efux¿df afnaflnsf d[To' ;fk]lIft ¿kdf a9L b]lvG5 . clzlIft cfdfx¿n] hGdfPsf
/ ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . csf{] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, @) jif{
eGbf sd pd]/sf cfdfn] hGdfPsf gjhft lzz'x¿sf] d[To'b/ em08} 8]8 u'0ff a9L 5 .
3
hGdg] lalQs}sf] gjhft lzz', To;df klg u|fdL0f e]udf a;f]jf; ug{] ul/a / clzlIft
cfdfx¿n] hGdfPsf lzz'x¿sf] d[To' x'g] s'/fn] afnarfpsf hl6ntfx¿ sxfFlg/ 5g
eGg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . r]tgf, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj, ¿l9jfbL ;f]r, cGwljZjf;,
xflgsf/s k/Dk/f / rng, clg slnnf] pd]/sf aflnsfx¿ g} cfdf aGg] cj:yfn] afn
d[To'b/df ;f]r] h:tf] k|ult gePsf] xf] .
afnaflnsf ha lszf]/fj:yfdf k|j]z u5{g To;kl5 pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 ;d:ofx¿
/ cK7of/fx¿ x'G5g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lszf]/Lx¿df dlxgfjf/L x'g yfN5 / of]
pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g xf] . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] 1fg ;Lk cefj t
5Fb}5, k'/ftg ¿9LjfbL ;f]r / k/Dk/fsf sf/0f 5'g} gx'g] ;dosf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs
alxisf/df kg'{kg{] cj:yf ;d]t 5 . lszf]/x¿df klg :jKgbf]if nufotsf y'k}
kl/jt{gx¿ x'G5g . oL / o:tf y'k}| kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lng ;Sg] u/L
afnaflnsfsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{] / ;xL Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk / lzIffsf] v8]/L clxn] klg
5 . cfheGbf @) jif{ cufl8sf] bfFhf]df s]xL s]xL ;"rgf / 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] ePklg
;du| ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lksf] sdL ePsf sf/0f lszf]/fj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f clwsf+z lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] of}g tyf
k|hgg :jf:Yo cToGt} sDhf]/ / ;d:ofu|:t b]lvG5 . lszf]/j:yfdf x'g] of}g sf}t'xntf
/ rfxfgfsf] ;xL Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk gx'Fbf c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{x¿ x'g] / h;sf sf/0f
lszf]/lszf]/Ldf PrcfOeLnufotsf of}g hGo ;+qmd0fx¿ a9b} uPsf] tYofÍ 5 .
jif{]gL, ljZjdf gofF x'g] PrcfOeL ;+qmd0fsf] $) k|ltzt o'jf -!%–@$jif{_4
df x'g] u5{
eg] of}ghGo ;+qmd0fsf] &) k|ltzt . of] cj:yf /lx/xFbf afnarfpsf k|of;x¿ cem}
k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg{] b]lvG5 .
2 WHO. HIV and young people. 2015
89g]kfndf afnclwsf/

g]kfn clws afnljjfx
x'g] ljZjsf @) d'n'sdWo]
Ps / blIf0f Plzofdf t];|f]
d''n's xf] . aËnfb]z -^^Ü_,
ef/t -$&Ü_ / g]kfn
-$!Ü_5
xf] . afnljjfx
x'g' afnclwsf/sf] 7f8f]
pNn+3g dfq} xf]Og,
o;n] afnaflnsfsf] efjL
hLjgdf cToGt} k|lts"n
c;/ kf5{ . d'VotM lzIff / cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{ / /f]uL hLjg latfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;g !(^) sf] bzsdf g]kfn / ljZjsf] lszf]/L k|hgg b/ sl/a a/fa/ lyof] t/ ;g
!(() sf] bzsdf g]kfnsf] lszf]/L k|hgg b/ a9]/ !#% k|ltxhf/ eof] / To;kl5
qmdzM 36b} clxn] &@ k|ltxhf/ 5 . t/ ljZjsf] lszf]/L k|hgg b/ 36b} clxn] $%
k|ltxhf/ dfq 5 .6
o;n] g]kfndf cem} klg afnljjfx x'g] / ;fg} pd]/df ;'Ts]/L x'g]sf]
;+Vof a9L g} ePsf] b]vfpF5 -lrq @ x]g'{xf];_ . afnarfpmsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ aflnsf
cj:yfd} ;'Ts]/L x'g] cj:yf /lx/xg' sxfF;Ddsf] Gofo;+ut / pko'Qm xf]nf . afnljjfx
h]–h] sf/0fn] ePsf] elgP klg 3'dLlkm/L dflg;sf] r]tgfsf] :t/ / ul/aL;Fu o;sf]
cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 .
afnarfpsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f vfgf kfpg' / :j:y /xg
kfpg' xf] . t/ g]kfndf % jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yf ljs/fn 5 .
clxn] klg ;odf $! hgf kfFr jif{ gk'u]sf afnaflnsf s'kf]lift 5g .7
s'kf]if0fsf]
b/ 36]sf] eP klg of] t x'g} gx'g] ;d:of xf] . afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0f x'g] b'O{j6f
sf/0f 5g Ps vfg]s'/fsf] cefj jf ePsf vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ ;xL 9Ën] tof/ ug]{ /
v'jfpg] 1fg / ;Lksf] sdL cyjf afnaflnsfdf x'g] nuftf/sf] ;+qmd0f / u'0f:t/Lo
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj . ;Gt'lnt / kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{
ljsf; ug'{kg]{df s'kf]if0fsf] nflu cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf afnle6f nufot Kofs]6x¿ ljt/0f
ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o;n] s'kf]if0f sd ug{ / vfB ;+k|e'tf a9fpg] lt/ eGbf k/lge{/
agfO{ cfˆgf] v]taf/L afFemf] /fv]/, t/sf/L v]tL x'g] s/];faf/Ldf l;d]G6 9nfg u/]/,
ljb]zL bftfn] b]nfg / vfpFnf eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] vt/f b]lvPsf] 5 .
:jfnDag x'g], kf]if0fo'St vfg]s'/fsf] pTkfbg cfkm} ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;;Fu kf]if0fsf]
l:ylt hf]l8G5 .
afnarfp jf :jf:Yosf gofF r'gf}tLx¿ ylkPsf 5g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f gofF
5 UNICEF, New York. 2014.
6 World Bank.; 2015
lrq @ M lszf]/Lk|hgg b/ -k|lt xhf/df_ ;|f]tM ljZj a}+s

k|sf/sf /f]ux¿ / :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf 5g . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf jftfj/0f
k|b'if0fsf] sf/0f d'6' / kmf]S;f]df x'g] ;d:of a9g yfNg', To;dfly afnaflnsfdf
;d]t d'6' / kmf]S;f];DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg' uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] . To;} u/L
cf}Bf]uLs/0f / gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u;Fu} xflgsf/s /;folgs kbfy{sf] dfqf jftfj/0fdf
a9b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn] xfn;fn} sf7df08f} pkTosfdf
u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] () k|ltzt afnaflnsfsf] /utdf ln8sf] dfqf b]lvPsf] 5 .8
z/L/df nL8sf] dfqf a9L ePdf :gfo' k|0ffnL d'6', d[uf}{nf nufot cËx¿sf] ;d:of
b]lvg] dfq xf]Og SofG;/ x'g] ;+efjgf klg a95 .
afnarfp;Fu ;DalGwt k'/fgf :yflkt ;d:ofx¿ qmdzM 36b} uPsf 5g / /fHon] o;
If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL u/]sf] 5 . ;Fu;Fu} gofF r'gf}tL ylk+b}5g . 36b} uPsf :yflkt
k'/fgf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ yk 36fpFb} nfg' kg{] / gofF r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ttsfn ;Daf]wg
ug'{kg{] cj:yf 5 .
xfd|f k|of;x¿
afn:jf:Yosf] k|jw{g ug{ ljZjsf] 7"nf] nufgL 5 . k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ffsf]
ljsf;;Fu} dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/nfO{ 36fpg ug'{kg{] sfdx¿df ljZjsf] Wofg uPsf]
5 . /fHosf] k|fyldstfsf] ¿kdf d'n'sn] h:t} g]kfnn] klg w]/} k|oTgx¿ u/]sf] 5 .
afnarfpsfnflu ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ sbd eg]sf] g} /f]u lj¿4sf] vf]k nufpg' xf] .
6LaL, bfb'/f, wg'i6Íf/, kf]lnof], Eofu't], nx/] vf]sL, x]kf6fOl6; aL, Go"df]lgof h:tf
/f]ux¿af6 arfpg afnaflnsfnfO{ vf]k nufOG5 . vf]k nufpg' kg{] afnaflnsfsf] (&
k|ltztdf vf]ksf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 .9
wgL, u/La, b'u{d, ;'ud gegLsg ;a}n] vf]k ;]jf
kfPsf 5g . t/ clxn] klg sltko b'u{d ufFpdf vf]kk|lt unt ljZjf; / hgwf/0ff
kfOG5 / vf]k gnufPsf] cj:yf klg kfOG5 . g]kfnn] ;g @)!$ sf] dfr{ @& df g}
kf]lnof] z"Go /fi6«sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 .10
To;} u/L, emf8fkvfnf / Go"df]lgof
/f]u /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf] nflu g]kfnn] 7"nf] km8sf] g} df/]sf] 5 . emf8fkvfnf,
Go"df]lgof, s'kf]if0f / cGo ;+qmd0fx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/Psf 5g . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns / ;xh pknAw
u/fpg e/dUb'/ sf]lz; u/]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] klg :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] cefj, cf}ifwL
cefjdf ;]jfu|fxL g} :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ;]jf lng gcfpg] cj:yf 5 .
To;} u/L, s'kf]if0f cGTo ug{ kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fx¿sf] k|jw{g, le6fdLg …PÚ sf] ljt/0f,
h'sfsf] cf}ifwL v'jfpg] h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g . sltko lhNnfx¿df
kf]if0fsf] nflu afnle6f h:tf Kofs]6x¿ ljt/0f ul/Psf 5g . sfdsf nflu
8 Karki K DM, Joshi 2015
9 Health Services (2070/71). Teku Kathmandu Nepal .2014
10 Health Services (2070/71). Teku Kathmandu Nepal .2014
91g]kfndf afnclwsf/

vfBfGg h:tf sfo{j|md dfkm{t vfB cefj ePsf] :yfgx¿df vfg]s'/f k'¥ofOPsf] 5 .
:jf:Yo;DaGwL ljleGg ;]jfx¿ u|fdL0f Onfsf;Dd k'u]sf 5g . t/ oL ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx¿sf]
u'0f:t/ / lg/Gt/tfdf 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . ;]jfx¿ lg/Gt/ klg 5}gg / k'¥ofOPsf
;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ klg 5}g . To;}n] afnarfp;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:ofx¿ 36bf] s|ddf
/x] klg cem} w]/} 5g / clxn]sf] /fhg}lts t/ntfn] yk r'gf}tLx¿ yf]k/]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/ / afn:jf:Yosf] If]qdf sfd ug{] JolQm, ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] /fHo /
o;sf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ afnarfpsf] cleofgdf nuftf/ nflu/xg ;fy, ;xof]u
/ ;xsfo{ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;n] dfq afnarfpsf] cj:yfdf ;f]r] h:tf] kl/jt{g
cfpg ;S5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿M
1. Danzhen You GJaTW. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality.: United Na-
tions Children’s Fund ,World Health Organization, The World Bank, Unit-
ed Nations Population Division.2011 2011.
2. Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) [Nepal] NE, and ICF
International Inc. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. . Kath-
mandu Nepal. : Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) [Ne-
pal], New Era, and ICF International Inc.; 2011. p. 111‐18.
3. WHO. HIV and young people. 2015. [cited 2015 SEptember 19 ];
Available from: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/ado-
lescence/hiv/en/.
4. United Nations Children Fund. Ending Child Marriage: Progress and
prospects: UNICEF, New York. 2014.
5. Ank. W. World Bank Open Data: free and open access to data about devel-
opment in countries around the globe.: World Bank.; 2015. [cited 2015.
Septmeber 19.]; Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/.
6. Karki K DM, Joshi H. Blood Lead Level among children aged 3‐36
months in Kathmandu Valley2015 September 2015.
7. Department of Health Services. Annual Report : Department of Health Ser-
vices (2070/71). Teku Kathmandu Nepal .2014

Kf|Zg g+= ! afn :jf:Yo tyf afn;'/IffsflglDt oxfFn] cfˆgf] cleofg slxn]b]lv
;'? ePsf] 7fGg'x'G5 <
d}n] lrlsT;f zf:qsf] cWoog yfNbf g} afn:jf:Yo ;'/Iffsfnflu s]xL ug{'k5{ eGg]
wf/0ff agfPsf] lyPF . o:t} OR5f lnP/ a]nfotsf] r]l/ªqm; xl:k6n d]l8sn :s"naf6
;g !(^! df PlalaP; k"/f u/]F . To; kl5 nG8gs} n08g :s"n ckm xfOlhg P08
6«lksn d]l8;g tyf OlG:6Ro"6 ckm rfON8 x]Nyaf6 ;g !(^# df 6«lksn l8lhh
P08 rfON8 x]Nydf l8Knf]df u/]F .
k|Zg g+= @ clg oxfFn] afn lrlsT;f;DaGwL sfd rfxL+ slxn]af6 yfNg'eof] <
d}n] cWoog s} qmddf ;g !(^!–^@ df r]l/ªqm; xl:k6n d]l8sn :s"ndf xfp;
clkm;/ eP/ / ;g !(^# df 8aL{ zx/sf] 8flal;o/ lrN8«]g xl:k6ndf l;lgo/ xfp;
clkm;/ eP/ sfd u/]F . dnfO{ /fd|f] ;Demgf t 5}g, t/ a]nfotdf Tolta]nf l;lgo/
xfp; clkm;/n] kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds nueu !%) :6ln{ª kfp08 x'GYof] . o:tf]
;'ljwf ePtfklg cfˆg} b]zdf ;]jf ug{'k5{ eGg] efjgfn] ubf{ n08gsf] of] ;'ljwf Tofu]/
;g !(^$ df g]kfn kms{]F . a]nfotaf6 kms]{kl5 jL/ c:ktfndf afnlrlsT;s eP/
sfd ug{ yfn]F . Tolta]nf lrlsT;ssf] dfl;s tna ¿ #%).– eP klg Tolta]nf d
j}tlgs lrlsT;s gePsfn] ;Ddfg:j¿k lbOPsf] ¿ !&%.– dfq kfpy]F .
k|Zg g+= # sflGt afnc:ktfn :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo / of] c:ktfn ;~rfngsf qmddf
oxfFsf cg'ejx¿ s] s:tf /x]sf 5g <
;g !(&) eGbf klxn] g]kfndf afnaflnsfsflglDt :jf:Yo pkrf/ ug{] 5'§} c:ktfn
afnaflnsfdf :jf:Yo r]tgfsf] cfjZostf
k|f=8f= x]dfË bLlIft
-afn:jf:Yo tyf afn;'/Iffsf If]qdf lqmofzLn x'Fb} cfpg'ePsf
afn/f]u ljz]if1 k|f=8f= x]dfË bLlIft;Fu afn:jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf]
ljut / jt{dfg cj:yfsf af/]df jxfFsf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;d]6g]
u/L Hof]ltnfn agåf/f ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLsf] d'Vo c+z_
s'/fsfgL
93g]kfndf afnclwsf/

lyPg . cfd ladf/Lsf nflu pkrf/ ug{] c:ktfnx¿ klg ;Lldt g} lyP . o:t} cfd
-h]g/n_ c:ktfndf la/fdL afnaflnsfnfO{ klg pkrf/ ul/GYof] . afnpkrf/sf nflu
Psflt/ ljz]if1 ;]jfsf] cefj x'g' / csf{]lt/ ;fdfGo pkrf/ kfpg ;d]t sl7gfOsf]
l:ylt /x]sfn] sltko afnaflnsfsf] csfnd} d[To' x'GYof] . of] cj:yf b]v]kl5 d]/f]
dgdf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sflglDt ljz]if1 ;]jf k|bfg ug{;Sg] Pp6f 5'§}
c:ktfn x'g'k5{ eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] .
jL/ c:ktfndf nueu ^ jif{ latfPkl5 d]/f] ;?jf sflGt c:ktfndf eof] . ;g
!(^# df tfTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;xof]udf %) z}ofsf] hg/n c:ktfnsf] ¿kdf
:yflkt of] c:ktfn Tolt a]nf;Dd hg/n c:ktfn g} lyof] . d}n] To; c:ktfndf
afn/f]u ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf ;]jf ug{ yfn] kl5 To;nfO{ afnc:ktfn agfpg] lg0f{o eof] .
o;sf nflu d}n] ;Sbf] kxn u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] lg0f{ocg'¿k ;g !(&) sf] h'nfO{b]lv
jL/ c:ktfnleqsf] afn/f]u ljefu cf}krfl/s ¿kdf o; c:ktfndf :yfgfGt/0f
ul/of] . ttkZrft of] !%) z}ofsf] afn c:ktfn aGof] . To; kl5 o; c:ktfnaf6
afn lrlsT;fsf nflu ljz]if1 ;]jfsf;fy} la/fdL afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ /
;'ljwfx¿sf] klg Joj:yf eof] . la/fdL afnaflnsfsf nflu o; c:ktfnaf6 pknAw
x'g;s]sf] k|efjsf/L ;]jf s} sf/0f w]/} afnaflnsf csfn d[To'af6 hf]lug ;s] .
o; c:ktfndf % jif{ latfPkl5 d}n] ;g !(&% df ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6} /flhgfdf u/]/
lghL ¿kdf :jf:Yo ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ yfn]F .
k|Zg g+= $ sflGt afn c:ktfn 5f8] kl5 oxfFn] cfˆgf] ;]jfnfO{ stflt/ df]8g'
ef] t <
/fhLgfdf u/] kl5 !(&& df lqljlj cGt/ut lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgdf afn/f]u
ljefusf] l/8/ ag] / b'O{ jif{;Dd ;f] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]F ;g !(&( b]lv !(*@ ;Dd
lrlsT;f lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg -cfO{cf]Pd_ df 8Lgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]F . dnfO{ of]
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ o; cWoog ;+:yfgsf k|yd l8g 8f= df]lxg zfxn] k|]l/t ug{'ePsf]
lyof] . ;g !(*@ sf] clGtdb]lv km]l/ ;f]xL ;+:yfgdf l/8/sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]F . $
jif{ kl5 cyf{t !(*^ b]lv @))) ;Dd o;}df afn :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|fWofkssf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]]F .
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgdf l8g ePklg lzIf0f c:ktfn galg;s]sfn] d sflGtd}
sfd uy]{F . To;a]nf sf7df08f}df d]lguf]sf]sn d]g]GhfOl6;sf] dxfdf/L km}lnof] . Hofg}
lng;Sg] o; /f]uaf6 nueu rf/;o afnaflnsf ;+qmldt x'g k'u]kl5 pkrf/sf nflu
cd]l/sfaf6 8fS6/sf] 6f]nL g} af]nfpg' k/]sf] lyof] . of] 36gfkl5 dxfdf/L lgoGq0fsf
nflu ;fd"lxs kxnsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L lrlsT;sx¿ ;Ël7t eP . kmn:j¿k

g]kfn k]l8Pl6«s ;f];fO6Lsf] :yfkgf eof] . dnfO{ o; ;f];fO6Lsf] ;+:yfks ;b:o
agfOof] . o;}qmddf P;cf]P; afnu|fddf ;b:osf] x}l;otdf sfd u/]+ . xfn d o;
;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ /x]sf] 5' .
;g @))) kl5 lghL c:ktfnsf] ljsf;df nfu]F . o;qmddf Ps jif{ hlt cg';GWffg
of]hgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] l;l4 d]df]l/on d]l8sn c:ktfndf latfOof] . @))! b]lv
sf7df08f} d]l8sn sn]h -s]Pd;L_ df ;'?df afn:jf:Yosf] k|fWofks / @))! sf]
clGtdb]lv lk|lG;knsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg k'u]F . @)!# ;Dd of] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn] kl5
xfn o;} sn]haf6 ;~rflnt ;a} ;+sfosf] :jf:Yo lzIff x]l//x]sf] 5' .
Kf|Zg g+= % oxfFn] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf qmddf To:tf s]xL sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'
k¥of] ls <
k¥of] lg, klxn] ;f]Rt} g;f]r]sf] vt/fsf] ;fdgf ug{'k¥of] .
36gf @)^# ;fn j}zfv @! ut] laxfg ( ah]sf] xf] . d cfˆgf] uf8Laf6 l;gfdËnl:yt
s]Pd;L c:ktfn uO/x]sf] lyPF . crfgs ddfly uf]nL] k|xf/ eof] . uf]nL 3fF6Lsf]
cufl8af6 u} bflxg] xftsf] kfv'/fdf c8lsg k'Uof] . olb t'?Gt c:ktfn k'¥ofO{ ck|]zg
u/]/ uf]nL glgsflnPsf] eP Tolta]nf Hofg} hfg;Sg] vt/f lyof] .
of] uf]nLsf08 x'g'eGbf lgs} lbg klxn]b]lv ck/fwLn] kmf]gaf6 d;Fu lgs} 7"nf] /sdsf]
dfu u/]sf] lyof] . d}n] /sd lbg g;Sg] atfP kl5 s]Pd;Lsf cWoIfsf] ;Dks{ dfu]sf]
lyof] . t/ d}n] ;Dks{;d]t glbbf ck/fwLn] ToxL l/; km]g{ ddfly uf]nL k|xf/ u/]sf]
s'/f ck/fwL kqmfp k/] kl5 yfxf eof] .
k|Zg g+= ^ afn :jf:Yo ;DaGwdf oxfFsf ljut cg'ejx¿ s]–s] /x]sf 5g <
jL/ c:ktfndf sfd ug{ yfn]b]lv g} la/fdL eP/ c:ktfn NofOPsf afnaflnsfsf]
pkrf/df ;+nUg x'g yflnof] . Tolta]nf emf8f kvfnf, bfb'/f, lakm/, nx/] vf]sL, Eofu't]
/f]u, sfnfhf/ cflb /f]uaf6 u|:t afnaflnsfnfO{ c:ktfn NofOGYof] . cem a9L h;f]
t bfb'/fu|:t afnaflnsf x'Gy] . le6fldg P sf] sdLaf6 x'g] /tGwf] -;fFem k/]kl5
cfFvf gb]Vg]_ /f]uaf6 klg afnaflnsf u|:t /xGy] . Tolta]nf jo:sx¿df x'g] kTy/L
/f]usf] ;d:of sltko afnaflnsfdf ;d]t kfOGYof] . kfgL sd lkpg] / c;Gt'lnt
cfxf/ ljxf/sf sf/0f klg afnaflnsf o:tf /f]uaf6 u|l;t x'g k'Uy] . Pp6f kTy/Lu|:t
afnssf] pkrf/ d]/f nflu clj:d/0fLo ag]sf] 5 . d'qy}nLdf kTy/L a9]/ l;ls:t
ag]sfn] afFRg] cfzf g} dl/;s]sf] Pp6f afnsnfO{ d}n] ck|]zgsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/]F .
ck|]zg kZrft em08} s'v'/fsf] c08f hqf]] kTy/ lgsflnof] . To:tf] kTy/ lgsfn] kl5
Tof]] aRrf :j:y ag]sf] lyof] . d}n] kfPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ !* cf}F / !(cf}F ztfAbLlt/
a]nfotdf klg o:tf 7"nf kTy/Laf6 u|:t ladf/Lx¿ e]l6Gy]] c/] .
95g]kfndf afnclwsf/

o:tf /f]ux¿ a9g' k5fl8 Tolta]nf ;+qmfds /f]u k|lt/f]ws EoflS;g jf vf]kx¿ gx'g'
Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f lyof] . afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjZos kf]if0fsf af/]df kf]ifs j:t'sf]
cefjsf ;fy} cleefjsdf r]tgfsf] sdLn] klg o:tf /f]ux¿ a9fpgdf d2t k'¥ofPsf]
lyof]] . ;/;kmfOsf] cefj / b'lift vfg] kfgL klg o:tf /f]ux¿ a9fpgdf ;xof]uL
ag]sf lyP .
Tolta]nf ljs6 ufpFa:tLsf] t s'/} 5f8f}+, sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ;d]t w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf
oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf lyPg . c:ktfn, lrlsT;s / cf}ifwLx¿sf] klg plQs} cefj lyof] .
To;}n] w]/} afnaflnsf cf}ifwL pkrf/ gkfP/ csfndf g} dy{] . t/ sxfF s] e}/x]sf]
5 eGg]af/]df ;"rgf kfpg klg lgs} sl7g x'g]ePsfn] slt afnaflnsfn] pkrf/sf]
cefjdf Hofg u'dfpy] xf]nfg eGg] af/]df jf:tljs tYofÍ kfpg ;lsb}g lyof] .
d}n] g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf ug{ yfNbf Tolta]nfsf] g]kfnL ;dfh ¿l9jfbL dfGotfaf6
lgs} a9L u|l;t lyof] . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} ladf/L nfu]kl5 dflg;x¿ ;aeGbf
klxn] wfdL emfFqmL, emf/–km's], u'efh' cflbsf] ;xf/f lnGy] tyf s]xL k/Dk/fut 3/]n'
cf}ifwL jf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] k|of]u uy{] . sltko cleefjsdf bfb'/f nfu]sf] aRrfnfO{
pHofnf]df Nofpg' x'Gg / 8fS6/sf]df klg nfg'x'Gg eGg] cGwljZjf; lyof] . Psk6s
;'Gb/Lhnaf6 bfb'/fn] l;ls:t ag]sf] aRrf NofOof] . bfb'/f cfPsf] lgs} nfdf] ;do
kl5 c:ktfn NofOPsf] Tof] aRrfsf] cleefjsnfO{ …lsg olt l9nf] u/L NofPsf]Ú eg]/
;f]Wbf …bfb'/f nfu]sf] aRrfnfO{ c:ktfn nfg'x'Gg eGg] k/Dk/f /x]sfn] l56f] gNofPsf] /
a9L rfk]kl5 s;}nfO{ yfx} glbO{ c:ktfn NofPsf] xf] . c¿n] yfxf kfPsf] eP Nofpg
lbg] lyPggÚ eGg] hfgsf/L u/fP . kl5 yfxf eof] ToxfF !* hgf afnaflnsfnfO{
bfb'/fn] e]6]sf] /x]5 . To;dWo] s]xL afnaflnsfsf] t bfb'/fs} sf/0f d[To' eO;s]sf]
/x]5 . olb ;dodf c:ktfn NofPsf] eP bfb'/faf6 s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] Hofg
hfg] lyPg .
o:t} ¿l9jfbL k/Dk/f / cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f klg la/fdL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;s];Dd
c:ktfn nlub}gYof] . emf/km's, wfdL emfFqmL 3/]n' pkrf/ cflbaf6 s]xL ;Lk gnfu] kl5
dfq c:ktfn jf 8fS6/sf] vf]hL ul/GYof] . Psflt/ o; sf/0fn] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf]
csfn d[To' x'GYof] eg] csf]{lt/ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf klg gePsf sf/0f 6f9faf6 NofOg]
a9L l;ls:t ag]sf afnaflnsfdWo] sltkosf] t c:ktfn / 8fS6/ vf]Hbfvf]Hb} af6}df
klg d[To' x'GYof] .
k|Zg g+= & jt{dfg ;dodf afn:jf:Yosf] cj:yf s:tf] b]Vg'x'G5 <
ljutsf] To:tf] cj:yfdf olta]nf w]/} ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . ¿l9jfbL k/Dk/f / cGwljZjf;x¿
klg Psxb;Dd sd ePsf 5g . la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn jf 8fS6/sf]df g} nfg'k5{ eGg]
dfGotf lgs} a9]sf] 5 . klxn]sf] t'ngfdf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf lgs} a9]sf]

5 . s]xL ljs6 7fpFafx]s g]kfnsf clwsf+z 7fpFdf o:tf ;'ljwfx¿ k'u]sf 5g . lhNnf
lhNnfdf c:ktfn 5g / ufpF ufpFdf x]Nykf]i6x¿ v'n]sf 5g . ljleGg ;+qmfds /f]u
k|lt/f]wsf nflu EoflS;g jf vf]kx¿ 6f]n 6f]n / ufpF ufpFdf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . ljleGg
;~rf/dfWod, ;/sf/L tfy u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL
hgr]tgf ljsf;nfO{ Jofkstf lbOPsf] 5 . z}lIfs hfu/0fsf ;fy} vfB cfk"lt{ klg
klxn] eGbf a9]sfn] dfly pNn]v ul/P h:tf ;+qmfds /f]ux¿ w]/} lgoGq0fdf 5g /
/f]uef/ 36bf] qmddf 5 . oL ;+qmfds /f]uaf6 b]vf kg]{ dxfdf/Lsf] ;+Vof lgs} sd x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . ljZj;Fu} g]kfnaf6 klg ljkm/ pGd"ng eO;s]sf] 5 . kf]lnof] klg pGd"ng
x'g] qmddf 5 .
afn :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf If]qdf o:tf ;sf/fTds pknlAw b]lvPtfklg sltko gofF vfn]
/f]ux¿ a9]sfn] afn:jf:Yosf] hf]lvdtf clxn] klg sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 . OG;]km]nfOl6;,
d]g]GhfOl6;, :jfOgˆn'h:tf 3fts ;+qmfds /f]ux¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ g} a9L k|efj
kf/]sf] 5 . zx/L If]qdf c;'/lIft a;f]af; /x]sf ljkGg kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfdf
clgoldt vfgkfg, w'nf], wF'jf / cGo k|b'if0fn] lgs} gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . o;}
sf/0f o:tf ju{sf afnaflnsfdf lgdf]lgof, OGˆn'oGhf, kfrg k|0ffnL nufot k]6sf
/f]ux¿n] lgs} ;tfPsf] kfOG5 . rfprfpnufotsf h+skm'8sf] a9L k|of]un] klg
afn:jf:Yodf dGblaifsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . clxn] klg w]/} afnaflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/
ag]sf 5g . of] ;d:of vf;u/L cfly{s lx;fan] ljkGg / ljs6 ufpF a:tLdf /x]sf
afl;Gbfx¿sf] afnaflnsfdf a9L kfOG5 .
k|Zg g+= *= afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf ck]lIft ;'wf/sf nflu s] s:tf k|of;x¿
x'g'knf{ <
!_ ljkGg kl/jf/sf clwsf+z afnaflnsf clxn] klg ljleGg ;+qmfds /f]ux¿af6
cfqmfGt /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] l:ylt /xg'df d'VotM cfjZostfcg'¿k kf]ifs
tTjsf] cfk"lt{ x'g g;Sg' xf] . o; k5fl8 ul/aL / lzIffsf] sdL g} k|d'v sf/0f
/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] /fHosf tkm{af6 ;dfhdf ljBdfg r/d cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{
;dfgtf pGd'v u/fpg] cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ / /f]huf/L jf :jM/f]huf/Lsf]
;[hgfdf ;lqmo kxn ul/g'k5{ . ;fy} dfWolds tx;Dd ;j{;'ne, lgMz'Ns /
u'0f:tLo lzIff k|flKtsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg' k5{ . o;/L cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg
;s] / z}lIfs hfu/0f a9g ;s] s'kf]if0f nufot afn:jf:Yosf cGo ;d:ofx¿df
Go"gLs/0f x'g]5 .
@_ klxn]sf] t'ngfdf lgs} ;'wf/ b]lvP klg clxn] klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5f]/f / 5f]/L
aLrsf] e]befj sfod} /x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z kl/jf/df 5f]/fsf] nfng kfng /
lzIff lbIffnfO{ 5f]/Lsf] eGbf ;'ljwfhgs / :t/Lo agfOPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . of]
97g]kfndf afnclwsf/

c;dfgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] d]6fpg] k|of;df nfUg'k5{ .
Pp6f pbfx/0f egf}+, kfls:tfg 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x clwsf/ lbg'x'Gg eGg] dfGotf
/fVg] O:nflds /fHo xf] . t/ clxn] ToxfF O:nflds k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t s§/
lje]bsf/L k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]l8Fb} 5 / 5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f ;/x clwsf/ lbOb}5 .
lzIffdf t cem 5f]/fnfO{ eGbf klg 5f]/LnfO{ a9L k|f]T;fxg lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
oxfF;Dd ls ljBfno cfpg] aflnsfnfO{ lah'nL gePsf] cj:yfdf klg k9gsf
nflu pHofnf]sf] ;d:of gxf]; eg]/ ljBfnosf tkm{af6 ;f]nf/ nfO6 lbg] ul/G5 .
pgLx¿sf] of] cDof; xfd|f nflu klg cg's/0fLo x'g;S5 .
#_ z}lIfs lgsfox¿df cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo r]tgfsf;fy} cfr/0f, g}lts st{JonfO{ af]w
u/fpg] lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ u/fpg' k5{ .
$_ cem} klg b]zsf ljleGg ljs6 7fpFdf sltko afnaflnsfn] /f]u k|lt/f]ws vf]kx¿
kfpg g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . To;}n] vf]k sfo{qmdnfO{ b]zsf s'gf sfKrf;Dd k'Ug]
u/L ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ .
%_ afnaflnsfsf nflu :yfgLo pTkfbgaf6 g} ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] kf]ifs
j:t'x¿sf] af/]df tyf o:tf j:t'x¿af6 s;/L kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f tof/ ug{] eGg]
ljlwsf af/]df cfd hgr]tgtf a9fOg' k5{ / ;Lk l;sfOg' k5{ .

g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLM cj:yf / cfjZostf
s[i0f ;'j]bL
afnaflnsf eljiosf dfgjLo ;+;fwg x'g . b]zn] cªuLsf/ ug]{ lzIff gLltn] eljiosf
dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o; cy{df b]zsf] ;du| ;+j[l4sf nflu s:tf]
dfgjLo ;+;fwg cfjZos kb{5 eGg] ljifo b]zn] cËLsf/ u/]sf] lzIff gLltdf e/ k5{ .
To;}n] g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf; s;/L x'Fb}cfof], xfn;Dd ljsf; xF'b}cfPsf] lzIff k|0ffnLn]
s] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 / cfufdL ;dodf s:tf] lzIff k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{'knf{ eGg]
;DaGwdf clwsf/d'vL b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ oxfF rrf{ ug{] hdsf{] ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIffnfO{ dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0f (human rights based approach to
education) af6 x]l/g'kb{5 . dfgj clwsf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fsf ¿kdf lzIffsf]
nIo eg]sf] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ul/g' xf] .
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ul/dfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{sf] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] pko'Qm
ljsf; tyf j[l4sf nflu clek|]l/t ub{5 .1
k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnL
g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut lzIff wfld{s dfGotfaf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf] kfOG5 . k|frLg g]kfndf
j}lbs bz{gaf6 ljsl;t lxGb" wd{df cfwfl/t u'?s'n lzIff k|0ffnLsf] g} k|wfgtf lyof] .
To;kl5 af}4 wd{df cfwfl/t u'Daf lzIff k|0ffnL / d'l:nd ;d'bfodfq l;ldt OZnflds
wd{df cfwfl/t db/;f lzIff k|0ffnLsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . hfltut e]befj
g/fVg] a'4 wd{df cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnL g]kfndf plt km}ng ;s]g . of] a9L dfqfdf
lxdfnL e]usf afl;Gbfdf dfq l;ldt x'g k'Uof] . hf] clxn] klg g]kfnsf lxdfnL If]q
tyf cGo If]qdf /x]sf af}4 laxf/x¿df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L
db/;f lzIff g]kfndf cNk;+Vofdf /x]sf d'l:nd ;d'bfodf clxn] klg rn]sf] kfOG5
t/ of] lgs} l;ldt ;+Vofdf dfq sfod /xb}cfPsf] 5 . lxGb" wd{df cfwfl/t lzIffn]
eg] k|frLgsfnb]lv g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"uf]ndf cfˆgf] k|efj hdfpg ;kmn x'Fb}cfof]] .
lnlksf] ljsf; gx'Fbf;Dd k|frLg lzIff k|0ffnL] >'lt / :d[lt k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t lyof] .
lnlksf] ljsf; e} ;s] kl5 u'?n] afnaflnsf -vf;u/L afns_ nfO{ cfˆg} cf>ddf
/fvL k7g kf7g u/fpg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL eof] . lzIffsf] o:tf] k4ltnfO{ u'?s'n
lzIff elgG5 . lxGb" wd{df cfwfl/t u'?s'ndf k9g cfpg] r]nfx¿ s]jn låh
1 k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj k|ltj]bg– @)&)
@= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] @$ cf}F k|ltj]bg
#= /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] !@ cf}F k|ltj]bg
kf7s ab|Laxfb'/, http://edukhabar.com/index.php/2014-10-24-08-18-09/984-2015-03-10-14-14-22
A Human Rights Based Approach to Education for All 2007- UNICEF

-a|fXd0f, IfqLo / j}Zo_ j0f{sf ;De|fGt tyf s'nLg
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ Dffq x'g] ub{y] . låh cGt/uts}
klg ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] k9g kfpg]
cj;/ lyPg . z"b| j0f{sf afnaflnsfsf nflu t
lzIff cfh{g ug{ k"0f{¿kdf aGb]h g} lyof] . u'?s'ndf
r]nfx¿nfO{ s] l;sfpg] / s;/L l;sfpg] eGg]
;jfn u'?df g} lge{/ x'g] ub{Yof] . g]kfndf pGgfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dd klg u'?s'nLo lzIff k|0ffnL g}
rn]sf] lyof] .
ljBfnosf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft ;g !*%# df
:yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] ljBfno b/af/ xfO:s"naf6}
ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ o; avt pRr zf;s ju{
tyf pRr 3/fgLofx¿sf afnaflnsf dfq ljBfnodf
cWoog ug{ kfpFby] . 2
;g !(%! Dff /f0ffzf;gsf]
cGTo / g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 dfq cfd
hgtfsf afnaflnsfsf] cWoogsf nflu ljBfnox¿
:yfkgf ePsf lyP .
pQm ;dodf !% jif{ dflysf] pd]/;d"xsf s]jn
% k|ltzt cyf{t sl/a !),))) ljBfyL{x¿ #))
ljBfno / b'O{ sn]hx¿df cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 .
3
g]kfndf ;g !(&! Dff klxnf] k6s lzIff;DaGwL
k"0f{ of]hgf o" P; P8sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f eof] .
klxnf] lzIff;DaGwL of]hgfn] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ PsLs[t
¿kdf Ps¿ktfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpgsf] nflu of] Pp6f sf]z] 9'ªuf g} lyof]. 4
o;}
of]hgfcg';f/ g]kfndf klxnf] lzIff gLlt aGof] / To;tfsf ag]sf] lzIff gLlt ljleGg
;dodf ;+z+f]wg ul/b} cem} klg sfof{Gjogdf 5 .
;g !(() df ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] g]kfndf ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ k'gM :yfkgf
u¥of] . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf kl5 g]kfndf ljBfno cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vofdf
pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . lzIffnfO{ lghLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} ;g
!((* kl5 lghL cfjf;Lo ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof klg XjfQ} j[l4 eof] . lghL ljBfnosf]
2 Deepak Raj Parajuli , Tapash Das. "Performance Of Community Schools In Nepal : A Macro Level
Analysis" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
3 s]Gb|Lo tYofªs ljefu @))#
4 Yffkf @)!!
cfly{s aif{ s"n ah]6
dWo] lzIff
If]qdf
ljlgof]lht
ah]6
!(((.@))) !#=!&
@))).))! !@=*@
@))!.))@ !$=!
@))@.))# !$=(*
@))#.))$ !%=@%
@))$.))% !^=!&
@))%.))^ !^=&%
@))^.))& !%=((
@))&.))* !^=*)
@))*.))( !^=%^
@))(.)!) !^=#)
@)!).)!! !&=!
@)!!.)!@ !^=^
@)!@.)!# !%=^%
@)!#.)!$ !#=(@
@)!$.)!% !@=)$
tflnsf – ! -;|f]t M dlxnf afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno @)!%_
101g]kfndf afnclwsf/

j[l4;Fu} egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;+Vofdf klg a9f]Q/L xF'b}cfPsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g
!(*) df v'b ljBfyL{ egf{b/ sl/a !^ k|ltzt dfq lyof] eg] ;g @))# df of] b/
a9]/ *#=% k|ltzt k'Uof] .
5
lzIff ljefusf cg';f/ ;g @)!% df ljBfyL{ egf{b/ sl/a (^ k|ltztdf plSng
k'u]sf]] 5 . o;/L ljBfyL{ egf{b/ j[l4 xF'b}cfpg' ;sf/fTds kIf ePtf klg o;n] ;du|
b]zsf] lzIffsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . kmntM lghL ljBfnosf] :yfkgf;Fu}
;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿sf] u'0f:t/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dodf k|Zg p7g] u/]sf] 5 .
oBlk Jojxfl/s ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofªsg k|0ffnLsf] cefj ePtf klg k|j]lzsf
k/LIffdf lghL ljBfnon] kfpg] ;kmntf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] eGbf lgs} g} pRr
/x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljleGg ;"rsx¿dWo] ljBfyL{ egf{b/,
ljBfyL{n] cWoogsf nflu ljBfnodf latfpg] ;dofjlw, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ cflb h:tf
;jfnx¿sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 .
lzIffsf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzIff If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVb} k|To]s jif{ /fli6«o ah]6sf] pNn]Vo
c+z of] If]qdf vr{ ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't tflnsf–! df ;g @))) b]lv ;g
@)!% ;Dddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzIffsf] If]qdf ljlgof]hg u/]sf ah]6nfO{ b]vfOPsf]
5 . o; cjlwdf s'n ah]6sf] sl/a !@ b]lv !& k|ltzt;Dd lzIff If]qdf ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g @)!$.)!% Dff ljlgof]lht ah]6 ljut !% jif{df lzIff If]qdf
ePsf] ;a} eGbf sd xf] .
lzIff If]qdf ljlgof]hg x'g] hDdf s"n ah]6dWo]] sl/a () k|ltzt ah]6 ljBfnosf]
nflu x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfZro{ t s] 5 eg] ljBfnodf ljlgof]lht x'g] s"n ah]6
dWo] sl/a *) k|ltzt lzIfssf] tna tyf lgdf{0f sfo{df vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5.6
kl5Nnf cfly{s jif{x¿df ljz]if u/]/ cfly{s jif{ @)!)÷)!! b]lv lzIff If]qdf 36bf]
jflif{s ljlgof]lht ah]6n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] clwsf/sf]k|flKt eGbf klg
lzIff If]qsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ d'l:snn] wfGg] tkm{dfq ;/sf/ s]lGb|t 5 eGg] b]vfpFb5 .
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] cleofgnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{sf nflu /fli6«o s"n
ah]6sf] sDtLdf @) k|ltzt lzIff If]qdf vr{ x'g'kg]{ tyf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] %
k|ltzt nufgL lzIff If]qdf x'g'kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 ePtf klg ;g @)!$÷)!% df
ljlgof]lht ah]6n] emg} lg/fz agfPsf] 5 .
ljBfno :yfkgf / j[l4
;dosf] ljsf;qmddf ljBfno lzIffdf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Frsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ljBfnox¿sf]
5 lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, @))%s
6 Ministry of Education –EFSC (2009)

;+VofTds j[l4sf;fy} ljBfno egf{x'g] afnaflnsfsf] klg pNn]vgLo a[l4 ePsf]
kfOG5 . tYofªsn] s] b]vfpFb5 eg] ;g @))$ df k|fylds ljBfno, lgDg dfWolds
ljBfno / dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;+Vof qmdzM @$,&$^Ù &,$#^ / $,%$& lyof] eg] ;g
@)!!÷!@ df k|fylds ljBfno, lgDg dfWolds ljBfno / dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;+Vof
qmdzM ##,**!Ù !#,&(! / &,#(* k'u]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;g @))* df pRr dfWolds
tx !,%%^ lyof] eg] ;g @)!!÷)!@ df #,**@ plSng k'Uof] . ;du|df ;g @))$ df
s"n ljBfnosf] ;+Vof @^,@&& /x]sf]df ;g @)!!÷)!@ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf #$,#^! k'u]sf]
kfOG5 . o;af6 ljBfnox¿sf] jflif{s j[l4b/ #=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .7
dflyNnf] cg'R5]bdf pNn]lvt tYofªsn] ljBfnosf] ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf]
b]vfpFb5 . t/ ;f] cg'¿k ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr eg] ;xh aGg ;s]sf]
5}g . clxn] klg b'u{d If]qsf afnaflnsf ljBfno hfgsf] nflu Hofg} hf]lvddf /fv]/
ofqf ug{ ljjz 5g . ;+nUg lrqdf b]lvP em} sf7df08f}+;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] wflbª
lhNnfsf aflnsfx¿ ljBfno hfg]qmddf 6'Ogdf hf]lvd k"0f{ ofqf ub{5g . g]kfnsf]
b'u{d e]usf ljBfnox¿df o:t} hf]lvd tyf si6s/ cj:yfdf ljBfno hfg ljj;
anaflnsfsf] pbfx/0f w]/} kfpg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{ egf{ / lg/Gt/tf
k|fylds ljBfno egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vofdf klg jif]{gL j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g
@))# df $),@%,^(@ afnaflnsf -!*, @&, %*& aflnsf / @!,(*, !)% afns_
k|fylds ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf lyP eg] ;g @)!! Dff $&,*@,**% afnaflnsf
-@$,!!, *$( aflnsf_ egf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g @))$ df ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf] s"n
ljBfyL{dWo] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof $%=$ k|ltzt dfq lyof] eg] ;g @)!! Dff of] ;+Vof a9]/
%)=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] .
cGo sIffsf] t'ngfdf sIff Psdf :jefjn] g} pRr egf{b/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} ;g
@))$ df sIff Psdf ##=* k|ltzt / sIff % df !$=$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf ljBfnodf
egf{ x'Gy] eg] ;g @)!! Dff sIff Psdf @*=$ / sIff % df !%=% k|ltzt ljBfyL{
egf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] s] b]vfpFb5 eg] egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] plt0f{ ;+Vofdf
j[l4 x'g' / sIffdf km]n x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vofdf lg/Gt/ x|f; x'g'sf] sf/0fn] sIff cg';f/
x'g] ljBfyL{ egf{b/sf] leGgtfdf Go"gtf cfPsf] xf] . ;g @))$ df ljBfnodf egf{ x''g]
aflnsfsf] ;+Vof afnssf]eGbf Go"g lyof] eg] ;g @)!! Dff aflnsfsf] ;+Vof afnssf]
eGbf a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . hg;f+lVos b[li6sf]0fn] afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{b/df
n}+lus ;dfgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .8
7 School Level Educational Statistics of Nepal, Consolidated Report 2011- Department of Education,
Nepal
Nepal

ljBfno egf{ gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof
;g @))$ b]lv otf ljBfnodf egf{ gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof qmdzM 36b} uPsf]
kfOG5 . ;g @))$ df k|fylds ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !%=*
k|ltzt -aflnsf @@ k|ltzt / afns (=( k|ltzt _ lyof] eg] ;g @)!! Dff of]
;+Vof 36]/ %=$ k|ltzt -aflnsf %=@ k|ltzt / afns %=& k|ltzt_ df em/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} lgDg dfWolds txdf ;g @))$ df %^=! k|ltzt -%(=* k|ltzt aflnsf / %@=$
k|ltzt afns_ afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/ lyP eg] ;g @)!! df #)=% k|ltzt -#@=%
k|ltzt aflnsf / ##=* k|ltzt afns_ afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .9
;g
@)!! Dff sl/a kfFr nfv afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] b]lvg cfp5 .10
ljBfno / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
;g @))^ df k|fylds ljBfno -sIff !—%_ df hDdf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿
$%,!%,)%( dWo] ^%=^ k|ltzt pQL0f{ ePsf lyP eg] !(=% k|ltzt cg'QL0f{ ePsf]
kfOG5 . pQm jif{df !$=( k|ltzt –sl/a ^ nfv %) xhf/_ afnaflnsfn] k|fylds
ljBfno 5f]8]sf lyP . ;g @)!! Dff k|fylds txdf egf{ ePsf hDdf $&,*@,**%
ljBfyL{dWo] &)=* k|ltztn] sIff pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP eg] @!=# k|ltzt cg'QL0f{ ePsf
lyP . o; jif{ -@)!%_ &=( k|ltzt -sl/a # nfv && xhf/_ k|yflds ljBfnodf
cWoog/t afnaflnsfn] ljBfno 5f]8]sf 5g .
;g @))^ df hDdf #*(, **) afnaflnsf sIff * df egf{ ePsf lyP . egf{
ePsfdWo] *^=( k|ltztn] sIff * pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP eg] ^ k|ltzt cg'QL0f{ ePsf
lyP . pQm jif{ sIff * df cWog/t ljBfyL{dWo] sl/a &=! k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] ljBfno
5f]8]sf lyP . ;g @)!! df sIff * df egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] s"n ;+Vof %,$(,%^$
lyof] . h:df *^=( k|ltztn] sIff * pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP eg] ^=) k|ltzt cg'QL0f{ ePsf
lyP . pQm jif{ sIff * df egf{ ePsfdWo] &=! k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] ljBfno 5f8]sf lyP .
;g @)!! df sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd hDdf ^) nfv $^ xhf/ ljBfyL{ egf{11
ePsfdWo]
**=! k|ltzt sIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf lyP . %=% k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] sIff bf]xf]¥ofPsf lyP
eg] ^=% k|ltzt -sl/a $ nfv_ ljBfyL{n] ljBfno 5f]8]sf lyP .12
lzIffsf] clwsf/ / 8sf/ ;Dd]ng
Nepal
Nepal
11 Source: Flash I Report 2004-11; Department of Education
Nepal

…;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/o'Qm Pj+ hLjgkof]uL cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff ;a}sf] g};lu{s
clwsf/Ú eGb} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(() df ljZj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm ;Dd]ngn] ^ j6f nIo to u/L ;g @))) ;Dddf xfl;n ug]{ atfPsf] lyof] .
o; k|lta4tfdf g]kfn nufot ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿n] ;xdlt hgfPsf lyP . t/ ;g
@))) df ul/Psf] /fli6«o txsf] cWoogn] g]kfndf pQm nIo k|flKt cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{
/x]sf] b]vfof] . ljZjsf w]/} ljsf;zLn /fi6«n] klg lgwf{l/t nIf k"/f ug{ ;s]gg .
o;} l;nl;nfdf ;o'+Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g @))) sf] clk|n dlxgfdf ;]g]unsf] 8fsf/df
lzIff;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof]] . pQm ;Dd]ngn] ;g !(() df
hf/L ul/Psf] lzIff;DaGwL ^ j6f cleofgsf af/]df n]vfhf]vf u¥of] / cleofgsf %
j6f a'Fbfx¿nfO{ cem :ki6 kfg'{sf];fy} …;a}sf nflu lzIff—;g @)!% ;DddfÚ xfl;n
ug]{ gofF k|lta4tf klg hfx]/ u¥of] . o; cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;zQm agfpgsf
nflu !@ a'Fb] k|m]djs{ klg tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . h;nfO{ 8fsf/ EFA k|m]djs{ cyf{t
(Education for all:Meeting the Learning need of all) elgof] . o;/L cGt/f{li6«o
d~rdf g]kfnn] lnlvt k|lta4tf hgfpg] ;jfndf h'g ¿kdf cu|;/tf b]vfof], ToxL
/ˆtf/df cu|;/ ePsf] kfOFb}g .
k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'Frsf] clwsf/ pknAw u/fpg] ;Gbe{df 8fsf/
;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ;g @)!% ;Dddf !% jif{ k'u]sf] 5 . :d/0fLo s]
5 eg] 8fsf/ ;Dd]ngdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ eGbf klxn] g} clgjfo{ lzIffsf] gLlt nfu" u/]sf]
lyof] .
lzIff If]qsf ;d:ofx¿
;g @)!% df g]kfnn] /fhgLlts
¿kdf cfd"n km8sf] df/L g]kfnsf]
u0ftflGqs ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg klg hf/L
ul/;s]sf] 5 . afn;xeflutfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xsdf klg
pNn]v ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ /fhgLlts
ljsf; qmddf h;/L km8sf] dfl/Psf]
ePtfklg @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZjdf
k|lt:kwf{df v/f] ;flat x'gsf] nflu
cfjZos lzIff k|0ffnL eg] ljleGg
;d:ofx¿n] h]lng afWo ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf o;/L pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M–
/fhgLlts x:tIf]k / aGb, x8tfnsf] df/ M olb b]zdf /fhgLlts Joj:yf cg'lrt
-lg/+s'ztf, tfgfzfxL, bdgsf/L cflb_ 5 jf /fHoåf/f r/d ¿kdf dfgjclwsf/sf]
pNn+3g eO/x]sf] 5 eg] vf; cj:yfdf o;sf lj?4 ljBfno txeGbf dflysf z}lIfs
lgsfox¿ cfGbf]lnt x'g' cg'lrt xf]Og, lsgsL ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ g} b]zsf hfu?s
zlQm x'g . t/ g]kfndf of] zlQmsf] k|of]u cfjZos ;Ldf eGbf a9L x'Fb}cfof] . ;fob
;+;f/sf cGo d'n'sx¿nfO{ p5Gg] u/L hGd]sf cg]sf} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfˆgf lglxt
p2]Zosf lglDt z}lIfs hutnfO{ k|of]u ub{} cfP . logn] pRr z}lIfs If]qnfO{ dfq x}g,
k|fylds ljBfno txnfO{ ;d]t 5f8]gg . slxn] cfGbf]ngdf k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fpg] t
slxn] lemgfdl;gf ;jfndf ;d]t cg]sf}+ k6s aGb, x8tfn u/fP/ l;Ëf] z}lIfs If]qnfO{
g} tx;gx; agfpb} cfP . d'nsdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;+:yfut e};s]sf]
ePklg of] unt k/Dk/f /f]lsg ;s]sf] 5}g, h;sf sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf
cTolws xflg eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu of] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of aGb}cfPsf] 5 .
c;dfg / lje]bsf/L z}lIfs Joj:yf M g]kfndf cfly{s c;dfgtfsf;fy} z}lIfs
c;dfgtfsf] vf8n klg plQs} ulx/f]] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{s
ljifdtf cg'¿k txtxsf lghL :s"n / sn]hx¿ hGdb} cfPsf 5g . ;fd'bflos jf
;/sf/L z}lIfs lgsfox¿sf] u'0f:t/ v:sb} uPsfn] ;dfhdf lghL tkm{sf] cfsif{0f
a9b}uPsf] 5 . To;}n] cfd hgtfn] cf–cfˆgf] cfly{s x}l;ot cg';f/ txtxsf
lghL :s"n–sn]hdf cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpF5g . clt ;DkGgx¿n] t cfˆgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfl;s ?= ! nfv eGbf klg a9L vr{ u/]/ :jb]z jf ljb]zsf :t/Lo
ljBfno / sn]hx¿df k9fpF5g . t/ sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf / ckfosdf
a;f]jf; ePsf hgtfsf nflu eg] ;/sf/L :s"n sn]hdf k9fpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . To;}n]
of] b]zdf vf;u/L ljut tLg bzs otf tx txsf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ePsf hgzlQmsf]
ljsf; xF'b}cfPsf] 5 . /f]huf/L jf Joj;fosf] cj;/ klg z}lIfs u'0f:t/cg';f/ g}
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . h:n] ubf{ ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ ljb]z jf :jb]zdf hxfF /x]klg dfl;s
nfvf}+ sdfpg], 7"nf xflsd, 7"nf s'6gLlt1, 7"nf /fhgLlt1 / 7"nf pBf]uL jf Joj;foL
aGg] cj;/ ltg}n] kfPsf 5g, h;n] :t/Lo lghL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df k9g] cj;/
kfP / hf] klxn] b]lvs} wgf8o Pj+ x}sdjfnf klg /xb} cfP . ;/sf/L jf lghL
;:tfvfn] z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df k9]sf] hgzlQm h;n] cg]sf}+ x08/ vfP/ :gfts jf
:gtsf]Q/ g} u/]klg o:tfdWo] s]xLn] d'l:snn] lhljsf;Dd rNg] ;fdfGo /f]huf/L jf
Joj;fo u/]sf 5g . t/ a]/f]hf/Lsf] ;d:ofn] lkN;]sf clwsf+z o'jf hgzlQm of t
vf8Lsf d'n'sx¿df sl7g >d ug{ k'u]sf 5g of /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf cf]7d'v ;'sfP/
cfˆg} b]zleq ef}+tfl/O/x]sf 5g . cem Tof] eGbfklg bb{gfs kIf t ljkGg kl/jf/sf
clwsf+z afnaflnsfn] k|fylds tx k"/f gub{} ljBfno 5f85g, clg :jb]z jf ljb]zsf]
>dahf/df cbIf >lds ag]/ ;:tf] / bf;Tjo'Qm >d a]Rg ljj; aG5g .

;a}sf] nflu lzIffM Unf]an dlg6l/+u k|ltj]bg @)!% sf s]xL tYox¿
!. ljZjdf k"j{ k|fylds txsf @% k|ltzt afnaflnsf s'kf]lift 5g / ;g @)!#
df dfq} ^# nfv afnaflnsf ;fdfGo /f]uaf6 g} d/], h'g /f]syfd ug{ ;lsGYof] .
;g !((( sf] t'ngfdf clxn] k"j{ k|fylds txdf egf{ x'g]sf] ;+Vof b'O{ ltxfO{n]
a9]sf] 5 . o; txdf sl/a !( s/f]8 afnaflnsf cWoog/t 5g .
@. ljZjsf] k|fylds txsf] v'b egf{ b/ !(*$ df *$ k|ltzt /x]sf]df of] clxn]
(# k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 / ;a}eGbf sd b/ /x]sf ;a–;xf/fg clk|msfdf ;d]t of] b/
a9]sf] 5 . k|fylds txdf egf{b/ a9L eP klg @)!@ ;Dddf :s"nsf] cg'xf/}
gb]Vg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof em08} ^ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . ;a}sf] nflu lzIffsf] clGtd
jif{ @)!% ;Dddf sdhf]/ cfo;|f]t ePsf kl/jf/sf !) s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿n]
k|fylds tx k"/f gu/L ljBfno 5f]8g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
#. ;g !((( sf] t'ngfdf @)!@ df lgDg dfWolds txsf] ;/b/ egf{ b/ &!
k|ltztaf6 a9]/ *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 / cfly{s cefjsf] sf/0f of] txsf w]/}
afnaflnsf lzIffaf6 al~rt 5g . cem} sltko d'n'sdf of] txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns
5}g .
$. ljZjdf em08} &! s/f]8 dflg; lg/If/ 5g / ;g @))) df s'n hg;+Vofsf]
!* k|lt;t lg/If/ /x]sfdf clxn] of] !$ k|ltztdf em/]sf] xf] . 8fsf/ ;Dd]ngNf]
@)!% ;Dd lg/If/nfO{ cfwf 36fpg] nIf /fv]sf] ePtf klg of] k"/f x'g ;s]g /
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf ;fIf/tf cem} sd 5 .
%. lzIffdf n}+lus ;dfgtf cem} sdhf]/ 5 t/ klg aflnsfx¿sf] egf{ b/df
pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf] 5 . egf{ gx'g]df aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof a9L e]6fOP klg
ljBfno 5f]8g] k|j[lQdf afnsx¿ a9L 5g .
k|fylds txsf ;/b/ &% k|ltzt lzIfs tflnd k|fKt 5g, ljBfy{L lzIfs cg'kft
qmdzM ;'wf/f]Gd'v 5 / l;sfOsf] /fli6«o dfkg ug{] sfd w]/} b]zn] ;'¿ u/]sf 5g .
w]/} d'n'sx?n] lzIffdf nufgL a9fPsf 5g t/ klg lzIff k|fyfldstfdf kg{] ;s]sf]
5}g . bftfx¿n] k|fylds txdf a9L hf]8 lbPsf sf/0f k"j{ k|fylds / ;fIf/tfdf
sd nufgL ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] k|lta4tf hgfPsf /sd klg k|efjsf/L 9+un]
pknAw u/fpg / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg . of ;f]xL
cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg .
;|f]t M lzIff / ;/f]sf/, http://shiksharasarokar.blogspot.com/2015/06/blog-
post_7.html

g]kfndf @)#) sf] bzsb]lv df}nfpg yfn]sf tx–txsf lghL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n]
lzIffnfO{ c;dfg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ul/lbPsf] dfq xf]Og, logs} sf/0f lbgfg'lbg
z}lIfs:t/ v:sb} uPsf ;fj{hlgs -;/sf/L_ lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ w/fzfoL klg aGb}
u}/x]sf 5g . ;/sf/n] hlt ah]6 vr]{ klg ;/sf/L lzIffdf P]g, sfg'g, kf7oqmd,
kf7ok':ts, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ljifout lzIfs, z}lIfs ;fdu|L cflbsf] ;d:of oyfjt
g} 5 . o;sf] d'Vo bf]if /fHoJoj:yfdf hfG5, h;n] g ;/sf/L z}lIfs lgsfox¿sf
bf]ifnfO{ x6fP/ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ;Sof] g t Rofp pd|] em}F pld|P/ c/fhs / cg'lrt
lsl;dn] cleefjsaf6 /sd c;'Ng] lghL z}lIfs lgsfox¿nfO{ lgodg g} ug{ ;Sof] .
unt gLlt / ;+/rgf M g]kfnsf] lzIffgLlt ljb]zaf6 cfoftLt 5 . ;+/rgf klg
To;s} gSsn ul/Psf] 5 . unt gLlt / ;+/rgfn] ljleGg ljs[lt Pjd lj;Ëltsf]
ljsf; u/fPsf] 5 . z}lIfs gLlt, nufgLsf] gLlt, clwsf/sf] gLlt, lghLs/0fsf] gLlt,
Joj:yfkgsf] gLlt, ;+/rgfTds gLlt, k/LIff gLlt, lzIfs–sd{rf/L gLlt, egf{ gLlt
cflb ;a} unt gLltsf] l;sf/ alg/x]sf 5g . oxfF Ps d'n's b'O{ lzIff gLlt sfod
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ w]/} lsl;dsf lzIf0f ;+:yf :yfkgf eO/x]sf 5g . h:t}–
;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut . ;fd'bflos klg ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf / gul/Psf .
g]kfnsf] lzIff P]gcGtu{t ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df sDkgL P]gdf btf{ ePsf, ;fj{hgLs
u'7L, ;xsf/L, wfld{s ;+3–;+:yfsf 5g . ;;t{ ljb]zL cg'bfg / C0fdfkm{t rn]sf
;/sf/L lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ / lghL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ dfq 5}gg, g]kfndf ef/tLo, a]nfotL
/ cd]l/sL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ klg ;~rflnt 5g . h;n] g]kfnsf] lzIff gLltnfO{ xfF;sf]
rfn g as'Nnfsf] rfndf k'¥ofPsf 5g . -l;+x k"0f{axfb'/, hfh/sf]6, z}lIfs cfGbf]ng
/ PsLs[t hgqmflGt, www.digitalsanchar.com/2015/05 )
cj}1flgs / cJojxfl/s lzIff M jt{dfg g]kfnsf] lzIffdf Psflt/ pkef]QmjfbL
kZrfTo ;+:s[lt / dfGotfx¿sf] k|efjdf k/]sf] 5 eg] csf{]lt/ cGwljZjf;, s'/Llt
/ ;fdflhs e]befj h:tf ;fdGtL ;f+:s[lts dfGotfdf cfwfl/t k|yf k/Dk/fnfO{ klg
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 . Jojxfl/stfdf x]g{] xf] eg] lstfadf h] cWoog / cWofkg
x'G5, clwsf+ztM Tof] jf:tljs hLjgdf nfu" x'g] vfn] xF'b}g . To;n] cfh lzIff k|fKt
u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ jf:tljs hLjgdf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;fwg h'6fpg g;Sg] agfOlbPsf]
5 . lzIffsf] jf:tljs nIo JolQmsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; ug]{ xf] t/ ljBdfg lzIff k|0ffnLn]
lstfaL ls/f] agfOlbPsf] 5 . of] clwsf+ztM n]vk9 -lstfaL_ sf] lzIffdf dfq l;ldt
ePsfn] dflg;nfO{ cgfjZos, cg'kof]uL / lghL{j 1fg k|fKt ug{ afWo kfl//x]sf] 5 .
-pxL_
cs'zn lzIf0f ljlw M oxfFsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf lzIf0f ljlw klg k|efjsf/L 5}g ljBfnodf
h] l;sfOG5 jf h;/L l;sfOG5 Tof] ;kmn 5}g . t/, To;nfO{ abNg]lt/ sf]xL
nfUb}g . Psf]xf]/f] efif0f z}nLsf] lzIf0f ljlw clxn] klg ablnPsf] 5}g . g t /fHon],
g t afnaflnsfsf] eljio agfpg] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] lzIfsnufot s;}n] klg s:tf]

hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ eGg] s'/f Vofn u/]sf] b]lvb}g . lzIf0f ljlwdf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfkm"n] l;s]sf] s'/f ;f]wvf]h ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ / a'emg] eGbf klg /6fpg] k|j[lQ a9L
/x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIfsx¿ kf7oqmdn] lylrPsf x'G5g . pgLx¿ ljBfyL{ jf ;dfhnfO{
s:tf] 1fg rflxPsf] 5 eGg]af/] ;f]Rb}gg . ljBfyL{n] s;/L eg]sf] s'/f ;Demg ;S5g
/ k/LIffdf /fd|f] ug{ ;S5g eGg] s'/fdf dfq lzIfs s]lGb|t x'G5 . To;n] Pp6f
lgtfGt PsfÍL :jefjsf] hgzlQm k}bf u5{ jf cGt/lqmofljxLg lzIff ljlwnfO{ dfq
lg/Gt/tf lbG5 . lzIfsn] eGg] / ljBfyL{n] Tof] s'/f ;'g]/ s07 kfg]{ k/Dk/f 5 .
xfn pknAw k|fylds lzIfsx¿dWo] em08} Ps rf}yfOn] s'g} tflnd lnPsf 5}gg jf
lnP klg ckof{Kt 5 . w]/};Fu t lzIfssf nflu x'g'kg]{ Go"gtd of]Uotfsf] klg cefj
5 . clxn] klg sltko lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;hfo lbg cu|;/ x'G5g . o;sf ;fy}
lzIffdf /fhgLlt xfjL x'g', ljlzi7 >]0fL / k|yd >]0fLdf pQL0f{ bIf hgzlQmnfO{ lzIfs
agfpg] gLlt /fHon] glng', ;/sf/L laBfnox¿df lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿n] lgoldt cWofkg
gu/fpg', sf]if{ z}lIfs ;q leq k'/f gug{', sl7g ljifo c+u|]hL, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifosf]
sf]lrª Snf; ;~rfng u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ldlxg]t u/L cWofkg gug{'n] klg z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ /fd|f] aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . -pxL_
afnd}qL ljxLg Joj:yfkg MljBfnodf cfwf/e"t z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] klg cefj 5 .
lzIf0f / l;sfO afns]lGb|t 5}g / ljBfnosf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f afnd}qL
5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn] 5fqfx¿nfO{
lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno hfgaf6 lg?T;flxt ub{5 . ljBfnox¿ kmf]xf]/ x'G5g, ;/;kmfOsf
Go"gtd ;'ljwfsf] klg cefj x'G5 / 5fqfx¿sf nflu 5'§} zf}rfnosf] klg Joj:yf
xF'b}g . o:tf] Joj:yfksLo sdLn] ubf{ ljz]if u/L 5fqfx¿sf nflu t :s"n hLjg lgs}
si6s/ x'G5 . :s"ndf v]ns'b jf dgf]/~hgsf lqmofsnfk sd x'G5g . ljz]ifu/L
t/fO{sf :s"ndf sIffsf]7fdf x'g] cTolws eL8 7"n} ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . k|fylds txsf
nflu l;kmfl/; u/]sf] k|lt lzIfs #$ ljBfyL{sf] /fli6«o nIosf] t'ngfdf t/fO{sf w]/}
lhNnfdf ;/b/ k|lt lzIfs ^)–&) ;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL ljBfnodf t Pp6}
sIffsf]7fdf !)) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ e]l6g' klg c;fdfGo x'Fb}g . o;/L dfkb08 eGbf
a9L rfkeP kl5 cy{k"0f{ lzIf0f / l;sfO ;Dej x'Fb}g .
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educationkhabar.com/news.php?post_id=515)

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:j:y u/fOPsf] x'g'kb{5 . -e§/fO{ cfTdf/fd,http://jwalasandesh.com/?p=705, 20th
August 2015)

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anniversary_18 bhadra2070
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com/2010/09/07/education-2)

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4 kf]v/]n ljdn, z}lIfs Oltxf;sf] k|ultzLn kIf / jt{dfgdf ePsf] /fi6«3ft www.hankweekly.com

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c+u|]hLn] 7"nf] d2t ug{]5 eGg] lyof] / To;}cg';f/ cfˆgf] a]nfot e|d0fkl5 c+u||]hL
:s"n vf]n]sf lyP . pgn] eg]sf lyP ls c¿ ;a} s'/f 5f]l8b]pm, cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{
c+u|]|]hL k9fpm . Tolta]nf a]nfot w]/} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] lyof] . pgL c+u|]|]haf6 w]/} g}
k|efljt eP/ cfˆgf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ c+u||]hL k9fpgsf nflu g} Tof] :s"n vf]n]sf lyP .5
lj=;= !(## df /0ff]2Lkl;+x >L # dxf/fh ePkl5 zf;s /f0ffx¿ sxfF kx'Fr k'u]sf,
pgLx¿sf] ;]jfdf /x]sf hflu/bf/x¿sf 5f]/fx¿n] klg o; :s"ndf k9g kfP . o;/L
of] :s"n b/af/leq cjl:yt ePklg s]xL xb;Dd ;fj{hlgs eof] .6
t/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
5 kf]v/]n ljdn, lk5l8Psf] lzIffgLlt / kf7oqmdl;t hf]l8Psf k|Zgx¿ hankweekly.com
6 ne.wikipedia.org/wiki, hËaxfb'/ /f0ff

nflu egL v'nf ul/P klg sf7df08f} pkTosfdf /x]sf 7"nf vfgbfgsf JolQmsf
afnaflnsf afx]s cGo cfd hgtfsf afnaflnsfn] o; :s"ndf k9g] cj;/ kfPsf
lyPgg .
lj=;+= !($@ ;fndf v8ug/l;+x /f0ff lzIff 8fO/]S6/df lgo'Qm eP kl5 h]7f afa'
/0ff]2Lkl;+xsf] xTof u/L >L # dxf/fh ag]sf jL/zdz]/n] o; :s"nnfO{ hdn l:yt
b/af/sf] 9f]sflg/sf 6x/fdf ;f/] / ToxL g} :s"nsf nflu Pp6f ejg agfpg nufP .
v8ug/l;+x /f0ff lzIff 8fO/]S6/ /x]s} avt !($* ;fndf :s"n ejgsf] lgd{f0f sfo{
;DkGg eof] . To; a]nfb]lv of] :s"n cfh;Dd o;} ejgdf cjl:yt 5 .
k|f/Deb]lv g} of] :s"n ;/sf/L lyof] . /f0ff zf;s jL/zdz]/n] o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{
u'7Lsf] cfo;|f]taf6 Joxf]g{] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL b]jzdz]/n] !(%&
;fntfsf o; :s"ndf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] klg k9g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/lbP . g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df ;j{;wf/0fsf afnaflnsfn] klg ljBfno k9g kfpg] of] g} klxnf] Joj:yf
lyof] . b]jzd;]/n] b/af/ :s"ndf ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9g] Joj:yf v'nf u/]
kl5 /f0ff vnssf efOef/bf/sf 5f]/f5f]/L k9g cfPgg . xfdL /}tL;Fu a;]/ k9b}gf}+
eg] . To;kl5 :s"ndf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 36g uof] . ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ b]jzd;]/n]
k|ltljBfyL{ k|ltjif{ ( d'/L wfg / k|ltdlxgf % ¿k}ofF lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP .7
h'4zdz]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL eP kl5 pgn] o; :s"nsf] vr{ u'7Ln] Joxf]g{] Joj:yf
vf/]h u/L ;a} vr{ ;/sf/n] g} Joxf]g{] Joj:yf ldnfP . Tolta]nf o; :s"nn] k"0f{tM
lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ub{Yof] .
o; :s"ndf ;j{;fwf/0fn] k9g kfpg] Joj:yf eP kl5 ef/tLo d"nsf zf/bf k|;fb
d'vhL{ x]8df:6/ eP/ cfPsf lyP . t/ d'vhL{sf] pd]/ lgs} kfsf] ePsfn] !(*#
;fndf x]8df:6/sf] ¿kdf ?b|/fh kf08]nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . pgL g} o; xfO:s"nsf
klxnf] g]kfnL x]8df:6/ ag]sf lyP .
P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] yfngL
g]kfndf lj=;+= !(#^ b]lv P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbg] ljBfyL{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ Tolta]nf
g]kfndf P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbg] Joj:yf lyPg . of] k/LIff lbgsf nflu ef/tsf]
snsQf k'Ug'kg{] afWotf lyof] . lj=;+= !(&( ;Dd P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbg] of]Uotf
agfPsf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿n] snsQfaf6 g} k/LIff lbP . To; kl5 lj=;+= !(() ;Dd
sltkon] ef/t s} k6gfaf6 klg P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbPsf lyP .
lj=;+=!(() b]lv g]kfndf g} P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;} ;fnsf] sflt{s
!^ df P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff af]8{sf] u7g ePkl5 ljBfno txsf] clGtd k/LIff lbg aflx/
7 kf]v/]n ljdn, z}lIfs Oltxf;sf] k|ultzLn kIf / jt{dfgdf ePsf] /fi6«3ft, hankweekly.com

hfg' gkg{] eof] . !(*^ b]lv k6gf ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIff s]Gb| sf7df08f}df v'n]sf]
lyof] . Tolta]nf g]kfndf b/af/ xfO:s"n / kf6g xfO:s"n u/L b'O{j6f dfq xfO:s"n
lyP . klxnf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf nflu k/LIff lgoGqsdf gGb/fd pk|]tLnfO{ lgo'Qm
ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] jif{ b/af/ xfO:s"nsf @& / kf6g xfO:s"nsf & u/L #$ hgfn]
k/LIffsf] nflu kmd{ e/]sf / ## hgf k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ePsf lyP . oLdWo] !) hgfn]
bf];|f] / ( hgfn] t];|f] >]0fLdf P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP .8
lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= !(%*df rGb| zdz]/ /f0ff g]kfnsf] rf}yf] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ag] . snsQfaf6
d]l6«s kf; u/]sfn] rGb| zdz]/nfO{ g]kfndf klg pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu sn]h
:yfkgf ug{] rfxgf lyof] . pgL k|wfdGqL e};s] kl5 ljZj, vf;u/L ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf]
/fhg}lts jftfj/0fdf pNn]Vo leGgtf cfpg yfNof] . klxnf] ljZjo'4df 8]9nfv a9L
g]kfnL nfx'/]x¿ ljZjsf ljleGg efudf k'u]sf lyP . ljb]zaf6 kms{]sf nfx'/]x¿n]
cfkm" ljb]zdf /xFbf b]v]–ef]u]sf 1fgu'g / rdTsf/sf s'/f ;'gfpg yfn] . ef/tdf
klg lj|l6zlj?4sf] :jtGqtf ;+u|fd pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9]/ uof] . of] cj:yfdf g]kfnL
ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fOsf nflu ef/t k7fpFbf pgLx¿ ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0fjf6
k|Effljt aGg ;Sy] . o:tf ljBfyL{ g]kfn kms{] kl5 pgLx¿n] g]kfnsf] hxflgof
/f0ffzf;gsflj?4df hgdt a9fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]v] rGb|zdz]/n] . To;}sf/0f
pgn] g]kfnd} pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf afFWg] lglZrt u/] . pgL k|wfgdGqL
/x]sf avt >L % dxf/fhlw/fhsf x}l;otdf lqe'jg zfx /x]sf lyP . To;}n] pgn]
/fhf lqe'jg / cfˆgf] gfd hf]8]/ lj=;+= !(&% df lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf u/] .
lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 g} g]kfndf ljlwjt pRr lzIffsf] Oltxf; cf/De
ePsf] xf] . tTsfnLg /fhf lqe'jg / k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf :yfkgf ePsfn]
;'?df o;sf] gfd …lqe'jg rGb| sn]hÚ /flvPsf] lyof] . ;lhnf] pRrf/0fsf nflu lj=;++
!(*! af6 o;nfO{ …lqrGb| sn]hÚ eGg yflnof] .
lj=;+=!(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDkdf b/af/ :s"n eTs]kl5 b'O{ jif{;Dd ;f] :s"n lqrGb|
sn]hd} ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . e"sDkn] 6fon laufl/lbPkl5 dd{t x'Fbf :s"nsf]
6fonsf] 5fgfsf] abnf h:tfkftf -l6g_sf] 5fgf /flvof] .
cGo z}lIfs lgsfox¿sf] ljsf;
lj=;+= !(@% lt/ h+uaxfb'/ s} kfnfdf gf/fo0flx6L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf v'n]sf] lyof] . o;
kf7zfnfdf cWofkg, k|zf;g / cg'zf;g sfod ug{ kl08t lgnb]j kGt / jfr:klt
kGtnfO{ qmdzM jflif{s ?= ^))÷– / #))÷– tna kfpg] u/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;sf] !) jif{ kl5 lj=;+= !(#$ df ;/sf/L tj/af6 csf{] ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
8 clwsf/L k'ik/fh, g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; -/f0ffsfn_, sampadasanskriti.blogspot.com/2013/06

ul/of] . /fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt o; kf7zfnfsf] ;~rfng
a8fu'?Ho" kl08t nf]s/fh kf08]sf] bnfgdf ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(#@ df ef]hk'/, lbªnfsf] s}nfz 8fF8fdf afna|Xdrf/L v8fgGb clwsf/Ln] ;+:s[t
kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . hg:t/af6 Jojl:yt of] kf7zfnfnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f
afnaflnsfn] k9g kfpg] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ljBfno elgG5 . o; kf7zfnfdf To; e]usf
ljBfyL{sf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] u'NdL, ;Nofg, Ko'7fg;Ddsf / ef/tsf] l;lSsd tyf
cf;fd ;d]tsf ljBfyL{x¿ cfO{ cWoog ub{y] . o; ljBfnodf j]b, Jofs/0f, Hof]ltif
tyf ;flxTosf] cWoog cWofkgsf nflu 5'6‍6f 5'6‍6} sIff sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . To;}u/L ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿sf] cWoogsf nflu k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ;d]t
ul/Psf] lyof] . cBflk s]xL b'n{e u|Gyx¿ ToxfF ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g . o;sf] gfd @)!%
;fn;Dd kf7zfnf lyof] . @)!^ ;fndf if8fgGb ;+:s[t k|wfg kf7zfnf gfds/0f
ul/of] . @)@! ;fndf if8fgGb ;+:s[t dxfljBfno k|:tfljt ePsf] lyof] . t/ Tof]
k|:tfjdf dfq ;Lldt /Xof] . @)#) ;fndf gofF lzIff of]hgf nfu" ePkl5 if8fgGb
;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnosf ¿kdf ;~rflnt of] ljBfno @)^) ;fnb]lv if8fgGb pRr
dfWolds ljBfnosf] ¿kdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .9
b]j zdz]/ k|wfgdGqL ePkZrft lj=;= !(%& r}t !% sf lbg !^ j6f kf7zfnfsf]
3f]if0ff u/L k|fylds lzIff Jofks agfpg] k|oTg ul/of] . tL !^ j6f kf7zfnfsf]
;'k/Lj]If0fsf] lhDdf ;'Aaf lbJo b]j kGtnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . lbJo b]jnfO{ To;} ;fnsf]
r}q ^ ut] jflif{s ¿=^))÷– kfpg] u/L efiff kf7zfnf lg/LIf0fsf] lhDd]jf/L klg
lbOPsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(&@ df l;/fxfdf v'n]sf] rGb| ldl8n :s"n / !(*) df rGb| ;dz]/n] vf]n]sf]
sGof kf7zffnf klg c+u|]hL :s"ns} k|zf;g / ;'kl/j]If0faf6 lgb{]lzt lyP . lj=;+=
!(&^ df rGb|;dz]/n] efiff kf7zfnfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ OG:k]S6/L clkm; v8f u/L
gfoa a8fu'?Ho" kl08t x]d/fh kf08]nfO{ OG:k]S6/ kbsf] lhDdf lbPsf lyP .
lj=;+= !(*( df k|wfgdGqL eLd zdz]/n] c+u|]hL / ;+:s[t lzIffsf nflu 5'§f5'§}
8fO/]S6/ /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . lj=;+= @))# -;g !($^_ df 8o'6L OG:k]S6/ ckm
:s"N; clkm; k"j{df hgsk'/ / klZrddf kfNkfdf v8f ul/Psf lyP . ;+:s[t lzIffsf]
:t/j[l4 / cfw'lgs ljifosf] ;dfj]z u/fpg'kg{] cfjfh;lxt /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnf /
tLgwf/f kf7zfnfsf >Leb| vgfn, k"0f{k|;fb bjf8L, sdn/fh /]UdL, cRo"t/fh /]UdL
nufotn] lj=;+= @))$ c;f/ ! ut] hoGt' ;+:s[td cfGbf]ng ;~rfng u/]sf lyP .
jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnf -lj=;+=!($@–!(%*_ df ef/taf6 cfPsL u+ufjfO{n] 7d]ndf ;'?
u/]sf] cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff g} g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] cf}krfl/s k|f/Desf] ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 . To; kl5 lj=;= !(*) df sf7df08f} 9f]sf6f]ndf klxnf] sGof kf7zfnf
9 afnfu'? if8fgGb, g]kfnL ljlskLl8ofaf6 , ne.wikipedia.org

:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf !(&* ;fndf klxnf] k|fljlws lzIffno vf]lnPsf] lyof]] . !((! df klxnf] s[lif
:s"n :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @))$ df cfwf/ :s"nsf gfdaf6 b]ze/L &) j6f
o:tf :s"nx¿ vf]Ng] of]hgf agfOPsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(^@ b]lv c•f–cbfnt / lghfdtL If]qdf hflu/ vfg]x¿sf] lglDt ;|]:tf
kf7zfnfx¿ klg v'n]sf lyP . ;|]:tf cWoog ug]{x¿sf] hfFr lnP/ kf; eP kl5
pgLx¿nfO{ lbOg] k|df0f–kqnfO{ rf/ kf; / 5 kf; elgGYof] .
lj=;+= @))& k"j{sf] g]kfndf dfly pNn]v eP h:tf z}lIfs k|of;x¿ xF'b} cfPsf]
ePtfklg g cfd hgtfsf ;a} afnaflnsfn] lzIffsf] cj;/ kfpg ;s]sf lyP g t
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg g} Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . PstGqLo hxflgof
/f0ff zf;gsflj?4df ePsf] cfGbf]ngsf hf]8n] lj=;= @))& ;fndf /f0ffx¿sf] zf;g
cGTo eof] . To; kl5 g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf cg';f/ s]xL dxTjk"0f{
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gx¿ eP . To;} qmddf @))* ;fndf /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf
nfu" ul/of] . h;nfO{ cfh;Ddsf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] d"n cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . @))
( ;fndf /fli6«o lzIff af]8{ u7g ul/of] . of] af]8{ u7g ePkl5 lzIff;DaGwL gLlt /
ljleGg ljwfgx¿ ag] . @)!) df /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| v'Nof] . /fli6«o lzIff
cfof]u aGof] / k'/fgf cfwf/ kf7zfnfx¿ c+u|]hL :s"ndf ¿kfGtl/t ul/P .
lj=;+=@)!$ ;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf eof] / @)!^ ;fnb]lv k7gkf7g
k|f/De eof] . tTkZrft lj=;+ @)!( ;fndf klxnf] kN6 lzIff P]g hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
lzIff P]g hf/L ePsf] ^ jif{ kl5 cyf{t lj=;+ @)@% df ;+zf]lwt lzIff P]g hf/L u/L
lj=;+=@)@& df lzIff lgodfjnL lgdf{0f u/]/ lzIff If]qdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ;DkGg
ul/of] . h;nfO{ @))& ;fn kl5 g]kfnsf] z}lIfs If]qdf ePsf] qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0f
g} dfGg ;lsG5 .10
;Gbe{ ;|f]t M
!_ clwsf/L k'ik/fh, g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; -/f0ffsfn_, sampadasanskriti.
blogspot.com/2013/06
@_ Oltxf;, g]kfndf ls/ftL /fHo, xnepali
#_ afnfu'? if8fgGb, g]kfnL ljlskLl8ofaf6, ne.wikipedia.org
$_ e§/fO{ ;'wf, g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ljsf;M 5f]6f] ;Gbe{, l;4fy{ ag:ynL OlGi6Ro'6,
http://svipanauti.edu.np/index.php?svi=2013-04-05-15-01-30
10 e§/fO{ ;'wf , g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ljsf;M 5f]6f] ;Gbe{, l;4fy{ ag:ynL OlGi6Ro'6, http://svipanauti.edu.
np/index.php?svi=2013-04-05-15-01-30

%_ e08f/L/fds'df/,g]kfnsf]lzIffOltxf;/jt{dfgcj:yf,muktimarg,/muktimarg.
wordpreess.com/2010/09/07
^_ hankweekly.com/index.php?action.news&id.1135
&_ ne.wikipedia.org/wiki, hËaxfb'/ /f0ff
*_ kf]v/]n ljdn, lk5l8Psf] lzIff gLlt / kf7oqmdl;t hf]l8Psf k|Zgx¿ hankweekly.
com/index.php
(_ kf]v/]n ljdn, z}lIfs Oltxf;sf] k|ultzLn kIf / jt{dfgdf ePsf] /fi6«3ft, www.
hankweekly.com/index.php?action.news&id.1135
!)_ tIflznf,http://hi.wikipedia.org/s/i4e

lzIff k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g
u'0f:t/Lo afnljsf; afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f d'Vo kIf xf] . of] clwsf/sf]
k|of]uaf6 afnaflnsfdf /x]sf] Ifdtf / k|ltefsf ;Defjgfx¿ km"nsf sf]lknf em}F
k|:km'l6t x'g;S5g . Tof] k|ltef afnaflnsfsf] !@÷!% jif{sf] pd]/leq k|:km'l6t x'g
kfof] eg] x/]s afnaflnsfdf ckf/ ;Defjgfsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . To:tf] x'g g;s]
k|ltef eP/ klg Tof] ljlng eP/ hfg ;S5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfdf /x]sf] k|ltefnfO{
k|:km'l6t u/fpg] cj;/ lbOg' kb{5 .
x/]s afnaflnsf cf–cfˆg} vfn] k|ltef lnP/ cfPsf x'G5g . s;};Fu snfsf/
aGg], s;};Fu j}1flgs aGg], s;};Fu c;n jQmf, g]tf jf k|zf;s aGg], s;};Fu
;flxTosf/ jf slj aGg] k|ltef cGt/lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . cnu–cnu afnaflnsf;Fu
cnu–cnu k|ltef / Ifdtf n's]/ /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} g s'g} k|ltef gePsf] afns g}
x'Fb}g . o:tf] k|ltefnfO{ k|:km'l6t u/fpg] klxnf] ;fwg lzIff g} xf] .
s'g} klg lzIff k|0ffnLsf b'O{ efu x'G5g M Pp6f cf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnL /
csf{] cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnL . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft 3/af6 x'G5 . To;}n]
3/ g} x/]s JolQmsf] klxnf] d'Vo ljBfno xf] . t/ xfd|f] cjwf/0ff …3/ l5d]s g} klxnf]
ljBfno xf]Ú eGg] ePg . cflv/ afnaflnsfn] /fd|f g/fd|f ;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfx¿
l;Sg] klxnf] kf7zfnf t 3/ g} xf] . 3/df afa'cfdf / 5/l5d]saf6 afnaflnsfn] h]
l;S5g Tof] l;sfOaf6 g} pgLx¿sf] g}lts–;fF:s[lts rl/q / d"No dfGotfsf] ljsf;
x'g] xf] . Tof] afnaflnsf g} kl5 uP/ b]zsf] zf;s, j}1flgs, lzIfs, 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/,
g]tf jf ;flxTosf/ x'g] xf] . cfh xfdL h:tf afnaflnsf agfpF5f}F ef]ln b]z / ;dfh
To:t} aGg] xf] . afnaflnsfsf] rl/q lgdf{0f ug]{ klxnf] cfwf/e"t cgf}krfl/s ljBfno
3/ xf] .
To;}n] x/]s afnaflnsfdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltefsf] k|:km'6g u/fpg] klxnf] k|efjsf/L
z}lIfs Joj:yf 3/df g} x'g'k5{ . olb cleefjsdf /x]sf] c1fgtf, ul/aL, cltJo:ttf,
afnljsf;sf] nflu lzIffdf ul/g'kg]{ kl/jt{g
– Zofd >]i7
-afnaflnsfsf] lzIff;DaGwL ljBdfg k|0ffnLdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 <
¿kfGtl/t ;dfhdf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] Joj:yf s:tf] x'g'k5{ < o; ;Gbe{df s]lGb|t
eP/ k|ultzLn ¿kfGt/0f cfGbf]ngsf ;+of]hs Pjd lrGts Zofd >]i7;Fu ul/Psf]
s'/fsfgLsf] ;f/f+z_

afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZos dfu{lgb{]z ug{ ;Sg] r]tgf / cfjZos 1fgsf] cefj cflb
h:tf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfn] 3/af6 l;Sg'kg{] s'/f l;Sg kfPgg / l;Sg gx'g] s'/f
Hofbf l;s] eg]] Tof] afns jf aflnsfsf] jfl~5t ljsf; x'g kfpFb}g, p;sf] k|ltef
k|:km'6g x'g} kfpFb}g . To;}n] cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf nflu kof{Kt ;do lbg
;Sg'k5{ . cfˆgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ plrt dfu{lgb{]z ug{;Sg] / /fd|f] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{;Sg]
Joj:yfsf nflu /fHon] x/]s cleefjsnfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] / ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw
u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . afndgf]lj1fgsf] lzIff x/]s pd]/ k'u]sf gful/s
/ cfdfafa'sf nflu clgjfo{ u/fOg' k5{ .
cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f Pshgf cleefjsn] rfx]/ klg cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfjZos ;do / cleefjsTj lbg g;ls/x]sf] x'g;S5 . afa'cfdfaf6 kof{Kt dfof,
;do / /fd|f] x]/rfx gkfPsf] afnssf] dfgl;s ljsf; ljs[t x'G5 . /fHosf tkm{af6
of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljz]if k|aGw ldnfpg' kg{] cfjZostf x'gcfpF5 . h:t} ls,
lzz' hGdg] lalQs} p;sf] nfngkfngsf nflu rflxg] h] hlt v'/fs / vr{ xf] Tof]
/fHon] Joxf]g{] vfnsf] ;fd'bflos Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf vfg
kfpg] Joj:yf / k"j{ k|fyflds ljBfnosf] vr{ /fHon] Joxf]g{'k5{ . cyjf afa'÷cfdfnfO{
/fHon] To:tf] vr{sf] Joj:yf ug{;Sg] xbsf] kfl/>lds lbg ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf] vr{
Joxf]g{ /fHon] x/]s gful/sdfly z}lIfs s/ nufP x'G5 . k/Gt' s'g} klg d'n'sdf
afnaflnsfsf nflu k"j{ k|fyflds ljBfnob]lv pRr tx;Ddsf] lzIff /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L
x'g'k5{ . ha /fHon] u'0f:t/Lo ljBfnosf] k|aGw u5{, ta dfq} afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljs
ljsf; / k|ltef k|:km'6g x'g] xf] . t/ of] lzIffsf] klxnf] ;xL ;'?jft 3/af6 x'g'kb{5 .
bf];|f] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] Joj:yf ljBfnodf x'g'kb{5 .
c+u|]hLdf Educate eGg] h'g zAb 5, of] zAbsf] ulx/f] cy{ 5 . Educate
zAbsf] cy{ xf]–…To bring outside what is insideÚ xf] cyf{t lzIffsf] d'Vo sfd Tof] s'/f
aflx/ Nofpg] xf] h'g s'/f leq n's]/ /x]sf] 5 . s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] Ifdtf, k|ltef
afnaflnsf leq} x'G5 . Tof] s'/fnfO{ kl/k"0f{:j¿kdf aflx/ Nofpg] ;fwgsf] gfd lzIff
xf] . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf lzIff k|0ffnLsf] bf]if g} s] /Xof] t eg] o;n] ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{
Pp6} ;fFrf]df 9fNg] sfd u¥of] . ;a} sf]lknfnfO{ u'nfasf] km"n agfpg] 9Ën] xfdLn]
lzIffnfO{ u|x0f u¥of}F . o;/L x/]snfO{ Pp6} ;fFrf]df 9fNg] oflGqs lzIff k|0ffnLn] ubf{
afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljs k|ltef / Ifdtf ;d'lrt lx;fan] k|:km'l6t x'g kfO/x]sf] 5}g .
;xL lzIff k|0ffnL gx'Fbf s}og k|ltefx¿ plQs} t'lx/x]5g, s}og ljs[t alg/x]5g .
s'g} afnaflnsfsf] ljz]iftf x'G5 rd]nLsf] km"n h:tf], s'g}sf] x'G5 u'/fF;sf]
h:tf], s'g}sf] ljz]iftf x'G5 uf]bfj/L / s'g}sf] x'G5 ;okqL km"nsf] h:tf] . h;sf]
k|ltef jf ljz]iftf h:tf] xf] To:t} lsl;daf6 x's{g, ljsl;t x'g glbP/ xfdL lsg
;a} km"nsf sf]lknfnfO{ Pp6} u'nfasf] km"nd} 9fNg k|oTgzLn 5f}F < o:tf] lgtfGt unt

sfd eO/fv]sf] 5 xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLdf . of] x/]s dfG5]nfO{ Pp6} ;fFrf]df 9fn]/ 5–5
gDa/sf] h'Qf k}bf u/fpg] oGq h:tf] agfpg] lzIff k|0ffnL xfd|f] ;dfhdf nfu" eO/x]sf]
5 . o; k|sf/sf] oflGqs lzIff k|0ffnLaf6 lksf;f] jf b]jsf]6f, gf/fo0f uf]kfn jf
c?0ff nfdf, Dof8d So'/L, cfOG:6fOg jf :6]km]g xlsG;, ca|fxd ln+sg jf sfn{ dfS;{
lgSng ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;af6 t hflu/] dfgl;stfsf dfG5] dfq k}bf x'G5g . Hofb}
5f]6f] cjlwdf w]/} k};f sdfpg h] klg ug]{ vfnsf e|i6 dfG5] dfq k}bf x'G5g . o:tf]
lzIff k|0ffnL lgtfGt a]7Ls 5 . o:tf] oflGqs lzIff k|0ffnLdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ .
afns jf aflnsfn] hGdb}v]/L cg]sf}F k|ltef lnP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . olb kl/jf/sf]
jftfj/0f /fd|f] eof], To;sf] k|:km'6g sf]lknfsf] ¿kdf x'G5 . :s"nsf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f
7Ls eof] eg] Tof] km"n eP/ km'Ng;S5 . o;/L afnaflnsfdf cGt/lglxt k|ltef
k|:km'6gsf nflu ;aeGbf klxn] t ;d'bfod'vL zf;g Joj:yf x'g cfjZos 5 . To;
lsl;dsf] ;d'bfojfbL Joj:yfn] klxnf] sfd u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf cTolws nufgL ug{'k5{ .
lsgeg] b]zdf dfG5] s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/f lzIffaf6 ;'? x'G5 . lzIff k|0ffnL h:tf]
eof] dflg; To:t} k}bf x'G5, dflg; h:tf] k}bf eof] ;dfh / b]z To:t} x'G5, ;dfh
/ b]z h:tf] eof] ;+;f/ To:t} aG5 . xfdLn] lbg] lzIff / xfdLn] lhpg] ;dfh, b]z
/ ljZj cGof]Gofl>t 9Ën] hf]l8Psf 5g . xfd|f] ;dfh / ljZjdf olt rsf]{ ljs[lt /
a]lylt 5, o;af6 a'‰g'k5{ ls xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLdf sxLF g sxLF uDeL/ bf]if /x]sf] 5 .
lzIffdf ePsf] lghLs/0fn] ;fj{hlgs lzIffsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ :vlnt u/]/ lzIffnfO{
lje]bsf/L agfOlbPsf] 5 . k};f 6Gg ePsf ;DkGgx¿n] dfq w]/} vr{ u/]/ cfˆgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm ljBfnox¿df k9fpg ;Sg] ePsf 5g . ul/a hgtfn] eg]
cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ :t/Lo lzIff lbg g;Sg] ePsf 5g . lzIff h:tf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] j:t' ;d]t ;DkGgsf]] nflu Ps k|sf/sf] / ljkGg ju{sf] nflu csf]{
k|sf/sf] x'g uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] lzIff u'0f:t/Lo x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . of] ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ h;f]t;f] sfd rnfp lzIff lbg]] 7fpF x'g uPsf] 5 .
lzIffdf /x]sf] of] juL{o lje]bn] ubf{ u'0f:t/Lo 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/, kfOn6, n]vs,
;flxTosf/, zf;s, k|zf;s jf /fd|f k|fljlwsx¿ t wgLsf 5f]/f5f]/L dfq x'g;Sg]
ePsf 5g . o:tf] ul/a cd}qL lje]bsf/L lzIff aGb ul/g'k5{ . lzIffdf lghLs/0f
alh{t x'g'k5{ . lghL z}lIfs lgsfox¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] aGb ul/g' k5{ . ;/sf/L z}lIfs
;+:yfx¿nfO{ g} u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{] ynf]df ljsf; u/L lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne, clgjfo{
/ lgMz'Ns agfOg' k5{ . o;f] x'g ;s] dfq} lagf e]befj b]zsf ;a} gful/sn] cfˆgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfg lsl;dn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbnfpg] cj;/ kfpg ;Sg]5g .
lzIffd"ntM /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . lzIff vfln :s"naf6 dfq ;'? x'Fb}g . Tof]
kl/jf/af6} ;'? x'G5, hGdbfb]lv g} ;'? x'G5 . ctM s'g} lzz' hGDof] eg] To;nfO{
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gfsf ¿kdf lng'k5{ . pQm lzz'sf nflu /fd|f] nfngkfng, v'/fsL

/ kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf klxnf] sfd xf] . lsgeg] dfG5] s'kf]lift / /f]uL eof] eg] p;sf]
dfgl;s / z}lIfs ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] p;sf] nfngkfng klxnf] s'/f xf] . bf];|f]
s'/f, afnaflnsfnfO{ afNocj:yfb]lv g} /fd|f] d"No dfGotfaf6 k|lzlIft ug{' xf] . h:tf]
ls, ;8sdf lxF8bf s;/L lx8g], dfG5];Fu af]Nbf s;/L af]Ng], p;nfO{ >dd'vL s;/L
kfg{] < p;nfO{ b]zk|]dL / ;d'bfod'vL s;/L agfpg] < :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOsf] cfwf/e"t
hfgsf/L s;/L lbg] < ctM k"j{ k|fyflds / k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf] d'Vo sfd rl/q
lgdf{0f x'g'k5{ .
olta]nfsf] xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ql'6 s] xf] eg] xfdL ljBfno¿kL
sf/vfgfaf6 >d / >ldsnfO{ 3[0ff jf x]nf ug{] dfG5] k}bf ug{] sfd ul//x]5f}F . Pp6f
dfG5] lzlIft eof] eg] p;n] sf]bfnf] ;dfTg nfh dfG5Ù 8f]sf] af]Sg'k¥of] eg] hft} uPsf]
;DemG5 . lzlIft dfG5]n] v]tdf kfOn} 6]Sb}g . xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLn] >d ug]{ JolQmn]
cfkm"nfO{ uf}/jzfnL xf]Og a? >d ug'{k¥of] eg]/ xLgtfaf]wn] u|l;t dfgl;stf af]s]sf]
dfG5] k}bf ul//x]5 . pxL lzlIft dflg; cd]l/sf uof] eg] efF8f df‰g tof/ x'G5, uf8L
k'5g tof/ x'G5, s'v'/f e'TNofpg tof/ x'G5 t/ g]kfndf x'~h]n tLdWo] s'g} klg sfd
ug'{ k¥of] eg] Hofg} hfnf ls eg] h:tf] u5{ . cflv/ lsg < >dnfO{ 3[0ff ug]{, >d
ug{ nfh dfGg] k}bf ug]{ lzIff k|0ffnLn] gofF ;dfh / l;h{gzLn dfG5] s'g} xfntdf
k}bf ug{ ;Sb}g . lsgeg] >d lagf pTkfbg / gofF l;h{gf c;Dej 5 . ctM >d h]
;'s} u/f}+ Tof] ;Ddfgof]Uo x'g'k5{ . zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s >d h] u/]tfklg s'g} klg >d
eg]sf] ;Ddfgof]Uo s'/f xf] eGg] dfgl;stf afnaflnsfdf ;fg}b]lv / k|fylds txb]lv
ljsf; u/fOg' k5{ . Tof] sfd xfd|f] lzIffn] ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu xfd|f] lzIffsf] clxn]sf]
lbzfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ul/g'k5{ . cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIff k'/fk'/ >dd'vL agfOg'k5{ .
x/]s gful/sn] cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffdf s'g} g s'g} ;dfhf]kof]uL ;Lk l;s]s} x'g'kg]{
z}lIfs k|0ffnL xfd|f] d'n'sdf cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnosf] dxTj / cfjZostf
xfd|f ;a} ;/sf/L :s"nx¿df clxn] k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnosf] Joj:yf 5}g,
Tof] xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] 7"nf] bf]if xf] . c+u|]hL dfWodaf6 k9fOg] lghL ljBfnox¿df
k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno x'g;Sg] ;/sf/L :s"ndf x'g g;Sg], lsg < hals aRrfsf]
k|f/lDes d"n l;sfO k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnodf g} x'G5 . k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno / k|fylds
txnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] rl/q lgdf{0fsf] d'xfg g} dfGg ;lsG5 . olt dxTjk"0f{ k"j{
k|fylds ljBfno vf]Ng rflxF ;/sf/sf] nufgL g} eO/x]sf] 5}g . lzIffdf s'n /fli6«o
ah]6sf] !&÷!* k|ltzt nufgL x'G5 elgG5 . t/ olt w]/} nufgL u/]tfklg k"j{
k|fylds ljBfnodf ;/sf/sf] Wofg uPsf] 5}g . To;}n] afnljsf;sf nflu /fHon]
k|fyldstfk"j{s Wofg lbg'kg{]] If]q eg]sf] k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno xf] .
klxnf] s'/f t s'g} ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfodf ;]jf/t Pp6L dlxnfn]
;'Ts]/L ePkl5 lzz' x'sf{pgsf nflu slDtdf ^ dlxgf k"/f tnaL ;'Ts]/L labf kfpg]

Joj:yf x'g' k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yf ePtfklg afn:ofxf/sf nflu of] ;do klg kof{Kt
xF'b}g . To;}n] cfdfn] sfddf hfg] a]nf lzz'nfO{ lzz'zfnfdf 5f8]/ hfg] l:ylt x'g'kb{5 .
Tof] lzz'zfnfdf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ Pp6} lsl;daf6 gx'sf{O{ ToxfF h'g k|ltefsf] afns
jf aflnsf cfPsf] 5 ;f]xL cg';f/ x'sf{pg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . pgLx¿df h] h:tf]
k|ltef 5 ToxL cg';f/ JolQmTjsf] ljsf; u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yfsf
nflu u'0f:t/Lo k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnodf /fHon] k|fyldstf lbP/ nufgL ug{' cfjZos
b]lvG5 . k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnodf To:tf] Joj:yf x'g'k¥of], hxfF afnaflnsfn] Pp6f
;r]t / hfu?s gful/ssf cfjZos g}lts cfr/0f / st{Jox¿ s]–s] x'g eGg]
ljifo;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg ;'? ug{ ;s"g .
pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yf
!@ sIff;Ddsf] lzIff cfwf/e"t lzIff x'g'k5{ . Tof] ;Lko'Qm lzIff x'g'k5{ .
lszf]/lszf]/L s] aGg] x'g ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;Lk l;sfpg] s'/f !@ sIff leq x'g'k5{ .
Tof] lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ul/g'k5{ . lgMz'Ns o;sf/0fn] ls x/]s gful/ssf] kxF'r
cfwf/e"t lzIffdf xf]; . clgjfo{ To; sf/0fn] ls To;leq sf]xL klg 5'6g gkfcf]; .
o; bf}/fgdf ;+;f/df ljsf; ePsf] 1fg, lj1fg, b]zsf] e"uf]n, Oltxf;, gful/s bfloTj
/ b'O{j6f k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o efiff / Pp6f cfwf/e"t ;Lk l;sfpg] k|aGw cfwf/e"t txdf
x'g'k5{ . Tof] ;Lk ljBfyL{sf] cfˆgf] ?lr tyf tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg'¿ksf]
x'g' kb{5 . o;/L !@ sIff;Dddf Pp6f s'g} ljlzi6 ;Lk;lxt cGo cfwf/e"t ljifodf
:gfts x'g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . cfwf/e"t tx kf; u/]sf] x/]s gful/s Pshgf bIf
lzlIft >ldssf ¿kdf b]zn] k|fKt ug'{k5{ .
!@ sIffleq l;sfOg] o:tf] cfwf/e"t 1fg Kofs]hdf x'g'k5{ . dfG5]sf]
b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f cyf{t j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f klg ToxL Kofs]hleq kg{'k5{ .
! b]lv !@ sIffsf] k9fOnfO{ b'O{ txdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} ls ! b]lv %
sIff;Dd rl/q lgdf{0f / s]xL efiffsf] ;'?jftsf] s'/f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . % b]lv
!@ sIff;Dddf dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} s'g} ljlzi6 ;Lk ;lxt cGo cfwf/e"t 1fg
k|flKtsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
pRrtd ljz]if1tf cyf{t lj1tf xfl;n ug{' g} pRr lzIffsf] ljz]iftf x'g'k5{ .
To;}n] !@ sIff eGbf dfly s'g} ljz]if ljifodf ljlzi6tf xfl;n ug{] z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; u/fOg' kb{5 . ljBfyL{df h'g lsl;dsf] ljz]iftf / ?lr kfOG5 ;f]xL lsl;dn]
pRr lzIff lbOg] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ . pRr lzIff / cfwf/e"t lzIff oL b'j}df /fHosf]
bfloTj x'g'k5{ . /fHon] ;:tf] Aofhdf C0f lbP/ klg pRrlzIffsf] cfsf+IfL x/]ssf]
kx'Fr ;Dej agfpg' k5{ . Tof] C0f p;n] pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]kl5 sdfP/ ltg{
;lsxfN5 . t/ lzIffdf ;a}sf] a/fa/L kx'Fr x'g'k5{ .
of] 9Ëaf6 xfdLn] lzIffnfO{ ljsf; u¥of}+ eg] dnfO{ nfU5 ls xfd|f] lzIffsf] lbzf
/ ult g} csf{] x'g]5 . >dd'vL j}1flgs lrGtg k|0ffnL afnaflnsfb]lv ;'? x'g]5 . o;/L

Pp6f afns jf aflnsf ;Ifd, lj1, ljj]szLn / hfu[t gful/sdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g;Sg]5 .
k/LIff k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g
o;sf nflu xfd|f] ljBdfg k/LIff k|0ffnL abNg h?/L 5 . xfd|f] k/LIff k|0ffnL
s]jn kf; x'gsf nflu k9g] / s07 kfg{] k|0ffnL ePsf] 5 . ca xfdLn] hfGg / yfxf
kfpgsf nflu k9g] k/LIff k|0ffnL agfpg' k5{ . x/]s txsf] ljBfyL{n] hfGg' kg]{ d'Vo
s'/f yfxf kfPsf] 5 ls 5}g < k/LIff Tof] hfFRg] ;fwg x'g'k¥of] . /fd|/L a'em]sf] / yfxf
kfPsf] 5 eg] s;}n] # 306] k/LIffdf /fd|f] gn]Vg klg ;S5 . t/ p;n] a'e]msf] 5
eg] pm To;df kf; eof] . d"n s'/f p;n] a'em]sf] / yfxf kfPsf] x'g'k¥of] . o;vfn]
k/LIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ lstfax¿ cufl8 /fv]/ n]VgnfO{ 5'6 lbP klg x'G5 .
k/LIffdf rf]/L ug{] ;Defjgfsf] s'/f xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] bf]if xf] . cufl8
lstfa /fv]/ n]Vbf x'G5 t/ p;n] cfkm"n] a'em]/ df}lns gofF s'/f s] n]Vof], To;df cÍ
kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . To;kl5 rf]/L jf lrl6ª eGg] s'/f g} x/fpF5 . ha a'emfOdf
cfwfl/t k/LIff k|0ffnL x'G5 ta rf]/L eGg] s'/fs} cGTo x'G5 . o;f] ePkl5 Ps}rf]l6
jflif{s k/LIff lng] k|0ffnL h'g 5 To;df xfdL hfg' kb{}g . Ps dlxgf, b'O{ dlxgf,
tLg dlxgfsf] hfFr cyf{t OsfO÷OsfOsf] hfFr clg cGTodf slDk|x]lG;j 6]:6 cyf{t
;du| a'emfOsf] k/LIff / PsfO k/LIffsf ;a} cÍ hf]8]/ kf; x'g] eGg] Joj:yf ePkl5
To;df lrl6Ë ug{], rf]g{]sf] s'g} u'~hfo; g} x'Fb}g . dfG5]n] d"n s'/f] a'em]sf] x'g'k¥of] .
Tof] ;Lk p;n] u|x0f u/]sf] x'g'k¥of] / ;Lk u|x0f u/] gu/]sf] s'/fsf] k|of]ufTds k/LIff
x'g'k¥of] . Tof] ;a} s'/f pm;Fu 5 eg], p;n] s'g} sf/0fj; lgoldt sIff lng g;s]sf]
ePklg pm kf; x'g;S5 . o;f] ug{sf nflu 1fg cfh{g ug{] eGbf klg s;/L kf;
xf]OG5 eGg] WofpGgfdf g} kl/jt{g cfpg cfjZos 5 .
:s"n eg]sf] Pp6f af}l4s sf/vfgf xf] . Tof] sf/vfgfaf6 dfG5] lg:sbf
cfwf/e"t ;Lk ePsf], cfwf/e"t efiff lzNk ePsf], ;d;fdlos ljZjsf] cfwf/e"t
1fg ePsf] ljj]szLn, bIf / hfu[t dfG5] lgsfNg] xf] . dfG5]nfO{ emg Hofbf kl/k"0f{
dfgjtfo'Qm agfpg', c¿ Hofbf kl/k"0f{ ljj]szLn, pTkfbgzLn / xf]zk"0f{ dfG5] agfpg'
lzIffsf] d'Vo sfd x'g' k5{ . Pp6f >ddf ckf/ cf:yf /fVg] bIf pTkfbgzLn dfG5],
ljj]szLn dfG5], x/]s s'/f a'em]/ dfq ug{] dfG5] xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLn] k}bf ug{;Sof] eg]
aNn dfG5] afFRg nfossf] ;dfh, b]z / ljZj aGg;S5 .

dNnsfn k"j{ afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
g]kfndf lnR5ljsfneGbf klxn]sf] Oltxf; ck'i6 / cw'/f] /x]sfn] To;sfnlt/
afnaflnsfsf] dfq geP/ cGo ;fdflhs Joj:yf / cj:yfsf af/]df ;d]t oy]i6
hfgsf/L kfpg ;ls+b}g . lnR5ljsfn otfsf Oltxf;x¿df sltko ;fdflhs cfly{s
/ ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfsf af/]df ;fdfGo pNn]v kfOPsfn] oxfF To; otfsf Oltxf;af6
k|fKt eP;Ddsf afnaflnsfsf cj:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]6g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vx¿n] Tolta]nf ul/Psf sltko ;fdflhs ;'wf/ -lzIff ljsf;sf]
k|of;, hGd;+:sf/df ;'wf/, ;ltk|yf lgoGq0fsf] k|of; cflb_ / dlGb/, ;Qn, kf6L,
vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f cflb h:tf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf] pNn]v kfOPtfklg
afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] Jojxf/sf af/]df eg] :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg;Sg] Joj:yfsf] pNn]v
kfOFb}g . t/ s] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 eg] ;dsfnLg ef/tjifL{o ;dfhdf k|rlnt
k|hftflGqssfn k"j{sf] g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
Hof]ltnfn ag

;fdflhs k|rngcg';f/ g} Tolt a]nfsf] g]kfndf klg afnaflnsfdflysf] Jojxf/ /x]sf]
x'g'k5{ . lnR5ljsfnsf] k|f/lDes ;do lt/ g]kfndf a'4 tyf z}j wfld{s dfGotfsf] lgs}
/fd|f] k|efj /x]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . To; avt a'4 / z}j dtfjnDaLx¿n] afnaflnsfdf
ltg} dfGotfdf cfwfl/t Jojxf/x¿ u/]sf] / To; kl5 j}lbs tyf pQ/j}lbs dfGotf
k'gM k|efjzfnL aGg yfn] kl5 log} dfGotfcg';f/ g} afn ;+:sf/ tyf Jojxf/x¿
rn]sf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .
dNnsfnLg ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
g]kfndf dNnsfnsf] yfngL otf afnaflnsf k|ltsf b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/x¿ eg]
lnlka4 ¿kd} kfOG5g, hf] clwsf+ztM dg':d[ltaf6 lgwf{l/t dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf
5g . o; sfndf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnf k|ltsf] sltko b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/
c:jefljs gnfu] klg sltko eg] bafak"0f{, sl7g / bf;Tjn] el/Psf kfOG5g . o;
sfndf afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] o:tf Jojxf/x¿n] afnclwsf/sf] axfnL eGbf pNn+3gs}
kIf a9L ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . h;sf s]xL pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;df klxnf] xf] dNnsfnLg /fhfx¿dWo] a9L ;dfh ;'wf/s dflgg] hol:ylt dNnn]
a;fn]sf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ . lj+=;+= !$#^ df hf/L Gofoljsfl;gL -dfgjGofozf:q_
pgn] a;fn]sf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ cleJolQm lbg] Pp6f lnvt sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . o;df
vf;u/L afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfdfly ul/g] Jojxf/sf af/]df pNn]lvt s]xL Joj:yfx¿
o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g M–
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5g . :qL, 5f]/f, bf; cflb cfl>t JolQm k/fwLg 5g, 3/sf] d"nL :jfwLg 5g @*÷% .
@_ cf7 jif{ gk'u''~h]nsf] dflg; ue{df /x]sf] afns h:t} x'G5 . ;f]x| jif{ gk'u'~h]nsf]
afns cgf8L sxnfpF5 @(÷% .1
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x'gfn] pgL klg ck|dfl0fs 7xl/lG5g, sk6L JolQmdf kfk ug{] afgL kl/;s]sf] x'gfn]
pm kfkb]lv 8/fpFb}g . aGw'afGwjx¿ k};fn] lslgg] x'gfn] h] klg elglbG5g . zq'n]
abnf lng'kg{] x'gfn] pm df}sf 5f]kL ;f6f] km]5{ . To;sf/0f oL ;fIfL xF'b}gg !)!÷@) .2
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/ u'? k'qx¿sf] klg ;]jf ug{'k5{ . u'?sf 3/df /xFbf ;w}+ a|Xdro{df /xg", leIffj[lQ
gug{", vf6 knªdf g;'Tg", hldgdf cf]5ofg nufP/ ;'Tg", uxgf gklxl/g" . u'?eGbf
1 hol:ylt dNnåf/f lj=;+= !$#^ df hf/L Gofoljsfl;gL -dfgjGofozf:q_, C0fbfg k|s/0f, k[i7 %,
sfg'g ;xk|sfzg, sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f} @)^%
2 pxL k[i7 @),

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g;f]rL ug{" . u'?nfO{ lbSbf/L g nfu];Dd 7Ls k9g] ;dodf k9g" . cWoogsf] cf/Dedf
/ cGTodf u'?s} kfpdf lz/ /fVg" !%!÷#* .
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7f]; b|Jo jf afF;sf nÝLn] lk6g" . lsGt' lz/ / 5ftLh:tf dd{:yfg arfP/ xNs};Fu
lk6g", Hofbf glk6g" . To;df klg p;nfO{ cfˆgf] ck/fw ;flat u/fO{ cfkm"df p;sf]
ljZjf; gu'Dg] u/L afgL ;'wf/sf nflu b08 kfOg' plrt xf] eGg] efjgf ljsl;t ug{
/fhfn] h:t} u/L u'?n] b08 lbg" !%@÷#*.3
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hlQs} ;Gtfg x'gfn] k}t[s wg k|fKt u5{g . lsgeg] 5f]/f–5f]/L b'j}n] afa'sf] ;Gtlt
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afnaflnsf k|ltsf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/n] afnclwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0feGbf a9L pNn+3g g}
u/]sf] ;+s]t kfOG5 .
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3 pxL cEo'k]Tof>'>"iff k|s/0f, plQm !%@, k[i7 #*
4 pxL bfoljefu k|s/0f, plQm $)$ / $)% k[i7 (%,

s]xL ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf] b]lvG5g . h;df ;ltk|yf k|ltsf] nrstf
/ Go"gLs/0f, h'jfsf] Go"gLs/0f / afnaflnsfnfO{ o:tf] v]ndf ;fd]n x'gdf /f]s,
sd{sf08Lo lzIffnfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'¥ofpg] cEof; cflb d'Vo /x]sf 5g . oL afx]s
o; sfndf klg afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] cGo Jojxf/x¿ dNnsfnsf] eGbf pNn]vgLo
¿kdf km/s ePsf] cfefif kfOFb}g .
/f0ffsfndf afnaflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;Qf xTofPkl5 ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf s]xL kl/jt{g b]vfpg]
k|of; u/] . lj=;+= !(!) df hf/L d'n'sL P]gn] Tolta]nf Jofks ¿kdf sfod /x]sf] bf;
-sdf/f–sdf/L_ k|yf / ;tL k|yfnufot cGo sltko ;fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ lgodg /
Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of; u/] . o;} P]gdf cfwfl/t eP/ jL/ zdz]/n]] !($$ ;fndf ;tLk|yf
lgoGq0f ug{], Ol:txf/ -;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;DalGwt ;d'bfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lbOg]
;"rgf jf ljz]if cfb]zÙ lj1lKtÙ hgfp_ hfx]/ u/] h;n] o; k|yfnfO{ Ps xb;Dd
lg?T;fxL ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
pQm d'n'sL P]g tyf ;tLk|yf lgoGq0f ug{] Ol:txf/df ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ cGt/ut
afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ / pgLx¿k|lt ul/g'kg{] Jojxf/sf af/]df pNn]lvt s]xL
gd'gfx¿ aF'bfut ¿kdf o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g M–
lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gaf6
!_ !@ jif{ d'lgsf afnifn] hlt;'s} k6s rf]/L u¥of klg rf]l/Gofsf] lauf] hfxf
lbof a]Rofsf] 5, lemls wlgaf6 b;f}b ln ef/O{lbg' . To:tf s]6fs]l6l;t ?k}of lb
dfn lnGofsf] y}nL e'; x'G5 . To:tf s]6fs]l6n] rf]/L NofPsf] dfn afa', cfdf, bfHo",
hfgsf/ Oi6 ldq gftf uf]tf c¿n] a]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof lhg}af6 lsGofsf] y}ln e/fO{
lauf adf]lhd b08 ug{' . !@ b]lvdgLsf afnifnfO{ b+8 s}b s]xL kb{}g . -dxn M
rf]/Lsf],&, k[i7 @*&_
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e/fO{ lau} adf]lhd bf]>f k6ssf] rf]/ eof klg lauf] e/fO{ lau} adf]lhd b08 ug{' .
t]>f k6ssf] rf]/nfO{ lauf] e/fO{ laufsf] bf]a/ b08 ug{' . rf}yf k6ssf o:tf rf]/nfO{
lauf] e/fO{ # jif{, kfrf}+ k6ssfnfO{ lauf] e/fO{ ^ jif{ s}b ug{' . 5}6f}+ k6ssf] rf]/nfO{
lauf] e/fO{ !@ jif{ s}b ug{' . o:t} l/tsf ;ft k6s b]lv pef]sf rf]/nfO{ lauf] e/fO{
c}g adf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug{' . -dxnM rf]/Lsf],*, k[i7, @*&_
#_ s;}n] 5f]/f afwf /fitf ;fx'nfO{ lbbf !^ jif{b]lif dflysf Ho"nfO{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn
df NofO{ lbGofn] lbg' lnGofn] lng' . cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 jfwf k:Gof Ho" hf] 5

p;nfO{ jfwf k:g /flh 5l:s elg ;f]wg' / /flh 5' eGof] eGof jfwf k:ofaf6 d jfwf
k:5' eGof if'l;n] d'r'nsf n]iffO{ lnglbg ug{' lbg' p:sf] ;lx xnfO{ lnof lbofsf] ;b/
x'G5 . s/ l;t afa' cfdfn] klg jfwf xfNg x'Fb}g . afa' cfdfn] s/ l;ª jfwf xnfO{
lbof elg 5f]/f5f]/L s/fpg cfof afa'sf gfddf skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lb jfwf n]lvofsf]
Ho" 5f8L lbg' . afa' cfdf d¥of kl5 s/fpg cfof] eGof p;}sf gfpdf skfnL td;'s
u/fO{ lbg' . -dxnM sdf/f sdf/L j]rtf sf],$÷k[i7 ##&,##*_
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k'q df;Gof 7x5{ . t]:tfnfO{ #^) ?k}of b08 ug{' . glt¥of dlxgfsf] % ?k}ofsf b/n]
sl§ gx'GHofn s}b ug{' . gdfl;Gof dtfjnL hftsfnfO{ sdf/f sdf/L elg j]Rofsf]
eof %$) ?k}of b+8 ug{' . tfufwfl/ hftsfnfO{ sdf/f sd/L elg j]Rofsf] eof &@)
?k}of b+8 ug{' . ?kof glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug{' . -dxn M sdf/f sdf/L j]rtf
sf], ^÷##*_
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gf£ofsfnfO{ s/ nufO{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn ;fl5 g/flif jfwf lnGof lbGofnfO{ klg %.%
¿k}of b+8 ug{' . !^ jif{ dlgsfnfO{ jfwf xfNbf ;fl5 j:Gof cdfnLnfO{ % ¿k}of b+8
ug{' .-dxnMlhp df;Gof a]rGof !@÷#$#_
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/Lgdf if'l;/fhLn] xfdL jfwf k:t5f}+ elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf /fhLgfdf n]lvlbof

eGof /fhLgfdf n]iffO ln, jfwf lnofsf] ;b/ x'G5 . !^ jif{ gk'UofsfnfO{ /fhLgfdf
n]iffO{ jfwf lnofsf] eof klg ;b/ x'Fb}g . n]iffO{ lbGof cfbnt, 7fgf, cdfn jfnfnfO{
% lnGof lbGof ;fx' c;fdLnfO{ %.% ¿k}of b+8 ul/ td;'s kmf/O{ cfdf afa's} gfpdf
skfln td;'s u/fO{ lbg' .-dxnM lhp df;Gof a]rGof !#÷#$#_
&_ s;}sf 3/df !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ eofls sdfl/ 5 . efO{ c+; ubf{ s;}
efO{kl§cfdf kl/ s;} efO{kl§ !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f5f]l/ kg{ uof eGof 5f]/f 5f]l/
!! jif{ dlgsf eof klg cfˆgf cfˆgf c+;df k¥ofsf Ho" 5'6foO{ n}hfg' x'G5 ift
nfUb}g .-dxnM jfnif / cfdf 5'6ofO{ a]rGof, !÷#$^_
*_ s;}sf !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ eofls sdfl/ 3/df 5 wlgn] yfdg g;sL !!
jif{ dlgsf 5f]/5f]/LnfO{ xj; jf cfdfnfO{ xj; 5'6ofO{ ;fx'nfO{ ;f}Kof] eGof ;fx'n]
5f]/f 5f]l/sf] !! jif+{sf] pd]/ ge} cfdf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ØfO{ n}hfg x'Fb}g . 5'6ØfO{
n}hfGof ;fx'nfO{ / if'l;n] ;f}kGof c;fdLnfO{ !).!) ¿k}ofb+8 ug{' . ltGsf] !! jif{sf]
pd]/ gf£of kl5 cfkm'nfO{ n]lif lbofsf Ho" n}hfg x'G5 iftjft nfUb}g .-dxnM jfnif /
cfdf 5'6ofO{ a]rGof, @÷#$^_
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5f]/f 5f]l/ kfofsf eof klg cfdf rflx kfofls eof klg 5f]/f 5f]l/sf !! jif{sf] pd]/
gx'GHofn cfdf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ØfO{ n}hfg x'Fb}g . P:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ØfO{ cfdfnfO{ n}
uof] jf cfdf5'6ØfO{ 5f]/f 5f]l/ n}uof] eGof lbGof bftfnfO{ kfO{ n}hfGof b'j}nfO{ %.%
¿k}of b08 ul/ cfdf 5f]/f5f]/L os} 7fpdf /iffO{ lbg' . 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] !! jif{sf] pd]/
gf£of kl5 cfkm'n] kfofsf Ho" 5'6ØfO{ n}hfGofnfO{ ift nfUb}g . -dxn M jfnif / cfdf
5'6ofO{ a]rGof #÷#$^_
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7fpdf j]rg' x'G5 . !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ØfO{ cfdf Psflt/ j]Rof] jf cfdfnfO{
5'6ØfO P:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/ dfq osflt/ j]Rof eGof j]rGofnfO{ @), hflg hflg lsGofnfO{
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/iffOlbg' . -dxnMjfnif / cfdf 5'6ofO{ a]rGof, $÷#$^_5
5 lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gaf6, ;fef/ d'n'sL P]g, !(!) k|sfzs sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ @( h]i7 @)@@, www.lawcommission.gov.np

;tLk|yf lgoGq0f ug{] !($$ ;fnsf] Ol:txf/af6
!_ s;}sf] ljjflxtf jf eft vfhf rnGof grnGof hfTsf sGof NofPsf :jfl:gn] ;lt
hfG5f}+ eGof !^ jif{ d'gLsfnfO{ hfg glbg' . -!÷!_
@_ ljxf u¥ofsf / eft vfhf rnGof grnGof hfTsf sGof NofPsf :jfl:gdf !^ jif{
gf£ofsfn] ;lt hf+G5f}+ eGof sfG5f] 5f]/f !^ jif{ k'Uofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;lt hfg
glbg' . -@÷!_
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ls :jfl:gn] ;lt hfG5f}+ eGof 5f]/L % jif{ gk'UofsL /lx5 eGof ;lt hfg glbg' .
-#÷! _
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:jf:gLnfO{ ;lt hfgglbg' . -&÷!_6
of] d'n'sL P]g tyf Ol:txf/ hf/L ul/g''sf] cGt/f{li6«o sf/0f
k|mfG;df ePsf] /fHoqmflGt -!&*(–!&((_ n] tTsfnLg o"/f]ke/L g} pynk'yn NofOlbof] .
o;nfO{ qm'/td ¿kdf hf/L /x]sf] bf;k|yfnufot cGo cdfgjLo k|sf/sf ;fdflhs
Joj:yfx¿sflj?4 ;+;f/df ePsf] klxnf] qmflGt dfGg ;lsG5 . o; kl5 ljleGg o"/f]kLo
d'n'sx¿df bf;tf lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngx¿ a9b} uP . pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Deb]lv t
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf nufot klZrdL d'n'sx¿df bf;Tjo'Qm k|yfx¿sflj?4df ;zQm
cleofgx¿ g} ;~rflnt x'g yfn] . o;}sf] k|efj:j¿k :k]gn] cfˆgf] b]zdf bf;
cfk"lt{sf nflu pklgj]z agfPsf] ;fG6f] bf]ldGuf]df ;g !*@! df :k]gsflj?4 ;kmn
ljb|f]x eof] / xAzL afx'No xfO6L u0f/fHosf] :yfkgf eof] .
To;}u/L ;tLk|yfsflj?4 ef/tdf nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngn] g]kfndf
kf/]sf] k|efjsf sf/0f klg h+uaxfb'/nfO{ of] k|yfnfO{ lg?T;fxL ug{] k|]/0ff ldn]sf]
x'g;S5 .
s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf kg{ uPsf] o:t} cGt/f{li6«o k|efj / o;} qmddf O=!*%)df
h+uaxfb'/n] a]nfot e|d0f u/]kl5 Totfaf6 ldn]sf] k|]/0ffsf sf/0f klg pgn] g]kfndf
lzIffsf] ljsf; nufot cGo ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfdx¿ yfn]sf lyP . of] d'n'sL P]g
klg o:t} ;'wf/fTds sfdx¿nfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
t/ lj8Dagf s] e} lbof] eg] lj=;+= !(## df h+uaxfb'/sf] d[To' ePkl5 pgL :jodn] agfPsf]
6 ;tLk|yf lgoGq0f ug{] !($$ ;fnsf] Ol:txf/af6, sfg'g;DaGwL s]xL clen]vx¿, sfg'g ;xk|sfzg,
sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^#, www.lawcommission.gov.np

;tL k|yfnfO{ lg?T;fxL ug{] P]gsf] efjgf ljk/Lt pgsL d'Vo kTgL ->L # a8fdxf/fgL]_
lx/0ouef{b]jL nufot cGo /fgL / ;';f/]x¿ ;d]t h+uaxfb'/sf] ;tL uPsf lyP .
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff kl5 ;ftf}+ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ag]sf b]j zdz]/ pbf/jfbL / k|hftflGqs
dfGotfk|lt cf:yf /fVg] JolQm lyP . /fh3/fgf / ef/bf/sf afnaflnsfn] dfq lzIff
cfh{gsf] cj;/ kfpg] To; ;dodf cfd hgtfsf afnaflnsfn] klg ljBfnodf k9g]
cj;/ kfpg' kg{] dfGotf cl3 ;f/]sf lyP . t/ logsf] k|wfgdGqLTjsfn # dlxgf @^
lbg -%dfr{–@& h'g !()!_ dfq} sfod /x]sfn] logn] cfˆgf] rfxgf cg';f/ s]xL ug{
;s]gg . a]nfotL k|hftGqsf lxdfotL ag]sf logn] g]kfndf klg To:t} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
u/L k|hftGq Nofpg rfxGy] eGg] af/]df ljleGg Oltxf;sf/x¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g .
pgdf /x]sf] o;} dfGotfsf sf/0f rGb| zdz]/sf efO 5f]/fx¿n] pgnfO{ ckb:y /
lgjf{l;t u/] . h;sf sf/0f b]j zdz]/sf pbf/jfbL k|hftflGqs ;f]r Jojxf/df pqg
kfPg . b]j zdz]/ kl5 pgsf efO rGb| zdz]/ nfdf] ;do;Dd :j3f]lift k|wfgdGqL
aGg ;kmn eP .7
rGb| zdz]/n] u/]sf ;'wf/ k|of;x¿
;fdflhs ;'wf/ ug{] /f0ff zf;sx¿dWo] h+uaxfb'/ kl5 rGb| zdz]/sf] gfd cu| k+lQmdf
cfpF5 . pgn] h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 hf/L d'n'sL P]gåf/f lg?T;flxt ug{ Ol:txf/ hf/L
u/]sf] ;tL k|yfnfO{ lj=;+= !(&& cf;f9 @% ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L aGb g} ul/lbP .
To;} u/L pgn] h+uaxfb'/af6 ;'wf/;Dd ul/Psf] bf; -sl/of cyjf sdf/f–sdf/L_
k|yfnfO{ lj=;+=!(*! df :kLr -3f]if0ff_ lbP/ aGb]h g} nufP . pgn] dflnsx¿nfO{
Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ sdf/f–sdf/Lx¿sf] cdn]v ug{'sf ;fy} k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf klg
ldnfPsf lyP .
rGb| zdz]/n] sl/of df]rg ug{'df tTsfnLg ljZjdf ljsf; ePsf] bf;Tj pGd"ng
cleofg g} d'Vo k|]/s /x]sf] lyof] . pgn] of] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] @ jif{ kl5 cyf{t ;g
!(@^ df tTsfnLg /fi6«;+3af6 bf;Tj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw hf/L ul/Psf] lyof]] .
rGb| zdz]/n] oL b'O{ 3f]if0ff ubf{;Dd afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf
ePsf] lyPg . a? pgn] o;sf nflu h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffaf6 hf/L d'n'sL P]gaf6 eg]
k|]/0ff lnPsf lyP .
o;} P]gaf6 lnPsf] k|]/0ff / ;dsfnLg ljZjdf ljsf; ePsf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
cfGbf]ngx¿af6 k|efljt ag]/ g} pgn] tTsfnLg ;dodf afnclwsf/sf nflu yf]/} eP
klg ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
7 sfˆn] dfof k|;fb, g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ / k|zf;g, k[i7 !@, sfˆn] k|sfzg, lj/f6gu/, sf7df08f} @)%&,
@)%*

sl/of df]rgdf afnclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{
sl/of df]rgsf] :kLrdf sl/ofsf jf sl/of aGg afWo afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ rGb|
zdz]/n] sf?l0fs ¿kdf lrq0f u/]sf 5g . pgn] sl/of dflnsx¿sf] dg kufNg]
cfzon] o:tf] lrq0f u/]sf x'g ;S5g . h] xf]; pgn] u/]sf] lrq0faf6 Psxb;Dd
tTsfnLg sl/of afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf emlNsg cfpF5 . h;sf s]xL pbfx/0f oxfF
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ æca PskN6 sl/ofx¿nfO{ ;DemL x]/, ;s] Tof] afns sfn}df las]sf] xf]nf,
afa'cfdfsf] cQf] kQf] To;nfO{ s]xL xf] cf]O{g, cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ Kof/f] u/L ltdLn]
lnP v]nfPsf] To;n] a8f] rfx ;Fu x]l//xFbf]xf], ltdL bofn' x'gfn] bof /fvL To;} ;Fu
kgL !÷@ ld7f] jrg jf]Nbf xf}, t/ sl/of dfyLsf] dflnssf] bof / afa' cfdfsf
5f]/f5f]/L pk/sf] :g]xdf km/s To;n] gb]lv/ xf]Og . d]/f kgL cfdf afa' x'Fbf x'g .
5Fb} lyPgg ls < lyP eg] sxfF xf]nfg < ;Fudf lsg 5}gg < egL Tof] dg dg} eGbf]
xf] . o;/L slnnf] a'l4sf] x'Fbf s'/fsf] cGt kfpg gzsL To;sf] dgdf cg]s t/xsf]
s'/f a/fa/ v]Ng yfNbf] xf] . dg e/Ë x'Fbf] xf] . x'Fbf x'Fbf cfkm" / c¿df /x]sf] km/s
;Demg zSg] Tof] x'g hfG5 . hlt pd]/ a9b} uof] plt Tof] ;dfh emg emg b[9 x'Fb} uO{
g otf, g ptf, sf}g] s'/fdf, g dflnssf] sfh sfddf g 5/l5d]sL;Fusf] Jojxf/df,
g cfnfd b'lgofF;Fusf] jf:tfdf, sxL+ st} To;sf] lrQ l:y/ /xg gzs]sf]n] Tof] ;a}
cGwsf/do b]Vg nfUb5 . o:tf t/xn] To;sf] jfNoj:yf ljQ5 ltdLx¿sf] h:tf]
afNofj:yf To;sf] ljt]sf] x'Fb}g . ltd|f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ ;Fu /xFbf ltgsf ;+;u{df hf] /;
j; ug{ kfof], lhGbuL e/sf] /; j; eGg' To;nfO{ TolQs} x'G5 . pd]/bf/ eP kl5 d
o:tf] kf] /x]5'+ eGg] 1fg To;nfO{ eO;Qm5 . 3/sf c? ;+kltsf] uGtLdf Tof] /x]sf]
x'gfn] To;sf lgDtL vr{ w]/} kg{ uO g'S;fg xf]nf egL vr{ s:gfdf kgL afFsL /x]sf]
x'Fb}g . ltdLx¿n] kgL cfˆgf hxfg aRrf kfNg} kg]{ x'gfn] To;f] gu/L lgjf{x klg
x'Fb}g .Æ-k[i7 ^_
@_ æcfˆgf] eGg' sf]xL s]xL gePsf] sl/ofsf dgsf] nx/df slQsf] km/s x'Fbf xf],
cfkm} ljrf/ u/= To;sf] d'v dlng geO{ /xf]; s;/L < hf]8fdf afFlwlbP 3/sf] dfof
ug]{ xf]nf egL of}6L sdf/L NofO{ hf]8L afFlwlbP kgL To;af6 hGd]sf 5f]/f5f]/L a]rL
kmfobf p7fpg] w"t{a'l4 dflnsn] /fv]sf x'gfn] lar/f] sl/ofnfO{ ;+tf]if w}o{ ldNg' TolQs}
x'G5 . d}n] u/]sf] sdfO{ d]/f] eGg d kfpFlbgF, c¿ s'/f k/} /xf];, hf]O{ 5f]/f5f]/L ;d]t
cfˆgf] egL /xg kfpg] d xf]OgF egL To;n] ghfg] ga'em]sf] x'Fb}g . dflnsnfO{ ufx|f]
;fx|f] k/]df sdf/f sdf/L a]Rg] sfd g} klxn] x'ghfG5= dflnsn] sl/ofsf] ;a} hxfg
kfNg gzs]df kgL klxn] ltg} a]lrg] x'G5g . To;/L hf]O{ ;Fu kf]O{ / cfdf;Fu 5f]/f5f]/L
/xg gkfpg] x'g uO{ aa'/fx¿sf] larNnL xf]OxfNb5 .Æ-k[i7&_

#_ æof}6f sdf/Lsf & 5f]/f5f]/L ePsf /x]5g . ltgdf ! 5f]/L / $ 5f]/f To;sf
dflnsn] cl3jf6} a]lr;s]sf] /x]5= kl5 km]/L dflnsn] b"w kgL g5f]8]sL sfvsL $
jif{sL 5f]/LnfO{ ;d]t ljqmL ul/lbg cfF6]5 / Tof] aa'/L sdf/Ln] dflnssf] kfp k/L xft
hf]/L /f]P s/fPsf]n] ;d]t s]xL x'g zs]g5 cflv/df lg/fz eO{ Tof] lgS;f/L c•fdf
ljlGtkq r9fpg cfO5 . hj/b:tL cfkm";Fu 5f]8fO{ cGoq a]lrPsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf]
ljnf}gfn] To;nfO{ d'6" 5]l8P hlQs} b'Mv eO/fv]sf] lyof] . æk'g:sf] sdfO / cfˆgf]
wd{ o:t} /x]5 egL w}o{ u/L cfkm";Fu /x]sf afnsx¿sf] d'v x]/L lrQ a'emfO /x]sL
lyPF clxn] b"w vfFb} /x]sf] sfvsf] $ jif{sf] afnsnfO{ kgL sQL bof g/fvL dflnsn]
ljqmL ul/lbg nfUbf lrQ yfDg zlsgFÆ eGg] a]xf]/fsf] To;sf] la+ltkq /x]5 . odb"tn]
kqmL n}hfg nfu]sf] Kof/f] afnsnfO{ 5f]8fpgfsf nfuL cfdfafa'n] O{Zj/;Fu k|fy{gf u/]
em}+ cfˆgf] xtf{ stf{ ljwftf:j¿k ePsf qm"/ sfn h:tf dflns;Fu /f]O{ s/fO{ kfp
kl/5 . s]xL ubf{ kgL 9'+uf h:tf] s7f]/ To;sf v;dsf] 5flt kUng gzsL ljqmL
vtd eOxfn]5= ljj]sxLg kz'nfO{ kgL emf]s p7g] ls;Ldsf] dflnssf] rfnn] ljlIfKt
h:tL x'g uO{ æ/fhf ;a}sf ;fhf afa' h:tf x'gÆ egL cfˆgf] dgsf] b'Mv kf]Vg cfPsL
/lx5= ;fwf/0f lsl;dsf] c¿ ph'/ h:tf] To;sf] ph'/ lyPg . v/Lb laqmL ug]{x¿nfO{
lng k7fO{ txlssft u/L x]bf{ To;n] eg]sf] s'/f / u/]sf] ph'/ ;a} ;fFrf] b]lvof] . Tof]
;fgf] afns k/+e§f u/L a]rlavg eO;s]sf] /x]5= æsdf/L ePtf kgL o:tL aa'/L cjnf
dfly s] ltdLnfO{ bof nfu]g < cfˆgf] sfvsf] afns ha/hl:t 5'6ofOlbP cyjf
cGt nuL a]lrlbP ltdLnfO{ / afnssf cfdfnfO{ s:tf] nfUbf] xf] < o:tf] lgb{oL sfd
u/]sf]df ;[li6stf{ k/d]Zj/sf d'Vof+hL ltdLx¿ s] hjfj b]cf}nf < of] rfn hxfF;Dd
/lx/xnf To;sf] bf]ifefuL xfdL ;a} x'g]5f}+ . To:tf] rfn To:tf] P]g yfld/fVgfn] b'MvL
cfdf afa' 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf lrQn] lbPsf] z/fksf] s]xL c+z xfdLn] kgL gAoxf]/L ;'v
kfOg]5}g . laqmL ePsf sl/ofsf xsjfnfn] P]g adf]lhdsf] df]n lt/] cdn]v x'g kfOg]
P]g adf]lhd oL a]lrPsf sl/ofx¿sf Ho"df k/]sf ¿k}ofF lt/L tL b'Mlvofx¿sf] xf8
rf]vf] ul/lbg] sfd eof] .Æ-k[i7 !& / !*_8
h'4 zdz]/ /f0ff
;dfh ;'wf/df k|of;/t /x]sf /f0ff zf;sx¿df rGb| zdz]/ kl5 h'4 zdz]/sf] gfd
cfpF5 . ;fdflhs s'/Lltlj?4 b]lvPsf h'4 zdz]/nfO{ afnljjfx dgk/]sf] lyPg .
k|rlnt s]xL cJoj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ub{} pgn] a|fXd0f afx]s cGo hfltdf ljjfx of]Uo
pd]/ s]6fsf] !* / s]6Lsf] !^ agfP . ;fy} pgn] u/]sf cGo ;'wf/x¿df o'jf–afnsdf
w"d|kfgsf] /f]s, h'jf–g;fdf k|ltaGw h:tf ;'wf/ klg pNn]Vo dfGg ;lsG5 .
8 rGb|;dz]/sf] !(*! ;fnsf] sl/of clen]v ug]{ æ:kLrÆ, ;fef/M sfg'g;DaGwL s]xL P]ltxfl;s
clen]vx¿, sfg'g ;xk|sfzg, sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)^#, www.
lawcommission.gov.np

klZrd g]kfnL kxf8sf tLy{:ynx¿df k|rlnt b]jbf;L ;/x b]jsLk|yf cl3 rGb|zdz]/n]
nufPsf] k|ltaGwsf] afah'b klg sfod} /x]sf]n] h'4n] o;dfly s8f lgu/fgL /fVb}
aGb]h nufP . o:tf b]jsL ePsf s]6Lx¿sf] ljjfx ul/g] Joj:yf e} pgLx¿nfO{ lbOg]
;/sf/L eQf /f]lsof] . o;af6 pQm ;fdflhs cgfrf/ xtf]T;fxL eof] . ;fy}, dg k/]sL
s]6LnfO{ ank"j{s anfTsf/ u/L kl5 dlGb/df nuL s/sfkn] ljjfx ug{] k|yfnfO{ klg
h'4n] x6fP . o:tf] ha/h:tL ul/g] ljjfx u}/sfg'gL 3f]lift ul/of] . o;/L /f0ffsfnLg
Oltxf;df ;dfh ;'wf/sf sfo{df rGb|zdz]/ kl5 h'4sf] :yfg dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .9
/fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x
/f0ffsfnLg ;dodf g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/sf] la:tf/df
aemfªL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x -lj=;+= !(#$–!((&_ sf] gfd cu|k+lQmdf g} cfpF5 .
pgn] k|yd g]kfnL k':ts …cIf/fÍÚn]v]/ lzIff ;a}sf nflu x'g'kg]{ / lzIff hLjgkof]uL /
Jojxfl/s x'g'k5{ egL ljrf/ / cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . ;fy} pgn] aemfªaf6
tLg k|sf/sf blnt dflg;nfO{ sf7df08f} NofO{ km/s km/s tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L
aemfª g} kmsf{O{ kmnfd, 5fnf / sk8f;DaGwL ;fgf sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf lyP . ;fy} cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] k':ts cIf/fÍ / l;nf]6 ljBfyL{sf nflu lgMz'Ns
ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . t/ /f0ff zf;ssf] sf]kefhgdf k/]kl5 pgn] ef/tsf]
a}+unf]/df a;L dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/sf] k|jw{g u/L ljZje/L k|;f/ ug{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] .
hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] cfkm"n] aemfªdf :yfkgf u/]sf] ;TojfbL :s"nsf k|wfgfWofksnfO{
n]v]sf] lrÝLx¿af6 pgL :s"nsf lzIfsx¿ u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ljsf;df cu'jf x'g'k5{
/ 5fqf5fqfnfO{ dfgjd"No l;sL cfˆgf] cfbt ;kfg{ d2t ug{'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVy]
eGg] b]lvG5 .10
z}lIfs ljsf; / afnclwsf/
h'4 zdz]/sf] kfnf -lj=;+=!(*(_b]lv kxf8, dw]z ;a}lt/ klAns :s"nx¿ vf]lnP .
;/sf/L ljQLo ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt oL :s"nx¿df lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns ul/of] . cfd
hgtfdf cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s"n k7fpg k|]l/t ul/of] . t/ klg ufpF3/df …5f]/LnfO{
k9fpg' xF'b}g / kb{}gÚ eGg] ;fdflhs wf/0ffsf sf/0f clehft juL{o yf]/} dfq
aflnsfx¿n] :s"n k9g] cj;/ kfPsf lyP . To;}u/L Tolta]nf aemfªsf ;dfh
;'wf/s /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] blnt afnaflnsfn] klg :s"n k9g kfpg] Joj:yf
u/]sf lyP . t/ c¿ hfltsf ;d'bfon] blntnfO{ :s"n leq k:g glbg] ePsfn] blnt
afnsx¿nfO{ :s"n aflx/} /fv]/ k9fOGYof] . o;/L blnt afnaflnsfn] k9g kfpg]
9 vqL k|]d / bfxfn k]zn, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;, k[i7 @)# / @)$, ;femf k|sfzg
sf7df08f}, @)%#
10 pxL k[i7 @)@

Joj:yf la/n} dfq lyof] . Tolta]nf ckjfbdf dfq blnt afnsn] :s"n k9g] cj;/
kfPsf lyP .
kß zdz]/sf] kfnf -lj=;+= @))@_ b]lv clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL df]xg zdz]/sf] kfnf
-lj=;= @))%_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf z}lIfs ljsf;n] /fd|} ult lng ;s]sf] kfOG5 . kß
zdz]/n] t ljZjljBfno g} vf]Ng] p2]Zocg';f/ …o"lgel;{6L Knflg+u sld;gÚ g} agfPsf
lyP . t/ pgL cfkm}F lgjf{l;t x'g k/]sfn] of] sfo{ k"/f x'g kfPg .11
/f0ff zf;gsf] pQ/fw{lt/sf /f0ff zf;sx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lzIff k|]dL / hg;]jL b]vfpgsf
nflu s]xL dfqfdf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; u/]tfklg To;af6 cfˆgf] x's'dL zf;gdf
bvn gcfcf]; eGg] rfxGy] . To;}n] z}lIfs ultljlwaf6 s'g} klg clwsf/sf ;jfn;Fu
;DalGwt hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; ug{ lbPgg . o:tf] r]tgfd"ns ultljlw ug{] s'g} ;+:yf
jf ljBfnodfly pgLx¿n] k|ltaGw g} nufP / clwsf/sf s'/f l;sfpg] lzIfs jf
;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / l;Sg] ljBfyL{ jf k|lzIffyL{ b'j}nfO{ b08 ;hfo g} u/] .
o;n] ubf{ @))& ;fn k"j{ afnaflnsfdWo] s]xL clehft ju{ / pkNnf] hftsf
afnsx¿n] Ps xb;Dd lzIff cfh{g ug{] cj;/ kfPtfklg ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf lglDt
afnclwsf/sf] dfGotf cg';f/ r]tgfsf] ljsf; / afnclwsf/sf ;du| kIfx¿sf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj;/ eg] kfpg ;s]sf lyPgg .
;Gbe{ ;|f]t M
!_ sfˆn], dfof k|;fb g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ / k|zf;g, sfˆn] k|sfzg, lj/f6gu/, sf7df08f}
@)%&, @)%*
@_ vqL k|]d / bfxfn k]zn, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;,;femf k|sfzg
sf7df08f}, @)%#
#_ lrGtg uf]kfn lzjfsf]6L, dfgjclwsf/,g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg,
;Dkfbg d]/L 8]z]g / k|To'if jGt, ;f];n ;fOG; axf, @))$
$_ rGb|;dz]/sf] !(*! ;fnsf] sl/of clen]v ug]{ æ:kLrÆ, ;fef/M sfg'g;DaGwL s]xL
P]ltxfl;s clen]vx¿, sfg'g ;xk|sfzg, sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f}, k|yd
;+:s/0f, @)^#, www.lawcommission.gov.np
%_ hol:ylt dNnåf/f lj=;+= !$#^ df hf/L Gofoljsfl;gL -dfgjGofozf:q_, C0fbfg
k|s/0f, sfg'g ;xk|sfzg, sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f} @)^%
^_ lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gaf6, ;fef/ d'n'sL P]g, !(!) k|sfzs sfg'g lstfa
11 vqL k|]d / bfxfn k]zn, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;, k[i7 !)&,!)* ;femf k|sfzg sf7df8f}+,
@)%#

Joj:yf ;ldlt, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f} @( h]i7 @)@@, www.lawcommission.
gov.np
&_ n'D;fnL Clif/fh, g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;]jfk|jfx / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, g]kfnsf]
:yfgLo zf;g, dL/]i6 g]kfn, @)^*
*_ ;tLk|yf lgoGq0f ug{] !($$ ;fnsf] Ol:txf/af6, sfg'g;DaGwL s]xL clen]vx¿,
sfg'g ;xk|sfzg, sfg'g Joj;foL Sna, sf7df08f}, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^#, www.
lawcommission.gov.np

aflnsf lzIffsf af/]df cfˆg} cg'ej
d]/f] hGd:yfg lj/f6gu/df @))%÷^ ;fnlt/ aflnsfnfO{ k9fpg] rng sd lyof]
/ aflnsfsf nflu 5'§} ljBfno lyPg . ;fy} sf]–Ph's]zgsf] kl/kf6L klg lyPg
Toltv]/ . To;}n] aflnsfx¿ ljBfno lzIffaf6 jl~rt g} lyP . ToxfFsf s]xL ;De|f-
Gt kl/jf/sf cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufnl:yt ljZjsjL
/aLGb|gfy 7fs'/åf/f :yflkt k|l;4 ljZjljBfno ljZjef/tLsf] zflGtlgs]tg cf>ddf
u'0ffTds lzIffsf] nflu k7fpg] uy]{ . Tolta]n} dnfO{ klg d]/f cfdf-a'afn] TolxF g} egf{
ul/lbg'ePsf] lyof] Ps sIffdf . ToxfF xfdL cf>dsf] aflnsf 5fqfjf; æ>L ;bgÆ df
a:Yof}+ . xfd|f] k9fO ljBfnosf] sIff sf]7fdf x}g ¿vd'lgsf] 5xf/Ldf x'g] uYof]{{ . xfd|f]
l;sfO sIff leqsf] u'?n] k9fpg' ePsf] lstfaL] k9fOsf;fy} sIff aflx/sf] ljleGg
lqmofsnfk, cEof; / k|of]usf] cfwf/df x'g] uYof]{ . h:t}, k'tnLsf] hLjgrqmsf af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpg xfdLnfO{ hËndf nu]/ em'l;lNs/f vf]Hg nufOGYof] . em'l;lNs/f nfjf{
aGb} s;/L k'tnLdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 eGg] s'/f xfdL To;sf] k|of]u tyf k/LIf0f u/]/ g}
yfxf kfpYof}+ . afNosfndf o;/L l;s]sf] l;sfO lhGbuLsf] l;sfO x'g k'Ug] /x]5 . Tof]
ljBfnosf] kl/kfl6df dlxgf / jif{ el/sf] d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] u|]8 P,
lj, ;L, l8 n] lbGYof] . To;}sf] cfwf/df k|f]df];g x'GYof], t/ k|fylds txsf klxnf] bf];|f]
t];|f] sIffdf s'g} kf; km]n eGg] lyPg, ;a}nfO{ k|df]6 ul/Gyf] . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOp-
knlAwsf] :t/ sfod /fVgdf u'?x¿ a9L lhDd]jf/ x'Gy] . kmn:j¿k ;a} afnaflnsf
ldx]gt uy]{ / ;a}sf] l;sfO cAan bhf{sf] x'GYof] . o:tf] ljlw ckgfpFbf k"j{ k|fylds
/ k|fylds txsf] lzIff / l;sfO u'0ffTds x'g] cg'ej u/]sf lyof}+ xfdLn]] .
xfdL s]xL aflnsfnfO{ zflGt lgs]tgdf egf{ u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 g} k|hftflGqs
cfGbf]ngsf cu'jf sf]O/fnf kl/jf/, lj/f6gu/sf cGo s]xL pRr txsf kl/jf/ /
d]/f cfdfa'afsf] k|of;df @))& ;fn lt/ lj/f6gu/df gf/L hfu[lt gfd lbP/ aflnsf
ljBfno :yfkgf ul/of] . o;} ljBfnonfO{ @)!! ;fndf cfbz{ aflnsf ljBfno gfd
/flvof] .
o; aflnsf ljBfnosf tkm{af6 lzIfs / :yfgLo ;dfh;]jLx¿ ;d]tn] 3/3/df uP/
5f]/Lx¿nfO{ k9fpg cfu|x u/]kl5 :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿n] cfˆgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno
k7fpg yfn]sf lyP .
o;/L lj/f6gu/df g} aflnsf ljBfno ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 dnfO{ d]/f a'afn]
afnclwsf/sf nflu ;dGjofTds cleofgsf] cfjZostf
g'k"/ e§frfo{

lj/f6gu/ g} Nofpg' eof] . d cfbz{ aflnsf ljBfnodf % sIffdf egf{ eP/ k9g
yfn] . kl5 ;f]xL ljBfnoaf6 @)!& ;fndf P;=Pn=;L= lbP/ jf]8{df bf];|f] :yfg /
aflnsfx¿df klxnf] :yfg kfpg ;kmn ePF . ;fy} d}n] ;f]xL ;fn aflnsf lzIffnfO{
k|f]T;fxg lbg ;'? ul/Psf] /Tg ljBf kbs kfpg] klxnf] aflnsf x'g] ;f}efUo klg kfPF .
lj/f6gu/af6 o;/L ;'? ul/Psf] aflnsf lzIffsf] cleofgn] la:tf/} ult ln+b} uof]
/ b]zsf cGo 7fpFx¿df klg aflnsfnfO{ k9fpg yflnof] . t/ cToGt sd dfq
cleefjsn] cfˆgf aflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k9g k7fpFy] . lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf …/fli6«o
lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfÚ nfu" ePotf eg] aflnsfnfO{ klg ljBfno k7fpg] kl/kf6Ldf
s]xL a[l4 x'g ;s]sf] lyof] .
afnoftgfsf] kl/kf6L / lg/fs/0fsf] pkfo
d}n] k9g] ;dolt/ zflGtlgs]tgsf] lzIf0f k4ltdf ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
;hfosf] :yfg lyPg . dfof ddtfsf] jftfj/0fdf lzIf0f l;sfO x'g] uYof]{ . slxn] klg
cg'zf;g sfod /fVg ljBfyL{nfO{ bf]if lbg] cyjf lhDd]jf/ agfO{ s'g} klg ;hfo lbg]
kl/kf6L lyPg, Tof]] cf>dsf] lgodlj?4 lyof] .
To:t} lj/f6gu/sf] cfbz{ aflnsf ljBfnodf klg ljBfyL{nfO{ s'6lk6 ug{ dgfxL
lyof], d]/f] ;Demgfdf Ps–b'O{ hgf afx]s c¿ lzIfsx¿n] ;hfo lbg'x'GgYof]] . t/
cg'zf;gsf] lgod s8f lyof] . xfd|f] x]8 ld;n] cGo lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ …ljBfyL{;Fu
a? cfwf 306f s'/f ug'{xf];, p;sf] ;d:of s] xf] a'‰g] sf]lz; ug'{xf]; / p;nfO{
;Demfpg'xf]; . p;n] uNtL u/]sf] eP lsg u¥of] kQf nufpg'xf]; . t/ s'6g] jf s'g}
;hfo lbg] Jojxf/ gug'{xf]nfÚ elg lgb]{zg lbg' x'GYof] .
oftgf glbOsg k7gkf7g u/fpg] Tof] cfbz{ kIf g]kfnsf cGo ljBfnox¿df nfu" x'g
;s]g . ljBfyL{nfO{ cg'zfl;t /fVg] gfpFdf ;hfo lbg] kl/kf6L ;a}lt/ JofKt /Xof] .
olta]nf klg afnaflnsfdfly x'g] of] b'Jo{jxf/ Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf ljBd-
fg /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfdL afnclwsf/sdL{x¿, ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿ of]
kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg, ljBfnosf ;fy} 3/df klg afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s ;hfo lbg] cEof; aGb ug]{ cleofgdf 5f}}+ . afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] ;hfo tyf afn b'Jo{jxf/n] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;df uDeL/ cf3ft
k'¥ofpF5 . of] ;/f;/ afnclwsf/sf] pNn+3g xf] .
;g @))^ df ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{;Fusf] sfo{sfndf, d}n] Pp6f ;~rf/ cleofg dfkm{t
of] ;jfn p7fPsL lyPF . o; ljifodf lzIff dGqfno;Fu k}/jL u/]/ o;sf] dfgj ;+;fwg
ljsf; s]Gb| -NCED_ ;Fu ;xsfo{ ub{}, o;;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ ;hfo
/lxt lzIf0f k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf -NoN Violent Teaching Teachers' Training Manual_
tyf lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdfu|L -Teachers' Resource Material_ sf] pTkfbg klg ul/of] .
o;/L NCED sf tkm{af6 ;hfo /lxt lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ lzIfs tflnddf ;dfj]z

ub}{ nluof] . h'g ljBfno÷lzIfsx¿n] Tof] tflnd kfP ToxfF kl/jt{gsf emnsx¿
b]lvG5g . ug{ w]/} afFsL 5, ;d:of cem} ljBdfg 5 .
To;sf/0f, clxn] ;]e b lrN8«]g;Fu km]l/ kxn u/]/ / lzIff dGqfno/NCED ;Fu ;xsfo{
ub{} clxn] ToxL ;hfo /lxt lzIf0f ljlwsf] lgb]{lzsfdf cfjZos kl/jt{g Nofpg, cem
;xeflutfd"ns lqmofsnfk yk]/ ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g -Positive Disciplinning_ df
gofF lgb]{lzsf agfpg] sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . t/ afnoftgfljxLg ;fdflhs
jftfj/0f agfpg ljBfno ;hfo/lxt eP/ dfq x'Fb}g, 3/ kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0f klg
;sf/fTds x'g h?/L x'G5 . afNosfnsf] x'sf{O /dfOnf], v'zLn] el/Psf], ;hfo /lxt
x'g;Sof] eg] lx+;f/lxt / zflGtlk|o ;dfhsf] ljsf;df d2t k'U5 . To;sf/0f, af-
naflnsfnfO{ ufnL gu/L, glk6L s'g} ;hfo glbO{ x'sf{pg] tl/sf af/] cfdfafa'nufot
cleefjsnfO{ l;sfpg klg plQs} h?/L 5 .
afnaflnsfsf nflu v]nsf] dxTj
v]n v]Ng] cj;/ kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . v]n ev{/ hGd]sf] lzz'b]lv lszf]/
pd]/;Ddsf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] nflu geO{gx'g] lqmofsnfk xf] . afnaflnsfsf] df-
gl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:y ljsf;sf;fy} dgf];fdflhs ljsf;, JolQmTj ljsf;, cfTdljZ-
jf;sf] ljsf;, 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{g, v]nx¿n] . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf
nflu k9fOsf;fy} v]ns'bdf plQs} k|fyldstfsf;fy ;l/s u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 .
v]n–dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], v]nnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 3/
kl/jf/, ljBfno xfdLsxFf sd} 5g . v]n] kl5 ufnL ug]{ cleefjs w]/} 5g . v]nsf]
dxTj af/] a'emfO :ki6 kfg{ cem} afFsL 5 / o;af/] r]tgf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
cfly{s cj:yfsf] lgx'Fn] v]naf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ jl~rt u/fpg' afnclwsf/sf] 7f8f]
pNn+3g xf] . To;}n] afnclwsf/sf] nflu sfd ug]{ xfdLn] of] cfjZostf af/] cleefjs
tyf ljBfnonfO{ hfu?s kfg{ h?/L 5 .
h'g afnaflnsf >ddf 5g, h;df ckfËtf 5, o:tf afnaflnsf v]n tyf dgf]/~hg
af6 jl~rt b]lvG5g . To;}n] pgLx¿sf nflu v]n tyf dgf]/~hgdf cj;/ lbg
xfdLn] k}/jL ug{ h?/L 5 .
ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ k|jw{gsf] sfd ubf{, dfG5]nfO{ ckfËtf eg]sf]
s] xf] eg]/ a'emfpgsf] nflu klg v]nx¿sf] dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] d ckfË afna-
flnsfnfO{ v]n v]nfpF5', h;df d]/f] afNosfnsf] v]n cg'ejn]] ;fy lbG5 .
ckfËtf kl/l:yltn] x'G5 . s'g} kl/l:yltdf s'g} cËsf] lqmofTds zlStsf] sdhf]/Ln]
ubf{ c¿ ;/x s'g} sfd ug{ ;lsGg eg] Tof] kl/l:yltdf dfq ckfËtf 5 egL a'emg'
h?/L 5 . c¿ ;do / kl/l:yltdf ckfËtf s]xL sfd ug{df afws gx'g ;S5 .
Tolta]nf ckfË eGg ldNb}g . s]xL v]nx¿sf] dfWodaf6 hfu?stf Nofpgsf nflu

klg ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yf / cfjZostfcg'¿k
v]nx¿ v]nfpg'kg{] x'G5 .
/]l8of] sfo{qmd xft]dfnf]sf] k[i7e"ld / e"ldsf
@)@# ;fndf /]l8of] g]kfnn] !$ c~rns} nf]suLt k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
lyof] . Tof] k|ltof]lutfdf d}n] k"jf{~rnsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ bf];|f] k'/:sf/ lhTg ;kmn
ePF . d]/f] ^ j6f ufgf /]s8{ eP/ /]l8of] g]kfnn] k|;f/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 d /]l8of] uflosf
aGg k'u]F . @)#) ;fndf d /]l8of] g]kfndf dlxnf sfo{qmd ;~rflnsfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm
ePF / dlxnfsf ;jfnx¿ /]l8of]af6 p7fpg yfn]F . ;fy} dlxnfsf] ljrf/ :jtGqtf
af/], lhDd]jf/L af/], afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pg] tl/sf af/] klg hfgsf/L lbg yflnof] .
Tolta]nf clwsf/sf] s'/f sf]xL ub}{gy], a8f] ljrf/k"j{s efiffsf] rog u/L dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf ;jfnx¿df s'/fx¿ p7fpg' kb{Yof] .
;g !(*! nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ckfËtf jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] ;Gbe{df o"lg;]kmn] g]kfndf
klxnf] k6s afn ckfËtfsf] kl/l:ylt af/]sf] /fli6«o cWoog ug]{ egL u7g u/]sf]
6f]nLdf dnfO{ klg ;+nUg u¥of] . Tolta]nf ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -8An'Prcf]_ n] xfd|f]
b]zdf !) k|ltzt ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf 5g eg]/ eg]sf] lyof] . cWoogsf] qmddf
ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf ;fdflhs e]befj, cfˆg} 3/df eP/ klg kl/ToQm x'g'k/]sf],
PSnf] kfl/Psf], afa'n] 5f]8]/ uPsf] cflbh:tf kL8fbfoL cj:yfdf /x]sf] e]l6of] .
To;}n] ;dfhdf pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] d'2f p7fpg pTk]l/t eP/ ;g !(*@ df ck-
fËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfntsf;fy} cfd afnaflnsfdf hfu/0f
/ r]tgf ljsf; u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]/ xft]dfnf] /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jft ul/of] . o;
sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu af;'b]j d'gfn, cz]if dNn, k'?iff]td ;fksf]6f, kf08j ;'g'jf/
/ dnufot cGo sltko snfsf/ tyf ;flxTosf/ ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfOPsf] lyof] .
xft]dfnf] sfo{qmdn] afn>f]tfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] vf]hL ug{,
pgLx¿k|ltsf] ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg, ljBfno egf{ u/fpg clek|]l/t
u/f];, ckfËtfsf] af/]df ;dfhdf ljBdfg unt wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;sf]; eGg]
p2]Zo lnP/ xfdLn] of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yfNof}F .
;g !(*(df ;+o'tm /fi6« ;+3n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t u/] kl5 xft]dfnf]
ljz]if1 ;d"x afnclwsf/sf] cleofgdf h'6of] . /]l8of] sfo{qmd, ;'gs];|f afn klqsf,
;8s gf6s cleofg, xft]dfnf] afn lyo6/ u|'ksf] u7g, afnSnax¿sf] :yfkgf /
;zQmLs/0f, kl/jf/b]lv /fi6«;Ddsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df r]tgf la:tf/ / st{Jo kf-
ngsf nflu Ifdtf j[l4, hgr]tgfd"ns ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg cflb Tolta]nfsf cleofg
ag]sf lyP .
Tolta]nf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf jf jo:ssf nflu s'g} klg k'g:yf{kgf ;]jfsf]
Joj:yf lyPg . Tof] cfjZostf x]/]/ ;d'bfo cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g]kf-

ndf d"t{¿k lbgsf nflu ;g !(*# df o"lg;]km;Fu ljz]if1sf] ;xof]u lnP/ ;g !(*%
df g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;d'bfo cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf kfOn6 kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft ul/of] .
afnclwsf/ cleofgdf b]lvPsf pknlAw / sdL kIf
pknlAwsf] s'/f ubf{ afnaflnsf, cleefjs, kl/jf/b]lv /fi6«sf] dflyNnf] tx;Dd af-
nclwsf/ af/] hfgsf/L kSs} klg km}lnPsf] 5 . xfdLn] ;g !(*$ df ;'? u/]sf]
afnSna clxn] nueu !%÷@) xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf k'u]sf 5g . ljBfnodf klg afnS-
nax¿ ag]sf 5g . afnSna;Fu cfa4 afnaflnsf ;zQm ag]sf 5g . oL Snax¿
afnclwsf/ xggsflj?4 ph'/L ug]{ ;zQm cleofgdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;+nUg 5g . s'g}
lzIfsn] afnaflnsfdfly b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] ph'/L k/] To:tf] lzIfsdfly sf/afxL klg x'g]
u5{, cr]n . o:tf kIfx¿nfO{ k|ToIf b]lvg] pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
t/ klg cfjZostfcg'¿k ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] eg] 5}g . b]zsf s'gfsfKrfdf uP/ x]g]{
xf] eg] cem}klg afnclwsf/sf ;fdfGo s'/fx¿af6 ;d]t afnaflnsf jl~rt /xg' k/]sf]
cj:yf kfpg ;lsG5 . k9g hfg] pd]/sf w]/} afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg kfPsf 5}gg,
ckfËtf ePsf efOalxgLx¿ ;aeGbf al9 jl~rt 5g lzIffsf] clwsf/af6 . lsgeg]
pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfnox¿n] egf{ lngg} dfGb}gg . egf{ eOxfn] klg ckfË cd}qL ef}lts
;+/rgf / ckfË afnaflnsf k|ltsf] gs/fTds b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/j]zdf pgLx¿ l6Sg}
;Sb}gg / :s'n 5f]l8xfN5g .
sltko afnaflnsf kl/jf/sf nflu k};f sdfpg afWo eP/ ljleGg lgs[i6 / hf]lvd-
k"0f{ sfdx¿ ug{ ljjz ag]sf 5g . o:tf afn>dsf] ;d:ofdf cem} ;dfwfg klxNofpg
afFsL g} 5 .
afn;+/If0fsf kIfx¿ cem} klg sdhf]/ 5g . afnaflnsf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;faf6
kLl8t 5g . x/fpg], ckxl/t x'g], a]lrg], anTs[t x'g] ;d:ofaf6 xfdLn] cem} xfd|f
afnaflnsfnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf hf]ufpg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ .
casf] cfjZostf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|To]s jo:s lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfdfly x'g]
;a} k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/, oftgf, lx+;f, lje]b, ckx]ngf tyf csfn d[To'af6 pgLx¿nfO{
hf]ufpg ;j{k|yd jo:sx¿df ;r]tgf, hfu/0f / ;zQmLs/0f ljsf;sf] cfjZostf
5 .
To:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ x]g]{ jo:sx¿sf] ;f]r, dfgl;stf, d"No dfGotf, b[li6sf]0f /
cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg cToGt h?/L 5 . To;}u/L clwsf/sf wf/s afnaflnsf
cfkm}FnfO{ kl/jt{gsf afxssf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf ;zQm agfO{ bl/nf];Fu kl/rfng
ug{'kg{] cfjZostf 5 .

afnclwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug{] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfx¿ lgs} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf
/x]sf 5g . t/ oL ;a}df cfk;L ;dGjo u/]/ sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;
eg] ck]lIft ¿kdf kfpg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] aLrdf,
h:t} dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno,
;~rf/ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cflbsf] aLrdf klg ;dGjosf] cefj 5 ;fy}
oL ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu u};;x¿sf] x'g'kg{] hlt cfjZos ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .
h;sf sf/0f sltko ug{} kg{] sfdx¿ x'g g;s]sf / sltkodf eg] bf]xf]/f]kg (Du-
plication) ePsf] klg kfpg ;lsG5 .
o:tf k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ tf]8]/ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;a} lgsfon] cfk;df ;dGjo /
;xsfo{ ug{] ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;a}n] cfk;df ldn]/
afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿sf d"n sf/0fx¿ vf]tNg h?/L 5 . ;dfhdf, JolQm–JolQmsf]
dfgl;stfdf tL u8]/ a;]sf sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L lgld6ofGg kfg'{ klxnf] sfd xf]
/ of] x/s'n]; 6fS; ;a}sf] ;dGjo a]u/ ;Dej x'Fb}g .
To;}n] d]/f] ljrf/df ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;xof]u, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/nfO{ ;f}xfb{tfk"j{s
kfngf ug{] :j:y k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ug{] xf] eg] afnclwsf/ axfnLsf] cleofg cem}
k|efjsf/L ¿kn] cufl8 a9g ;Sg] ck]Iff /fVg ;lsG5 .

æ9f]n, ujfF/, z"b| kz' gf/L .
;sn tf8g s] clwsf/L ..Æ1
/fdrl/tdfg;df pNn]lvt o; rf}kfOn] …ahfpg] 9f]n, d'v{, lxGb" j0ff{>d Joj:yf
cg';f/ slyt rf}yf] j0f{df /fvL tNnf] hftsf] ¿kdf dflgPsf >dhLjL z'b| hflt,
kz' tyf gf/L cyf{t dlxnfx¿nfO{ 76fpg} k5{ . oL 76fP kl5 dfq} tx nfU5gÚ
eGg] dfGotf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L t'N;Ls[t /fdfo0fsf] cof]Wofsf08df elgPsf]
5 M …eoljg' lk|ltgxf]O{Ú . h;sf] cy{ x'G5 8/ / ;hfolagf ;kmntf ldNb}g . To:t}
dg':d[ltdf >LdtL, 5f]/f / bf;n] la/fPdf afF; cyjf 8f]/Ln] lk6g' kg]{ t/ z/L/sf]
k5fl8 efudf dfq eGg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . lxGb" u|Gycg';f/ afnaflnsfnfO{ % jif{sf]
pd]/;Dd dfof ug'{kg]{ / % b]lv !^ jif{;Dd afnaflnsf lzlIft x'g] ;do ePsf] x'Fbf
o; pd]/ ;d"xleq s'6lk6, b08 ;hfo lbg' /fd|f] dflgG5 .
o;/L xfd|f wd{ zf:q / ;+:sf/x¿n] slyt tNnf] hflt -z"b|_, tNnf] ju{ -ujfF/_ /
dlxnfnfO{ 9f]n jf kz's} txdf /fvL Zff/Ll/s b08 ;hfoaf6 cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg
;lsG5 eg]sf] 5 eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]/ dfq tx nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf
/fv]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/df x'ls{Psf] xfd|f] ;dfhn] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfonfO{
;fdfGo 7fGg' s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og . cfˆgf afa'cfdf, cleefjs, u'?÷u'?cfdfaf6
ufnL, zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo kfpFb} x'ls{Psf xfd|f cleefjs tyf lzIfsn] afnaflnsfnfO{
s'6lk6 ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;xh ¿kn] lng' ;fdfGo s'/f dfGg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;lbof}+b]lv 8/
qf; ufnL, s'6lk6 u/]/ cyjf eo l;h{gf ubf{ sf]xL JolQm unt sfd ug{ 8/fpF5 jf
unt sfdaf6 /fd|f] sfddf kmls{G5 eg] To;nfO{ cGoyf lng' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /xFb}
cfPsf] 5 . s}of}+ kL8sx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s'6lk6 jf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfonfO{ ;xL
;flat ug{ oxL dfGotfsf] b'xfO;d]t lbg] u/]sf 5g .
dfgj ;Eotf ljsf; x'Fb} cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd cfpg] qmddf lxhf]sf s}of}+ dfGotfx¿
ablnb} cfPsf 5g . lxhf] 7Ls nfu]sf s}of}+ ;f]rx¿ cfhsf] kl/j]zdf ul/Psf
cWoog, ljZn]if0faf6 unt ;flat ePsf 5g . To:t} ;f]rx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfo . jf:tjdf eo / qf; l;h{gf u/]/ dfq s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ unt af6f]df
nfUgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 jf c;n af6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] unt k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf]
5 . JolQmnfO{ p;leq /x]sf /fd|f kIfx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/]/, ltgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/, unt
af6f]df nfUgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu k9fOdf Wofg glbg] afnaflnsfnfO{
1 /fdrl/tdfg;, ;'Gb/sf08, %*.#
afnaflnsfsf] Zff/Ll/s b08 ;hfolj?4sf] clwsf/
;/f]h s]=;L

Ps yKk8 ufnfdf r8sfP/ k9g afWo kfg'{sf] ;f6f] ;Lko'Qm lzIf0f l;sfOsf] k|lqmofaf6
p;nfO{ k9f}+ k9f}+ nfUg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu pm lsg k9fOk|lt
Wofg lbO/x]sf] 5}g eGg] tkm{ cWoog ug{'k5{ . To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg ;Sg' kb{5
/ To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 . gsf/fTds eGbf ;sf/fTds kxn / k|of;af6 k9fOdf
Wofg tfGg ;s]sf] v08df g} Tof] k|efjsf/L x'G5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ l;Sgsf
nflu pTk|]/0ff hufP/, ;xh jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/, pko'Qm lsl;dsf lqmofsnfk, ;Lk
tyf ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/]/ u/]sf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf ufnLunf}h, nf7Lsf] k|of]unufot cGo
k|sf/sf] b08 ;hfosf] s'g} u'~hfo; /xFb}g .
cfw'lgs ljZjdf afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] b08 ;hfo unt xf] / o;nfO{ lgif]w ug'{kb{5
eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;}n] afnaflnsfsf ;a}
lsl;dsf clwsf/x¿ lbnfpg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 ;g !(*( df kfl/t ePsf]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf klg afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] b08 ;hfolj?4sf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f !( n] x/]s k|sf/sf lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/af6
;+/If0f kfpg] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf af/]df k|i6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*% sf] wf/f @ cg';f/ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s oftgflj?4sf] clwsf/ ePsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ;ldltsf cg';f/ zf/Ll/s an k|of]u u/L s]xL xb;Ddsf]
b'MvfO dx;'; u/fpg jf b'Mv lbg lbOg] ;hfonfO{ zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo elgG5 .
g]kfndf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf ;DaGwdf ljutdf lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'gx¿n] zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfonfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . t/ kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfP/ cyf{t
;g @))% b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfolj?4sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{
cfTdf;ft ub}{ ljBdfg sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{, cfjZos gLlt lgodx¿sf ;fy} of]hgf;d]t
lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 .
zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sfnflu b08 ;hfo lbFbf cleefjs tyf lzIfs lhDd]jf/ g/xg]
Joj:yf d'n'sL P]gsf] kl/R5]b ( sf] wf/f $ df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* sf] wf/f & cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfdfafa',
cleefjs, lzIfsn] ;fdfGo s'6lk6 tyf ufnLunf}h ug{ kfOg] s'/f Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . t/ …;fdfGoÚ sf] JofVof af/] cGof}n lyof] . /fhwfgLsf] Ps ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf]
s'6lk6 u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ glh/ agfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nolj?4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l;leS6n] h'g !^, @))$ df l/6 bfo/ u¥of] . ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ;g @))% df ul/Psf] pQm l/6sf] km};nfdf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] wf/f
& sf] Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h ug'{kg]{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

t/ ljut @% jif{nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfonfO{ ljBfno jf 3/df ;fdfGo
¿kdf g} lnPsf] kfOof] . l;leS6n] @))# df u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ ;fd'bflos
ljBfnoeGbf lghL ljBfnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] a9L k|of]u ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
sf7df08f}sf ljBfnodf ul/Psf] ;f] cWoogdf k|fylds txdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf b08
;hfo t/ dfWolds txdf dfgl;s ¿kdf ;hfo a9L lbg] ul/Psf] kfOof] . zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfosf ;fy} lzIfsn] ufnLunf}h / df}lvs ¿kdf b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .
cWoogdf w]/} afnaflnsfn] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo kl5 cfTdxTof ;d]t u/]sf] kfOof] .
To;}u/L xft]dfnf] ;~rf/n] ;g @))$ df u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ clwsf+z lzIfsn]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] ljsNk gePsf] ljZjf;
ub{5g . Knfg g]kfnn] @)!! Dff & j6f lhNnfdf u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ #(=#$
k|ltzt afnaflnsfn] lzIfsaf6 zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo kfPsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
sfg'g÷gLlt Joj:yf ÷k|fjwfg
d'n'sL P]g, kl/R5]b (
sf] wf/f $ !*%$
lzIffsf nflu cleefjs jf lzIfsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ rf]6
k'¥ofP lhDd]jf/ gdflgg]
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g,
!((@
Wff/f &
afnaflnsfsf] lxtsf nflu cfdf, a'af, kl/jf/sf ;b:o,
cleefjs, lzIfsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnLunf}h, ;fdfGo
s'6lk6 ug{ kfpg]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
cfb]z, @))%
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] wf/f & df ;fdfGo s'6lk6
eGg] Joj:yfaf/] k|i6 5}g . zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] s'g}
klg r/0f dfGo x'Fb}g . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] wf/f &
c;+j}wflgs ePsf]n] ;f] wf/fnfO{ vf/]h ug'{kg]{ . zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfo cGTo ug{ cfjZos sfg'g agfpg] .
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/
of]hgf @))( b]lv
@)!%
ljBfno jf lzIfsn] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbPsf] kfPdf
cg'zf;gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsg] . lzIfssf] u|]8 /f]Sg
;lsg] jf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;f] lzIfsnfO{
r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg] .
eo/lxt l;sfO @)!) ;a} k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo aGb x'g'k5{ . lzIff
ljefun] cg'udg ug]{5 .
ljBfno zflGt If]q,
@)!!
Zff/Ll/s b08 ;hfolagf lzIf0f l;sfO x'g'kg]{ .
afnd}qL ljBfno;DaGwL
/fli6«o k|f¿k @)!!
;a} k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s b08 ;hfo k|ltalGwt
ug'{kg]{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f ug{ lgoldt
k|of; ug]{ .

dfgjclwsf/ jfrn] @)!! Dff u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffdf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo klg afws /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogdf ckfËtf
ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/ tyf ljBfnoaf6 zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 .
g]kfndf ;du| ¿kdf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] olsg tYofÍ geP klg o'lg;]kmn] @)!)
df dWoklZrd / ;'b'/ klZrd If]qdf u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ @ b]lv !@ jif{ ;d"xsf *#
k|ltzt afnaflnsfdf cg'zf;gsf] gfddf lx+;fTds Jojxf/ ePsf] kfOof] .
g]kfndf #$ xhf/ ;fd'bflos ljBfno / *%)) eGbf a9L lghL ljBfno 5g . olb
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf x/]s lbg ! hgfn] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo kfpF5 eg] x/]s lbg
#$,))) afnaflnsfdfly b08 ;hfo x'G5 . lghL ljBfno klg hf]8g] xf] eg] x/]s
lbg $@,%)) afnaflnsfdfly zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s b08 ;hfo x'G5 . oWolk zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfolj?4 ;r]tgf s]xL jif{ cl3 dfq ;'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 . zf/Ll/s b08
;hfosf] ljsNk ;sf/fTds cg'zf;gaf/] s]xL jif{ cl3 dfq} ax; yfngL eO{ s]xL
kf]v/fdf Ps ul0ft lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ zf}rfnodf nflu lha|f]n] lbzf 5'g] ;hfo
lbP . of] ;hfosf] sf/0f tL afnaflnsfn] ;f]lwPsf] ul0ftsf] u'0fg tflnsf eGg
g;Sg' lyof] .
bz jifL{of aflnsfn] k|wfgfWofkssf] kmnkm"n rf]/]sf] cf/f]kdf pgnfO{ pN6f]
em'08fOof] . tL aflnsf ToxL sf/0fn] k9fO 5fl8g . pgdf kl5 dfgl;s ;d:of
klg b]vf k¥of] .
;g @)!$ kfNkfdf u[xsfo{ gu/]sf] egL Ps afnsnfO{ lg3f{t s'6lk6 ubf{ tL
afnssf] cfFvf ;'lGgPsf] lyof] .
sfkL gNofPsf] egL Onfdsf] Ps ljBfnodf lzIfsn] s'6lk6 ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] 9f8df
lgn8fd ePsf] lyof] . tL afnsnfO{ 3fOt] cj:yfdf c:ktfn k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] .
lj/f6gu/sf] Ps ljBfnodf g]kfnL k9fpg] lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg
g;Sbf b'O{ hgf 5fqfnfO{ leQfdf 7f]SsfOof] . pkrf/sf nflu pgnfO{ s]xL lbg
c:ktfndf egf{ ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .
nlntk'/l:yt Ps ljBfnosf] lzz' sIffdf cWoog/t % jifL{of aflnsfn] …wfkfv]n…
zAbsf] lxHh] ;xL n]Vg g;s]sf]n] lzIfsn] pgsf] sfg tfg] . kl/0ffd:j¿k
aflnsfsf] sfgsf] zNolqmof u/fpg' k/]sf] lyof] .
— ;|f]tM ;~rf/ dfWod, ljleGg /fli6«o kqklqsf

ljBfnodf cEof; ul/Fb} cfOPsf] 5 .
lzIff dGqfno, ljefu tyf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;dGjodf @))* b]lv ljBfnodf x'g]
lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . ut @)!$ b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleGg ;+3
;+:yfx¿sf] k|of;df zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfonfO{ cGTo ug{sf nflu cleofg ;~rfng
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ljBfyL{ egf{ b/ / lgoldt x'g] b/df w]/} leGgtf 5 . zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf
sf/0f w]/} ljBfyL{n] ljBfno 5f]8]sf] tYo klg 5 . Knfg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] @))* df
u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ !$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf lzIfssf] 8/sf sf/0f ljBfno 5f85g .
Knfg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] g} @)!! Dff u/]sf] cWoogdf s'n ljBfno 5f8]sf dWo]
%=#$ k|ltztn] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf sf/0f k9fO 5f]8]sf] s'/f kfOPsf] 5 .
zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g . ljleGg ljBfnox¿df ul/Psf]
cEof;df zf}rfnodf y'lglbg], yKk8 xfGg], nft xfGg], sfg tfGg], skfn tfGg], s'g}
j:t'n] lxsf{pg], s'v'/f agfpg], sfg ;dft]/ p7 a; u/fpg], ckdflgt ug]{, nlHht
agfpg] h:tf zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s lsl;dsf b08 ;hfox¿ a9L k|of]u ePsf]
kfOG5 . sltko ;hfo zf/Ll/s ;Fu} dfgl;s klg x'G5g . ;]e lb lrN8«gn] @))$ df
k|sfzg u/]sf] ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g ljlwdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ dgf]j}1flgs jf dfgl;s
¿kdf lbOg] ;hfo zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo h:t} jf of] eGbf a9L kL8fbfoL x'g ;S5 .
zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfon] afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zfl;t xf]Og lx+;fnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . pgLx¿sf]
ljsf; xf]Og, s'ntdf km:g ;Sg] hf]lvd /xG5 . Toltdfq xf]Og Tof] afns jo:s
ePkl5 klg cfˆgf tyf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/qf; tyf zf/Ll/s b08;hfo lbP/
dfq /fd|f] af6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] 5fk kg]{ ub{5 . h'g Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tf
ub}{ nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/ /xg ;S5 . >L dxGt uf]ljGbbf;hL n] @))# df lb lxGb"
klqsfdf eg] cg';f/ olb s'g} afnaflnsfn] hlt ulNt u/] klg clGtd ¿kdf ;hfo
zf/Ll/s b08 x'G5 eg] nfUof] eg], pm dfgl;s ¿kdf ;hfo ef]Ug tof/ eP/ a:5 .
h'g ;dfwfg x}g .
lgisif{df afnaflnsflj?4 ul/g] zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . ljBfnodf
dfq x}g 3/ nufot h'g;'s} :yfgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg'
afnclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g xf] . afnaflnsfnfO{ unt af6f] lx8gaf6 /f]sL c;n
af6f]df lx8fpg ;sf/fTds cg'zf;gsf] cEof; ul/g' kb{5 . eo, qf; zf/Ll/s
b08 ;hfosf] ljsNkx¿nfO{ k|jw{g ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf gofF tyf
k|efjsf/L ljlwx¿sf] cEof; ul/g' kb{5 . olb /fHoaf6 klxrfg ul/Psf] afnd}qL
ljBfno tyf afnd}qL 3/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]sf] v08df eod'Qm tyf
b08ljxLg jftfj/0fdf pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ / l;sfO clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1. Bhattarai, A and Yadav, P Kumar. (2012): We can … without corpo-
ral punishment. Retrieved from 2.https://neltachoutari.wordpress.
com/2012/07/01/we-can-without-corporal-punishment/ on Sep6, 2015
3. Committee Against Torture (CAT) (1984): Convention Against Torture. UN.
4. Committee of the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989): Convention on the Rights
of the Child.
5. CVICT/ UNICEF. (2004) Violence against children in Nepal. A Study of the
System of School Disciplinein Nepal. http://www.unicef.org/nepal/Voilence_
Against_Children_series_2.pdf. Published 2004.
6. GlobalInitiativetoEndAllCorporalPunishmentofChildren(2014):Corporal
Punishment of Children in Nepal. Report. www.endcorporalpunishment.
org/pages/pdfs/SchoolsBriefing.pdf (5.12.2014)
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Prohibiting Corporal Punishment in Schools: Positive responses to Common
Arguments.
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Corporal Punishment of children in Nepal: retrieved from http://www.
endcorporalpunishment.org/assets/pdfs/states-reports/Nepal.pdf (Sep 6,
2015)
9. Government of Nepal (1854): MulukiAin.
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11. Government of Nepal (2002): Education Rule.
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16. Government of Nepal (2011): School as a Zone of Peace.
17. Hatemalo Sanchar/Save the Children Norway., 2003, Corporal Punishment in
School. Kathmandu
18. Plan International, (2008), Learn without fear: The global campaign to end
violence in schools.
19. Human Rights Watch (2011), Futures Stolen: Barriers to Education for Chil-
dren with Disabilities in Nepal http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/re-
ports/nepal0811ForWebUpload.pdf (17.11.2014)
11. Mishra, N., Thakur, K.K., Koirala, R., Shrestha, D. Poudel, R. and Jha, R
(2010): Corporal Punishment in Nepalese School Children: Facts, Legalities
and Implications. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, Vol. 30, No. 2.
12. Tulasidaskrit, shri Ramcharitmanasa (English) p.820, Gitapress , Gorakhpur
13.UNICEF, (2012), Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010.

g]kfndf afnclwsf/ 153
afn;+/If0f

afn;+/If0fdf lqmofzLn x'Fbfsf s]xL cg'ej / ;f]rx¿
rlGb|sf vltj8f
s]xL cg'ejsf s'/f
g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( nfO{ ;g !(() sf] ;]K6]Da/ !$
tfl/vdf cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g} afnaflnsfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ afnclwsf/;DaGwL
sfdsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] xf] . afnclwsf/ cleofgdf d]/f] ;+nUgtf klg ToxL ;dob]lv
g} ePsf] xf]] . g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{'eGbf klxn]
afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} / PsLs[t P]g g} lyPg . To;}tfsf sltko afnclwsf/sdL{x¿af6
afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} P]g aGg'kb{5 egL ;zQm cfjfh p7]kl5 afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g,
@)$* cfPsf] xf] .
afnclwsf/ cleofgdf ;+nUg x'Fbfsf b'O{j6f 36gfx¿ d oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' .
Pp6f xf] ;g !((# df cfof]hgf ePsf] ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«o
;Dd]ng;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf . afnsNof0f ;dfhn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;8sdf cfl>t
afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngnfO{ o"lg;]kmnufot cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf
lgsfox¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . ;Dd]ngsf] 7Ls cufl8 afnaflnsfn] cf>o lnPsf
g]kfnsf ;a} ;x/x¿df 6f]nL k7fP/ afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm
cWoogdf d klg ;+nUg lyPF . To;} ;Dd]ngdf cfˆgf] ;+nUgtfsf sf/0faf6 g} d}n]
;8sdf cfl>t eP/ hLjg latfO/x]sf afnaflnsfsf] glhsdf k'u]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/
kfPF .
d}n] afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ afnsNof0f ;dfhsf >L ls/0f bQ ltjf/L / d]/f
cfˆg} bfh'af6 k|]/0ff kfPsf] lyPF .
;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cjlwdf g} xfdL cfof]hsdWo]sf s]xL
;fyLx¿ afnaflnsfn] ;8sdf ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{] p2]Zon] Ps /ft
;8sdf ;'Tg] lgwf] ul/of] . of]hgfcg';f/ @)%! ;fn c;f]h !@ ut]sf lbg xfdL
%^ hgf cnu–cnu 6f]nL agfP/ kz'klt, 7d]n, b/jf/dfu{, hfjnfv]n, sflndf6L
cflb 7fpFdf afFl8P/ ;'Tg uof}+ . ;'Tgsf] nflu s'g} aGbf]a:tL ul/Psf] lyPg / Ps;/f]
nufPsf] n'ufdf g} xfdL ;8sdf uPsf lyof}+ . o;f] ug{'sf] p2]Zo ;8sdf cfl>t
afnaflnsfsf ef]ufOnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf cg'ej ug{' lyof] . o; qmddf xfdLn] pgLx¿n]
;fdgf ul//x]sf sl7gfOx¿sf af/]df / dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿k|lt /fVg] b[li6sf]0fsf
af/]df klg ;'Id ¿kn] cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ kfof}+ . o;/L ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf
af/]df tYok/s hfgsf/L lnO;s] kl5 clg /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;lsPkl5 afnsNof0f
;dfhsf] tkm{af6 sf7df08f}sf] ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf nflu lbjf s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf

…afn–s]Gb|Ú sf] ;'¿jft ul/Psf] lyof] h'g xfn;Dd g} lg/Gt/ /x]sf] 5 .
bf]>f] 36gf eg]sf] g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 ;g
!((@ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg k7fpg'kg]{ bfloTj cGtu{tsf] -x/]s /fi6«n] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf]
b'O{ jif{leq k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kb{5_ sfo{df d]/f] ;+nUgtf . To;a]nf xfnsf]
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno :yfkgf ePsf] g} lyPg -:d/0f /xf];
of] dGqfno @)%@ ;fn c;f]h ^ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf]_ . pQm k|ltj]bgsf] k|f/lDes
d:of}bf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] tkm{af6 tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk ;g !((% df
dfq g]kfnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf k7fpg ;Sof] .
pQm d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn ug{ OGx'/]8 OG6/Gof:gnnufot ;+:yfx¿sf] tkm{af6 Ps
/fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . To; sfo{zfnfsf nflu ljleGg ;~rf/sf
dfWodaf6 ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L b]ze/af6 afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf]
;xeflutf cfJxfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{zfnfdf cfpFbf afnclwsf/sf
nflu ;~rflnt ultljlwx¿ Pj+ cfˆgf] sfo{If]qdf afnclwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ tyf clwsf/
xgg;DaGwL hfgsf/L lnP/ cfpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf b]ze/af6 #%)
eGbf a9L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] eg] k|foM ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] afnclwsf/sf]
l:ylt emNsg] ljj/0f Nofpg'ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 pQm d:of}bfdf sfo{zfnfdf k|fKt
ePsf tyf sfo{zfnfn] ;'emfPsf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L ;dfj]z u/L clGtd ¿k lbgsf nflu
Pp6f l6d agfP/ cufl8 a9g g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xdt eof] . ;fy}, ;f]xL e]nfn] afnclwsf/
k|ltj]bgsf] k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ ;3fpg afnclwsf/df lqmofzLn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xsfo{–
;~hfnsf] ¿kdf afnclwsf/ ko{j]If0f g]kfn -xfn of] ;+:yf cl:tTjdf 5}g_ u7g
ul/of] . o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] s]xL cjlwkl5 d To;sf] sfo{qmd ;+of]hssf ¿kdf
sfo{/t x'g k'u]F . /, g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd:j ?k
lbg agfOPsf] ;ldltdf ko{j]Ifs ;b:osf ¿kdf ;fd]n ePF .
To;/L g} ;f]xL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf afnaflnsfsf ljrf/ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 eGg]
;f]rsf ;fy /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] cjlwdf g} ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] sfo{zfnf
klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . afnaflnsfsf] sfo{zfnfdf ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsf,
ljleGg >dIf]qdf >ldssf ¿kdf sfd ug{] afnaflnsf, r]kfªnufot ljleGg hghfltsf
afnaflnsf tyf a'9flgns07 / cGo ljBfnodf cWoog/t ;d]t u/L @* hgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof]] . To;df !@ b]lv !& jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !) hgf
aflnsf / !* hgf afnsx¿ lyP . g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg -:6fkm sn]h_
df cfof]lht # lbj;Lo afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«o e]nf ;lsPkl5 xfdLn] afnaflnsfnfO{
pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf uP/ …afnaflnsfn] s]–s] xsclwsf/ kfPsf 5g / s]–s] kfPsf
5}ggÚ Tof] ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ eGof}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿aLr
5nkmn ug{, afnSna jf ;d"x 5 eg] ToxfF 5nkmn ug{, afa'cfdf / lzIfs tyf

cu|hx¿;Fu o;af/]df ;f]Wg elgof] . o;sf] ;fy} cfkm"n] slthgf jo:s tyf slthgf
afnaflnsf;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/of] To;sf] ljj/0f b"¿:t /fVg klg elgof] . To;/L g}
k|To]s afns jf aflnsfnfO{ Ps Psj6f l8:kf]h]an Sofd/f lbP/ afnclwsf/sf]
k|Tofe"lt ePsf jf afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf cj:yfsf] t:jL/ lvRg ;d]t elgof] . /,
pgLx¿nfO{ ;Dd]ngs} cjlwdf b'O{–tLg lbgsf] kmf]6f]u|fkmL;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd klg
lbOPsf] lyof]] . tL afn–;xefuLx¿nfO{ oL ;a} sfdx¿ u/]/ Pshgf csf]{ ;fyL;d]t
lnP/ tLg dlxgf kl5 cfpg elgof] . tLg dlxgfkl5 %^ hgf afnaflnsf;Fu Jofks
5nkmn u/L d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdfly afnaflnsfsf] ;'emfj lnOof] . oL ;a} k|lqmofdf d}n]
Pshgf ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] lyPF . afnaflnsf;Fu o;/L k|lqmof;Ddt ¿kdf
;DkGg ul/Psf sfdx¿af6 xfdLn] klg w]/} s'/fx¿ l;Sg] df}sf kfPsf lyof}+ .
k|fKt s]xL pknlAwx¿
xfdL gful/sx¿ w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] s]xL u/]g, ;+3–;+:yfn] s]xL u/]gg
eg]/ gsf/fTds l6sfl6Kk0fL ub{5f}+. ;g !!() b]lv clxn];Ddafnaflnsf / lzz'
d[To' b/, dft[ d[To' b/, :s"n egf{ b/ slt lyof] / slt 5 eg]/ tYofÍnfO{ x]g]{ xf]
eg] afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf w]/} ;sf/fTds pknlAwx¿ ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . /fli6«o
tYofÍcg';f/ clxn] afnaflnsfsf] s"n egf{b/ (^=@ k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . hals
xfdLn] ;g !(($ lt/ afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ubf{ egf{b/ %* k|ltzt dfq lyof] .
o;af6 cleefjsx¿df cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpg'kb{5 eGg] hfu¿stf lgs} a9]sf]
cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfg'g tyf gLltut kIfdf x]g]{ xf] eg] klg k|ult ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
s]xLjif{ cufl8 Ps} jif{df (% hgf afnaflnsf ckx/0fdf k/]sf lyP . To;kl5 d'n'sL
P]g, @)@) df ckx/0f;DaGwL Pp6f 5'§} dxn yk u/L afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0fnfO{
uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lnO{ !& jif{ s}}bsf] Joj:yf;lxt sfg'g aGof] . of] nueu
tLg dlxgfleq ag]sf] sfg'g lyof] . To;otf afnaflnsf ckx/0fsf 36gfx¿ ljutsf
t'ngfdf lgs} sd ePsf5g . afn:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ eP/ afnd[To' b/df lgs} sdL
cfPsf] 5 . afnclwsf/sf af/]df cleefjsx¿df ;r]tgtf a9]sf] 5 . 5f]/f / 5f]/Ldf
e]befj ug'{x'Gg eGg] ;f]r ljsf; ePsf] 5 t/ Jojxf/df e]befjsf b[i6fGt cem}
kfOG5g g} .
;'wf/ ug{'kg{] s]xL kIfx¿
g]kfnL ;dfhdf sltko ljs[lt / gsf/fTds s'/fx¿ cem} klg ljBdfg b]lvG5g .
afn;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfdfly ljutdf gb]lvPsf], g;'lgPsf,
gef]luPsf] ;+/If0fsf] hl6n vfn]] ;d:of klg ;[hgf ePsf 5g . h:t} …;fOa/
qmfOdÚnfO{ Pp6f pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . afn;+/If0fdf sNkgf gu/]sf] d'2f cfpFbf
ltgnfO{ t'¿Gt gLltut ¿kdf, sfo{qmdut ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 / ul/+b}

cfPsf] klg 5 . sltko ;Gbe{df afa'cfdf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg sfuhL¿kdf
afa'cfdfljxLg agfP/ cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf /fVg] jf cGt/b]zLo wd{k''q jf wd{k'qL agfP/
k7fpg] ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . sltko b"u{d lhNnfsf afa' cfdf jf cleefjsn] g}
cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] /fd|f] lzIffbLIff kfpF5g eg]/ k};f lt/Llt/L pgLx¿nfO{ cfjf;Lo
afnu[xdf k7fPsf 36gf klg aflx/ cfPsf 5g . To;/L cfpgsf nflu :yfgLo txsf
lgsfon] cGwfw'Gw¿kdf …afa'cfdfljxLgÚ eg]/ k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 afnaflnsf sfuhL¿kdf
afa'cfdfljxLg x'g k'Ub5g . o;/L afa'cfdf xF'bfxF'b} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ afa'cfdf jf
kl/jf/ljxLg agfOg] h:tf ljs[lt cem} klg lg/Gt/ /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ljB'tLo
;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u gx'Fbf klg sltko afnaflnsf ;+/If0fsf] hf]lvddf
k'u]sf 5g . afnlajfxsf] ;DaGwdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;g @)!@ df Knfg g]kfn tyf ;]e
b lrN8«]gnufotsf ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf] Ps cWoogcg';f/ ljB'tLo ;~rf/, df]jfOn tyf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg afnljjfx a9g k'u]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
sltko :s"n] ljBfyL{x¿df ;d]t b]lvg] of}g–:j5Gbtf, :j}lIfs afnljjfx, slnn} pd]/df
x'g] k|hggsf sf/0f dft[lzz'df b]lvg] :jf:Yo ;d:of, ckx/0f / of}glx+;fdf klg
;~rf/sf] b'¿kof]u ;xof]uL cf}hf/ aGg k'u]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf+z ljjflxt hf]8Lx¿dWo]
s'g} Ps jf b'j} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf sf/0f klg ltgsf afnaflnsfdf cleefjsLo
x]/rfx, ;+/IfsTj / ;+/If0fdf Jojwfg ;[hgf ePsf] kfOG5 .
o:tf s]xL r'gf}tLx¿sf afah'b klg c¿ w]/} ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿ ePsf 5g . h:t}
afa'cfdf jf cleefjsn] 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ug{] Jojxf/sf s'/fdf xfdLn] w]/} l;ls;s]sf 5f}+
/ l;Sg] qmddf klg 5f}+ .
cufl8sf] af6f]
;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] ;g @)!@ df k|sflzt
tYofÍcg';f/ b]zel/ ;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsf] ;+Vof @,()) /x]sf] lyof] . w]/}
afnaflnsf nx}nx}df nfu]/, 5lnP/, kl/jf/;Fu lj5f]8 eP/, afa'cfdfsf] ax'ljjfxsf]
sf/0f gofF afa'cfdf;Fu ldNg g;s]/ ;8sdf ef}Ftfl/g cfOk'u]sf x'G5g . /fHon]
dxTj lbP/, plrt /0fgLltsf ;fy sfd u¥of] eg] #,))) sf] xf/fxf/L ;8sdf cfl>t
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh} ;+/If0f ug{;lsG5 . w]/} xfxfsf/ ug'{ g} kb}{g .
afn;+/If0fsf dfly pNn]lvt tyf o:t} cGo ;d:ofnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{sf lglDt
gLltut :ki6tf x'g'kb{5 . h:t} afn;+/If0fsf ;jfndf xfd|f] /fli6«o ;f]r s] xf] t <
xfdL !)–!% jif{df of] If]qdf s] s:tf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ rfxG5f}+ < xfdLn] b]zdf
/fli6«o afn;+/If0f gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu sfd ug'{k¥of] . 6'qm] lx;fadf x}g ;du|tfdf
casf] bz jif{df g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fdfh o;/L cufl8 a95, afnaflnsfn]
ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ o:tf] x'g;S5, Tof] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu /fli6«o ;f]r gLlt
of] x'G5 eg]/ Tof] ;+/rgf x'g'kb{5 . To;sf nflu s] k|lqmofx¿ rflxP, s:tf dfgj

;|f]tx¿ tyf bIftf rflxof] of] ;a}sf] gLltut tof/L xfdLn] clxn]b]lv g} ug'{kb{5 .
/fHosf] tkm{af6 afn;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ jf afn;+/If0f ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ rf/j6f s'/f clt
cfjZos x'Fbf]/x]5 . klxnf], afnaflnsfn] ef]lu/x]sf ;+/If0fsf hf]lvdx¿ gcfcf];
eg]/ /f]syfdd"ns sfo{x¿ ug{'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{, clejfjsnfO{,
afnclwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{, ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿nfO{, nlIft u/]/ lzIff
tyf r]tgf hfu/0fsf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg]
cyf{t ;+/If0fsf] hf]lvddf kfg]{ 36gf g36f]; eGg] p2]Zon] afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft
u/]/ ;zlQms/0f / pQ/bfloTj jxgstf{ lgsfox¿nfO{ nlIft u/L Ifdtf clej[l4sf
sfd ug'{kb{5 . bf];|f], s'g} 36gf eOxfNof]eg] ;s];Dd l56f] afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L
;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eg]/ To;af/] ;xof]u of]hgf jf ;]jf k|bfos ;+/rgfx¿
agfpg'kb{5 . t];|f] eg]sf] s'g} 36gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf afnaflnsfsf], afa'cfdf jf
kl/jf/sf] k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu, Gofosf nflu, :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu, cfo cfh{gsf
nflu ;3fpg nlIft sfdx¿ ug'{kb{5 . /, rf}yf] eg]sf] 36gfx¿af6 kf7 l;s]/
ca To:t} 36gfx¿ c¿ afnaflnsfdf gxf]cf]; eg]/ To;nfO{ km]l/ gLltut txdf
kl/dfh{g ug'{kb{5, /0fgLlts ;'wf/ ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf] cu'jfO{ d"ntM ;/sf/n] g}
ug'{kb{5 / gful/s ;dfh jf ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] sfd eg]sf] /fHosf] afn;+/If0f;DaGwL
e"ldsfnfO{ k"/f ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;3fpg' xf] . afn;+/If0fsf] sfd eg]sf]
/fHon] g} ug'{kg]{ Ps cxd k|fyldstfsf] sfo{ xf] . cfhsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf
cleJoQm rf;f] eg]sf] ef]ln b]zsf] nflu ul/g] nufgL xf] .

e"ldsf
g]kfnn] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] klg @$ jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . dxf;lGw cg'df]bg
ePsf] @% jif{ k'UgnfUbf g]kfnn] afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tf, o;sf nflu
rfn]sf sbdx¿ / pknlAwsf] ;dLIff ug'{ ;do ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf w]/} sfd ePsf 5g t/ klg sltko afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf
;jfnx¿ ;Daf]wg x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . cem} klg afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6 lagfsf/0f
cnu x'g' kl//x]sf] 5, pgLx¿n] cfdfafa'af6 kfpg' kg]{ dfof tyf ;+/If0f kfpg
;ls/x]sf 5}gg . afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿ Ps kl5 csf]{ ylkb} uPsf
5g . lbg k|ltlbg afnaflnsfdfly b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0fsf 36gfx¿ a9g yfn]sf
5g . afnaflnsf >dsf nflu kl/jf/af6 cnu x'g afWo 5g . afnaflnsfdfly x'g]
u/]sf o:tf 36gfx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] ;a} eGbf a9L 36gfx¿ kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f
gkfPsf afnaflnsfdf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fdf
/xg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj /x]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg],
;+/If0f kfpg], ljsf; / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/nfO{ kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f eGbf aflx/ /x]sf
afnaflnsfn] s] slt pkof]u ug{ kfPsf 5g / o;df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] s] e"ldsf
/xG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn / ax; rnfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
oxfF kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf, sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf /
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfon] ca ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿sf] af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiffM
afnaflnsfnfO{ k|foM ;a} b]zsf] sfg'gdf pd]/nfO{ cfwf/dfgL km/s–km/s ¿kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L kl/eflift ubf{ gful/ssf] ef]6 xfNg ;Sg] pd]/, ljjfx
ug{ of]Uo pd]/, ;]gfdf egf{ x'g ;Sg] pd]/ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] kfOG5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn]] !* jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf ;a} dfgjnfO{ afnaflnsfsf]
¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] :yfgLo sfg'gdf h'g pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] eP
klg dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ !* jif{ eGbf sd
pd]/sf ;a} dfgjnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g .
kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfM
g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] $$=$ k|ltzt ;+Vof !* jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf]
kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;jfn
w|'a nfld5fg]

/x]sf] 5 . cem} klg sl/a !^ nfv1
afnaflnsf ljleGg cfly{s ultljlwdf ;+nUg
/x]sf 5g . cfly{s ultljlwdf ;+nUg /x]sf afnaflnsfdWo] ^ nfv @! xhf/
afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . @^@^ kl/jf/2
afnaflnsfn] g} g]t[Tj
u/L cleefjsLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g . >ddf /x]sf afnaflnsfdWo] sl/a ^)
k|ltzt afnaflnsf kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f eGbf aflx/ /x]sf 5g . kl/jf/af6 aflx/ /x]sf
afnaflnsfdWo] clwsf+z afnaflnsf >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf]
k|ltj]bg x]g]{ xf] eg] @=! k|ltzt afnaflnsf cfˆgf cfdfafa' tyf cfkmGtx¿ eGbf
km/s cGo JolQmx¿;Fu j;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf 5g . oL afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf cfdfafa'sf]
dfof tyf ;+/If0fsf] cg'ej;Dd klg ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf
@)^* sf] qmddf ) b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf @)=&& k|ltzt3
afnaflnsf kl/jf/
eGbf 6f9f /x]sf lyP . oL afnaflnsf ef/t cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf 5g / ltgLx¿n]
cfdfafa'af6 kfpg'kg]{ dfof kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg . of] ;+VofnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] e08} @#
k|ltzt afnaflnsf kl/jf/ eGbf 6f9f /x]sf 5g / pgLx¿n] cfˆgf cfdfafa' tyf
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 kfpg' kg]{ cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ kfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] cfˆg} cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+/If0fdf x's{g kfpg]
clwsf/ 5 . pgLx¿n] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf :yfgLo wd{ ;+:s[lt cg';f/sf] ljleGg
lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' kb{5 . cfˆgf cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6
hLjgpkof]uL ;Lkx¿ l;Sg kfpg' kb{5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfnfO{
kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x]/rfx kfpg] / ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . olb s'g} klg afnaflnsf kl/jf/ljxLg tyf ;+/IfsljxLg /x]sf 5g eg]
To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ bfloTj /fHosf] xf] .
g]kfndf kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg cfjf;Lo
afnu[xx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g . s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] tYofÍ cg';f/
ljleGg $^ lhNnfdf afnu[x, afnsNof0f u[x, cgfyfno cflb gfddf %($ j6f
cfjf;Lo u[x ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g / tL afnu[xx¿df !^,^!& hgf afnaflnsf /x]sf
5g . cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf /x]sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿sf] dfof ddtf / ;+/If0fsf] cg'ej ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg .4
l;lj;n] ;g @)!# df lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt sf7df08f}, nlntk'/ / eQmk"/;Fusf]
;xsfo{df sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf #@% j6f cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf]
;j]{If0fsf] qmddf e]l6Psf *,$$@ hgf afnaflnsf dWo] !,&$& hgf afnaflnssf]
dfq cfdfafa' gePsf] kfOof] eg] afFsL ^,^(% hgf afnaflnsfsf] cfdfafa' b'j} jf
Ps hLljt} /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] tYofÍn] s] b]vfpFb5 eg] g]kfndf ;~rflnt afnu[xdf
/x]sf afnaflnsfdWo] @! k|ltzt afnaflnsf dfq cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf a:g'kg]{ cj:yfdf
1 www.cbs.gov.np
2 Central Bureau of Statistics, population Monograph of Nepal, 2014 (Social demography) Volume-II
3 Central Bureau of Statistics, population Monograph of Nepal, 2014 (Social demography) Volume-II
4 Central Child welfare board, The state of children, 2014

/x]sf 5g eg] &( k|ltzt afnaflnsfsf] kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fsf] ljsNkx¿ x'Fbfx'b} klg
;+:yfut :ofxf/df cfPsf] kfOG5 . /fHon] ;+:yfut :ofxf/nfO{ clGtd ljsNksf] ¿kdf
lnPsf] ePklg of] tYofÍn] afnaflnsf cgfjZos ?kdf kl/jf/af6 cnu eO/x]sf
tYonfO{ phfu/ ub{5 .5
cgfjZos ¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/af6 cnu u/fpFbf pgLx¿df s] s:tf] c;/
kb{5 eGg] af/]df cfdfafa'nfO{ hfgsf/L gx'g' / afnu[xx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg],
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'zfl;t u/fpF5g eGg] e|ddf cfdfafa' /x]s} sf/0f of] ;+Vof al9/x]sf]
5 . o;sf nflu ufpF ufpFdf afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/df a:g kfpg] clwsf/ tyf
kl/jf/af6 cnu x'Fbf afnaflnsfdfly x'g ;Sg] b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f / o;n] afnaflnsfsf]
ljsf;df s:tf] c;/ kb{5 eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfdfafa'nfO{ yk lhDd]jf/
agfpg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfM
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, kfl/jfl/s
k'gld{ng, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf kl/jf/sf] ;anLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg Joj:yfx¿
u/]sf]5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ( df afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfafa'af6 la5f]8 u/fpg]] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] ;Jff]{Qd lxtsf nflu lghnfO{ afa'cfdfaf6 cnu
/fVg cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt sfg'g / sfo{ljlwcg'¿k ;Ifd clwsf/Lx¿n],
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwgdf /xL, lg0f{o u/]df afx]s s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{
afa' cfdfsf] OR5flj?4 cnu u/fpg kfOFb}g . t/ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] w]/}
afnaflnsf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf ;+/If0fsf] gfddf kl/jf/af6 cnu u/fO{ cfjf;Lo
afnu[x tyf xf]:6nx¿df /flvPsf] kfOG5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !) df kl/jf/af6
cnu /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] kfl/Jffl/s k'gld{ng u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . kfl/jfl/s
;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu kl/jf/sf]
;anLs/0f ug{ /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @) df kl/Jff/lJfxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fHon]
p;sf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ldnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} pko'Qm j}slNks kfl/Jffl/s :ofxf/ cyf{t
;+:yfut :ofxf/ ;]Jffsf] JoJf:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L dxf;lGwsf] wf/f
@& df Go"g cfly{s cj:yf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/ tyf pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
pQ/bfoL JolQmx¿sf] hLjg :t/ ;'wf/sf nflu /fHon] /fli6«o kl/l:yltcg'¿k cfˆgf]
;|f]t ;fwgn] EofP;Dd of] clwsf/nfO{ sfof{GJfog u/fpg afa'cfdf jf afnaflnsfsf]
;DaGwdf pQ/bfoL JolQmx¿nfO{ ufF;, af; / skf;sf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{kg]{
k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'gn] kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg
5 A Report on Study of Child Care Homes in Kathmandu Valley – 2013,conducted by Children and
Women in Human Rights (CWISH) In close collaboration and coordination with District Child Welfare
Boards (DCWBs)

Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]]if0f,
cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs tyf c;xfo, cfdfafa'ljxLg, ;':t
dgl:ylto'Qm, åGå kLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt
eljiosf nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs lbPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6
lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfng kf]if0f, plrt :ofxf/, v]ns"b, dgf]/~hg tyf JolQmTj ljsf;sf]
xs, c;xfo, cfdfafa'ljxLg, ckfËtf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf
afnafflnsfn] /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf kfpg]] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* df kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+/Ifssf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gn] Psf3/sf sf]xL gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx /
lghsf] ;DklQsf] lhDdf, ;+/Ifssf] lgo'lQm, afnssf] lxt tyf ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{
h:tf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt _ P]g @)%^ n] afnsnfO{ nnfOkmsfO{ jf em'SofP/ jf
s'g} k|nf]egdf jf 8/, qf; jf bafadf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj?4
>ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg' gx'g]] pNn]v 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%
df :yfgLo lgsfon] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'Ug] cfof]hgfx¿
5fGg k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ / :yfgLo lgsfodf 5'66} dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljz]if sf]if
:yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^( n] kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0fsf nflu afnaflnsfsf cfˆg} cfdf, afa' jf gft]bf/af6 x]/rfx ug]{ sfo{
k|jw{g ug{ kfl/jfl/s ;xof]u j[lQ -:kf]G;/l;k_, kmf]:6/ s]o/, Jofj;flos tflnd,
hLljsf]kfh{g, kfngkf]if0f eQfh:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{, afnu[x dfkm{t ul/g]
;+:yfut :ofxf/nfO{ clGtd ljsNksf ¿kdf dfq k|jw{g ug]{ / :yfgLo lgsfo / cGo
;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t kl/ToQm / a]jfl/;] afnaflnsfsf afa'cfdf
jf kl/jf/sf] vf]hL ug]{ / cfdfafa' jf kl/jf/df g} afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/ ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltn]
cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08 @)^( sfof{Gjogdf
NofPsf]5 . pQm dfkb08n] cfdfafa' b'j} gePsf jf eP/ klg pgLx¿sf] x]/rfx ug{
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf ;Ifd g/x]sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ;s];Dd
p;sf] a[xb kl/jf/ -Extended family_ jf glhssf] gft]bf/n] ug'{kg]{ / o;df /fHon]
;3fpg'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsf a[xb kl/jf/ jf gft]bf/sf] x]/rfx jf
;+/If0f kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf dfq afnaflnsfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x's{g
;Sg] c¿ ljsNkx¿ nfngkfng–k|yf -Foster Care_, b]zleq} wd{;Gtfg x'g] h:tf
ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ / pQm ljsNkx¿ pknAw gePdf dfq pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / pkef]u ug{] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg ;s];Dd sd ;dosf nflu
cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] kfl/jfl/s x]/rfxljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu :yfgLo :t/df ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ tyf To:tf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/Ifs jf
cleefjsnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;Ifd agfpg cfly{s tyf ef}lts ¿kdf
;xof]u ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 t/ klg pQm Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6 cnu x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f kl/jf/sf] cfly{s
cj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfng
ug{ cfjZos ;Lk tyf >f]tsf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ aLr
;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . csf{] tkm{ :yfgLo lgsfon] jflif{s
¿kdf of]hgf tof/ ubf{ sDtLdf !) k|ltzt /sd afnaflnsf nlIft sfo{qmddf vr{
ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] eP klg 7f]; nufgL of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfOFb}g .
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ lgsfox¿n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ clgjfo{ afnaflnsfsf]
nflu of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .
afnaflnsfsf] kfl/jfl/s x]/rfx ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsfM
afnclwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttfsf nflu /fHo tyf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] tkm{af6
y'k|} k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g . t/ klg kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;jfndf
sd} dfqdf sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)!)÷@)!! cg';f/
!!=! k|ltzt !% jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsf kl/jf/ eGbf 6f9f /x]sf 5g .
tL afnaflnsf ljleGg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf a]rlavgsf] l;sf/ x'g] u/]sf
5g . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] @% jif{ k'lu;Sbf klg kfl/jfl/s x]/rfx eGbf
aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug'{ klxnf]
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6 cnu x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fx¿df kl/jf/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf,
3/]n' lx+;f, afn>d, afnljjfx, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/, afnaflnsfsf]
cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf x'g] ;+:yfut :ofxf/ cflb /x]sf]] kfOG5 . kl/jf/af6 6f9f /xFbf
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0fsf] af/]df cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
hfgsf/L gx'g', afnaflnsfsf] kfl/jfl/s x]/rfxsf nflu cfdfafa'sf] bfloTjsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L gx'g', ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿, :yfgLo :t/df u'0f:t/Lo
lzIffsf] kx'Fr gx'g' cflb s'/fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s x]/rfx eGbf aflx/ n}hfg
;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfo :t/df r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ tyf :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf afn;+/If0fsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df
ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] kfl/jfl/s x]/rfxsf] af/]df cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] e"ldsf
tyf pgLx¿ kl/jf/af6 cnu x'Fbf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿sf] af/]df kl/jf/ tyf
;d'bfodf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . clxn] sltko cfdfafa' cfˆgf
afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6 6f9f /xFbf pgLx¿n]] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg], cg'zfl;t x'g] tyf
;+/If0f kfpF5g eGg] ljZjf; /fVb5g . oyfy{df afnaflnsfn] tL ;'ljwfx¿ kfPsf

x'Fb}gg pN6} pgLx¿ b'Jo{jxf/ tyf zf]if0fdf kb{5g, h'g s'/f cfdfafa'nfO{ hfgsf/L
gx'g ;Sb5 . afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6 cnu u/fpgaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu ;d'bfo :tdf
/x]sf ;+/rgfx¿ Dffkm{t ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . cem} klg
u|fdL0f e]udf sltko cfdfafa' lg/If/ ePs} sf/0f pgLx¿sf afnaflnsf kl/jf/af6
cnu ePsf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsfsf] /]vb]vdf cfdfsf] e"ldsf a9L /xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf cfdfafa'sf] e"ldsf;DaGwL 5nkmn ug{ ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng
ubf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 .
sltko afnaflnsf zx/L /demdsf sf/0f kl/jf/af6 cnu eO/x]sf 5g eg] sltkonfO{
cfdfafa'n] g} cnu u/fPsf 5g . o;/L x]bf{ kl/jf/af6 cnu x'g' s;}sf] /x/ ePsf]
5 t s;}sf] nflu afWotf /x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/af6 cnu x'g'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yfdf
/x]sf afnaflnsfsf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf kl/jf/df g} a:g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ kl/jf/
tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/L /f]syfdsf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo ;]jf
k|bfos;Fu ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ ug]{ sfo{qmd cfjZos 5 .
clxn] ljleGg sf/0fn] kl/jf/af6 cnu e} >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf, kl/jf/df cfdfafa' x'Fbfx'Fb}
cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfsf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{
Wofgdf /fVb} kl/jf/df k'gP{sLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|jw{g ul/g' kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf]
kl/jf/sf] cj:yf klxrfg u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/df a:g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{
kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf
nflu :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L pgLx¿sf] cfly{s÷;fdflhs
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
s'g} klg cleefjs -cfdfafa' tyf kl/jf/_ cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug{ ;Ifd
g/x]df tyf afnaflnsfsf] cfdfafa' gePsf] cj:yfdf ;Dej eP;Dd p;sf] a[xb
kl/jf/ -Extended family_, glhssf] gft]bf/ -kinship care_, tyf ;d'bfodf g}
cfnf]kfnf] u/L x]/rfx ug]{ sfo{ kfng k|yf -foster care_ dfkm{t afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx
ug]{ / clGtd ljsNksf] ¿kdf dfq cfjf;Lo afnu[x dfkm{t ul/g] x]/rfx ;+:yfut
:ofxf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ gLltut ¿kdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
kxn ug{ afnclwsf/sdL{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm kxnsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsf kl/jf/df /xFbf hlt ;'/lIft / ;+/lIft /xG5g kl/jf/af6 6f9f /xFbf g/xg
;S5g a? cem hf]lvddf kg{;S5g . c¿sf] nfv cfdfafa'sf] sfv eGg] g]kfnL
pvfgnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/df a:g] jftfj/0f
;[hgf ug'{ xfdL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L xf] . afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf] pknlAwsf] ;dLIff ub}{ kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0fljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;jfnnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf nflu
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr k|lta4tfsf] cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL M
1. Central Bureau of Statistics, population Monograph of Nepal, 2014 (Social
demography) Volume-II
2. Central Child welfare board, The state of children, 2014
3. AReportonStudyofChildCareHomesinKathmanduValley–2013,conducted
by Children and Women in Human Rights (CWISH) In close collaboration
and coordination with District Child Welfare Boards (DCWBs)

Hfa/h:tL s/0fL JolQm, ;dfh tyf /fHolj?4sf] h3Go ck/fw xf] . ha/h:tL
s/0fL;DaGwL ck/fw kmf}hbf/L d'2f x'G5 .1
o:tf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rNg]
eGg] Joj:yf ePaf6 ha/h:tL s/0fL;DaGwL d'2f ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rNg] kmf}hbf/L d'2f
xf] .2
s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| aif{ eGbf sd
pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn] ha/h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] 7x5{3
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;f]]x| aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sL
aflnsfn] ;xL lg0f{o lng g;Sg] / cfˆgf] lxt clxt;DaGwdf ;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofpg
;Ifd x'g ;Sb}gg eGg] ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
o;} dfGotfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ k|nf]eg tyf 8/ qf; b]vfO{ klg afnaflnsfdfly ha/h:tL
s/0fL h:tf] h3Go ck/fw x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ l;lj;n] ;g @))#
b]lv afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf]lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] tyf cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u
tyf ;dGjodf sfg'gL ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;}qmddf ;g @))( b]lv eg] 3/]n'
afn >d tyf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4sf d'2fdf sfg'gL ;Nnfx tyf sfg'gL ;xfotf
(Legal aid) k|bfg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfn] sfg'gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/]sf d'2fx¿
dWo] ljleGg cbfntx¿af6 ;g @))( df !@, @)!) df @#, @)!! df !$, @)!@
df @@, @)!# df !@, @)!$ df !* j6f 3/]n' afn>d tyf ha/h:tL s/0fL;DaGwL
d'2fx¿sf] km};nf ePsf] lyof] .
;g @)!#÷!$ tyf cbfntdf d'2f btf{ eO{ ;+:yfåf/f sfg'gL ;xfotf k|fKt eO{ ;g
@)!$ df l;lj;n] sfg'gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/L ljleGg cbfntx¿af6 ePsf ljleGg
km};nf tyf o;af6 k|fKt pknlAw k|:t't tflnsf cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M–
1 -d'n'sL P]g, @)@) cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] ( g+=_
2 ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL !, $ g+=
3 d'n'sL P]g, ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxn !$ sf] ! g+
sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf kLl8t Gofo k4ltdf l;lj;sf] e"ldsf
eujtL kf08] -zLtn_

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o; ljj/0fnfO{ cWoog ubf{ kLl8tsf] pd]/ ;d"xdf w]/} lszf]/ cj:yfsf ePsf] / #
jif{, % jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/df ;d]t of}g lx+;fdf kg]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . o;df kL8ssf] pd]/
;d"xdf eg] ljljwtf /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To:t} kL8s / kLl8tsf] gftf ;DaGwnfO{
x]bf{ cfˆg} xh'/a'af, ;xf]b/ sfsf, em8s]nf] afa', :s"nsf] ;+/Ifs, k|x/L sd{rf/L, 3/df
sfd ug{ /fVg] 3/]n' >lds /fVg] /f]huf/bftf, l5d]sL sfsf tyf ;fdfGo lrghfgsf
JolQm ;d]t /x]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . cWoogaf6 b]xfocg';f/sf tYox¿ b]lvg
cfPsf 5g .
• of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ aflnsf dfq geO{ afns klg x'g ;S5g .
• lszf]/ cj:yfdf a9L of}g b'J{ojxf/df kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
• of}g b'Jo{jxf/ cfˆg} 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 klg x'g ;S5 .
• cfkmGt, l5d]sL tyf ljBfnosf ;+/Ifs ;b:oaf6 klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'g ;S5 .
• of}g b'Jo{jxf/ sd pd]/sf tyf cljjflxt JolSt eGbf Hofbf a9L pd]/sf tyf
ljjflxt JolQmåf/f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .

• k|x/L sd{rf/L h:tf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/ kbdf /xg] JolQmaf6 ;d]t of}g b'Jo{jxf/
x'g ;S5 .
l;lj;n] p4f/ tyf sfg'gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/]sf pNn]lvt afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf
d'2fx¿sf ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 kL8snfO{ hl/jfgf tyf s}b ;hfo tf]sL ul/Psf
km};nfn] s]xL xb;Dd afnof}gb'Jo{jxf/ h:tf] ck/fwnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L ;dfhdf
cdgrog sfod ug{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . l;lj;n] sfg'gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/]sf
pNn]lvt d'2fx¿df ;g @)!$ df cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿dWo] qm=;+= !) df /x]sf]
d'2f pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . lsgsL sfg'gL k|fjwfg eGbfdfly p7]/ ul/Psf] of] km};nf
kLl8t Gofod'vL x'g'sf;fy} P]ltxfl;s / cg'z/0fof]Uo klg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] sfg'gL]
tyf Jojxfl/s k|of]usf] Oltxf;df lhNnf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL
k|fjwfgsf ;fy} ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] JofVof ;d]t u/L kLl8t Gofo k4lt (Victim Justice
system) nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ km};nf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n]] pQm km};nf kLl8tsf] kIfdf
pknlAwk"0f{ ;flat ePsf] 5 . ;fy} o;af6 g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt
kLl8t Gofo k4lt (Victim Justice system) nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfd ;d]t ePsf] 5 .
cfˆg} em8s]nf] afa'af6 k6s–k6s anTs[t ^ dlxgfsf] ue{jtL ;d]t ePsL !$ jifL{of
kLl8t aflnsfsf] ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 kLl8t kIfdf ePsf]
d'2fsf] km};nfsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ c+znfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'g]5 .
ækLl8t eQmk'/ @& -R_ nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ ljifonfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ !$ b]lv !%
jif{ pd]/ cj:yfsL eQmk'/ @& -R_ cfˆgL cfdf tyf em8s]nf] afa'sf] ;+/IfsTjdf a;]sL,
lghsL cfdf b}lgs dhb'/L ug{ hfg'kg]{, lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf em8s]nf] afa' k|ltjfbLn]
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L s/0fL u/L ue{jtL agfPsf], xfn ^ dlxgfsf] ue{jtL ;d]t
/x]sL, lghsL cfdf xfn} dfq ;'Ts]/L ePsL eGg] b]lvFbf eQmk'/ @& -R_ nfO{ cfjZos
/ oyf]lrt /]vb]v, ;+/If0f ug]{ JolQm, kl/jf/ /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;} cj:yfnfO{ x[bo+ud
u/L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf k|f/Dedf g} cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 kLl8tnfO{ ;+/IfsTj k|bfg
ug{ egL “>L ;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ a'4gu/,
sf7df08f}nfO{ lhDdf nufPsf] b]lvof] . ;f] ;+:yfaf6 k|ltlglwTj ub}{{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt x'g'ePsL clwjStf >L /df >]i7n] 5nkmnsf] qmddf kLl8tnfO{ ;+:yfaf6
;+/IfsTj k|bfg eO{ g} /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . kLl8tsf] ^ dlxgfsf] ue{ /x]sf]
cj:yf, ue{sf] aRrfnfO{ lgs6 eljiodf g} hGd lbg'kg]{ kl/l:ylt kLl8t / lghn] hGd
lbg] aRrfsf] oyf]lrt kfngkf]if0f nufotsf ljifodf cfly{s / kfl/jfl/s kl/l:yltsf]
k|lts"ntf, j}slNks cfosf] cefj ;d]tsf] b[li6af6 kLl8tnfO{ kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{sf] vfFrf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . s;'/bf/sf] ;DklQaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf d'n"sL P]g
hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !) g+= df /x]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL :jod b}lgs HofdL sfd u/L
hLljsf] kfh{g ub}{ cfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf], lghsf] ;DklQsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ kLl8tnfO{
cfjZos kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . tyflk gfafns cj:yfsL ue{jtL

kLl8tsf] cj:yf / xfn u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+/IfsTjdf /x]sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/
ubf{ d'n"sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !) g+= cg';f/ s;"/bf/af6 kLl8t eQmk'/
@& -R_ nfO{ ?= !,)),))).–-Psnfv ?k}ofF_ Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg'kg]{ 7x5{ .
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, ;+/If0f ug]{ clGtd bfloTj /fHosf] xf] . x/]s afnaflnsf
cGttM /fHos} lglw x'g . logsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ st{Jo /fHon] jxg ug'{k5{ .
c;xfo cj:yfsf afnaflnsfsf] xsdf o:tf] st{Jo / bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ljifo /fHosf]
k|fyldstfd} kg]{ x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf ;+oGqx¿n] klg cfˆgf
/fHokIfnfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;g !(%( gf]e]Da/ @) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
dxf;efåf/f kfl/t afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, afnGofo k|zf;g ;DaGwdf
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f lgwf{l/t Go"gtd :t/sf ljlwx¿ -a]Olhª ?n_ !(*% nufotsf
cGt/fli6«o sfg'gL ;+oGqx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*(
sf] wf/f #-!_ n] cbfnt tyf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n] ;d]t afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt
sfd s'/f ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 egL Joj:yf u/]sf],
wf/f #-@_ n] /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfsf] lxtsf] nflu cfjZos ;+/If0f / :ofxf/sf]
Joj:yf ug]{5g / o; p2]Zosf] lgldQ ;a} plrt j}wflgs / k|zf;lgs pkfox¿
Ufg]{5g egL k|aGw u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @)-!_ df s'g} klg
afnaflnsf :yfoL jf c:yfoL ¿kdf cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0faf6 jl~rt ePdf
To:tf afnaflnsfn] /fHoåf/f æ;+/If0f / ;xof]uÆ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] / wf/f @)-@_ df /fHokIfn] cfˆgf] /fli6«o sfg'gcg';f/ o:tf afnaflnsfsf]
nflu j}slNks :ofxf/ k|bfg ug{ lglZrt ug]{5g eGg] ;d]tsf] k|aGw u/]sf] ;d]t
kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/L kIf/fi6«sf] ¿kdf plePsf] x'Fbf
k|:t't ;Gbe{df ;d]t pk/f]Qm k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿n]
klg cfjZos Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns
xs cGtu{t afnaflnsfsf] xs egL wf/f @@ df ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/f @@
sf] pkwf/f -$+_ df c;xfo, cgfy, ;':tdgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf
k/]sf ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf nflu /fHoåf/f æljz]if ;'ljwfÆ kfpg]
xs x'g]5 egL df}lns xssf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/L æc;xfoÆtyf hf]lvddf k/]sf
;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f ug]{ egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L /fHon]
cjnDag ug]{ gLltdf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;''/Iffsf]
ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf wf/f #% df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}
;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{ d"t{ ¿k k|bfg ug{ afnsNof0f ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/L
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* ;d]t k|rngdf /x]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 ljleGg afnsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdx¿ Klg ;~rfng
ul/cfPsf] kfOG5 .

kLl8t elgPsL eQmk'/ @&-R_ :jo+ aflnsf /xL xfn ^ dlxgfsL ue{jtL /x]sL, ue{df
/x]sf] aRrf hGdfpg' kg]{ lrlsT;sLo afWotfdf k/]sL cj:yf b]lvFbf aflnsf :jo+
kLl8t / lghaf6 lgs6 eljiodf hlGdg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] lzz' ;d]tsf] ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if
cj:yf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . cfˆg} x]/rfx / ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg], ckl/kSj / slnnf]
dfgl;stfsL kLl8tsf] x]/rfx;DaGwL ;a} cj:yfsf] k|aGw ug]{ csf]{ ulDe/ / ;+j]bgzLn
cj:yf klg t]l;{Psf] 5 . kLl8t eQmk'/ @&-R_ n] em8s]nf] afa'sf] s/0fLaf6 ue{ af]Sg'
k/]sf], lghsf] cfdf ;d]t xfn} ;'Ts]/L eO{ a;]sL, ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;d]t cfdfn] b}lgs
HofdL sfdaf6 hLljsf] kfh{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf], h}ljs afa'sf] lgwg eO;s]sf]
;d]tsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] gfafns cj:yfsL kLl8t / lghaf6 hGdg] aRrf ;d]tsf]
ljz]if ;+/If0f / x]/rfxsf] cj:yf ePsf]n] /fHon] g} Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . dfly
rrf{ ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTj tyf /fli6«o sfg'gn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/sf]
kLl8t eQmk'/ @&-R_ sf] xsdf ;fGble{s / k|f;lËs 5g . kLl8t eQmk'/ @&-R_sf]
l:yltnfO{ l;wf efiffdf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* df /x]sf k|fjwfgn] ;Daf]wg ug{
;s]sf] gb]lvP klg pQm P]gsf] d"n p2]Zo afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] b]lvPsf] / pQm P]gn] cjnDag u/]sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/nfO{ x]bf{
eQmk'/ @& -R_ ;d]t ;d]l6g] u/L k|aGw ul/lbg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
pNn]lvt k[i7e"lddf kLl8t eQmk'/ @& -R_ nfO{ e/fOlbg] 7x/]sf] Ifltk"lt{ afktsf]
/sd ?= !,)),))).– -Psnfv ?k}+ofF_ tTsfn} kLl8tnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvPsf], sfg'g adf]lhd s;"/bf/sf] ;DklQaf6 lbnfO{ lbg''kg]{ ePtf klg ;f]sf] nflu
s]xL ;do nfUg] b]lvPsf]n] xfnnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pQm /sd pknJw u/fO{lbg' kg]{
b]lvof] . ctM s;"/bf/sf] ;DklQaf6 pNn]lvt /sd zf]wegf{ ug]{u/L xfnnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 lgsf;f u/fO{ kLl8t eQmk'/
@& -R_ nfO{ ;+/IfsTj k|bfg ug]{ >L ;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf /
afnaflnsf -l;lj;_, a'4gu/, sf7df08f}+ dfk{mt lgh kLl8tnfO{ e/fOlbg] 7x5{ .
kLl8t / lghaf6 hGdg] aRrfsf] ;+/If0f / x]/rfxsf] cGo j}slNks cj:yf /x]sf]
gb]lvPaf6 kLl8t eQmk'/ @& -R_ ;fafns geP;Dd / lghaf6 hGdg] aRrfnfO{
lghsf] cfdfn] ;+/IfsTj k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf;Dd x]/rfx, kfng kf]if0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff
nufotsf ljifodf cfjZos k|aGw ug{ ;d]tsf] nflu pQm >L ;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj
clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_, a'4gu/, sf7df08f}nfO{ ljz]if lgb]{zg ;d]t
lbOPsf] 5 . /fHosf] tkm{af6 jxg ug{'kg]{ pNn]lvt bfloTj >L ;dfh ;]jf tyf
dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_, a'4gu/, sf7df08f}n] jxg u/L ;xof]u
k'¥ofO/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L kLl8t eQmk'/ @& -R_ sf] ;Gbe{df To; ;+:yfn]
Joxf]/]sf] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] oyf]lrt yk ;xof]u ug]{ g} 5 eGg] s'/fdf
;d]t o; cbfntn] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5 .Æ 4
4 @)&! ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=g+= )&!–CR– ))$&, sf]8 g+= $!–)&!–))$($ lg=g+= !)#, k[i7 &–(

cbfntsf] of] ljZjf; l;lj;sf] p2]Zo / kLl8t Gofo k4lt (Victim Justice system)
k|ltsf] ljZjf; aGgsf nflu sf]z]9'+Ëf ;flat ePsf] 5 . ha/h:tL s/0fL;DaGwL d'2fdf
kL8saf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg];DaGwdf o; dxn cGtu{tsf] d'2fsf] km};nf
ubf{ ha/h:tL s/0fL 7x/ u/]sf]df ;f]xL km};nfdf o; dxn adf]lhd s;'/bf/af6
e/fOlbg' kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;DalGwt dlxnfnfO{ e/fOlbg' kg]{5 .
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu o; dxn cGtu{tsf] d'2f bfo/ ePnuQ} cbfntn]
cf/f]lkt JolQmsf] c+z nufotsf cGo ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{5 .5
eGg] Joj:yf
ePsf]df s;'/bf/ 7x/ ul/Psf] k|ltjfbLnfO{ * jif{ s}b ;hfo tf]sL k|ltjfbLaf6
sfg'g adf]lhd e/fpg'kg]{ ! nfv ?lkofF Ifltk"lt{ /sd ;f]wegf{ ug{'kg{]5 . ;f] cg';f/
xfnnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 lgsf;f u/fO{
kLl8t eQmk'/ @& -R_ nfO{+ e/fOlbg] 7x5{ eGg] km};nf ;fljs sfg'gL k|fjwfg tyf
Jojxfl/s k|of]u eGbfdfly p7]/ ul/Psf]n] kLl8t Gofod'vL, P]ltxfl;s / cGo d'2fsf]
lg¿k0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df cg';/0f of]Uo /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
o; km};nfnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf cbfntL Gofo, kLl8t Gofo k4lt (Victim Justice system)
pGd'v ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . h;df l;lj;sf] ;kmntf Pj+ ;d:t kLl8tsf] Gofok|lt
cfzf knfPsf] 5 . kLl8t Gofo k4lt (Victim Justice system) df anfTsf/ nufot
s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L ck/fwaf6 kLl8t kIfnfO{ t'?Gt Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fO{ kL8saf6
;/sf/n] ;f]wegf{ ul/lng] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] kl/sNkgf /x]sf] 5 . pQm kl/sNkgfnfO{
;fsf/ ¿k lb+b} ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf lhNnf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg tyf cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf ;fy} ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] JofVof ;d]t u/L kLl8t Gofod'vL km};nf
ul/Psf]df kLl8tsf] kIfdf s]xL /fxt ldn]sf]] dx;'; ePsf] 5 .
ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxn !) g+= adf]lhd kL8saf6
kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf]df dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnon] kL8saf6 ;f]wegf{ u/Llng] u/L u/]sf] km};nf kLl8tsf] Gofo :yflkt u/fpg
cfjZos cGo d'2fx¿df cg';/0f ug{ ;fGble{s /x]sf]n] of] km};nf P]ltxfl;s tyf
gofF cfofd ;flat ePsf] 5 . h'g l;lj;sf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] . l;lj;n] ;+/If0f
tyf sfg'gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/]sf d'2fx¿ dWo] of] km};nfdf kLl8t aflnsfsf] sf?l0fs
j]]bgfdf dNxd nufpg] k|oTg ePsf] 5 . o;/L afnof}g lx+;f tyf 3/]n' afn>dlj?4
sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] l;lj;n] o:tf hf]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{{} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
5 d'n'sL P]g, hj/h:tL s/0fL sf] dxn !$ sf] g+= !)u

d]lrb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd k}mlnPsf] g]kfnsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt t/fO{ If]qnfO{ g} dw]z
eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] ef}uf]lns ¿kdf k"jL{ dw]z, klZrdL dw]z / leqL dw]z u/L # txdf
afFl8Psf] 5 . o; e"–efudf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} dw]zL ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; /xFb}cfPsf]
5 . dw]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg hfthfltx¿dWo] lxGb" wd{sf dw]zL, yf¿ tyf kxf8L
;d'bfosf;fy;fy} O:nfd wd{ dfGg] d'l:nd ;d'bfox¿ klg a:b} cfPsf 5g . ljleGg
;d'bfosf cGo hfthflt of] :yfgdf a;] klg afx'Notf eg] dw]zL ;d'bfosf] g} /x]sf]
5 . ;f] ;d'bfo leq ofbj, yf¿, sf]O/L, t]nL, snjf/, d'l:nd, ;f]gf/, wfg'v, nf]xf/,
g'lgof, s'Dxf/, a|fXd0f, /fhk't, sfo:y, rdf/, kf:jfg, 8f]d, d';x/, d'Vo hfthflt
cGt/ut kb{5g .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^* df u/]sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo]] %!Ü
t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g . h;dWo] $*Ü afnaflnsf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
oxfF a;f]af; ug]{x¿sf] cf};t cfly{s cj:yf x]bf{ wgL !)Ü, dWod !%Ü tyf ul/a
&%Ü b]lvg cfpF5g . t/ h'g ju{cGt/ut eP klg oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] /xg;xg
/ njfOvjfOdf eg] nueu ;dfgtf kfOG5 . oxfF h'g;'s} wd{ dfGg] ;d'bfo /x]sf]
eP klg ;a}sfaLr wfld{s ;befj sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;dtn e"–efu /x]sf]n] oxfF
a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf+z ;d'bfo s[lifdf g} lge{/ /x]sf 5g .
vf;u/L lgDg cfo:t/ ePsf ls;fgx¿ ul/aLsf sf/0fn] / lzIffsf] dxTj ga'em]sf
sf/0fn] klg cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg'eGbf s[lifsfo{df g} a9L ;+nUg
u/fpF5g . dw]zdf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof kof{Kt 5}g .
sIff sf]7f, kmlg{r/ / k7gkf7g u/fpg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] sdL tyf bIf lzIfsx¿sf]
klg cefj g} b]lvG5 . ljBfnodf sIff lgoldt ;~rfng xF'b}gg / k9fOsf] u'0f:t/
klg /fd|f] kfOFb}g . To;}sf/0f k9g /dfpg] afnaflnsf klg /fd|f];Fu k9g kfpFb}gg .
ufpFdf x'g] ljjfx, ef]h / cGo ljleGg ;fd"lxs sfo{x¿ klg ljBfnodf g} ul/G5 .
To;sf/0fn] ubf{ klg ljBfnosf] k9fO ;'rf? x'g kfpFb}g . :jod lzIffsf] cj;/af6
jl~rt /x]sf / lzIffsf] dxTjaf/] ck]lIft ¿kdf ;r]t g/x]sf cleefjsx¿ ljBfno
aGb eP klg vf;} rf;f] /fVb}gg . To;n] ubf{ klg ljkGg kl/jf/sf clwsf+z
afnaflnsf k9g] eGbf >ddf g} a9L ;+nUg x'g k'U5g . wgL tyf dWod ju{sf
Joltmx¿n] eg] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lghL ljBfno tyf ;x/df /fv]/ k9fpg] ub{5g .
lzIffsf] cf};t kl/df0fnfO{ x]bf{ dw]zsf wgL / dWod ju{ cGtu{t afXd0f, sfo:y,
/fhk't, ofbj, yf?, sf]O/L, snjf/, sfg', t]nL, ;f]gf/nufot hfltsf afnaflnsfn]
dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf
a[hdf]xg s'zjfxf

lzIff xfl;n ug{] cj;/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ t/fO{sf 8f]d, d':fx/, g]6'jf, rdf/, b';fb,
nf]xf/, tfTdfnufotsf blnt hfltx¿ / cGo ul/a tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf nueu
() k|ltzt afnaflnsf ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k|fylds tx;Dd klg k9g kfpFb}gg . tL
hfltsf afnaflnsf ljBfno egf{ eP klg k|fylds tx;Dd klg ptL0f{ gu/L ljBfno
5f8g k'U5g . oL hflt jf ;d'bfo cGt/ut nueu %)Ü afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/
/x]sf 5g . dw]zdf /x]sf ;a} ju{sf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{sf] k|ltzt x]bf{ ;du|
¿kdf !)Ü afnaflnsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿sf] ;e]{af6 klg
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
dw]zL ;dfhdf hftLo e]befj / juL{o vf8n hlt ulx/f] 5 To;} u/L of] ;dfh ljleGg
¿l9jfbL cGwljZjf;x¿af6 klg p;/L g} k|efljt /x]sf] 5 . To;}sf] kl/0ffd oxfFsf
clwsf+z cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/f / 5f]/LaLr e]befj u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgDg ju{sf ;d'bfodf
klg 5f]/fx¿ alnof] / sfd ug{ ;Sg] eof] eg] kl5 cfˆgf] a'9];sfndf sdfP/ kfNg
;S5 eGg] wf/0ffcg';f/ ;s];Dd ld7f] v'jfOG5, /fd|f] nfupg lbOG5 cGo ;/;'ljwfx¿
pknAw u/fOG5 . lax] u/]/ c¿sf] 3/ hfg] ePsfn] 5f]/LnfO{ vfg]s'/fdf x]nr]qmofOF
ug]{, h] vfP klg x'g], ;:tf] h:tf] eP klg sk8f lslglbg], ljBfno gk9fpg] / bfOhf]
sd nfUg] nf]edf k/]/ ;fg} pd]/df afnljjfx ul/lbg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} clzIff
/ ;fdflhs ¿l9jfbL ;f]rs} sf/0fn] ubf{ !@ aif{ gk'uL cˆgf] 5f]/LnfO{ ljjfx u/LlbP
k'0o x'g] dfGotf oxfFsf sltko cleefjsdf cem} klg sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 .
ul/aL tyf clzIffn] ubf{ afnaflnsf ljleGg afn>ddf nfUg afWo ag]sf 5g . cfly{s
;d:ofs} sf/0fn] ubf{ sltko cleefsx¿n] g} cˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljleGg k;n,
xf]6n, ;fgf pBf]u, km}S6«Lx¿df sfd u/fpg k7fPsf] kfOG5 . nueu %Ü afnaflnsf
o:tf] >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . tL afnaflnsf clwsf+z cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf]
ul/a tyf k5fl8 kl/Psf ju{x¿sf /x]sf 5g .
dw]zleq} a;f]af; ug]{ dw]zL tyf kxf8L ;d'bfosfaLr klg e]befjsf] jftfj/0f /x]sf]
5 . k/l:yltcg';f/ slxn]sxL tgfjk"0f{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g vf]h]klg t/fO{df /x]sf
b'j}vfn] ;d'bfodf cfk;L ;befj eg] sfod /xFb} g} cfPsf] 5 . dw];L eGbf kxf8L
;d'bfo afnclwsf/k|lt a9L ;r]t /x]sfn] pgLx¿sf afnaflnsf sd}dfq lzIffaf6
jl~rt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]otf g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnaflnsfsf
nflu ljleGg afnafnlnsf;DaGwL P]g, lgod tyf sfg'gx¿ agfPsf] 5 . t/ tL
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" x'g eg] ;s]sf 5}gg . dw]zL afnaflnsf To;sf] HjnGt
pbfx/0f x'g . gLlt lgod hlt;'s} /fd|f eP klg ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog lkmtnf] ePsfn]
dw]zL afnaflnsf /fHon] lbg'kg{]] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g . sltko
afnaflnsfnfO{ t a]rlavgdf kfg]{, b]x Jofkf/df ;+nUg u/fpg]h:tf cg'lrt /
cdfgjLo Jojxf/ klg ug{] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

uflj;, ljBfno, ;d'bfo / 6f]ndf x'g] ;fdflhs sfo{, 5nkmn, e]nfnufotsf ;fdflhs
ultljlwx¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflUftf ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;dfhdf x'g] cGo ljleGg
;fdflhs sfo{x¿ ;d]tdf klg afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dw]zL
;dfhdf klxnfb]lv sfod xF'b}cfPsf] ;fdflhs dfGotfcg';f/ afnaflnsfn] cfkm"eGbf
7"nfsf cufl8 af]Ng xF'b}g eGg] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ¿l9jfbL dfGotf s} sf/0f afnaflnsfsf]
ljrf/sf] ;'g'jfO{ klg x'g kfpFb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/s} sfg'g kfngf u/fpg]x¿ s} cufl8
;fg} pd]/df afnaflnsfsf] afnljjfx x'g], afnaflnsf xf]6n, snsf/vfgf, pBf]ux¿df
>d ul//x]sf] b]v]/ klg s]xL ug{ g:fSg] l:yltnfO{ Pp6f b'Mvb lj8Dagf g} dfGg' kg{]
x'G5 .
sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ /x]s} sf/0f afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ePsf] @% jif{
lalt;Sbf klg dw]zL ;dfhdf dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofx¿ oyfjt /x]sf x'g . ca
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg / afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] efjgfcg';f/ ;a} dw]zL
afnaflnsfn] clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;a}
k|sf/sf afn>dx¿ pGd"ng x'g' k5{ . afnljjfxdf k"0f{ ¿kn] aGb]h nufOg'k5{ .
cGwljZjf; / s'/Lltx¿sf] cGTo ug{ hghfu/0f / hgr]tgf ljsf;sf cleofgx¿
;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .

afnaflnsf a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/sf] ljsf;qmd
/f0ffsfnsf] ;'?jftlt/ 3/df sdf/fsdf/L agfpgsf] lglDt afnaflnsfsf] cfGtl/s
a]rlavg x'GYof] . lj=;+= !(*@ df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] sl/of df]rg u/]kl5
bf;bf;L agfpg] k|yf sfg'gL ¿kdf lgif]w eof] . t/ afnaflnsfnfO{ bf;Tjo'Qm
cj:yfdf >dzf]if0f ug{] Jojxf/ eg] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf hf/L g} /xFb} cfof] . ;g !(%) df
g]kfn / ef/taLr ePsf] d}qL ;lGwkZrft b]zleq} ;Lldt /x]sf] afnaflnsfsf]] a]rlavg
ef/t;Dd km}lng k'Uof] . o;kl5 of}g zf]if0fsf nflu ef/tdf g]kfnL dlxnf tyf aflnsf
/ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf afnsx¿sf] cf];f/k;f/ / a]rlavg qmdzM a9b} uof] .
lj=;+= @)@) otf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg lgoGq0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 sfg'gL Joj:yf
ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) df …hLp df:g] a]Rg]sf] dxnÚ g} v8f ul/of] .
@)$# df cfP/ hLpdf:g] a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# hf/L ul/of] . o;}qmddf
;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ @ df g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*(
df x:tfIf/ u¥of] . ttkZrft afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*, o;sf] lgodfjnL @)%!
/ afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ klg hf/L ul/of] . o; k|sf/sf sfg'gL
Joj:yfx¿sf ;fy} dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afn>dzf]if0fsf] cGTonufot
afnclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt tkm{ k|lta4tf hgfpFb} uof] . ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n]
afnaflnsfsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . o:tf k|of;x¿n] b]zleq} x'g]
afnzf]if0f pTkL8gsf] cj:yfdf s]xL sdL NofPtf klg afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{
ljb]zdf ul/g] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/df eg] lgoGq0f x'g ;s]g . ljleGg k|fl1s
cWoog / cGo ;j]{If0fx¿sf cg';f/ xhf/f}F afnaflnsf / o"jtLx¿ Eff/tLo >d
ahf/df /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 .
a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/sf] of] qmddf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ cfpg g;s] kl5 hLp df:g]
a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ …dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ nfu" ul/of] .
ljBdfg l:ylt
clxn] klg g]kfnaf6 jif]{gL xhf/f}+ afnaflnsf a]lrG5g . pgLx¿nfO{ ef/t nufot
ljleGg b]zdf nu]/ a]Rg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x'g] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/nfO{ b'O{
afnaflnsf a]rlavgsf] ljut / jt{dfg cj:yf
– 8f= dLgf kf}8]n

txdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] cfGtl/s cyf{t cfˆg} b]z leq, / bf];|f] ef/tdf
x'g] a]rlavg . g]kfnn] ax'bnLo Joj:yf ;Fu} ahf/d'vL v'nf cy{ gLlt cf}krfl/s
¿kd} cjnDag u/]kl5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;Defjgfn] km8sf] df¥of] / gful/stf k|fKt
lszf]/lszf]/LnfO{ dWok"j{ n}hfg] gfddf a]rlavg klg km:6fpg yfNof] . t/ oL b'j}
txdf s] slt afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/ ePsf] 5 eGg]
af/]df :ki6 tYofÍ kfpg eg] ufx|f] 5 .
g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/ k5fl8sf sf/0f / k|j[lQx¿df d'VotM
a;fOFF;/fOg} /x]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f]sf] afa' cfk|jf; cyf{t j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsfn]
afnaflnsfsf] x]/ljrf/ / :ofxf/;';f/sf bfloTj cfdfdf s]lGb|t x'g k'u]sf] x'G5 .
sltkosf] t cfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsfn] afnaflnsfk|ltsf] bfloTj afa'dfly k/]sf]
x'G5 . cem sltkosf] t afa' / cfdf b'j} cfk|jf;df /x]sfn] ltgsf afnaflnsfnfO{
;+/If0f ug{] jf x'sf{pg] bfloTj xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdfdf ;/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] km]/abnn]
ubf{ cfdfa'af b'j};Fu a;]/ jfT;Notfk"j{s x's{g kfpg] afnfkgsf] clwsf/ s'l07t x'g
k'U5 . o:tf] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf x'Fbf kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf g} km]/abn cfpg k'U5 . o;n]
afnaflnsf cf];f/k;f/ x'g], a]lrg], c¿ lsl;dsf afn>d zf]if0fdf kg{], of}gzf]if0fdf
kg{] h:tf cj:yfx¿ ;[hgf x'g k'U5g . ljut !%–@) jif{ cem egf}+ *–( jif{ otfsf]
afna]rlavgsf] k|j[lQ cWoog ubf{ Tof] qmd a9bf] 5 / hl6n x'Fb} u}/x]sf] kfOG5 .
s]xL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿
;sf/fTdsM ljBdfg l:ylt o:tf] /x]tf klg afa' jf cfdf cfk|jf;gdf /f]huf/ /xFbf
afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, tyf pgLx¿ x's{g] jftfj/0f s]xL ;xh b]Vg ;lsG5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k7fPsf] k};fn] /fd|f] dflgg] lghL :s"ndf k9g, ld7} vfg, /fd|}
nufpg / ;'ljwf;Fu a:g klg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cem sltko t ufpFaf6 zx/
klg k;]sf 5g / zx/L ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u klg u/]sf 5g .
;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 xF'b} cfPsf k|of;x¿n] ubf{ g} ljutsf]
t'ngfdf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg / afn>ldssf] ;+Vof 36]sf] x'g;Sb5 . lxhf] gLlt
gag]sf] a]nf afnaflnsfn] sfd ug]{ ;dosf] ;Ldf lyPg . rf}aL;} 306f pgLx¿ sfddf
h'6g' kb{Yof] jf tof/L cj:yfdf /xg'kYof{] . t/ clxn] cfP/ sfg'gn] g} lglZrt
;dofjlw tf]s]sf] 5 . Tof]eGbf a9L ;do sfd u/fPdf a9L Hofnf lbg'k5{ eGg] r]]tgf
sfd ug{] / u/fpg] b'j} kIfdf s]xL dfqfdf a9]sf] kfOG5 . zx/df afn>lds /fv]sf
JolQmx¿n] To:tf >ldsx¿nfO{ ljBfno egf{ u/]/ k9fpg yfn]sf klg 5g . 3/af6
aflx/ k9g uPsf afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs ;~hfn a9]sf] 5 / o;af6 pgLx¿sf]
r]tgf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;+3÷;+:yfx¿sf] k|of;df ljleGg txsf afnSnax¿
ag]sf 5g . afnclwsf/sf/af/] r]tgf hufpg] sfddf klg u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿sf]

cxd e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;gdf cfPsf afnaflnsf / cfk|jf;Lsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
l:ylt x]bf{ ljuteGbf clxn] pgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf cf+lzs g} eP klg ;'wf/ cfPsf]
kfOG5 . olta]nf pgLx¿n] klxn] em}+ ef]sf] k]6 ;'Tg' gk/]sf] 5}g / aFw'jf cj:yfdf
sfd ug{' k/]sf] klg 5}g . afnclwsf/af/] /fHosf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ klg ;+j]bgzLn
g} b]lvG5g . afn;+/If0f / afnclwsf/sf] lglDt ;+/rgfx¿ klg lgs} ag]sf 5g .
;xh ¿kdf b]Vg ;lsg] oL ;sf/fTds kIf g} x'g .
gsf/fTdsM afa' jf cfdfdWo] Pssf] cg'kl:yltdf, cem sltkosf] t afa' cfdf
b'j}sf] cg'kl:yltdf xh'/ af–cfdf jf dfjnLsf] ;+/IfsTjdf afNosfn latfpg ljjz
afnaflnsfdWo] sltn] ;xh jftfj/0fdf x's{g kfPsf 5g / slt cem hf]lvddf k/]sf
5g, of] cem} yk cWoogsf] ljifo x'g;S5 . t/ a;fOF ;/fO;DaGwL cGt//f{li6«o
;+:yf -cfO=cf]=Pd=_ af6 ePsf] Ps cWoogcg';f/ o; k|sf/sf clwsf+z afnaflnsf
hf]lvddf g} k/]sf] b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] unt k|j[lQnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{], cg'zfl;t agfP/ ;xL dfu{df 8f]¥ofpg] / jfT;Nok"0f{ dfof lbg] cleefjssf]
ck"0f{tfsf sf/0f sltko afnaflnsf unt k|j[ltdf nxl;g], cfˆgf] cf}sfteGbf dflysf]
;'v;'ljwfk|lt nfnflot aGg] / k9fOeGbf cGo /;/Ëtkm{ axlsg] jftfj/0faf6 k|efljt
aGg k'U5g . o;af6 Ps afns cyjf aflnsf lglZrt pd]/ k'u]kl5 sfddf hfg'kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . k"FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltn] l;h{gf u/]sf] v'nf ;dfh / ahf/d'vL cy{gLltn]
klg o; vfn] k|j[lQ / nfn;fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt g} u/]sf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/ a9g k'u]sf
cfjZostf / dxTjfsf+Iff cfk"lt{sf nflu afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L s'g} g s'g}
k|sf/sf] >d ug{ afWo aG5g . sltko aflnsf / lszf]/Lx¿ t of}gzf]if0fsf] lzsf/
;d]t x'g k'Ub5g .
csf{]lt/ Go"g cfo:t/ ePsf cleefjsn] cfˆgf lszf]/fj:yfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ufpFaf6
zx/df k9g k7fpFbf 3/af6 k7fOg] ;Lldt vr{n] pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g
;Sb}g . To;n] ubf{ k9fO vr{ jf b}lgs cfjZostfsf cGo vr{ cfk"lt{sf nflu
pgLx¿n] /]i6'/f jf cGo s'g} 7fpFdf sfd ug{} kg{] afWotf x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] o;
afWotfaf6 /f]huf/bftfn] gfhfoh kmfObf p7fpF5 / >dzf]if0f u5{ . ljkGg kfl/jfl/s
cj:yf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfdf Ps lszf]/ jf lszf]/Ln] efOalxgLsf] k9fO /
3/vr{ ;d]t h'6fpg' k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgs[i6 / hf]lvd k|sf/sf] >d ug{ klg
ljjz x'g'k5{ .
lszf]/lszf]/Ln] k9fOnfO{ xflg gx'g] u/L cf+lzs ;dodf cfocfh{gsf nflu s'g}
Joj;fo jf /f]huf/L ug{' cg'lrt xf]Og . ahf/n] o; vfn] /f]huf/sf] l:ylt ;[hgf
ul/lb+bf pgLx¿n] ef]sf] k]6 t ;'Tg' kb{}g . o;/L x]bf{ of] ;sf/fTds kIf g} xf] . t/
lszf]/fj:yf 1fg cfh{g ug'{kg{] / cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{'kg{] phf{jfg pd]/ xf] .
o:tf] pd]/df cfˆgf] afnfkgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gkfP/ kl/jf/sf] cfly{s bfloTj
wfGg'kg]{ l:ylt cfpg' plrt xf] t < of]] gLltut k|Zg klg xf] . ;du|df eGg'kbf{

g]kfnsf] ablnbf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z, ablnFbf] cfly{s ;Defjgfx¿ / a9bf] cfk|jf;gn]
hl6n kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
ljutdf g]kfnaf6 dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ef/tsf 7"nf zx/x¿df Joj;flos of}gzf]if0f,
dfgj cË k|Tof/f]k0f, ;/s; nufot cGo k|sf/sf >d zf]if0fsf nflu a]rlavg
x'g] u/]sf] kfOGYof] . t/ ;g !(() otf v'nf x'g k'u]sf] cGt/f{li6«o >dahf/n]
cfk|jf;gsf] bfo/fnfO{ lgs} km/flsnf] agfOlbof] . ;DkGg / ;De|fGtx¿ cd]l/sf, o"/f]k,
ci6«]lnof cflb h:tf a9L ljsl;t b]zx¿df hfg] tyf Go"g cfly{s x}l;otsfx¿
vf8Lsf d'n'sx¿, dn]l;of, ef/t cflb b]zx¿df ;:tf] >da]Rg hfg yfn]] . ;g @)))
otf t of] cleofgn] Jofkstf g} lng yfNof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd clxn] #) nfveGbf
a9L o'jfo'jtL pNn]lvt vf8L nufotsf d'n'sx¿df clwsf+ztM afWosf/L k|sf/sf] >d
(Force Labour) ug{ afWo g} ag]sf 5g .
otf b]zleq} ufpFaf6 zx/lt/ /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfPsf afnaflnsf 3/]n' >d, xf]6]n
/]:6'/f, oftfoftsf ;fwg, snsf/vfgf, dgf]/~hg, of}gzf]if0f cflb h:tf If]qdf ;+nUg
/x]sf 5g . o:tf >dIf]qx¿df ljif]z u/L dlxnf / aflnsfx¿sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf]
5 . cGo d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/sf nflu uPsf g]kfnLx¿ a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf
36gfx¿af6 kLl8t jf k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] 36gfn] ljb]zL gful/s;Fu
j}jflxs ;DaGw ufF:g] gfddf ;d]t dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿sf] a]rlavg a9g yfn]sf]
5 . sltko b]zx¿df ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fËLlts sfo{qmdsf] gfddf klg g]kfnL dlxnf
tyf lszf]/Lx¿ of}g zf]if0fdf k/]sf] kfOG5 .
afnaflnsf a]rlavglj?4 ePsf k|of; / kl/0ffd
sltko u};;x¿af6 ljut @%–#) jif{b]lv g} afnclwsf/sf lglDt sfdx¿ xF'b}cfPsf]
5 . o;/L ul/b} cfPsf sfdx¿af6 afnclwsf/sf ljleGg If]qx¿df ;Gtf]ifhgs
pknlAwx¿ ePsf 5g . h:t} afn>dsf] Go"gLs/0f, clgjfo{ lzIff, afnclwsf/sf
;DaGwdf cleefjs / afnaflnsfdf km}nfOPsf] r]tgf, /fHonfO{ lhDd]jf/ / ;+j]bgzLn
agfpg ul/Psf] kxn, o:t} kxnsf] sf/0f /fHo clek|]l/t eP/ afnclwsf/nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ag]sf sfg'g / gLlt lgodx¿ cflbnfO{ cjZo klg ;sf/fTds kIf dfGg
;lsG5 .
t/ /fd|f gLltlgod ag]tfklg ltgsf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf 5}gg .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg ultljlwx¿ Jofks ¿kdf g} ;~rfng ul/P klg nufgL
/ k|of;cg'¿ksf glthfx¿ cfpg ;s]gg . d]/f] cg'ejdf o; k5fl8 d"ntM b'O{j6f
sf/0f kfpg ;lsG5 .
klxnf], ;d:ofsf] klxrfgdf sdL M sltko sfd / of]hgfx¿ g]kfnsf] j:t'l:yltcg'¿k
x'g ;s]gg . oxfFsf] ;fdflhs agf]6sf] hl6ntf, kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, cfly{s

kl/l:ylt / sltko hf]lvd kIfx¿nfO{ j:t'k/s lsl;dn] ljZn]if0f ul/Pg . oxfFsf
w/ftnLo cj:yf, kl/j]z / cfjZostfnfO{ gs]nfOsg cGt/f{li6«o:t/df s] eO/x]sf] 5
/ s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ b]vfl;sL a9L ul/of] . To;}n] afnclwsf/ tkm{ nlIft sltko
ultljlwx¿ /f]usf] ;xL lgbfg gul/sg ul/Psf] pkrf/ h:tf] x'g uof] .
bf];|f], /fHosf] sdhf]/L M g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] / afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« eO;s]sfn] / sltko cj:yfdf ljleGg bftfsf] zt{sf sf/0fn]
klg afnclwsf/;DaGwL gLltlgodx¿ kof{Kt agfOPsf 5g . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} lgsfo klg
ag]sf] 5 . l;+xb/jf/b]lv lnP/ lhNnf;Dd klg ;+/rgfx¿ agfOPsf 5g . o;k|sf/
gLltut ¿kdf w]/} k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g . t/ ag]sf gLlt lgodx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf tL ;+oGqx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . afnclwsf/
xgg x'g' k5fl8sf d"ne"t sf/0f tyf ;d:ofx¿k|lt Psflt/ Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g
eg] csf{]lt/ hlxn] klg ;/sf/ cl:y/ /xFb} cfPsfn] klg sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] aGg
k'u]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
afnaflnsf cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavgdf bnfnn] ckgfpg] ljlw / k|lqmof
sltko ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/L a]R5g eGg] s'/f tYok/s x}g . a?
s] ;Dd xf] eg] dfgj t:s/Ldf vlKk; ag]sf bnfnx¿n] …afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fOlbg],
hflu/af6 k};f sdfP/ k7fpg ;Sg], p;sf] /fd|f] eljio aGg]Ú cflb eg]/ cfzf
b]vfpF5g . cfly{s ljkGgtfsf] kL8fn] lklN;Psf lgd'vf / ;f]emf cleefjsx¿sf
;fy} b'Mvsi6 ;x]/ lbSs ePsf afnaflnsf;d]t bnfnsf o:tf s'/fn] cfslif{t aGg
k'U5g . cem sltko lszf]/L jf o'jtLx¿nfO{ t w"t{ bnfnx¿n] b]vfj6L dfofk|Llt
nufP/ / lax] ug{] cfzf b]vfP/ klg km;fpF5g . o;/L km'TsfP kl5 sltko bnfnx¿n]
;f]em} ljb]z klg k'¥ofpF5g . t/ w]/}h;f]n] eg] ;fgf] 5Fbf g]kfn s} zx/L If]qlt/ 3/]n'
jf cGo vfn] >ddf nufpF5g . lszf]/lszf]/L ePkl5 dfq ef/t nluG5 . ef/tdf
k'u]kl5 lszf]/x¿nfO{ 3/]n' jf cGo lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] >ddf nufOG5 eg] lszf]/Lx¿nfO{
of}g ahf/df k'¥ofOG5 . o:tf sltko lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ o'jf cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 t];|f]
d'n'sdf k'¥ofP/ klg a]lrG5 . dfgj t:s/x¿n] pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ tLg tx;Dd klg
a]rlavg u5{g . cg';Gwfgn] csf{] tYo s] klg b]vfPsf] 5 eg] bnfnx¿n] vf;u/L
aflnsfx¿nfO{ ;j{k|yd sf7df08f}sf]] cfly{s lqmofsnfk w]/} x'g] dgf]/~hg If]qdf
lnP/ cfpg], ToxfF NofP/ pgLx¿nfO{ dgf]/~hg;DaGwL tflnd lbg] / To;}df nufpg],
of}gzf]if0f / >dzf]if0f klg ug]{ . s]xL ;dokl5 pgLx¿nfO{ ltAat n}hfg] . clxn] rLg
;/sf/n] ltAat hfgsf nflu () lbgsf] Jofkf/ le;f lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ToxL
le;fdf pgLx¿nfO{ n}hfg] / ToxfFsf 8fG; af/df a]Rg] . To;kl5 csf]{ / clGtd r]g
eg]sf] ef/tsf] uf]jf nu]/ a]Rg] . aflnsfx¿ o;k|sf/ txut ¿kdf laqmL ul/G5g .
t/ afnsx¿sf] eg] o; k|sf/sf] tx xF'b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ k|foMM 3/]n' >ddf jf xf]6n

dhb'/sf] ¿kdf nufOG5 . xf]6]ndf nufpFbf xf]6]n dflnsn] k|foM cfˆgf] 3/sf] sfddf
;d]t nufpF5 . o;/L @÷@ lt/ sfd nufP/ x}/fg kfl/G5 t/ tna eg] lgs} sd
lbOG5 . o;/L pgLx¿sf] cTolws >dzf]if0f ul/G5 . of] rng clxn] sf7df08f}df
b]Vg ;lsG5 . sltko bnfnx¿n] afnaflnsfdfly of] eGbf klg h3Go k|sf/sf]
ck/fw u5{g . lszf]/lszf]/Lsf lduf{}nf lgsfn]/ a]lrG5 . csf{] cem a9L bb{gfs kIf
t sltko afnaflnsfnfO{ cËeË kf/]/ ckfË agfOG5 / ;8sdf /fv]/ lev dfUg
nufOG5 .
lgisif{
sfg'gL ¿kdf b]zdf aw'jf >dk|0ffnLsf] cGTo eof] . t/ ;dfhsf] cGt/s'Gt/nfO{ lgofn]/
x]g{] xf] eg] clxn] klg afFwf k|s[ltsf >dk|0ffnLx¿ kof{Kt kfpg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L tL
afn>ldsx¿ hf] cfGtl/s >dahf/df a]rlavgdf k/]sf 5g / cgf}krfl/s >dIf]qdf
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf >dx¿ -3/]n'sfdbf/, ;fgf /]:6'/fsf sfdbf/, ;jf/L ;fwgsf x]Nk/,
h/L a'Gg] sfdbf/, laF8L agfpg] sfdbf/, OF6fe§fsf afndhb'/, lu§Ls'6g] afndhb'/
cflb_ ul//x]sf 5g, k|foM oL ;a} afFwf k|s[lt s} afn>lds x'g . cfk|jf;g jf
afXo >dahf/df a]lrPsf afn>lds t emg a9L bf;Tjs} cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g .
aflnsfx¿ / lszf]/lszf]/L cfGtl/s jf afXo >dahf/ hxfF eP klg lgs[i6 k|sf/sf]
>dzf]if0fsf;fy} of}gzf]if0fsf] ;d]t lzsf/ eO{ cdfgjLo / gf/sLo hLjg latfpg
afWo 5g .
lxhf] afnaflnsf s[lif dhb'/sf] ¿kdf w]/} sfd uy]{ . clxn] ahf/d'vL cy{tGq
cGt/utsf dhb'/sf] ¿kdf cfPsf 5g .:j¿k km]l/Psf] 5, cfGtl/s cfk|jf;g /
zx/Ls/0fn] ubf{ ;+Vof a9]sf] 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . t/ o;sf] cg';Gwfg ePsf]
5}g . kmf6km'6 u};;n] u/]sf] tYofÍ xf]nf t/ /fli6«o tYofÍ 5}g . cfOPncf]n] NofPsf]
;+Vofdf ljZj:t aGg ;lsg] cfwf/ 5}g . tyflk o;nfO{ Pp6f cflwsfl/s If]qsf]
;fÍ]lts cWoogsf] glthf dfGg ;lsG5 . o;kl5 /fli6«o tYofÍn] afn>ldssf] ;+Vof
36]sf] eg]sf] 5 . h'g k|j[lQ b]lvG5, To;nfO{ x]bf{ To:tf] 5}g / hl6ntf klg a9]sf]
b]lvG5 . a9bf] cfk|jf;g, ljut åGåsf] kl/0ffd, k|fs[lts ljklQn] hGdfPsf] cj:yf,
s[lif pAhgLdf cfPsf] sdL tyf g]kfnsf] kfl/jfl/s l:yltdf cfPsf] km]/abnnfO{ x]bf{
afnaflnsfdf ;+/If0f eGbf klg zf]if0fsf] l:ylt a9]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . /fHon] ;+/If0fsf
k|jwfg gLlt lgodx¿ agfPtfklg oyfy{df afnaflnsfdfly ;dfhdf hf]lvdtf a9]sf]
5 .
casf] cfjZostf
clxn] g]kfnsf] kl/l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ cfGtl/s / afXo cfk|jf;gdf x'g] afnaflnsf a]rlavg
/ afnzf]if0fnfO{ 7ofKk} /f]Sg ;ls+b}g . t/ o;nfO{ lgodg eg] ug{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] of]
cfly{s, kfl/jfl/s l:ylt / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ubf{ klg of] afWofTds kl/l:ylt aGg

uPsf] 5 . JolQmut ljrf/df !$ jif{eGbf dflysf] afnaflnsfn] k9g], dgf]/~hg ug{],
cf/fd ug{] nufot afnclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L p;sf] cfˆgf] Ifdtfcg';f/sf]
sfd ug{ x'G5 . t/ hf]lvd / lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] >ddf nufpg' ePg . pgLx¿dfly
zf]if0f pTkL8g x'g'ePg . 8/ / wDsL b]vfP/ sfddf bnfpg' ePg . afn>dsf]
cGTosf nflu nfdf] af6f] to ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljBdfg cj:yfdf sd;]sd zf]if0fo'Qm afn
>dnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ afn>d cGTo ug]{ lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;sf nflu /fHon] afn>d -lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{]_ P]g, @)%^ nfO{ Jojxfl/s
¿kdf nfu" ug{sf nflu cfˆgf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu
:yflkt ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ afn;+j]bglzn agfOg'kb{5 . afnclwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{
afn>dnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd lgodg ug{] tkm{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{ plrt b]lvG5 . ;a}
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno hfg] cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg
cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ s]lGb|t ul/g'kb{5 . bf];|f]df clwsf/d'vL r]tgf k|jfxsf ;fy}
g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z / cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ afn>ddf nufpg ljj; kl/jf/sf]
cfo cfh{gsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf k|j]z
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug{] sltko u/};/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ g]kfndf k|hftGqsf]
k'g:yf{kgf -@)$^_ x'g'eGbf klxn] g} :yfkgf ePsf lyP . o:tf ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf s}
qmddf xfdL klg afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf nfUof}+ . o;} qmddf g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( nfO{ ;g !(() ;]K6]Dj/ !$ sf lbg
cg'df]bg u¥of] . ttkZrft afnaflnsf;DaGwL gofF P]g–sfg'g klg cfpg yfn] . o;n]
afnclwsf/sf If]qdf cu|;/ x'g rfxg]x¿sf nflu xf};nf k|bfg u¥of] .
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf cg';f/ Tolta]nf g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof sl/a @ s/f]8 !%
nfvdWo] !* jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf $* k|ltzt lyP eg] !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf
$$ k|ltzt /x]sf lyP . afn;+/If0fsf nflu nlIft sfo{x¿ z"Go k|foM /x]sf] cj:yfdf
tL s/f]8f}+ afnaflnsfsf] ;du| clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt s;/L x'g;S5 eGg] ;Gbe{df xfdL
lrGtg dggdf nfUof}+ . Tolta]n} l;ljgsf] :yfkgf ul/of] / To;nfO{ afnclwsf/sf]
If]qdf sfd ug{] Pp6f /fli6«o:t/sf] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/of] . o;df y'k|} bft[
;+:yfx¿n]] ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf sfd u/] / cleofg b]zJofkL ¿kdf km}lnof] .
afnel/of tyf cGo afn>ldssf] cj:yf cWoog
To;kl5 afnel/ofx¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df klg sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/ ;g !(($ df
g} o;;DaGwL /fli6«o ;j]{If0f ul/of] . Tof] ;j]{If0faf6 g]kfne/ sl/a !( xhf/sf]
xf/fxf/Ldf ;x/ s]lGb|t eP/ sfd ug]{ afnel/ofx¿ kfOP . h;df sf7df8f}+df dfq}
sl/a ^%) afnel/ofx¿ /x]sf] cfFs8f cfof] . o:tf afnel/ofx¿ k|foM !$ jif{b]lv
dflysf a9L b]lvP . el/ofsf] sfd ug{] afa'cfdf;Fu /x]sf !@ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf
;8s k]6Ldf t/sf/L a]Rg a:y] . logsf bfO lbbLx¿ t/sf/L af]Sg] sfddf nfUy] .
lsgls ef/L af]Sg a9L zf/Ll/s ansf] cfjZostf k5{ .
afnel/ofx¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf kfOPsf] 5 . Ps vfn] df};dcg';f/ km';{b ePsf] a]nf
cyf{t ljBfno aGb ePsf a]nf k9fO vr{ h'6fpg sf7df08f}+ cfO{ el/ofsf] sfd
u5{g . Tolta]nf o:tf afnel/ofx¿ k|foM uf]/vf, g'jfsf]6, wflbËaf6 cfpFy] / oxfF Ps
b'O{ dlxgf sfd u/]/ sdfPsf] k};f cfˆgf] k9fOdf nufpFy] . csf{ vfn] eg]sf] oxL
sf7df08f} d} a:g] hf] cfˆgf] afa'cfdf;Fu cfpF5g / k|foM t/sf/L ahf/leq} a:5g .
xfdLn] afnel/ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf oL b'j} vfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs ¿kdf ;xof]u u¥of}+
/ a]nfavt :jf:Yo lzlj/ rnfP/ pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f klg u¥of}+ .
afn>dsf] sf/0f M lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
8f= ljho ;}+h'

afn>d;DaGwL s]xL tYofÍ
• ljZjdf !* jif{ d'lgsf @$ s/f]8 %% nfv afn>ldsx¿ 5g . oLdWo], % b]lv !$
jif{sf !* s/f]8 ^) nfveGbf a9L 5g eg] % s/f]8 () nfveGbf a9L !% b]lv
!& jif{sf 5g .
• tLdWo] df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf !& s/f]8 afn>ldsx¿ vt/gfs cj:yfdf sfo{/t 5g /
!! s/f]8 !) nfveGbf a9L % b]lv !$ jif{sf / % s/f]8 () nfveGbf a9L !%
b]lv !& jif{sf 5g .
• df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf !& s/f]8 () nfv afn>ldsx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ddf
sfo{/t 5g .
• Hf;dWo] *) nfveGbf a9L afn>ldsx¿ cToGt lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg
/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;df em08} ^) nfv afWosf/L / aFw'jf >ddf,# nfv ;z:q
åGådf, em08} @) nfv b]xJofkf/ tyf cZnLn ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf / kfFr nfveGbf
s]xL a9L cj}w ultljlwdf nfu]sf 5g .
• g]kfnaf6 sl/a !@ nfv afnaflnsf laqmL ePsf 5g .
• ljZjel/ cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo % b]lv !& jif{sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof em08} #%
s/f]8 @) nfv /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
• cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo sl/a @! s/f]8 !) nfv afnaflnsf % b]lv !$ jif{sf /
em08} !$ s/f]8 !) nfv afnaflnsf !% b]lv !& jif{sf 5g .
• ;/b/df % b]lv !& jif{sf k|To]s ^ afnaflnsfdf PshgfnfO{ afn>ldssf] ju{df
/fVg ;lsG5 .
;|f]tx¿M
!= c ˆo"r/ ljbfp6 rfON8 n]af]/, sfdsf] df}lns l;4fGt / clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf
cfOPncf] 3f]if0ffsf] cg'udg cGtu{t ljZjJofkL k|ltj]bg, cfOPncf], @))@
@= 6fu]{l6Ë b OG6f]n/]anM c Go" OG6/g];gn sGe]G;g 6' Plnldg]6 b j:6{ kmD;{ ckm
rfON8 n]jf]/, cfOPncf], !(((
o;/L Ps÷b'O{ jif{ rnfPkl5 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfO{=Pn=cf]=_ n] afnel/ofdf cln
rf;f] lbgyfNof] . o;kl5 cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6 afn>dsf] o; cj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf
x6fpg'k5{ eg]/ ;g !((& df sf7df8f}+sf afnel/ofx¿nfO{ z}lIfs cfwf/df k"0f{
Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ cfO{=Pn=cf]= ;Fu Pp6f kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u¥of}+ . o;/L 8]9÷b'O{
jif{sf] cGt/fndf lu6L s'6g], ;fgfltgf xf]6ndf sfd ug]{, ;fdfGo vfn] k|fljlwssf]
¿kdf sfd ug]{, O{F§f e§fdf sfd ug]{b]lv lnP/ 3/]n' sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«o
;j]{If0f klg u¥of}+ . o;sf glthfx¿ ljleGg ldl8ofx¿af6 k|sfzg k|;f/0f u/]/
cGt/f{li6«otxdf g} k|rf/k|;f/df nfUof}+ . cfO{=Pn=cf]=sf] tYofÍcg';f/ !)–!@ jif{eGbf
cufl8 @^ nfv afn>ldsx¿ /x]sf] eg]/ Pp6f cfFs8f cfPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] u/]sf]

;j]{If0fcg';f/ sl/a *^ j6f ;fgf–7"nf >dIf]qdf afn>ldsx¿ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
;g @))#–@)!@ ;Dd ul/Psf] cWoogsf] cf+s8fcg';f/ lu6L s'6g]df #@ xhf/,
xf]6n÷lrof k;ndf nfUg]x¿ &@ xhf/, O{F§fe§fdf ^) xhf/, afnel/ofsf ¿kdf $^
xhf/, k|fljlws If]qdf * xhf/ afnaflnsf /x]sf] kfOof] .
afn>d Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of; / kl/0ffd
g]kfn ;/sf/n] afn>dnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] afn>d -lgoldt / lgif]w ug{]_ P]g,
@)%^ Nofof]] . ;fy} o; P]gsf] lgodfjnL @)^@ klg cfof] . o;kl5 g]kfndf >ldssf
¿kdf sfo{/t afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfdx¿n] ult lng yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( sf] wf/f #@ n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s ultljlwdf
gnufpg] / cfly{szf]if0f ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfO= Pn= cf]= sf] dxf;lGw
g+=!*@ n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf >dx¿df afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg g} gx'g] / nufPdf
b08gLo x'g] eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] oL b'j} dxf;lGwx¿sf ;t{nfO{ dfg]/
ltgnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] . o; cfwf/df g} >ldssf ¿kdf sfo{/t afnaflnsfsf
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ultljlwx¿ cufl8 a9]sf x'g . o:tf ultljlwx¿nfO{ cufl8
a9fO/xFbf xfdLn] lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8 lb+b}cfPsf 5f}+ .
cfO=Pn=cf]=n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] Ps k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf @^ nfv afn>lds /x]sf]
atfPsf]df xfn ul/Psf] cWoogn] Tof] ;+Vof 36]/ !^ nfvdf em/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
o;/L klxn]sf] t'ngfdf clxn] >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof 36]sf] 5, h'g cfkm}+df
;sf/fTds xf] . t/ ;d:of s] 5 eg] >ldssf ¿kdf sfo{/t afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof
36]klg pgLx¿dfly x'g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s / of}gzf]if0f eg] clxn] klg
ljBdfg 5 . clxn] klg g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/rgfsf] sf/0f afn>ldsx¿
pTkfbg x'g] qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]s} 5 . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/Lnufot cGo ;fdflhs
sf/0fx¿n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g .
afn>d sfod /xg'sf sf/s kIf
g]kfndf afn>d lgif]w ug{ P]g–sfg'g tyf lgodfjnL cfPklg / dxf;lGwx¿nfO{
cg'df]bg ul/Pklg Tof] k"0f{ ¿kn] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg;s]sf]] 5}g . o;sf sf/ssf
¿kdf ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ /x]sf] hftLo / n}lËs e]befj tyf juL{o zf]if0f /
pTkL8gsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/rgf tyf k/Dk/f g} k|d'v /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ cem}
klg w]/} afnaflnsf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g . hf]lvd / lgs[i6
k|sf/sf >d ug{ ljj; 5g . >ddf ;+nUg sltko afnaflnsf sfd ub}{ k9g' kg]{
afWotfdf /x]sf 5g . xfd|f] ufpF3/df ljBfno ePtfklg To;df lgMz'Ns k7gkf7g x'g
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ljBfyL{nfO{ lstfa lsGg, :s"nsf] 8«]; lsGg klg cfly{s ;d:of 5 .
To;}sf/0f cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k7gkf7gdf geO{ sfddf nufpg'kg]{

cj:yf 5 . To;}n] afn>d Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿sf] cg'kftdf h'g ¿kdf
;+Vof 36g' kg]{ xf] Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx¿ eP klg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f x'g;s]sf]
5}g / ;fF:s[lts hfu/0f cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] klg ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿af6 eP ul/Psf ultljlwaf6 afn>dsf] ;d:ofaf6 ;dfh d'Qm x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] aFw'jf >dk|yfx¿nfO{ sfg'gtM lgif]w ul/of] t/ Jojxf/df cem}
klg s[lifIf]qdf afFwf>d k|0ffnL sfod /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . >ddf ;+nUg clwsf+z
afnaflnsf t cem} klg lgs[i6 / hf]lvd k|sf/sf >d ug{ ljj; /x]sf 5g, hf] k|ToIf
¿kdf afnaFw'jf >d s} Pp6f ¿k xf] .
g]kfndf gLltut ¿kdf afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ k|lta4tf cfPsf] eP klg b[9 OR5fzlQmsf]
cefjn] k|lta4tf k'/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;/L g} ljBdfg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
klg afn>d pGd"ng cleofgdf afws aGb} cfPsf] 5 .
afn>d pGd"ngsf ljsNkx¿
afn>d lg/fs/0f ug{ d"ntM tLgj6f s'/fdf hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 . klxnf] ;j{;'ne
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, bf];|f] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 cyf{t ;zQmLs/0f h;af6 zf]if0f, pTkL8g
/ lje]bsf] cGTo tyf t]>f] lbuf] cfly{s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; . oLdWo] Pp6f kIf dfq
klg gePsf] cj:Yffdf vf;u/L zf]if0f pTkL8gnfO{ ef]lu/x]sf, cfly{s ljkGgtfsf]
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>dsf] kl/efiff
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+
!*@ -;g !(((_ sf cg';f/ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>d eGgfn] b]xfosf cj:y-
fnfO{ ;d]6b5 M–
s_ bf;Tj cyjf bf;Tj ;dfg Jojxf/x¿sf ;a}:j¿kx¿, h:t} afnaflnsfsf] laqmL
tyf hLp df:g], a]Rg], C0f aFw'jf / afFwf k|yf tyf ;z:q ;+3if{df k|of]usf nflu
afnsx¿sf] afWosf/L jf clgjfo{ egf{ nufotsf afWosf/L jf clgjfo{ >dÙ
v_ j]Zofj[lQsf] nflu, clZnn ;fdu|L pTkfbgsf nflu jf clZnn k|bz{gx¿sf nflu
afnsnfO{ k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0fÙ
u_ u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿df kl/efiff ul/P
adf]lhdsf nfu" cf}ifwx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] lglDt afnsnfO{ k|of]u,
k|flKt jf ck{0fÙ
3_ :jo+df jf o;nfO{ sfof{lGjt ul/g] cj:yfx¿n] ubf{ afnsx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff /
g}ltstfdf xflg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sfo{ . -wf/f #, k[i7 #@_

cj:yfdf /x]sf s'g} klg kl/jf/sf] afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g ;Sb}g .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf $ j6f l;4fGtx¿df -s_ e]befjljxLgtf, -v_
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt, -u_ bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;, -3_ afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/
/ cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / To;sf] plrt ;'gjfO /x]sf 5g . oL l;4fGtx¿sf]
dd{cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, ;zQmLs/0f / cfly{s Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ k|efjsf/L
Joj:yf x'g;Sof] eg] To;n] afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;sf/0f lzIffdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;'? u/L cf}krfl/s lzIffdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{,
;zQmLs/0fdf afnSna u7g u/]/, ;d'bfo kl/rfng u/]/, / cfly{s pGgltsf nflu
cfod"ns ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/]/, Jofj;flos tflndx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ltgnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} zf]if0f pTkL8g / lje]bdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs tyf
;fF:s[lts Joj:yfx¿df ¿kfGt/0f Nofpg' klg afn>d ;d"n ¿kdf lgif]w ug]{ xltof/
x'g ;Sb5 .
o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] ljBdfg P]gsfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . gLlt lgdf{0f
txdf OdfGbfl/tf / k|an OR5fzlQm x'g'kb{5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿df lhDd]jf/L af]w
x'g'kb{5 . u};;x¿n] afn>d Go"gLs/0f ug{ ag]sf /fli6«o gLlt tyf afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGwsf] efjgfcg';f/ nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . lzIff tyf cfly{s
Ifdtf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu df]8n sfo{qmd lnP/ cfpg'k5{ . u};;x¿sf] sfd ug]{ bfo/f
;Lldt ePsfn] /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf k'Ug g;Sg] ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;a} afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/ kl/k"lt{sf nflu k|efjsf/L ultljlwx¿ /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 .
u};;n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf ;kmn sfdx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L u/L To;cg'¿k sfd
ug]{ u/fpg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg' k5{ / ;w}F kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{k5{ . csf]{ eg]sf]
bft[ ;+:yfx¿n] ;w}F cfˆgf :yfgLo ;fem]bf/x¿sf] dfq kf/blz{tf vf]Hg] geO{ cfkm"x¿
:jo+ klg kf/bzL{ x'g'k¥of] . sxfF, slt, s;n] / s:tf] sfd u/]sf] 5, s:tfnfO{ ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 cflb :ki6 x'g'k¥of] . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf]
klg plQs} cfZostf 5 . bft[ ;+:yfx¿sf] cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf;fy} g]kfnL hgtfsf
nflu slt /sd sxfF vr{ ePsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L klg lbg'kb{5 . :d/0f /xf];
g]kfnsf] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ n] ;a} g]kfnLdf ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
;'/lIft u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ s'g} klg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf
cGt/f{li6«o u};;x¿sf ultljlwx¿af/] tyf cfly{s kf/blz{tfaf/] k"0f{¿kdf hfgsf/L
lng] xs 5 .
afnclwsf/sf] k|jw{g tyf afn;+/If0fdf ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿ hfu?s /xf}+, cf–cfˆgf]
txaf6 lqmofzLn xf]cf}+ . ;a} afnaflnsfsf] xsclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPdf g} b]zsf]
eljio ;'lglZrt x'G5 .

;8safns M ;d:of / ;dfwfg
zs'Gtnf ;'Aaf
-;'g;/Ldf ljut c7f/ aif{b]lv afnaflnsfx¿, To;df
klg d'Vo¿kn] ;8safnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf]
u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yf pKsf g]kfnsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs zs'Gtnf
;'Aaf;Fu ;8s afnaflnsfsf af/]df Hof]ltnfn agn] ug{'ePsf]
;+lIfKt jftf{df cfwfl/t_
afnaflnsfx¿ ;8sdf cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0fx¿ s]–s] x'g <
kl/jf/sf] ul/aL, unt afgL / cfr/0f ePsf ;fyLsf] ;+ut, zx/sf] cfsif{0f, ;f}t]gL
cfdfn] ug{] ckx]ngf / pTkL8g, 3/]n' lx+;f, kl/ToQm cyf{t 3/af6 lgsflng', afn
ljjfx, r]tgfsf] sdL cflb h:tf sf/0fn] afnaflnsf ;8sdf cfOk'U5g .
;8sdf aflnsfx¿ klg cfpF5g ls <
w/fgdf ;8saflnsf b]lvPsf 5}gg . t/ cGo ljleGg ;x/ahf/df ;8saflnsfx¿
e]l6Psf 5g . t/ ;8safnsx¿sf] cg'kftdf aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof eg] lgs} sddfq
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
;8safnsx¿n] eGbf ;8saflnsfx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf k[ys cK7of/fx¿
s]–s] /x]sf 5g < pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] d'Vo ;d:of of}g zf]if0f g} xf] . ;fy}
;8saflnsfx¿ dfgjt:s/x¿af6 a]rlavgdf klg kg{]u5{g . ;8safns / cGo
dflg;x¿af6 pgLx¿n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgfsf] klg ;fdgf ug{'k5{ .
;8s afnaflnsfx¿n] s]–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf 5g < M
pgLx¿sf] d'Vo ;d:of vfg] s'/f / ;'Tg] 7fpFsf] xf] . To; kl5 :jf:Yodf ;d:of,
pgLx¿ ljleGg /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt x'g k'U5g t/ cfkm} k|ltsf] a]jf:tf, x]/ljrf/ ug{]
cleefjs gx'g' / pkrf/ ug{] k};fsf] klg cefjsf sf/0f pgLx¿ ljleGg /f]uf6
kLl8t x'g k'Ug] / sltko t csfndf g} dg{] l:ylt klg aGg k'U5 . pgLx¿ lzIffsf]
cj;/af6 jl~rt /xG5g . sltkodf k9g] rfxgf gx'g', k9g rfx]tf klg k9fpg
k|]l/t ug{] cleefjs gx'g', k9gsf nflu cfjZos vr{ gx'g' / vfg] a:g] 7]ufg klg
s'/fsfgL

gePsfn] lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt
x'g' k/]sf] xf] . ;8safnaflnsfx¿
cGo JolQmx¿ / cfˆg} hdftsf
;8safnsaf6 ;d]t s'6lk6df
kg{] u5{g . ;8sdf cfO;s]sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfhn] dfq ge}
cfˆg} kl/jf/n] klg a]jf:tf / x]nf
u5{ . logLx¿ hyfefjL ckzAb
k|of]u u5{g, b'Jo{;gsf] s'ntaf6
klg logLx¿ u|l;t ag]sf x'G5g .
afWotf / ljj;tfaf6 gfhfoh kmfObf
p7fpg]x¿af6 logLx¿ of}gzf]if0fsf]
l;sf/ klg x'g] u5{g .
oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s]–s] x'g ;S5g < M
/fHosf tkm{af6 ul/aL lgjf/0fdf k|of; ul/g'k5{ . afnaflnsf k|lt ul/g] ckx]ngf /
s'6kL6sf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . ;Ddfg / k|]dsf] ljsf; x'g'k5{ . Jofks k}/aL / r]tgfsf]
k|jfx ul/g'k5{ .
afnaflnsfsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo / lgMz'Ns clgjfo{ lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . ljkGg
kl/jf/sf nflu Go"gtd cfjZostf cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ s'g–s'g x'g <
d'Vo t ;/sf/ g} xf] . ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfodf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{, o;
cleofgsf nflu 5'§} ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{], ;]jfu|fxL nfeflGjt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{],
u};;x¿;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ sfd ug{], ;8sdf cfPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'ljwfo'Qm
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb|x¿ agfpg], lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
To; kl5 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ x'g, logLx¿n] ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ ;8s
afnaflnsfsf nflu cfsl:ds cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . Jofks r]tgf km}nfpg'
k5{ ;fy} k}/jL / k/fdz{ k|jfxsf] sfd ug{' k5{ .

xfd|f] b]zdf afnaflnsfsf lxtsf vflt/ dGqfno, ljefu, ;ldlt, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf
lgsfox?, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg afnaflnsf cem} klg ;8sdf hLjg
lsg u'hfl//x]sf 5g eGg] ;a}nfO{ nfUbf] xf] / dnfO{ klg To:t} nfU5 .
sf7df08f}, kf]v/f nufot ;x/x¿df ;8sdf a:g] afnaflnsfsf] ;d:of lgs} klxnfb]lv
g} w]/} ;+3 ;+:yf / JolQmx¿n] p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g . To; tfsfsf ;8sdf a:g] u/]sf
afnaflnsf clxn] jo:s eOsg sltn] /fd|} 3/hd u/]sf 5g eg] slt /fd|} 3/hd ug]{
k|oTgdf 5g . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg] u5'{, ælsg xf]nf olt w]/} sfd ubf{ klg ;8sdf
afnaflnsf cem} 5g <Æ Ps hgfn] eg] æbfO sfd x}g s'/f dfq} efsf] 5 .Æ x'g t d
pxfF;Fu k"/} ;xdt 5}g lsgeg] sfd} gePsf] rflxF x}g 9Ë gk'u]sf] x'g;S5 .
;8ssf] 5]p5fp a:g] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a}n] ;f]Wg] w]/} k|Zgx¿dWo] æ;x/df lsg cfPsf]
xf]nf <Æ Pp6f rfn' k|Zg xf] h;sf] pQ/ lb+bf lb+bf afnaflnsf æo;nfO{ a]sf/df s] sf]
dtna xf]nfÆ eGg] u5{g . lbgdf ;o k6s ;o hgfn] ;o y/L k|Zg ubf{ ub}{ lbSs
ePsf afnaflnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbP/ kmfObf 5}g eg] tL k|Zgx¿sf] a]jf:tf gu/] s]
u¿g t . d}n] s]xL jif{ ;8sdf a;]sf efOalxgL;Fu ;+ut ug]{ df}sf kfPF . d}n] ;'? d}
a'em] ls d km]l/ csf]{ Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg] dfG5] aGg x'Fb}g . ;'gfP eg] ;'G5' dfq} . d}n]
k|Zg g} g;f]lwsg w]/} ;'Gg] df}sf klg kfPF . oxfF afnaflnsf ;8sdf lsg cfp5g <
/ o;sf] ;dfwfg s] x'g ;Snf eGg] s'/fdf d]/f] cg'ej / ljrf/nfO{ ;+lIfKtdf /fVg
rfxfG5' .
afnaflnsf ;fdfGotof ;8sdf x}g ;x/df cfpg] ub{5g . ;x/df hLpg] pkfox¿ /
a:g] 7fpFx¿dWo] ;8snfO{ 5fGg] ub{5g . ;a} ;x/ k;]sfx¿ ;8sdf cfO;s]sf 5}gg
/ ;a} ;8sdf cfOk'Ug ;Sg]x¿ ;x/ cfOk'u]sf klg 5}gg . afnaflnsf 3/ kl/jf/
5f]8]/ ;x/ / ;8sdf cfOk'Ug'sf k5fl8 w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g / of] s'/f afnaflnsfsf
If]qdf ;+nUg k|foMnfO{ yfxf g} 5 . æaf d/] cfdf kf]Onf uOgÆ æcfdf dl/g afn] ;f}t]gL
cfdf Nofpg'ef]Æ cflb afnaflnsfn] emjf§ lbg] pQ/x¿ x'g . t/ afnaflnsf ;dfh,
/fHo / zf;gn] l;h{gf u/]sf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] cefj / cGo ljleGg sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ ;x/ k:5g / clg ;8sdf cfpg] u5{g .
ljutdf b]zdf hlt cj;/x¿ l;h{gf eP tL k|foM ;a} ;x/df eP . u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3
;8sdf x}g ;x/df cfpF5g afnaflnsf
k|Nxfb 9sfn
Ps cg'e"lt

;+:yf klg ;x/d} s]lGb|t eP . /demd ;x/d} a9of] . ufpFdf rfdn vfg / rKkn
nufpg klg wf} wf} 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ yfxf 5 ;x/df vfg kfpFbf Tof] eGbf a9L g}
vfg kfOG5 . ;;fgf sfd klg kfOG5 . xftdf k};f cfpF5 / k};f vr{ ug{ / sdfpg
klg kfOG5 . sltko afnaflnsfn] k};f arfP/ 3/df klg k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . sf]xL
cleefjsx¿ k};f lng klg cfpg] u/]sf e]6]sf] 5' .
;8sdf a:g] u/]sf afnaflnsfsf] b}lgs hLjgdf olt w]/} ljljwtfx¿ 5g / olt w]/}
:jtGqtf 5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ nfU5 Tof] s'g} ;+:yf jf cfˆg} 3/df ;Dej 5}g
h;sf nflu si6x¿ :jLsfo{ eP h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .
pgLx¿n] afFRg] ;x/sf] hLjgsf] bfFhf]df ufpFsf] hLjg w]/} g} cefjk"0f{ / sd
/f]df~rs ePsf] pgLx¿nfO{ nfUb5 . To;}n] oxfF /dfpFb5g / cfˆgf] efO alxgL /
;fyLnfO{ klg cfpg pTk|]l/t ub{5g .
sltko ;8sdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;a} kl/jf/ ;x/df g} /x]sf 5g . ltgLx¿ ;x/sf
ul/a a:tL jf ;fF3'/f] / lr;f] sf]7fx¿df si6k"0f{ hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g . w]/}n] gfªn]
k;n, ds} kf]n]/ a]Rg], lrof a]Rg]x¿ cflbsf afnaflnsf klg ;8s d} a/flng] sfd
ug]{ jf dfUg] ub{5g . pgLx¿dWo] slt t slxn] sfFxL dfq cfdfa'af;Fu a:5g / k|foM
;8sdf g} lbg /ft latfpg] ub{5g . o;sf] ;+Vof klg pRr g} 5 .
ha;Dd cj;/x¿ ufpF3/df g} l;h{gf x'Fb}g, b'Mvlhnf] u/]/ ufpF3/df g} vfg nufpg,
lzIff :jf:Yo cGo cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf k'Ub}gg . ;8sdf afnaflnsf cfpg aGb x'Fb}g
/ e"sDkn] Wj:t a:tLx¿af6 ;x/ k:g] qmd c¿ lta| x'g]5 eGg] d]/f] 7x/ 5 .

ljifo k|j]z
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ afnaflnsfdfly x'g] h3Go ck/fwsf ;fy} afnclwsf/sf] uDeL/
pNn+3g xf] . afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] afFRg] clwsf/, ;Ddflgt hLjg
ofkg ug]{ clwsf/, ljsf;sf] clwsf/, cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ / ;+/If0fsf]
clwsf/ pkef]usf ;fy ;+/lIft hLjg ofkg ug]{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt ePsf 5g .
afnaflnsflj?4 x'g] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ g]kfn nufot ;+;f/ e/L g} 7"nf] dfqfdf x'g] ck/fw
xf] . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f !( n] afnaflnsfsf] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ nufot
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lx+;f b'Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0faf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eg]/ k|i6
kf/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@ / ;+3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f $$ df Joj:yf ePsf] afnaflnsfsf] xsdf afnaflnsfnfO{
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ nufot ;a} k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f / o;lj?4sf] sfg'gL clwsf/
af/] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* sf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf ! df
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg}lts k];fdf nufpg jf k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] cj:yf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ afn;+/If0fsf] d'Vo ;jfn
dWo] Ps ;jfn xf] . sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ;]e lb lrN8|]g gj]{ / l;ljgn] ;g @))#
df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ $%Ü afnaflnsfn] of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] cj:yf ef]u]sf] kfOPsf]
lyof] . ;g @))% df df]/Ë, ;'v]{t, sf:sL / lrtjgdf o'lg;]kmn] u/]sf] cWoogn]
#$Ü afnaflnsf of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g @))% df #!( hgf
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfdf l;lj;n] u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ %^=*Ü afnaflnsf
of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;g @))& df EjfO; ckm lrN8«]gn] $)) hgf
afnaflnsfdf u/]sf] cWoogaf6 *)Ü afnaflnsf of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
;g @))^ df l;lj;n] k|;'tL u[x yfkfynL c:ktfndf anfTsf/sf 36gfkl5 pkrf/sf
nflu cfPsf !$* j6f 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ b]lvPsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ !@=*$Ü
afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ @ aif{b]lv ^ aif{;Ddsf] lyof] . ;g @)!$ df l;lj;n] ;xof]u
u/]sf ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] l;sf/ ePsf ^$ hgf afnaflnsfdWo] @$Ü 36gfx¿
Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . !& Ü 36gfx¿ l5d]sL / !& Ü
ljBfno lzIfsaf6 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . pd]/ ;d"xsf cfwf/df @# Ü afnaflnsf !)
aif{ d'lgsf, ^& Ü afnaflnsf !! b]lv !^ ;Ddsf / !) Ü afnaflnsf !& b]lv
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l:ylt / Gofodfly kx'Frsf] ;jfn
o'j/fh l3ld/]

!* jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf lyP . g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;g
@)!@÷!# df k/]sf &)! ph"/LdWo] $(=^$ Ü !* d'lgsf afnaflnsfdfly ePsf]
of}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL 36gfdf cfwfl/t lyP . afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ ePsf 36gfx¿dWo]
%)Ü dfq 36gfx¿ k|x/L ;dIf k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
afn of}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL ;r]tgf, a'emfO, e|d / oyfy{tf
g]kfndf xhf/f}+ afnaflnsf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t eO/x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfP
klg cleefjs, lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{ / :jo+ afnaflnsfdf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL
a'emfO k|i6 gePsf] l:ylt 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf l;lj;n] ;g @))$ df cleefjs
dfem u/]sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ %%Ü cleefjsx¿nfO{ dfq of}g b'Jo{jxf/ 5f]P/ /
g5f]Osg b'j} k|sf/n] x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L /x]sf] kfOof] . afFsL $% Ü n] anfTsf/nfO{
dfq of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] ¿kdf a'em]sf] kfOof] . $* Ü cleefjsx¿sf] k'?if / dlxnfn]
g} of}g b'Jo{jxf/ u5{g eGg] a'emfO /x]sf] kfOof] . ^) Ü cleefjsdf aflnsfx¿nfO{
dfq of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'G5 eGg] ;f]r /x]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L cleefjsx¿df ;fgf
afnaflnsfdf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'Fb}g, of] t s]jn lszf]/Lx¿dfly x'G5 eGg] a'emfO /x]sf]
kfOof] t/ cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] jf:tljstf lgDgk|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{ /
l;ljgn] @))# df sf7df08f} pkTosfdf %,$!# hgf afnaflnsfdf ul/Psf] afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL cWoogsf cg';f/ %&Ü afns / @& Ü aflnsfn] kmf]xf]/L zAbsf]
k|of]u dfkm{t b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf] atfPsf lyP . pQm cWoogaf6 gUg rnlrq kmf]6f /
lrq dfkm{t b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf afnssf] ;+Vof #% Ü / aflnsfsf] ;+Vof @) Ü /x]sf]
kfOof] . o;}u/L of}g cË v]nfP/ jf 5f]P/ of}g b'Jo{jxf/df kg]{ afnssf] ;+Vof #% Ü
5 eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof @( Ü /x]sf] kfOof] . o;/L cWoogn] afns / aflnsf b'j}nfO{
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'G5 eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 .
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ / Gofodf kx'Fr
g]kfndf jif]{gL xhf/f}+ afnaflnsf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 kL+l8t x'g] u/]sf] eP klg k|x/L /
cbfnt;Dd k'Ug] 36gfx¿sf] ;+Vof Psbd} yf]/} b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf afnaflnsfdfly
eO/x]sf of}ghGo lx+;f / b'Jo{xf/af/] k|i6 sfg'g / lgodsf] cefj 5 . d'n'sL P]g
!$ g+ dxndf ha/h:tL s/0fL / of}g lx+;fsf] af/]df k|fjwfgx¿ /fv] klg o;n]
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lbOg] b08 ;hfo, b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf
afnaflnsfn] kfpg] Ifltk"lt{, afnd}qL Jojxf/ lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] af/]df s'g} k|i6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . d'n'sL P]gsf] bkmf !! n] o:tf] 36gf ePsf] #% lbgleq
gfln; lbg' kb{5 eg]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] k|fjwfgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ Gofosf] kxF'rdf
cj/f]w pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;g @)!#÷!$ df l;lj; ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u/]sf afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/sf !@$ 36gfx¿dWo] @% Ü 36gfx¿nfO{ cbfnt;Dd n}hfg ;lsPg . o;sf]
k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] #% lbg] xbDofb u'lh|Ps} sf/0f lyof] . xfd|f] sfg'g afnd}qL klg
5}g h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh 9Ën] Gofosf] kxF'rdf k'UgnfO{ d2t u/f]; / kLl8td}qL

eP/ b'|t Gofo;]jf k|bfg u/f]; . ICJ g]kfnsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ! Ü kLl8tn] dfq
cbfntn] tf]s]sf] Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf 5g . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQaf6
c;'n pk/ ePdfq kLl8tn] cbfntn] tf]s]sf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] cGoyf gkfpg] Joj:yf
ePsf]n] ubf{ xf] .
g]kfn k|x/Lsf] tYofÍ x]bf{ ha/h:tL s/0fL -anfTsf/_ d'2fsf sl/a @@=% Ü cleo'Qmx¿
km/f/ /x]sf 5g . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] tYofÍ x]bf{ d'2f rnfOPsfdWo] sl/a
%^ Ü dfq 7x/ eO{ ck/fwLn] ;hfo kfPsf 5g . o;n] Psflt/ k|efjsf/L sfg'gsf]
cefjdf ck/fw df}nfpFb} uPsf] / csf]{lt/ k|sfp k/]sf ck/fwLx¿n] klg ck/fwaf6
pGd'lQm kfPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . oL ;a}sf sf/0f afnd}qL sfg'gsf] cefj, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
Ifdtfdf sdL xf] .
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4sf] cleofg
afnaflnsfnfO{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ h:tf] h3Go ck/fwaf6 hf]ufpg :jo+ afnaflnsf,
cleefjs, ;d'bfo, lzIfs, k|x/L, ;~rf/sdL{, :jf:YosdL{ tyf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{sf]
Ifdtf ljsf; tyf r]tgfdf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 afnaflnsf ;+/If0fsf nflu cleofgx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf
5g . l;lj; ;+:yfn] ;g @))# b]lv afnaflnsfnfO{ afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 arfpg
afnSna, ljBfno leq / ljBfno aflx/sf afnaflnsf, afn>lds, cfdfa'af, cleefjs,
cfdf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿, dlxnf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿, o'jf;d"xsf ;b:ox¿, sn]hdf
cWoog/t o'jfx¿, ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ / ;+3–;+:yfdf sfo{/t clwsf/sdL{x¿ dfem
afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4sf] ;r]tgf cleofg ;~rfng u¥of] . @))# b]lv @))* ;Ddsf]
% jif]{ cleofg r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug'{, afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ;fdflhs ;/f]sf/df
j[l4 ug'{, afn;+/If0fnfO{ ;d'bfodf ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf ;+:yfut ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . o;}
u/L ;g @))( b]lv @)!% ;Ddsf] ;dodf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;, afnaflnsfsf] ;zQmLs/0f / Gofodf ;'wf/sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] Gofodf
kx'Frsf nflu cleofgx¿ ;~rflnt eP .
o; cjlwdf l;lj; ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿kdf %),))) xhf/ eGbf a9L afnaflnsf, !)))
eGbf a9L lzIfs, $)) hgf k|x/L, !%) :jf:YosdL{, @%,))) eGbf a9L cleefjs tyf
;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ dfem afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL ;r]tgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf l;lj;n] afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t $)) afnaflnsfnfO{
Gofosf] kx'Frsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} ck/fwLnfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg
;xhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf ^))) afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fd"lxs tyf JolQmut
dgf]ljdz{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L k|To]s jif{ !( gf]e]Da/sf] cj;/ kf/]/
gful/s ;dfh tyf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfsf] kxndf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/nufot cGo k|sf/sf
b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 !( lbg] cleofg ;~rfng ul/+b} cfOPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfndf !(
gf]e]Da/ afn b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ljZj lbj;sf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

of}g b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf kLl8tsf] Gofodf kxF'rsf nflu sfg'gdf kl/jt{g ckl/xfo{
b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu l;lj; ;+:yfn] g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ck/fw;+lxtfdf
of}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;xsfo{ u¥of] . sfg'g
kl/dfh{gsf nflu ;'emfj lbg] lj1 ;+:yfx¿ tyf l;lj;sf k|ltlglw ;lxtsf] ;ldltn]
/fv]sf] ;'emfjsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] sfg'g cfh ;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg 5 . afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifodf ;Ddflgt ;+;bsf ;ef;bx¿;Fu ;do–
;dodf 5nkmnx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf 5g . o;/L afn;+/If0fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ bf}/fgdf l;lj;n] cfjZos naL tyf P8ef]s];L
ug]{ cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] Gofodf kx'Frsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ bf}/fgdf kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg] ;jfn Pp6f cxd ;jfn xf] . o;sf nflu l;lj; ;+:yfn]
æafnaflnsflj?4 x'g] of}g lx+;fn] tTsfn / bL3{sfndf kg]{ c;/nfO{ dWogh/
ub}{ To:tf afnaflnsfsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/, dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf, lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf, Gofodf
kx'Frsf] nflu ph'/L btf{df lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xof]u, kLl8tsf] ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf
cflb ;lxtsf] Ifltk"lt{ ljt/0fsf nflu Pp6f 5'66} Ifltk"lt{ sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ;d]t
u/L ;a} vfn] of}ghGo ck/fwaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsf nufotsf kLl8tx¿nfO{
kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿ksf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] nufotsf
Joj:yfsf nflu oyfl;3| 5'§} sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/L kfpmÆ eGg] ljifodf sfg'gL
pkrf/sf] dfu ub}{ ldlt @)^(.(.@@ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf]
lyof] . pQm l/6 g+= )&!! sf] lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofowLz >L
uf]kfn k/fh'nL / >L rf]n]Gb| zDz]/ h=a=/f=sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)&!.!!.@)
ut] ;'g'jfO{ ub}{ l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ eGg]
cfb]z ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pQm km};nfn] kLl8td'vL sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf kLl8tnfO{
kl/k"/0f ;lxtsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . of] km};nfnfO{ of}ghGo
ck/fwaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsf nufot kLl8tsf] Gofodflysf] kx'Frsf] clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttfsf] lbzfdf Ps dxTjk"0f{ sbd dfGg ;lsG5 .
k|To]s afnaflnsfn] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f afFRg kfpg], ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .
clxn] klg of}g b'Jo{jxf/ h:tf] kf;ljs cTofrf/af6 afnaflnsf kL+l8t 5g . of]
;jfnsf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfsf ;fy} ;r]tgf clej[l4
ug'{ kg]{ plQs} h?/L 5 . To;}n] l;lj;n] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4
o'jfx¿df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 kl/jt{gsf jfxs
o'jfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{sf nflu sfnf] 6f]kLdf o'jfx¿ cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
of] cleofgsf] p2]Zo afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;+j]bgzLn agfpg]
/ sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf nflu gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ bafa l;h{gf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 afnd}qL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f gx'~h]n / k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt gx'~h]n of] cleofg lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/xg] 5 .

casf] af6f]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ d"ne"t
clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ca cfjZostf 5 o;sf] cfwf/df aGg] sfg'gnfO{
afnd}qL agfpg', afnd}qL Jojxf/ ckgfpg' / afn;+/If0fnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf ckgfpg' .
clg dfq xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 arfpg ;S5f}+ . cJojxfl/s
sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g, ljBfno, sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL cWoog
cWofkg, afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ;Lk k|bfg, cleefjsnfO{ afn;+/If0f / ;sf/fTds
cleefjsTjsf] 1fg, ljBfno / lzIfsx¿df afnd}qL ;+/If0f ;Lksf] ljsf;, k|x/L /
:jf:YosdL{x¿sf] cg';Gwfg Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, PsLs[t d]l8sf]lnun km/Dof6sf] k|of]u /
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ;s]df afnaflnsfnfO{ afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/lIft
ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

æ;fgf] pd]/ ufx|f] sfd gkm';{b
gcf/fdÆ Pp6f afn>ldsn] ef]Ug'
kg]{ of] lgotLnfO{ ;f]g'n] cfˆg} afNo
hLjgdf ef]Ug' ef] . 7"nf] kl/jf/ tyf
cefju|:t hLjgsf] rfkdf k/]/ & jif{s}
afNofj:yfb]lv 3/]n' >ddf nfUg afWo
x'g' ePsL ;f]g' bg'jf/n] o;} If]qdf
hLjgsf @! jif{ latfO;Sg' ePsf] 5 .
3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf % jif{;Dd
sfd ug]{ bf}/fgdf pxfFn] afn>ldsn]
ef]Ug' kg]{ kL8fnfO{ glhsaf6 a'emg'
ePsf] 5 . afNosfndf c¿ lstfa sfkL
af]s]/ :s"n k9g uPsf] b]v]/ 6'n'6'n'
x]/]/ a:g afWo ePsL ;f]g'n] l;lj;åf/f
;~rflnt ( dlxg] cgf}krfl/s
sIffsf] dfWodaf6 afnSnadf ;xefuL
x'g] cj;/ kfpg'ef] . cfkm" / cfkm"
h:tf afn>ldsx¿sf] clwsf/sf]
kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg'ef] . 3/sf] rf/
kvf{nleqsf] >dsf] af]em af]s]/ lx8bf
lx8b} yfx} gkfO{ pxfF jo:s x'g'ef] .
afnSnadf ;+ul7t eO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf af/]df ;r]t x'g' ePsL ;f]g' xfn 3/]n' >d
;Ddflgt >d x'g'kb{5 eGg] cleofgsL cleoGtfsf] ¿kdf cufl8 al9/xg'ePsf] 5 .
h;sf] ;jfn p;}sf] g]t[Tj x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ pxfFn] cfTdf;ft ug'{ePsf] 5 .
3/]n' >ddf sfo{/t ;f]g'n] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] kIfdf cleofgdf ;+nUg x'Fbf x'Fb} cfˆgf]
cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg klg Eofpg'ef] . o; qmddf clxn] pxfF :gfts txsf] t];|f]
jif{df cWoog/t x'g'x'G5 . xfn pxfF International Domestic Worker's Federation
of Asia sf] k|ltlglw, Asian Domestic Worker's network sf] cWoIf tyf g]kfn u[x
>lds 6«]8 o'lgogsf] dxf;lrj x'g'x'G5 . k|:t't 5 log} cleoGtf ;f]g' bg'jf/;Fu /d]z
s'df/ kf}8]nn] lng' ePsf] jftf{sf] c+z .
3/]n' >d ;Ddflgt x'g'kb{5
;f]g' bg'jf/
s'/fsfgL

!= tkfO{+ s:tf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'g' ePsf] lyof] <
d]/f] 3/ emfkfsf] w'nfaf/L xf] . xfd|f] hUuf hldgsf] gfddf !) s77f 8fF8f] P]nfgL hUuf
/ b'O{j6f u/f wfg kmNg] v]t lyof] . Psflt/ r/d cfly{s cefj tyf !) hgfsf]
kl/jf/ ePsf] sf/0fn] d ;ft} jif{sf] pd]/b]lv 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ afWo
ePF . d d}n] bfh' lbbL eg]/ lrGg' tyf yfxf kfpg'eGbf cufl8 g} d]/f h]7f] bfO /
lbbL 3/]n' afn>lds eO;Sg' ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] pxfFx¿nfO{ d]/f bfh' lbbLx¿ klg 5g
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfOg . s] sf/0fn] xf] ;fob d]/f] pd]/ ;fg} ePsfn] cfjZostf
g7fg]/ xf]nf cfdfa'afn] klg d eGbf dfly bfh' lbbL ePsf] s'/f dnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'
ePsf] lyPg . o;/L Psflt/ hfgsf/L gkfPsf]n] pxfFx¿nfO{ lrGg ;s]sf] lyOg .
csf{lt/ /f]huf/bftfx¿n] pxfFx¿nfO{ rf8af8sf] a]nf klg 5'§L lbg] ub}{gy] . d &
jif{sL eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf Ps lbgsf] s'/f xf] pxfFx¿ 3/df cfpg' eP5 . d}n]
;xf]b/ bfO lbbLnfO{ klg glrGg g;sL l5d]sLsf] 3/df sf] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wg hfg' k/]sf]
36gfn] dnfO{ ;w}F lrdf]l6/xg] u/]sf]5 . d /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df a:g yfn]sf] *÷(
dlxgf aLrdf d]/f] a'af laTg'ef] . a'af lalt;s]kl5 lsl/of vr{sf nflu cfdfn] d
/f]huf/bftfaf6 s]xL C0f nfg' ePsf] /x]5 . of] vr{ s6fpgsf nflu d}n] # jif{;Dd
/f]huf/bftfsxfF sfd ug'{ k¥of] . cfdfn] slt /sd nu]sf] xf] / slxn];Dd pgsf] 3/df
afn>d ug'{ kg]{ xf] eGg] af/]df pgnfO{ k6s–k6s ;f]Wbf klg /f]huf/bftfn] slxNo}
dnfO{ atfPgg . hlxn] klg cfdfn] nu]sf] lsl/of vr{ cem} s§L x'g afFsL 5 To;}n]
tF cem} of] 3/df a:g'kb{5 eg]/ eGg] ub{y] . pd]/ !) jif{s} ePklg pgLx¿sf] of]
Jojxf/n] dnfO{ leqleq} l/; p7g yfn]sf] lyof] . cGTodf s]xL ;Lk gnfuL d Tof]
3/af6 cfkm" v'zL lg:s]/ cfO{ cfˆg} 3/d} a:g yfn]F . o;}qmddf @)%# ;fn !)
jif{s} pd]/df 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ eg]/ sf7df08f} cfPF .
@= tkfO{Fn] 3/]n' afn>lds eP/ sfd ubf{sf] cg'ej atfOlbg'xf]; g .
3/]n' afn>lds eP/ w'nfaf/Lsf] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df # jif{;Dd a:bf k|To]s lbg
% ah] p7g' kYof]{ . pl7;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] 3/ cfFug a9fg]{, lrof vfO;s]kl5
3fF; sf6g hfg], lbpF;f] /f]huf/bftfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ :s"n k'¥ofpg], Ps 8Ë'/ h'7f
efF8f dfemg], afv|fnfO{ kfgL lbg], af/Ldf nufOPsf] t'nkm"n uf]8d]n ug]{, hf8f] dlxgfdf
bfp/f lng hËn hfg], ds} tyf rfnd s]nfpg], a]n'sfsf] nflu af/Laf6 t/sf/L NofP/
s]nfpg], ;a}eGbf ufx|f] sfd rflxF Ogf/af6 kfgL p3fP/ 3}nf tyf afN6Ldf Ps tnf
dfly cf];fg]{ lyof] . o;b]lv afx]s k|foM 8f]sf] lnP/ v]tfnfnfO{ vfhf k'¥ofpg] / kmls{bf
To;df 3fF; lnP/ cfpg' kb{Yof] .
sf7df08f}dfcfP/a;]sf]/f]huf/bftfsf]3/dfug'{kg]{sfdx¿emfkfsf]/f]huf/bftfsf]3/sf]
t'ngfdf s]xL ;xh lyof] . k|foM efG;fleqsf sfd / cGo 3/]n' sfdx¿ ug'{ kb{Yof] . kl/jf/
* hgfsf] lyof] . laxfg % ah]b]lv a]n'sf !) ah]lt/ sfd ;lsGYof] . oxfF cfO;s]kl5sf

;'?sf lbgx¿
efG;f k|of]u ul/g]
/fO;s's/nufotsf
cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu
kl/lrt x'g
s]xL ;do nfUof] .
( dlxgfsf]
cgf}krfl/s sIff
kl9;s]kl5 d
@)%* ;fndf
;/sf/L :s"ndf
$ sIffdf egf{ eO{
k9g yfn]F . :s"n k9g] cj;/ kfPkl5 d}n] laxfgsf] vfgf ksfpg' kb}{gYof] .
:s"naf6 sl/a !! ah]lt/ cfO;s]kl5 sfddf nfUg' kb{Yof] . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf
sf7df08f}sf /f]huf/bftf kl/jf/sf] dnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] d}n] kfPsf]
5' . pxfFx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 . xfn :gfts tx t];|f] jif{df cWoog/t ub}{ cfPsf]
5' km]l/ klg cfkm"n] ub}{ cfPsf] sfdnfO{ d}n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5' .
#= s;/L afnSnadf ;+ul7t x'g] cj;/ kfpg' ef] <
sf7df08f} cfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg eP/ b'O{ jif{ latfO;s]sL lyPF . o;} qmddf
Pslbg l;lj;n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf cgf}krfl/s sIff ;~rfng ug{sf nflu 3/b}nf]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] /x]5 . oxL sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf d]/f] o; ;+:yfsf bfOlbbLx¿
;Dks{ eof] . pxfFx¿n] afn>ldsx¿sf nflu cgf}krfl/s sIff ;~rfng ePsf] /
dnfO{ klg ToxfF k9gsf nflu cfpg] ;Nnfx lbg'eof] . o;kl5 l;lj;sf] ;xhLs/0fdf
/f]huf/bftfaf6 cgf}krfl/s sIff k9g hfgsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt eof] . l;lj;åf/f
;~rflnt cgf}krfl/s sIffdf egf{ eO{ k9g yfn]kl5 xfdLn] afnclwsf/sf af/]df
w]/} 1fg k|fKt u¥of}+ . o;} bf}/fgdf l;lj;n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ e]nf eO{ cfˆgf
b'Mv ;'v cfbfg k|bfg ug{ xfF;v]n tyf dgf]/~hg ug{sf nflu u'8 k|mfO8] sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . oxL sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 cfˆgf xs clwsf/sf nflu PSnf
PSn} ;Dej x'Fbf] /x]g5 eGg] yfx kfPkl5 xfdLn] afnSna u7g u¥of}+ .
$= afnSnadf ;+ul7t eP/ s]–s] sfdx¿ ug'{ef] t <
;'?sf lbgx¿df xfdLn] afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ sfd u¥of}+ . xfdL l;lj;åf/f
;~rfng ul/Psf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ug]{ cleofg ;+nUg eO{ ljleGg
ljBfnox¿df uP/ 3/]n' afn>lds tyf cGo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ afnSnadf ;+ul7t ug]{
sfd u¥of}+ . o; qmddf xfdLn] afn>dsf]lj?4df ;r]tgf hufpgsf nflu ;8s
gf6sdf clego ug]{ sfd u¥of}+ . k|To]s z'qmaf/ x'g] u'8 k|mfO8] sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf

slxn] afnclwsf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ t slxn] xfdLn] clwsf/sf] dfu dfq ug]{
xf]Og st{Jo k"/f ug{ klg 5f]8g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf ptf¥of}+ .
/f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df sfd ubf{ OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s sfd ug]{, ;s];Dd gl/;fOsg sfd ug]{,
o;/L ;sf/fTds 9Ën] sfd u¥of}+ eg] dfq /f]huf/bftfsf] dg kl/jt{g eO{ pgLx¿n]
xfdLnfO{ :s"ndf k9g, u'8 k|mfO8] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cg'dlt lbg ;S5g eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ;fyLx¿ aLr n}hfg] ub{Yof}+ . o;/L cleofgdf nfUg] ;do lgsfNgsf nflu
xfdL /flt ca]/;Dd klg /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'GYof] . afnSnadf ;+ul7t
ePkl5 xfdLn] xfd|f clwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;Dks{
Pj+ e]63f6 u¥of}+ .
%=jo:s ePkl5 klg tkfO{F lsg 3/]n' >dd} sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 < cGo If]qlt/ lsg
nfUg' ePg <
xf], d}n] rfx]sf] eP d >ds} cGo If]qlt/ jf cs}{ hflu/ vfg klg ;Sy]F . o; If]qdf
sl/a @! jif{;Dd ;+nUg eO;s]kl5 klg d oxL If]qdf nfUg'sf] sf/0f rfxLF 3/]n'
>ldssf clwsf/sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'{ / 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;Ddflgt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
ug{s} nflu xf] . lsgsL ljut nfdf] ;do;Dd /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o txsf ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿n] 3/]n' >dnfO{ >dsf] ¿kdf g} dfGotf lbOPsf lyPgg . xfd|f] lg/Gt/
k|of; kl5 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ klg afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf cem ;zQm eP/ nfu] . pgLx¿n]
xfd|f] cleofgdf an k'¥ofpg æafnaflnsf :s"ndf 7"nf dflg; sfddfÆ eGg] cleofg
rnfP . o;n] xfd|f] cleofgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ sfd u¥of] .
^= 3/]n' >d ;Ddflgt >d x'g'k5{ eGg] cleofgdf s;/L ;fd]n x'g'ef] <
xfdL 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf lyof}+ . ;Fu;Fu}+ afnSnadf cfa4 eO{ 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿sf] xsclwsf/sf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf lyof}+ . Psflt/ >ddf Jo:t /xg'
kg]{ csf{lt/ afnSnan] lbPsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ axg ubf{ ub}{ yfx} gkfO{ d nufot cGo
;fyLx¿sf] pd]/ !^ aif{ k'lu;s]5 . o;}sf/0fn] xfdLn] afnSna 5f]8g' kg]{ cj:yf
cfof] . afnSnasf] g]t[Tj gofF efO alxgLx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt cfof] . t/
ca s] ug]{ < afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 ;+ul7t x'Fb} cfˆgf xs clwsf/sf nflu ul/Fb}
cfPsf] ;+3if{nfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbg] < eGg] af/]df xfdLn] o;} If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf
l;lj;;Fu 5nkmn u¥of}+ . 5nkmn kZrft xfdLn] 3/]n' >lds d~r :yfkgf u/]/
jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] xsclwsf/sf nflu cufl8 a9g] lgisif{ lgsfNof}+ . o;kl5
l;lj;;Fusf] ;xsfo{df xfdL h:t} afnSnadf ;+ul7t eO{ jo:s ePsf @% hgf 3/]n'
>ldsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ a9fof}+ . o;sf nflu l;lj; / g]kfnsf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] dxf;+3
lhkm06sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf xfdLnfO{ ;+u7g lgdf{0f;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd lbOof] .
l;lj; / lhkmG6sf] ;xhLs/0f tyf tflnddf l;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ k|of]u ub}{ xfdLn]
ljleGg 7fpFdf sfo{/t 3/]n' >ldsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ a9fof}+ . o;} qmddf oL ;+:yfx¿sf]

;xof]u / xfd|f] cys k|of;af6 %%* hgfsf] x:tfIf/ ;Íng u/L cfˆgf] ;Ë7g btf{
ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of}+ . @)^# df3 !( ut] ;+u7g lgdf{0fsf nflu lhkmG6sf] ;ef xndf
sl/a #)) hgf 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] e]nf ul/of] . e]nfn] ;Ë7gsf] gfd …g]kfn :jtGq
3/]n' >lds o'lgog /fVof] . To;} e]nfåf/f d]/f] cWoIftfdf !# hgf ;b:o /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldlt lgdf{0f ul/of] . o;/L xfdLn] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f u¥of}+ . of]
blIf0f Plzofs} klxnf] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] o'lgog xf] . o'lgogsf] lgdf{0fkZrft xfdL
3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf] cleofgdf nfUof}+ .
&= o; cleofgdf ;+nUg ePkl5 tkfO{Fn] ug'{ePsf sfdx¿sf af/]df atfOlbgf];
g .
;+u7g lgdf{0f kl5 xfdLn] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] kIfaf6 ljleGg d'2fx¿ p7fpg yfNof}+ .
;+u7g lgdf{0f ePsf] & jif{sf] bf}/fgdf /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿af6 xfdLn] xfd|f
;jfnx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofof}+ . ;+u7gn] 3/]n' >d klg >d xf] eGg] ;jfnnfO{ :yflkt ug{
cleofgx¿ rnfof] . o; qmddf ;+u7gn] 3/]n' >dnfO{ dof{lbt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
ul/g' kb{5 eg]/ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gnfO{ klg emSemSofpg] sfd u¥of] . o; bf}/fgdf
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -ILO_n] ;g @))( df 3/]n' >d lsg ;Ddflgt x'g'kb{5 <
eGg] ljifodf cjwf/0ff kq tof/ ug{ k|Zgkqx¿ tof/ u¥of] . oL k|Zgkqx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 * j6f lhNnfx¿af6 ljrf/ ;+sng ug]{ sfd u¥of] . l;lj; tyf lhkm06sf]
;xhLs/0fdf 3/]n'>d ;Ddflgt >d x'g'kb{5 eg]/ x:tfIf/ cleofg rnfpg] sfd
eof] . of] x:tfIf/ cleofg g]kfndf dfq xf]Og ljZje/ ;~rfng ul/of] . g]kfnaf6
;+sng ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfOof] . ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿sf ;fy}
Plzof dxfb]zaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ ;g @)!) sf] h'gdf h]g]efdf ;fj{hlgs
ul/of] . 3/]n' >d ;Ddflgt >d x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf :yflkt
ug{ an k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;+u7g gePsf b]zdf ;+u7g lgdf{0f / ;+u7g ePsf
b]zsf 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] ;+u7g aLr ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofg rnfOof] . o;/L
;+;f/ e/af6 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] kIfdf cfjfh p7]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] klg
pgLx¿sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;g @)!! Dff cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+=
!*( kfl/t u¥of] . 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;kgf k"/f eP/} 5f8of] .
k|Zgkq ;Fu;Fu} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] o; cjlwdf rnfOPsf] ;r]tgf cleofg
cGtu{t g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf;, o'lgog Joj:yfkg, 6«]8
o'lgog clwsf/, ;b:otf la:tf/ tyf 3/]n' >dnfO{ >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ tyf
3/]n' >ldssf clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -ILO_ sf] dxf;lGw
g+= !*( ;DaGwL tflndx¿ ;~rfng u¥of] . o;sf ;fy} of] dxf;lGw;DaGwLsf] nflu
k|rf/ ;fdfu|Lx¿ k|sflzt u/L cfd ;d'bfo ;dIf k'¥ofof] . ;+u7gsf] kxndf ldlt
@)^* df3 @% df 3/]n' >d;Fu ;DalGwt cfO=Pn=cf]= dxf;lGw !*( tyf ;'emfjkq

@)! cg'df]bg ug{ ^)! ;ef;b ;fd'Gg] k]z ul/of] . o;}u/L 3/]n' >d;DaGwL dxf;lGw
g+= !*( cg'df]bg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fd' xfdL k6s–k6s dfukqx? k]z ug]{,
bafad"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ug]{ sfo{ hf/L g} /x]sf] 5 .
*= oL t eP 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;Ddflgt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ cleofg;Fu ;Da4
s'/f . o;b]lv afx]s tkfO{F{x¿n] 3/]n' >ldsn] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg
ug]{ sfd ug'{ef] <
xf], xfdLn] vf;u/L pkTosfdf ljleGg /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] 3/df a;L sfd ug]{ 3/]n'
>ldsx¿sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfdnfO{ klg cleofg ;Fu;Fu} nUof}+ . o;qmddf
@)^& df yfgsf]6 gfsfaf6 bfª 3/ eO{ sf7df08f} cfPsL 3/]n' afn>lds !# jifL{of
aflnsfnfO{ l;lj;, l;lj, lhkm06, ;]e b lrN8«]g tyf kqsf/x¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 3/ lkmtf{
ug{ ;kmn eof}+, o;}u/L @)^* ;fndf nlntk'/ lhNnf nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
sfo{/t 3/]n' >ldsnfO{ /f]huf/bftfaf6 kfl/>lds ¿= %),))). lkmtf{ ug{ ;kmn eof}+ .
o;}u/L sf7df08f} pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf sfo{/t dlxnf 3/]n' >ldsnfO{ !) dlxgfsf]
tna tyf Ifltk"lt{:j¿k ¿= ^%,))).– lbnfpg ;kmn ePsf lyof}+ . xfdLn] o;k|sf/sf
( j6f 36gfx¿ d'2fx¿sf] sf/afxL rnfpg ;xhLs/0f u/]sf lyof}+ .
*= 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;Ddflgt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ s]–s] ug'{ knf{ <
Df]/f] ljrf/df 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;Ddflgt >dsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ lgDg sfdx¿ ug{
cfjZos 5 M
• xfd|f] b]zsf] >d P]gdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ ;d]6g' kb{5,
• 3/]n' >ldsnfO{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{,
• 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf nflu klg ljbf kfpg] k|fjwfg x'g'kb{5,
• pgLx¿sf nflu Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]lsg' kb{5,
• cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !*( /fHon] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5,
• afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ / lgodfjnL @)^@ Jojxfl/s
¿kdf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .
(= cGTodf tkfO{nfO{ yk s]xL eGg' 5 sL <
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ;g !(() df nfu" ePsf] ePtfklg d}n] k9g kfpg] d]/f]
clwsf/sf] pkef]u sf7df08f} cfPkl5sf] b'O{ jif{kl5 cyf{t @)%& ;fn cyf{t ;g
@))) b]lv dfq pkef]u ug]{ df}sf kfPF . d}n] l;lj;sf] gf} dlxg] cgf}krfl/s sIffsf]
klxnf] ;d"xsf] ljBfyL{ x'g] cj;/ kfPF . o;sf nflu l;lj; / sf7df08f}l:yt d a;]sf]
3/sf /f]huf/bftfnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .

afn>lds /fVg]nfO{ sfg'gL sfjf{xLsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{
uf]ljGb vgfn
-afn>dlj?4sf] cfGbf]ngsf Ps cleoGtf uf]ljGb vgfn;Fu
Onfdl:yt sflGtk'/ /fli6«o b}lgssf ;+jfbbftf ljKnj e§/fOn]
ug{'ePsf] jftf{df cfwfl/t_
tkfOF{ afn>dlj?4sf] cfGbf]ngdf lsg / s;/L nfUg'eof] <
ef/tdf afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf Ps rlr{t cu'jf s}nfz ;TofyL{sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf]
…afnclwsf/ ofqfÚ $ dfr{ !((^ sf lbg emfkf lelqof] . Tolta]nf d !$ jif{sf] lyPF
/ emfkfsf] sf“s/le§fl:yt Ps 6]lnkmf]g a'ydf sfd uy{]+ . afnclwsf/ ofqfjfnf l6dn]
sfs/le§f rf]sdf sfo{qmd ug{] yfxf kfP kl5 d klg ToxfF k'u]+ . ToxfF lbNnLjf6
cfPsf] ;o÷8]9 ;o aRrfsf] 6f]nLn] afnclwsf/sf kIfdf u/]sf] gf/fafhL / pgLx¿sf
xftdf /x]sf Kn]sf8{ / Jofg/n] d lgs} cfslif{t ePF . d}n] To;eGbf klxn] afnaflnsfsf]
kIfdf Toqf] jsfnt b]v]s} lyOg . rf]sdf sfo{qmd rNb} lyof] . Tolta]nf cgf}7f] t
s] b]lvof] eg] d]n] lrg]sf :jod afndhb'/ /fVg]x? g} cleofgnfO{ /fd|f] sbd eGb}
afnclwsf/sf af/]df :6]haf6 efif0f lbO/x]sf lyP . dnfO{ tL afn>d zf]ifsx¿sf]
gv/fafhL ;}Xo ePg . d ;TofyL{sf] 5]pdf k'u]F / s]xL af]Ng] dgzfo /fv]F . :yfgLo
cfof]hsn] dnfO{ wkfpg vf]h] klg ;TofyL{n] af]Ng] cg'dlt lbg'eof] . d}n] af]Ng kfP
kl5 afn>d zf]ifsx¿sf] e08fkmf]/ ug{'sf;fy} cfˆgf] dgdf u'lD;/x]sf kL8fx¿ klg
kf]v]+ . ;fob d]/f]] of] af]Ng] cfF6af6 ;TofyL{ lgs} k|efljt aGg'eof] . xf] To;} lbg b]lv
d ;TofyL{n] cu'jfO{ u/]sf] …arkg arfcf] cfGbf]ngÚ df ;fd]n ePF .
arkg arfcf] cfGbf]ngdf nfUbfsf d'Vo cg'ejx¿ s] s:tf /x] <
d o; cfGbf]ngdf hf]l8P kl5 cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf cg]sf} hf]lvdx¿sf]
;fdgf klg ug{'k¥of] . pQ/ k|b]zsf] uf]G8f eGg] :yfgdf /x]sf] Ps ;s{;df g]kfnL
afnaflnsf 5'6fpg] qmddf ePsf] cfqmd0fdf ;TofyL{;“u} d klg k/+] . Tolta]nf d dfly
ePsf] cfqmd0fdf d]/f]] bflxg] xft ef“lrof] . h;sf] kL8f clxn] klg sfod g} 5 .
s'/fsfgL

;g !((* df afnbf;tflj?4 / afnclwsf/sf nflu rn]sf] …Unf]an dfr{dfÚ ;xofqL
aGg] df}sf ldNof] . o; qmddf l:jh/Nof08sf] h]g]efl:yt cfO=Pn=cf]=sf] d'Vofnob]lv
o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, clk|msfnufotsf b]zdf afnaflnsfnfO{ bf;tfaf6 hf]ufpg ;TofyL{;“u}
cfjfh a'nGb ug{] cj;/ ldNof] . ;fy} o; cleofgnfO{ g]kfn / ef/t x'“b} ljZje/
km}nfpg lg/Gt/ nfluof] . o:tf cleofgx¿df ;l/s x'FbfxFb} d arkg arfcf] cfGbf]ng
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o klg aGg k'u]sf] lyPF .
g]kfndf olta]nf afn>dsf] cj:yf s:tf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
afnaflnsf a]rlavg df}nfpb} uP/ ef/t k'¥ofOPsf g]kfnL afn>ldsdfly x'g] cTofrf/
a9]sf] kfOG5 . snsf/vfgfdf sd} aRrf k|of]u ePklg 3/]n' sfdbf/, xf]6n, ;jf/L
;fwg, s[lifnufotdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf afn>d k|of]u ePsf] 5 . of] ;d:of kl5Nnf]
;do emg a9L km:6fPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf @)&@ j}zfv !@ / @( uPsf]
e"sDksf sf/0f cleefjs u'dfPsf, vfg / a:g 7]ufg gePsf afnaflnsfsf] t:s/L
ug]{ ;~hfn lgs} a9L ;qmLo aGof] . o:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ of] lu/f]xn] ef/tsf of}g
ahf/b]lv ljleGg >dIf]qdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . oL ljifox¿nfO{ ldl8ofn] p7fg u/] klg
/fHo / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] 7f]; kxn s]xL b]Vg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
ef/tsf snsf/vfgf, xf]6n, ;s{; / 3/]n' sfdbf/df cToGt lgs[i6 Jojxf/ ;x]/
sfd ug]{df g]kfnL afnaflnsf w]/} 5g . 7fp“7fp“jf6 ckx/0f ug]{ clg ef/tLo
bnfnnfO{ laqmL ug]{ lu/f]xdf g]kfnL g} k|of]u ePsf 5g . ckx/0fkl5 c+ue+u u/L
sltko afnaflnsfnfO{ ef/tdf levf/L agfpg] r/d kfzljs Jojxf/ klg gkfOg]
xf]Og . afnaflnsf ;+/If0fsf gfddf v'n]sf sltko cf>dx¿df cfl>t afnaflnsfdfly
b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . wd{k'q jf k'qLsf] gfddf cgfy afnaflnsfnfO{ cGoq
n}hfg] Jojxf/ klg /f]lsg ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg'g eP
klg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
ljleGg cgf}krfl/s >dIf]q -3/wGwf, xf]6]n–/]i6'/f, ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg, O{F6fe§f,
lu§L s'6fO cflb_ df kof{Kt afn>d k|of]u e}/x]sf] 5 . o:tf afn>ldsx¿dWo] klg
3/]n' afn>ldssf] cj:yf a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lsgeg] 3/]n' afn>ldssf]
cj:yf aflx/sf dflg;n] b]Vg;Sb}gg . 3/ leq !^÷!& 306f;Dd dflnssf] cufl8
8/ / qf;sf aLrdf sfd ug'{ kg]{, ;fgf–;fgf uNtLx¿df ljleGg kfzljs oftgf h:t}
tftf] lrD6f cyjf 9f8' kGo'n] kf]lnlbg], s'6lk6 ug{], of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug{] h:tf cTofrf/
afSn} kfpg ;lsG5 .
sltko ljBfnox¿df ;d]t afnaflnsf dfly r/d cTofrf/ x'g]u/]sf] kfOG5 .

zf}rfnodf y'Gg], r/d oftgf lbg], of}g b'Jojxf/ ug{], y'lgP/ dfl/Psf, lkm/f}tLsf nflu
afns ckx/0f ul/Psf / afj'cfdfsf l/;n] afns dfl/Psf pbfx/0f klg gkfOg]
xf]Ogg .
o:tf afn>dx¿ pGd"ngtkm{ nlIft e} ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6
e}/x]sf ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] glthf s:tf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 afn>d cGTosf nflu ljleGg ultljlwx¿
;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g . o:tf ultljlwx¿ plrt / cfjZos g} x'g . t/ 7f];
pknlAw kIfsf] dfkg ug{] xf] eg] of] cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ bzsf}+b]lv k|foM
Ps} vfn] d'2f / p:t} p:t} sfo{ of]hgfdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g . o;n] ;d:ofnfO{
ck]lIft lx;fan] sd ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o;n] s] klg k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 eg] sxLF of]
;d:ofnfO{ aNemfO{ /fv]/ Pg=lh=cf]= Joj;fonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg vf]lhPsf] t xf]Og <
;/sf/n] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df lgod sfg'g
;a} agfPsf] 5 . t/ sfof{Gjog kIf eg] lkmtnf] 5 . sfg'gdf afn>d lgif]wsf] s'/f
n]lvP klg sltko o:tf gLlt lgodsf] JofVof ug{]x¿n] g} afn>lds /fv]sf 5g .
;fFr} eGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/L k|of; jf:tjd} ;+j]bgxLg / vfgf k"lt{sf nflu dfq h:tf]
nfU5 . o;} sf/0fn] oltsf jif{;Dddf klg of] ljifo k"j{jt cj:yfd} 5 .
afn>d Go"gLs/0f x'g g;Sg'df d"ne"t sf/0fx¿ s] s] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
afnaflnsf / dlxnf a]rlavg g]kfnsf] 7"nf ;d:of leq k5{, t/ of] cj:yf lgoGq0fdf
/fHon] hlt Wofg lbg'kg{] xf], Tolt lbPsf] kfOFb}g . o;n] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg lt/
/fHosf] OR5f zlQm sd /x]sf] b]vfp5 . afn>d u/fpg]dfly s8f sf/jfxL gx'g'n]
klg afn>d df}nfpg d2t g} u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf] ul/aLn] klg
afnaflnsf afWosf/L >d ug{ ljj; ag]sf5g . cleefjsdf afnaflnsfk|lt lgjf{x
ug{'kg{] st{Josf af/]df / afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg' x'Gg eGg] r]tgfsf] cefjn]
klg afn>dnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 .
/fhgLlts bnn] 3f]if0ff kqdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g .
;8s agfpg], lah'nL Nofpg] clg sfo{stf{df efuj08f ug]{df ;a}sf] dt ldN5 . t/
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] ck/fw / iff]if0fsf] ljifodf g s]Gb| af]N5 g u|fdL0f txdf g} s'g}
ljifo agfOG5 .
afn>dnfO{ lgif]w ug{ s] s:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos 5 <
;j{k|yd /fHon] afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6 kfg'{ k5{ . sfg'gdf pNn]v

ePadf]lhd sf/jfxL / cfjZostf cg';f/ sfg'g kl/dfh{g ug'{ k5{ . ;+ljwfgdf
afnclwsf/ / dfgj a]rlavgsf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvg' k5{ . cleefjsn]
klg cfˆgf] /f]lh/f]6L sdfpg] WofpGgdf cfˆgf ;GtltnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ clg eljiodf
k5'tfpg] k|j[lQ cGTo x'g' cfjZos 5 . afnaflnsf;DjGwL 36gf / d'2f x]g{ GofofwLzsf]
g]t[Tjdf lhNnftx;Dd cbfntL Joj:yf x'g' k¥of] . k|x/L If]qdf klg afnaflnsf ljifo
x]g]{ 5'§} lgsfo x'g' k¥of] . ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs lgsfodf afn>d zf]if0f, afnJofkf/nufot
afnclwsf/sf ljifodf leGg kf7oqmd tof/ ug]{ / x/]s z}lIfs ;+:yfdf b}lgs
afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf hfgsf/L cWofjlws x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .
olb /fHo uDeL/ x'g] xf] eg] b]zsf] eljiosf s0f{wf/x? u'nfd eO{ /xg' / kz';/x
laqmL eO/xg' kg]{ lyPg . olb afnaflnsf ckx/0f, afn>lds k|of]u ug]{ JolQm
tyf Joj;fonfO{ s7f]/ ef}lts tyf cfly{s b08 lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|;:t eP
;:tf] >ldssf ?kdf afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0f ug]{ cj:yf cjZo g} sd x'GYof] . ;a}
afnaflnsfnfO{ wgL u/La g5'6ofO{ cfˆg} 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/GYof] eg] klg
l5d]sdf eO/x]sf] afn zf]if0fsf] ;fdflhs ¿kd} lj/f]w x'g ;SYof] .

yf¿ afnaflnsfdf afn>dsf] ljut / jt{dfg cj:yf
czf]s yf¿
k[i7e"ld M
yf¿ t/fO{ If]qdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf] cflbjf;L ;d'bfo xf] . x'gt of]
;d'bfosf] a;f]af; k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dds} t/fO{sf ljleGg 7fpFdf kfOG5 .
t/ klg g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrdsf] t/fO{ If]qdf 3lge"t a;f]af; b]lvG5 . g]kfn
PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf klxn]b]lv g} o; e"v08df a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf] o; ;d'bfon] g} af3
efn' nufotsf vt/gfs jGohGt' / cf}nf];Fu ;+3if{ ub{} hUuf cfjfb u/]sf] lyof] .
logLx¿n] Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ oL If]qx¿sf] hUuf cfjfb u/]kl5 tTsfnLg zf;sx¿n]
cfˆgf gft]bf/ nufot cGo dgk/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ df}hfsf df}hf oL hUufx¿ latf{
lbg yfn] . ;fy} kxf8L e]usf cGo ;fdGtx¿n] klg o:tf hUufx¿ xTofpg yfn] . of]
qmd lbgfg'lbg a9b} uPkl5 jf:tljs xsbf/ yf¿x¿dWo] clwsf+ztM df]xL ls;fg /
sd}of >ldsdf kl/0ftM xF'b} uP . latf{ kfP/ jf ljleGg zlQm, ;DklQ tyf rnfvL k|of]u
u/]/ e"ld xTofpg ;kmn ;fdGtx¿ e"ldklt x'g'sf;fy} df]xL tyf sd}ofdf kl/0ft x'g
k'u]sf yf¿ ls;fgsf dflns ;d]t aGg k'u] . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ yf¿ afnaflnsfdf
kg{ uof] . kl/0ffdtM clwsf+z yf¿ afnaflnsf e"ldkltsf aFw'jf afn>lds aGb} uP .

yf¿ ;+:s[ltdf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
yf¿ nf]s ;+:s[ltdf Pp6f pvfg 5 æk9] u'g] sf}g] sfd, x/ hf]6] 9fg] 9fgÆ cyf{t
k9] n]v]/ s] sfd 5 < To;sf] ;§fdf xnf] hf]Tof] eg] 3/df wfgnufot cGgsf] e08f/
nfU5 . kmntM yf¿ afnaflnsfsf] hLjg lgtfGt s[lif sd{df lge{/ /xg] k/Dk/f rNof] .
h;cg';f/ ;–;fgf aflnsf klg ;s]hlt 3/wGwf tyf cfˆgf ;fgf efOalxgL v]nfpg
yfn] . cln 7"nf afnaflnsf j:t'efp r/fpg], 3fF; bfp/f ug{] / v]tLkftLsf] sfddf
klg ;3fpg] ug{ yfn] .
ckjfb:j¿k s'g} yf¿ 3/sf] s'g} JolQm k9g kfP klg pm u/9'¥ofsf] -3/d"nL_ h]7f]
5f]/f x'g'kYof{] . 3/df Pshgfn] k9] t eOxfNof] lg Û ;a}n] lsg k9g' k¥of] < eGg]
dfGotf lyof] . aflnsfx¿sf nflu t k9g kfpg' eg]sf] cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/L
dg'{ ;dfg g} x'GYof] . k/3/ hfg] hftn] lsg k9g' k¥of] < eGg] dfGotf lyof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf yf¿ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt nf]sv]nx¿, nf]s;flxlTos ;Dkbfx¿, nf]ssnfx¿ g}
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf dfWod aGy] .
afn>dsf] k/Dk/f
yf¿ ;d'bfosf nflu ;aeGbf 7"nf] dflgg] df3L kj{ afn>ldsx¿nfO{ afnbf;bf;L
vl/b laqmL x'g] xf6 ahf/sf] lbgsf] ¿kdf cfpg] ub{Yof] . afn>lds qm]tfx¿nfO{ df3
dlxgfsf] Jou|tfsf ;fy kvf{O{ x'GYof] . df3 dlxgf nfUg] lalQs} pgLx¿ yf¿ ufpFx¿df
s'v'/f vf]Hg uP em}+ afn>ldssf] df]ndf]nfO{ ug{ k'Uy] .
:jo+ hGdlbg] afa' cfdfn] g} df3 kj{sf] gfddf u'/L u'/L hfF/sf] emf]nsf] gzfdf ul/aLsf]
sf/0f b]vfP/ v]Ng] xfF:g] pd]/sf cfˆgf slnnf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ jflif{s ¿kdf kfpg]
cToGt yf]/} kfl/>ldssf] cfzfdf lgtfGt ckl/lrt JolQmsf] lhDdfdf ;'lDkg ;+sf]r
dfGb}gy] . o;/L tL afnaflnsf kz';/x cfˆgf] >dsf] d"Nobftf kl5 kl5 nfUg afWo
x'Gy] .
afnsx¿nfO{ d"ntM j:t'efp r/fpg] / ltgsf] :ofxf/;Def/ ug{] sfddf nufOof] . o:tf
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ sfd cg';f/sf] ljz]if0f lbOof] . h:t} e}+;L r/fpg]nfO{ e};/jf, ufO{
r/fpg]nfO{ u}jf/ jf u}o?jf, uf]?sf] x]/rfx ug{]nfO{ ab{]jf jf al8{jf, afv|f r/fpg]nfO{
5]u|xjf, e]8f r/fpg]nfO{ e]/xjf / 3/wGwfsf] sfd ug{]nfO{ sDnx/L eGg yflnof] .
aflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/wGbf / dflnssf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;]jfz'>"iffdf nufOGYof] .
o:tf aflnsf >ldsx¿nfO{ sDnx/L / cf]uf{gsf] ljz]if0f lbOof] . o:tf ljz]if0f lbOPtf
klg o:tf afn>ldsx¿ ;du|df sd}of afn>lds g} lyP . oL afn>ldsx¿ k|foM
* b]lv !^ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf x'Gy] / clwsf+ztM ;DalGwt dflnsn] /fv]sf] sd}ofs}
5f]/f5f]/L jf p;}sf] a6}ofbf/ -lg:;fljxLg df]xL ls;fg_ sf 5f]/f5f]/L x'Gy] . o:tf

afn>ldsx¿dWo] clwsf+znfO{ vfgf / jif{df Pshf]/ sd;n vfn] sk8f lbOGYof] .
s'g}–s'g} dflns -lhDbf/_ n] sDnx/L / cf]uf{gnfO{ jif{sf] $ af]/f -Ps af]/f ;/b/ &%
s]hL a/fa/_ ;Dd cGg -a9Ldf wfg_ klg lbg] ub{y] .
cdfgjLo zf]if0f pTkL8g
sd}of afn>ldsx¿nfO{ k|foM laxfg %–^ ah]b]lv /flt (–!) ah] -;/b/ !^ 306f_
;Dd v6fOGYof] . 3/sf ;a} kl/jf/n] vfO;s] kl5 ar]sf] vfgf tyf a9Ldf af;Left
jf af;L /f]6L / g"g lbOGYof] . kmfNg] l:yltdf k'u]sf] afx]s pgLx¿nfO{ ld7f] dl;gf]
-b"w, bxL, df;', df5f, bfn, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflb_ s]xL lbOFb}gYof] .
o:tf afn>ldsx¿n] yf]/} dfq uNtL u/] klg r/d oftgf kfpFy] . lognfO{ dflnssf
afh]b]lv kgflt;Ddn] kftf kmsf{P/ vDafdf afFlwlbg], s'g} ;fF3'/f] sf]7fdf y'lglbg], s'6g],
y'Sg], ws]n]/ n8fpg], vfgf vfO/x]sf] yfn 3f]K6ofOlbg], kmf]xf]/df d'v ufl8lbg], nufPsf]
sk8f Rofltlbg] cflb h:tf oftgfx¿ lbGy] .
aflnsf>ldsx¿ k|foM ;a}dfly of}g b'Jo{jxf/ x'GYof] . sltkodfly of}g zf]if0f g}
x'GYof] . of}g zf]if0fsf] k|ltsf/ ug{] sltko aflnsfnfO{ kfzljs oftgf lbOPsf] /
sltkosf] t xTof g} ul/Psf] pbfx/0f klg gkfOg] xf]Og .
sfg'gL lgif]w
sd}of >ldsx¿sf] ;zQm cfGbf]ngsf] bafan] ubf{ s[lif afFwf>d k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
sd}of k|yfnfO{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/åf/f @)%& ;fndf lgif]w ul/of] . ttkZrft jo:s
sd}of >ldsx¿ d'Qm eP/ ljleGg lzlj/x¿df d'Qmsd}ofsf] x}l;otdf a:g yfn]tfklg
sDnx/L nufot cGo afnsd}of >ldsx¿ eg] clwsf+ztM dflnsx¿sf]df oyfjt sfd
u/L g} /x] .
sd}of d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ^ jif{ kl5 cyf{t @)^# ;fn ebf} @% df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
sDnx/L k|yf /f]Sg / d'Qm sDnx/Lx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu ;/sf/sf] gfddf
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u¥of] . t/ klg Jojxf/df of] k|yf sfod /Xof] . To;kl5
/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] @)^% kf}if @# ut] lj1lKt hf/L u/L sDnx/L k|yf
k/Dk/fut afnbf;sf] k|lts ePsfn] oyfzL3| pGd"ng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] lyof] . o;}sf] c;/:j¿k klxnf] k6s :yfgLo:t/af6 bfª lhNnfnfO{ sDnx/L
d'Qm lhNnfsf] ¿kdf @)^% df3 ! ut] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . bfªsf] of] 3f]if0ff kl5 k|To]s
df3 ! ut] …sDnx/L d'lQm lbj;Úsf ¿kdf dgfpb} clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu /fHonfO{
bafa lbg sDnx/Lx¿ :jod ;+3if{ ul//x] . ;fy} o; If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+3
;+:yfx¿n] klg ;fy lbPsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] afWo eP/ @)&) cfiff9 !# ut] sDnx/L

k|yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;af6 d'Qm sDnx/Lx¿sf] Psxb;Dd pTyfg x'g
;s]sf] kfOG5 .
d'Qm sd}of / ltgsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf
sd}of >d lgif]w kZrft tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu k|lt d'Qm sd}of
kl/jf/nfO{ % s67f hUuf, 3/ agfpgsf nflu ?=!) xhf/ gub / &% So"lkm6
sf7 lbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . t/ Jojxf/df eg] lgs} ndf] ;do;Dd clwsf+z d'Qm sd}of
k'g:Yff{lkt x'g} ;s]gg . h] hlt k'g:yf{lkt ul/P ltgnfO{ ! b]lv # s67f;Dd hUuf
-Tof] klg clwsf+z vf]nf5]p / 98ofg_, gub ?=% b]lv * xhf/;Dd / sf7 #% So"ljs
;Dd lbP/ d'va'emf] nufOof] . o:t} u/]/ eP klg @)&! ;Dd cfOk'Ubf clwsf+z d'Qm
sd}ofx¿ k'g:yff{lkt e} ;s]sf 5g .
e"ld;'wf/ dGqfnosf cg';f/ bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/df u/L hDdf
d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/ @&%&) /x]sf]df @)&! c;f/ d;fGt ;Dddf @%,!*^ kl/jf/sf]
k'gM:yfkgf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ca bfª / afFs] afx]s # lhNnfdf @#%^ kl/jf/ dfq
k'gM:yfkgf x'g afFsL /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . -e"ld;'wf/ dGqfno, jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg,
#*, cf=j=@)&)÷)&!_
d'Qm sd}of ;dfhsf cWoIf kz'klt rf}w/Lsf cg';f/– d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof
#@,%)) /x]sf] lyof] . cf=j=@)&!÷)&@ sf] clGtd;Dd cfOk'Ubf nueu @( xhf/sf]
k'gM:yfkgf e} ;s]sf] 5 . bfª, afFs] / s~rgk'/df k'gM:yfkgf x'g afFsL 5}g . cj
nueu #%)) -alb{ofdf @))) / s}nfnLdf !%))_ kl/jf/ dfq k'g:yf{kgf x'g
afFsL b]lvPsf 5g . oL afFsL kl/jf/nfO{ klxn] em} P}nfgL klt{ hUuf kf; gu/L hUuf
lsGgsf nflu ?= @ nfv, 3/ agfpg %% xhf/ / sf7sf] abnfdf ?= @ nfv lbg]
lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu ah]6 ;d]t lgsfzf e} ;s]sfn] @)&@ ;fn leqdf
k'g:yf{kgfsf] sfd ;DkGg e} ;Sg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . ->L rf}w/L;Fu ePsf] jftf{df
cfwfl/t_
d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf slt xf]nfg tYout ¿kdf o;sf] tYo tYofÍ kfpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . t/ kz'klt rf}w/L eg] ! nfv eGbf a9L g} /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{'x'G5 .
s~rgk'/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf pk;lrj kbd/fh e§sf cg';f/ d'Qm sd}of
afnaflnsfsf ^% xhf/ ljBfno egf{ ePsf] b]lvPtf klg dfWolds tx;Dd k'Ubf *
xhf/df g} ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . -uf]/vfkq @)&! cflZjg !#_
kz'klt rf}w/Lsf] 7DofO{ cg';f/ d'Qm sd}ofsf afnaflnsfn] o;/L ljBfno 5f8g'df
;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns lzIff eg] klg ljBfnox¿n] z'Ns lng', cfo;|f]t sdhf]/ ePsfn]
sfkL snd kf];fs ;d]t lsGg g;Sg' / sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf s} sf/0f >ddf
nfUg afWo x'g' /x]sf] 5 . >L rf}w/Ln] kfpg'ePsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df eGbf – d'Qm

sd}ofsf clwsf+z aflnsfx¿ g]kfns} zx/ahf/ / ufpFx¿df clxn] klg sDnx/L g}
eP/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g . afnsx¿dWo] sltko df};dL >d -df5f dfg{], :ofp l6kg],
wfg sf6g] cflb_ / sltko 3/]n' >d ug{ l;dnf, /Tglu/Lnufot ef/tsf ljleGg
7fpFdf k'u]sf 5g eg] sltko g]kfn leq} >dul//x]sf 5g .
cg';GwfgsdL{ tyf kqsf/ s[i0f/fh ;j{xf/Lsf cg';f/– sd}of d'Qm eP t/ sDnx/L
d'Qm ePgg eGg] Aofks cfjfh p7]kl5 ljleGg r/0fsf] cfGbf]ngsf] kmn:j?k
sdn/L d'lQmsf] klg 3f]if0ff ul/of] . pgLx¿sf gfafns 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ s]xL u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf sDnx/Laf6 kmsf{O ljBfno k7fOof] . kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
sDnx/L 5fqj[lQ klg pknAw u/fof] . t/ sDnx/Lem}+ hLjg latfpg afWo d'Qm
sd}ofsf 5f]/fx¿sf] lzIffsf] af/]df rf;f] lbOPsf] 5}g .
d'lQmkl5 ;fg} eP klg pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} 3/ t 5 t/ Tof] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] 5 . sf/0f
sltkosf] a;f]af; gbL lsgf/df 5 . o;/L ;d'lrt k'g:yf{kgf x'g g;Sbf cem} klg
7fpF 7fpFdf j;fOF ;/fO ug{'kg]{ afWotf 5 . la/fnfn] aRrf ;f/]em}+ a;fOF ;gf{n] ljBfno
hfg] pd]/sf pgLx¿sf] 5f]/f5f]]/Lsf] k9fOdf k|ToIf c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .
To;f] t d'lQmkl5 pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ nflu
k/]sf 5g . o:tf ;+3 ;+:yfn] klg pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr gk'Ug'sf] h/f] kQf
nufpg g;s]/} xf] of ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj eP/ xf], pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf lbuf] kx'Fr
:yfkgf ug{;s]sf] kfOFb}g . (www.tharuwan.com/2015/07/20)
yf¿ ;d'bfodf afn>dsf] sf/s tTj M
!_ yf¿ ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts dfGotfg';f/ 5f]/f5f]/Ln] kl/jf/sf] pQ/bfloTjdf
;xeflutf hgfpg' k5{ eGg] ;f+:s[lts dfGotf .
@_ ef]s, ul/aL / ;fdflhs÷cfly{s ¿kdf ;LdfGtLs[t x'g'k/]sf sf/0fn] b}lgs si6k|b
hLjgnfO{ clnslt ;/n agfpg cfdfa'afn] g} cfˆgf] ;GtfgnfO{ afn>dsf]
ahf/df k7fpF5g . afn>dsf] ahf/df dfu kIfn] klg o;} sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf
p7fpF5g .
$_ cfw'lgs ef}lts j:t' / zx/Lof hLjgsf] cfsif{0fn] klg afnaflnsf zx/L If]qtkm{
>d a]Rg OR5's ag]sf x'G5g .
%_ 3/]n' lx+;f ePdf To:tf] hLjgaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg afnaflnsf cfˆgf] >d a]r]/
hLljsf]kfh{g tkm{ nfU5g . yf¿ ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] kltsf] d[To'kZrft jf 3/]n' lx+;f
c;Xo eP/ cfˆgf] ;Gtfg ;lxt cs}{ klt j/0f ug{ uPdf To:tf ;GtfgnfO{ æuf]Gof
nfunÆ cyf{t æu'Go";Fu uPsLÆ elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf gofF a'afsf] Jojxf/ o:tf

;Gtfgk|lt k|foM ;+j]bgfxLg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 kmn:j¿k afn>dnfO{ 6]jf k'U5 .
^_ yf¿ ;d'bfodf æk9] u'g] sf}g] sfd, x/ hf]6] 9fg] 9fg -wfg_Æ h:tf] lzIffsf] d"No
ga'emg] dfGotfn] cem} h/f] uf8]s} 5 . clgjfo{ lzIff gLlt / ;fdflhs k|efjsf sf/0fn]
jt{dfg cj:yfdf yf¿ afnaflnsf ljBfnodf egf{ ePtf klg u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf]
cefjsf sf/0fn] /fd|f] cj;/af6 al~rt x'g] afnaflnsf afn>dsf] ahf/df hfg afWo
x'G5g .
&_ yf¿ ;d'bfodf cf}krfl/s lzIffk|lt vf;} nufj gx'g'sf k5fl8 d"ntM b'O{ j6f
sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
-s_ yf¿ afnaflnsfdf JofKt xLg dfgl;stfsf sf/0fn] pgLx¿ c¿ ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsf;Fu afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}gg eg] cGo ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsfsf] pgL k|ltsf] Jojxf/ klg afnd}qL x'Fb}g kmn:j¿k pgLx¿ ljBfno
g} 5f8g k'U5g .
-v_ yf¿x¿sf] lha|f]]n] bGTo pRrf/0f ub}{g . d"w{Go pRrf/0f dfq u5{ . kmn:j¿k
g]kfnL efiffdf k7g kf7g ug'{ kbf{ bGTo pRrf/0f ug{ ghfg]sf]n] pgLx¿k|lt
lzIfsx¿sf] Jojxf/ klg afnd}qL geP/ ckx]ngfk"0f{ x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] lzIf0f
l;sfO ljlwdf pgLx¿ sdhf]/ b]lvg', k/LIffdf k|fKtfÍ sd NofO{ k|foM cg'QL0f{
x'g', cfkm"eGbf h'lgo/ ljBfyL{x¿;Fu Pp6} sIffdf k9g' kg]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g' .
cflb h:tf sf/0fn] pgLx¿df klxn]b]lv g} JofKt xLg dfgl;stfn] yk h/f] uf8b}
uPsf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgLx¿n] aLrd} sIff 5f]8bf ljBfno 5f]8g]
b/ j[l4 x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . d"ntM o;/L lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;s]sf]n] sf/0fn]
klg afnaflnsf afn>ddf ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf 5g .
*_ vf;u/L k"j{ sd}of kl/jf/df lzIffsf] cefjsf] sf/0f kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL 1fg
/ r]tgfsf] sdL kfOG5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k tL kl/jf/x¿df ;Gtfgx¿sf] ;+Vof
clws x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L w]/} 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nfngkfng ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0faf6
7"nf] cfly{s ef/ jxg ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cfly{s ef/af6
pDsgsf nflu pgLx¿n] afWotfj; cfˆgf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ afn>ddf ;+nUg u/fpg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'Qm sd}of ljsf; d~r, s}nfnLsL cWoIf sf}zNof rf}w/L / sd}of
k|yf pGd"ng ;dfh, s}nfnLsL cWoIf j;GtL rf}w/Lsf cg';f/ jt{dfgdf yf¿
lszf]/Lx¿ afnljjfxtkm{ w]/} cfslif{t 5g . ljBfnodf k9fOg] hg;+Vof lzIffn]
pgLx¿nfO{ 5'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; k5fl8sf w]/} sf/0fx¿dWo] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f
klg ul/aL g} xf] .
(_ Psflt/ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 yf¿ ;d'bfo vf;u/L k"j{ sd}of kl/jf/df ljWodfg

ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu k|efjsf/L kxn x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .
csf{]lt/ afn>dlj?4sf lgod sfg'gx¿ k|efjk"0f{ tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog gx'g', gLlt
lgdf{0fdf pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj, ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr cfk;L ;dGjosf]
cefjsf sf/0f klg ljkGg yf¿ ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg]
k/Dk/f x6g ;s]sf] 5}g .
yf? ;d'bfodf afn>d pGd"ng ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfx¿ M
;d:ofsf] klxrfg M yf¿ ;d'bfodf afnsx¿sf] t'ngfdf aflnsfx¿sf] hg;+Vof w]/}
5 . o;/L aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /xg] u/]sf] ePklg n}lËs lje]bsf] sf/0f
of] ;d'bfosf aflnsfx¿n] afns;/x k9g] cj;/ kfPsf 5}gg . xfn o;df s]xL
;'wf/ cfPsf] eP klg pNn]Vo k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] clxn] klg sltko
aflnsfx¿ afn>dtkm{ ws]lnPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfaf/] jf:tljs tYo
kQf nufpg k'gM cWoog ul/g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
!_ gLlt lgdf{0f M ;g !(() b]lv !((! ;Dddf /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf oy]i6
dfqfdf afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL gLlt lgodx¿ ag]sf 5g . t/ logsf] sfof{Gjog
kIf sltsf] k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5 < o:tf gLlt lgodn] yf¿ ;d'bfo leqsf
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ slt ;d]6g ;s]sf] 5 < sDnx/Lx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] s] cj:yf
5 < k'gM ;e]{ / cg'udg ul/g' k5{ . o;/L jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]xL
cg';f/sf ;xL gLlt lgodx¿ agfOg' k5{ .
@_ gLlt sfof{Gjog M gLltx¿ cfˆgf] p2]Zocg'¿k sfof{Gjog eP÷gePsf] cg'udg
ul/g' k5{ .
#_ ul/aL lgjf/0f M ef]s, ul/aL / ;fdflhs÷cfly{s ;LdfGtLs/0f afn>dsf]
sf/s tTj ePsf]n] ;f] kl/jf/df ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng,
cg'udg / d"NofÍg ul/g'k5{ . h; cGt{ut ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t
:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;Lk clej[l4 tflnd, /f]huf/d'vL sfo{qmd
cflb ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ .
$_ lzIff, ;Lk / hgr]tgf clej[l4 M cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s÷k|fljlws÷/f]huf/
d'vL lzIff jf k|lzIf0fn] r]tgf clej[l4sf ;fy} afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug{df d2t
k'¥ofpF5 .
%_ 5fqj[lQ M d'Qm sDnx/L nufot d'Qm sd}of tyf ljkGg yf¿ kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf
nflu lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|flKtsf] cj;/ lbnfpg'sf ;fy} kf7o
k':ts tyf :6];g/Lx¿ lgMz'Ns ¿kn] pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . cyjf

pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf z}lIfs vr{ cfk"lt{sf nflu cfjZos 5fqj[lQ lbnfOg' k5{ .
*_ k|fljlws lzIff M cf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL ljBfnosf kf7oqmd afn>ldsx¿sf
nflu k|fljlws lzIffsf] t'ngfdf sd /f]huf/d'vL x'G5 . kmntM ljBfno 5f]8g]
b/df j[l4 x'G5 . ctM o;;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ .
(_ afnd}qL lzIff M lzIfsx¿nfO{ afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlwaf/] kof{Kt k|lzIf0f lbg'sf] ;fy}
lzIfsx¿n] tflndx¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf l;sfOx¿ sIffdf sfof{Gjog u/]÷gu/]sf]
cg'udg, d"NofÍg, k'/:sf/, b08sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/g' k5{ .
!)_ /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] cGTo M clxn] klg ljBfnox¿df /fhgLlts x:tIf]k
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] aGb ul/g'k5{ / ljBfnonfO{ zflGt If]qsf]
¿kdf ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ . h;df /fhgLlts
bnsf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tf clt cfjZos x'G5 . sfFrf] lubLdf cf:yf/lxt jfb yf]k/]/
pgLx¿nfO{ g 3/ g 3f6sf] agfpg' x'Fb}g .

afnclwsf/ / blnt afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
czf]s ljs|d h}?
blnt hflt pTklQsf] k[i7e"ld
lxGb" ;Eotfdf j0f{ Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft kl5 dfgjsf] ;dfg txaf6 slyt z"b| j0f{
5'6ofO{ o; j0f{nfO{ ;aeGbf tNnf] txdf /flvof] . ljeflht j0f{cg';f/ !_ k"hf–kf7 jf
cWoog–cWofkg cflb sfd ug]{nfO{ a|fXd0f, @_ zf;g–Joj:yf tyf o'4 sfo{df ;+nUg
x'g]nfO{ Iflqo, #_ Jofkf/ v]tL cflb sfd ug{]nfO{ j}Zo / $_ >dsfo{ jf cGo j0f{sf]
;]jf ug{]nfO{ z"b| egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . Cuj}lbssfnsf] pQ/fw{ -;DejtM O=k"= !@))–
!%))_ af6 yfngL ePsf] of] Joj:yf ;'?df sd{ cfwfl/t -k]zf jf Joj;fo cg';f/_
lyof] / prgLrsf] e]befj lyPg elgG5 . :d[ltsfn - O=k"= %))–&))_ sf] k|f/De
kZrft of] Joj:yfnfO{ hGd cfwfl/t agfOof] . cyf{t h'g k]zf ug{]jfnf kl/jf/af6
p;sf] hGd x'G5 pm ;f]xL j0f{sf] x'G5 . of] Joj:yf kl5 j0f{ cg';f/ pr / gLr tx
tf]lsof] . z"b|nfO{ ;aeGbf gLr j0f{ tf]lsof] . dg:d[ltdf t z"b|n] j]b k9]df lha|f] y'Tg],
;'g]df sfgdf tftf] lem/ /f]Kg], a|fXd0f jf Iflqo dlxnf tkm{ b[li6 nufPdfq klg p;sf]
cfFvf kmf]l/lbg] h:tf kfzljs Jojxf/ ug{ yflnof] . o;sfn otf z"b|nfO{ kz'eGbf klg
tNnf txsf], 5'g gx'g], p;n] 5f]Psf] vfg gx'g] hfltdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dNnsfn -vf;u/L hol:ylt dNnsf] sfn_ kl5 z'b|x¿dfly cdfgjLo

/ kfzljs Jojxf/ a9g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . hf] /f0ffsfnsf] clGtd ;do;Dd klg nueu
p;/L g} sfod /xFb} cfof] . lj=;+= !(&) lt/ ef/tLo blnt cfGbf]ngsf cu|h
cDa]8s/n] z"b|nfO{ blnt gfdfs/0f u/]otf g]kfndf klg z"b|nfO{ blnt gfdfs/0f ug{
yflnof] .
dfgj eP klg dfgjsf] bhf{ glbOPsf] of] hflt hGdb]lv g} bf; x'GYof]] . k9g kfpg],
/fd|f s'/f hfGg kfpg], ;dfhdf cfˆgf s'/f ws km'sfP/ /fVg kfpg] t sNkg} ug{
;lsb}gYof], o;hfltsf jo:sb]lv afnaflnsf ;d]tn] cfkm"eGbf pRr hfltsfnfO{
cfFvf h'wfP/ af]Ng ;d]t kfpFb}gy] / ;St}gy] klg . ljleGg lzNkL sfdx¿ -wft'sf
cf}hf/x¿ agfpg], sk8f / h'Qf l;pg] cflb_ sf ;fy} slyt pRr hfltsfx¿n]
ug{ g;Sg] / l3gfpg] sfdx¿ -d/]sf] l;gf] tx nufpg], 7"nfhftsf dnd"qb]lv cGo
ljleGg kmf]xf]/x¿ ;kmf ug{] nufot_ blnt hfltsf ;b:ox¿n] g} ug{'kYof{], o:tf
sltko Jojxf/x¿ t xfn;Dd klg hf/L g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . *÷!) jif{sf] pd]/b]lv
lagfkfl/>lds o:tf sfdx¿df blng' kg{] oL hfltsf afnaflnsf cfhLjg 7"nf hftsf]
;]js -bf;_ sf] ¿kdf /xg afWo x'Gy] .
@))& ;fn kl5 o; hfltdfly x'g] lgrtd Jojxf/df s]xL ;'wf/ xF'b} cfPsf] eP klg
hftLo e]befj / pTkL8g eg] cem};Dd sfod g} /x]sf] kfOG5 .
hftLo e]befj;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;j{k|yd hol:ylt dNn -O=!#*)–!#($_ n] hftsf cfwf/df k]zf
ls6fg u/L hft cg';f/sf] sfd gug{]nfO{ ck/fwLsf] ;+1f lbO{ b08sf] Joj:yf u/]sf
lyP . Gofod"lt{ elgg] /fd zfx -O= !^)%–!^#^_ n] klg of] cdfgjLo k|yfnfO{ ;+/If0f
g} u/] . lj=;+= !(!) df hËaxfb'/ /f0ffåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] d'n'sL P]gdf 5f]Ol56f]
xfNg'kg{] / gkg{] hftsf] juL{s/0f u/]/ hftLo pTkL8gnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf lbOof] .
j}wflgs sfg'g @))$ df klg 5'jf5'tsf af/]df s'g} ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Pg .
/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/L k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] yfngL eP kl5 s]xL ;'wf/fTds gLlt
agfOof] . o;sf] k|ltljDa g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& df kfpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% df eg] k|ultzLn g} b]lvg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;sf] wf/f $ df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGt/ut …s'g} klg gful/snfO{ hfthfltsf cfwf/df
/ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgo'lQmdf e]befj gul/g]Ú Joj:yfsf ;fy} …hfthfltsf aLr s;}nfO{
3[0ff, å]if, km}nfpg gx'g]Ú s'/fnfO{ j}wflgs ;+/If0f lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@)!( df df}lns xsnfO{ ;+/If0f ub{} wf/f !) df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGt/ut …wd{, j0f{
,hft hfltsf cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gul/g]Ú s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfOof] . o;} ljwfgdf
cfwfl/t /xL @)@) df hf/L ul/Psf] d'n'sL P]gdf …hftLo e]befjaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{
d'Qm /fVg]Ú sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf kZrft
NofOPsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df df}lns xscGt/ut wf/f !! df

;dfgtfsf] xs;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/of] . h;df, …;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg
x'g] / s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt gul/g]Ú pNn]v 5 .
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# sf] ;kmntf;Fu} ag]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# df
t o;nfO{ df}lns xss} ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f !$ df …s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf hftLo lje]b ul/g]
5}g / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g] 5 ;fy} kLl8tn] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP
adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 5Ú eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f @$ df 5'jf5't tyf e]befjlj?4sf]
xs cGtu{tsf] pkbkmf % df ;a} k|sf/sf 5'jf5"t tyf e]befjhGo sfo{ uDeL/
;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf sfg'g adf]lhd b08bLo x'g]5g / To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t
JolQmnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ sfg'g
adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} wf/f $)
cGtu{tsf] blntsf] xssf] pkbkmf ! b]lv & ;Dddf blnt ;d'bfosf nflu ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;df blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj tyf ;xefuLsf] Joj:yf, pRr lzIff;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf,
:jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ul/g], k/Dk/fut k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf
nflu k|jw{g ug]{, e"ldxLg blntnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ps k6s hldg pknAw u/fpg],
cfjf;ljxLg blntx¿nfO{ a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug]{, blntx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwf
blnt dlxnf, k'?if, / ;a} ;d'bfodf /x]sf blntnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf k|fKt ug]{ u/L
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt ;d'bfosf nflu
ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5g . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf oL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog x'g ;s] blnt ;d'bfo /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ¿kdf
dfly p7g ;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
;fy} o; ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3åf/f ljleGg ;dodf hf/L ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gx¿df x:tfIf/ u/L ;f] adf]lhdsf] bfloTj jxg ug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . ;xdlt hgfP cg'¿k hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5'tnfO{ cfk/fwLs/0f
u/L e]befj/lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g,
@)^* lgdf{0f u/L hf/L ul/;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . of] P]gnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo
e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^% -h;nfO{ g]kfnn] ;g !(&!
df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof]_ sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] kl5Nnf] k|of;sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
blnt ;d'bfosf] ljBdfg cj:yf
o;k|sf/ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ljsf;qmd cufl8 a9b} cfPsf] eP klg of] cdfgjLo k|yfsf]
pGd"ngsf] t s'/} 5f8f}+ pNn]vgLo lsl;dn] Go"gLs/0f ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . zx/L
If]qdf s]xL sd b]lvP klg u|fdL0f If]qx¿df clxn] klg 5'j5'tsf] Jojxf/ afSn} x'g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . zx/ jf ufpF hxfF;'s} klg blnt ;d'bfodfly slyt pRrhfltsf

dflg;x¿af6 x'g] t'R5 Jojxf/, ckx]ngf, lt/:sf/, ;fj{hlgs wf/f s'jfdf kfgL lng
glbg], dlGb/ k|j]zdf /f]s nufpg] h:tf b'Jo{jxf/ / ljleGg k|sf/sf zf]if0f–pTkL8gaf6
k|tfl8t eO/x]sf 36gfx¿ kof{Kt kfpg ;lsG5 . ul/aL tyf r]tgfsf] Go"gtfsf sf/0f
ljleGg ¿l9ut cGwljZjf;sf] l;sf/ klg a9L dfqfdf o;} ;d'bfosf hgtf aGg
k'u]sf b]lvG5g . o:t} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ blnt ;d'bfosf clwsf+z afnaflnsf lzIffsf]
cj;/nufot afnclwsf/sf d"ne"t kIfx¿af6 al~rt x'gk'u]sf 5g .
/fHosf] k|zf;lgs jf kmf}hL ;+oGqdf / /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/
blnt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xeflutf kfOFb}g . ;fdfGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf If]qx¿df klg
o; ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+nUgtf lgs} Go"g kfOG5 . h] hlt ;+nUg /xg ;s]sf
5g, pgLx¿n] klg pRrhfltsf ;xsdL{x¿af6 k|foM pk]lIft eP/ sfo{/t /xg'k/]sf]
cj:yf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
of] l:yltn] s] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 eg] hftLo lje]blj?4 sfg'g NofP/ agfP/
dfq xF'b}g . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . lsgeg]
g]kfndf hftLo lje]bnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . hftLo lje]bsf] s'/f
ubf{ g]kfndf blntx¿dflysf] lje]b d'Vo /x]sf] 5 . slyt ;fgf] hft / 7"nf] hftsf
gfddf v8f ePsf] lje]bnfO{ cGTo gu/];Dd ;Eo / ;';+:s[t ;dfhsf] hu tof/ x'g]
b]lvFb}g .
;+VofTds l:ylt
g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|f/lDes gtLhfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof
@,^^,@),*)( k'u]sf] b]lvG5, . o;df #(=*) k|ltzt afnaflnsf /x]sf] atfOG5 .
sltko u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ePsf] cgf}krfl/s cWoogcg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n
hg;+VofdWo] blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof sl/a @) b]lv @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/
;/sf/L tYofÍn] eg] blntsf] hg;+Vof !# k|ltzt dfq pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L
cf+s8fnfO{ g} dfGg] xf] eg] klg g]kfndf #$,$$,@*^ blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof x'g
cfpF5 eg] blnt afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof nueu !#,@%,*@^ x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .
z}lIfs cj:yf
@)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] b]zsf % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf ^%=($ k|ltzt JolQm
;fIf/ b]vfPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ k'¿ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &%=! k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] %&=$
k|ltzt 5 . kl5Nnf] tYofÍcg';f/ a|fXd0f / IfqLsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &^=)# k|ltzt b]lvG5
eg] blntsf] %@=$* k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . blntleq klg kxf8L blntsf] ^!=(#
k|ltzt 5 eg] t/fO{ blntsf] #$=%) k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] kfOG5 .

plNnlvt tYofÍn] klg hfltut cfwf/df ;fIf/tf b/df 7"nf] c;dfgtf b]vfpF5 .
dfWolds tx -(–!@ sIff_ pQL0f{ ug]{ ljBfyL{ #)=*@ k|ltzt x'Fbf a|fXd0f / IfqLsf]
#*=(% k|ltzt, blnt !$=*! k|ltzt 5 eg] ;aeGbf sd dw];L blntsf] !@=&!
k|ltzt 5 . :gftseGbf dfly lzIff k|fKt ug]{ $=!( /x]sfdf a|fXd0f / IfqLsf] ^=!
k|ltzt, kxf8L blntsf] )=%* / dw];L blnt )=&@ k|ltzt 5 . blnt, hghflt /
dlxnfsf] lzIff tyf ;fIf/tfsf] :t/df lat]sf s]xL jif{ otf pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf]
5 . oBlk oL ;d"xsf ljBfyL{ aLrd} k9fO 5f]8g] b/ eg] pRr 5 .
blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ sd x'g'sf s]xL k|d'v sf/0f M–
sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf M blnt ;d'bfo 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g . g]kfnsf]
cf};t ul/aL @% k|ltzt xF'bf kxf8L blntsf] $@=^# / dw];L blntsf] #*=!^ k|ltzt
5 . clwsf+z blnt e"ldxLg 5g . blntsf] bogLo cfly{s cj:yf ePs} sf/0fn]
klg pgLx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ sd x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;}sf/0f cfdf;d]t /f]huf/Lsf nflu
hfg'kg{] ePsfn] ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsf efOalxgLsf] x]/rfx / 3/fo;L sfd ug{'kg]{
afWotfn] klg ljBfno 5f8g] u5{g .
ljBfnodf ul/g] hftLo e]befj M blnt ljBfyL{n] ljBfno 5f8g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f
ljBfnodf ul/g] lje]bhGo Jofxf/ klg xf] . blntn] ljBfnodf b'O{ txsf] lje]b ;fdgf
ug{'k/]]sf] 5– Pp6f lzIfsaf6 eg] csf]{ ;dsIfLx¿af6 . z}lIfs If]qdf b'j} -lzIfs
/ ;xkf7L_ x¿sf] gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f;lxtsf ckdfghgs Joxf/n] pgLx¿ :s"n
5f8g afWo x'G5g .
;dfh, lzIfs / ;xkf7Lsf] b[li6sf]0f tyf Jojxf/M ;dfhdf pgLx¿nfO{ u}/blntn]
x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ug]{ Jojxf/ csf]{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf 5 . slyt pRr hfltn] blnt lzlIft
x'g'nfO{ u|fdL0f :t/Ls/0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng, k/Dk/ut ;+/rgf / dfGotfdf ;+s6 k}bf x'g]
r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf lnG5g / blntnfO{ lzIff k|flKtsf nflu k|]l/t ub}{gg .
eflifs sl7gfO M t/fO{sf ;a} If]qdf w]/yf]/ dw];L blnt 5l/Psf 5g . pgLx¿n]
af]Ng] efiffdf Ps¿ktf 5}g . pgLx¿ d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwLnufot ljleGg eflifs
;d'bfoleq ljeQm 5g . ljBfnosf] k7gkf7g / af]nLrfnLsf] efiff eg] g]kfnL 5 .
o;/L b}lgs 3/fo;L efiff / k7gkf7gsf] efiff aLr tfbfTDotf gx'Fbf klg blnt
ljBfyL{sf] k9fO k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 . k9fO 5f8g afWo x'g'sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f
of] klg xf] .
kx'Frsf] cefj M ljleGg cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] h'g ljBfnodf blnt lzIfs
x'G5g tL ljBfnodf blnt afnaflnsfsf] egf{ b/ / k9fOk|lt rf;f] a9L x'g] u5{ .
t/ cGo If]qh:t} g]kfnsf] z}lIfs If]qdf klg blnt ;xeflutf Hofb} sd 5 . ljZj
a}+Í / Pl8aLn] u/]sf] lzIff If]qsf sd{rf/Lsf] ljljwtf ljZn]if0f x]bf{ em08} *)

k|ltzt kxf8] a|fXd0f / IfqLn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 . kxf8] blntsf] ;xeflutf )=^(
k|ltztdfq 5 eg] dw];L blntsf] ;xeflutf z"Go 5 .
5fqj[lQ / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] k|efj M clxn] ;/sf/n] lzIff ljefudfkm{t pRr
dfWolds ljBfno tx;Dd @! k|sf/sf 5fqj[lQ lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf 5fqj[lQaf/]
blnt ;d'bfodf hfgsf/L g} sd 5 . To;}n] sfkLsnd, 8«];, egf{ z'Ns, k/LIff z'Ns
cflbsf] ef/ cleefjsdf g} k5{ . o:tf] ef/ y]Ug g;Sg' klg 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg
g;Sg'sf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . 5fqj[lQnufot /fHok|bQ ;'ljwfdfly k|wfgfWofks, ;|f]t
JolQm / lzIff sd{rf/Lsf] nfk/afxL klg plQs} ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
oL ofjt o:tf sf/0f x'g h;n] blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/af6
al~rt u/fpg d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g . -ef]nf kf;jfg, gful/s Go"h, @( c;f/,
@)&!_
lzIffaf6 al~rt x'g'sf] sf/0f / lg/fs/0f
d}n] cfˆgf] @% jif{eGbf a9L PsLs[t ;dflhs ljsf;sf] If]qdf u/]sf] sfo{cg'ejaf6
s] kfPsf] 5' eg], k|foM ;a} blnt ;d'bfosf hgtfx¿df lzIff k|fKt ug'{ k5{ eGg]
wf/0ff / r]tgfsf] ljsf; e} ;s]sf] 5 . t/ cj:yf s:tf] b]lvG5 eg] sIff Psdf
ztk|ltzt blnt afnaflnsf :s"n egf{ x'G5g . t/ k|fylds tx -% sIff_ ;Dd k'Ubf
&% b]lv *) k|ltztn] ;f] tx k"/f ub{5g . lgDg dfWolds ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf
blnt ljBfyL{x¿dWo]af6 %) k|ltzt dfq dfWolds ljBfnosf]= :t/df k'U5g . To;kl5
@% k|ltzt dfq !)±@ df k'U5g eg] !) b]lv !% k|ltzt dfq} pRr lzIffsf nflu
;+3if{ ul//x]sf x'G5g .
o:tf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g'df cGo ljleGg sf/0f x'g;S5g . t/ k|ToIf cg'ej ug{;lsg]
d'Vo sf/0fx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g M–
• hftLo e]befj, 5'jf5't / slyt pRr hfltaf6 ul/g] t'R5 Jojxf/sf sf/0f a9g]
xLgtfaf]wsf] ;d:of .
• cfly{s sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f afnaflnsfn] /f]huf/L jf cy{ cfh{gsf nflu cleefjsnfO{
;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ afWotf l;h{gf x'g' .
• kfl/jfl/s clzIff .
• kl/jf/ lgof]hg k|lt a]jf:tf u/L y]Ug ;Sg] eGbf a9L ;Gtfg hGdfpg' .
cflb h:tf kl/l:yltsf sf/0f blnt afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf bogLo kfOG5 . o;}
sf/0fn] ubf{ blnt kl/jf/sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿ !@ b]lv !$ aif{sf] pd]/ x'Fbfx'Fb}
k};f sdfpgsf nflu cfˆgf afa'sf] ;fynfuL ef/t hfg afWo x'G5g . o:tf] rng w]/}

klxn] b]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] o;/L ef/t hfg c¿ eGbf a9Lg} ?lr /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . hftLo e]befjsf] ckdfg ;xg gkg{] / k};f klg sdfpg kfOg] ePsfn]
b'Mvsi6 ;xg / s8f >d ug{ afgL k/]sf oL afnaflnsf ef/t hfg OR5's ag]sf
x'g ;S5g . t/ o; k/Dk/fn] pgLx¿sf] lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tfdf cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] dfq
ge} lzIffsf] cj;/af6} al~rt ;d]t u/fPsf] 5 . o:tf afnaflnsf ef/tdfq geO{
g]kfn s} ljleGg cgf}krfl/s >dIf]q -;fgf lrof k;ndf efF8f dfemg], 6]Dk', dfOqmf],
a; cflbdf vnf;L a:g], Knfl:6s nufot kmf]xf]/df ldNs]sf sjf8L a6'Ng], lu6L s'6g],
O+{6fe§fdf sfd ug{], la8L agfpg] nufotsf lgs[i6 Pj+ hf]lvd k|sf/sf >ddf ;+nUg
/x]sf 5g . blnt afnaflnsfsf] of] cj:yf ;'b"/ klZrdsf] kxf8L lhNnfx¿df a9L
kfOG5 .
x'gt xfn ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ blnt afnaflnsfsf ;]/f]km]/f]df b]lvg yfn]sf 5g .
h:t}M % aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]if0f eQf, blnt ljBfyL{x¿sfnflu jflif{s
5fqj[lQ cflb . o:tf s]xL …/fxtÚ x¿ clwsf/ x}g bofdfof h:tf b]lvG5g . blnt
;d'bfosf] Pp6f 5fq jf 5fqfnfO{ jflif{s #)) b]lv %)) ;o ¿lkofF;Dd 5fqj[lQ
lbOG5 . o:tf] /fxtn] Pp6f ul/a ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pTyfg x'g ;S5 < o:tf] kmfFsd'7L
k|sf/sf] /fxt lbP/ ;/sf/L lgsfon] blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs clwsf/ lbPsf] bfaL
u/]sf] x'g;S5 . t/ jf:tjdf of] clwsf/ geP/ lgl/x 7fg]/ ul/Psf] ;fgf] ;xof]u
h:tf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] blnt lzIff ;xof]un] tL afnaflnsfsf] :jfledfgdf wSsf k'u]sf]
/ o;} sf/0f slxn] sfxL+ ckx]ngf ;d]t ef]Ug' k/]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .
g]kfndf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ If]qdf klg blnt
tyf blnt afnaflnsfsf] ;zQmLs/0f, cfly{s tyf lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ s] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿af6 k|rf/ ePcg'¿k blnt afnaflnsf
nfeflGjt x'g;s]sf 5g t < of] cWoogsf] ljifo x'g;S5 .

;/sf/n] k|To]s lhNnfx¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] xslxtdf sfo{ ug{ u/fpg lhNnf
afn sNof0f ;ldlt / s]Gb|df dGqfno ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf lgsfox¿n]
blnt afnaflnsf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f slt;Dd agfPsf] 5 t < of] klg
cWoog s] ljifo x'g;S5 . cfh afnclwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] lxt / ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uLsf
¿kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g . o;af6 s]xL xb;Dd blnt afnaflnsf klg nfeflGjt /
Kf|f]T;flxt gePsf xf]Ogg . t/ o:tf ljleGg gfdn] pknAw u/fOg] ;xfotfx¿n] blnt
afnaflnsfsf] cfTd ;Ddfgdf rf]6 t k'lu/x]sf] 5}g < of] klg ;f]Rg'kg{] ljifo ag]sf]
5 . o;/L ul/g] w]/} h:tf ;xof]ux¿sf cufl8 jf k5fl8 blnt zAb hf]l8Psf] x'G5
h:t}M blnt 5fqj[lQ, blnt 5fqfjf; cflb cflb === . ha :s"n sn]hx¿df 5fqj[lQsf]
s'/f p75 clg blnt 5fqj[lQ u|x0f ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ hftLo xLgtfaf]wn] lk/f]Ng yfN5,
lng] ls glng] eg]/ . To;a]nf cfkm" blnt ePsf sf/0f tyf ;dflhs kl/j]zn] cfˆgf]
xsnfO{ leIffsf ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ nufPsf sf/0f pgLx¿ ckdfg af]w eO/x]sf] cg'ej
u5{g .
To;}n] ;a} afnaflnsf Jff ljBfyL{ Ps} x'g / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df hftLo
xLgtfaf]w gx'g] lsl;dsf ;xof]u k|fKt u/fpg] dfWod h'6fpg ;Sof] eg] ;fob blnt
;d'bfosf afnaflnsf jf jo:osx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf cfˆgf] hLjg:t/dfly p7fpg
;xof]u k'Ug] lyof] .
s;/L x'G5 lje]b/lxt clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfo tyf pgLx¿sf afnaflnsfsf]] z}lIfs tyf cGo If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu s]–s] ug{ ;lsG5 t < o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n]] ;j{k|yd hftLo lje]bdf k/]sf
;d'bfo tkm{ nlIft @) b]lv @% aif{;Ddsf nflu Pp6f u'? of]hgf agfpg h?/L 5 .
h; cGt/ut, tf]lsPsf] ;dofcjlwdf s]xL k|ltzt jf ;+VofnfO{ cd's :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg]
of]hgf /xg'k5{ . h:t}M cfpFbf] @% aif{ leq XY hgf Ol~hlgo/, XY hgf 8fS6/, XY
hgf g;{, XY hgf k|zf;s, XY hgf ljBfjfl/lw, XY hgf k|x/L, cfdL{ / XY hgf
lghfdtL sd{rf/L cflbsf] dfOn:6f]g agfpg ;Sof] eg] dfq ;fob hftLo lje]bdf
k/]sf ;d'bfo, afnaflnsf jf 5fq5fqfsf] cfd"n ljsf;df kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 .
o;/L u'?of]hgf agfpg'sf;fy} lgDg dfWolds ljBfno :t/af6 g} blnt ;d'bfosf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] juL{s/0f u/L pgLx¿sf] rfxgf tyf ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df cWoogsf]
Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ . ;f]xLcg';f/ ;/sf/n] blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg ;xh jftfj/0f agfpg lghsf kl/jf/hgsf] hLjg:t/ / cfly{s cj:yf psf:g]
tkm{ ljleGg of]hgfx¿sf] yfngL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

cGTodf, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw Pp6f dfu{bz{g
xf] . t/ To;nfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsfn, kl/l:ylt tyf cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :yfgLo :t/
tyf afnaflnsfn] ;xh ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf gLlt lgodx¿ cjnDag ug{
h?/L 5 . h;n] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;xeflutf, ;'/Iff
tyf ;+/If0f, kf]if0f / lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;xh e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ u/fpg ;a} kl/jf/
tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljz]if d2t k'Ug] 5 .
d]/f] a'emfOdf s'g} klg JolQm, ;d'bfo, afnaflnsf blnt xF'b}gg, a? x'G5 t s]jn
JolQmsf] ;f]+r jf sd{ jf ljrf/ bl/b| x'G5 h;n] blnt dfgl;stfnfO{ hGd lbG5 .
olb ;a} gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ug]{, gLlt lgod sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfon] ljj]szLn, dfgjLo
/ lje]b/lxt lgot /fV5 eg] cjZo klg glthf c;n g} cfp+g] 5 . To:tf] kl/l:ylt
l;h{gf ul/+bf s'g} klg JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;dfhn] ckdflgt eP/ jf blnt eP/ afFRg'
kg{] 5}g .

;+u7gsf] kl/ro
afnaflnsfsf] xslxt tyf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lb+b} ;+/If0fljxLg, c;xfo, lzIffsf]
Go"gtd cj;/af6 jl~rt, Pjd hf]lvd kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZos
;+/If0f tyf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ub{} of]Uo, ;Ifd cg'zfl;t Pjd :jfjnDaL gful/ssf]
¿kdf cfTdlge{/ u/fO{ ;dfhdf :yflkt u/fpg] p2]Zo;lxt lj=;= @)@! ;fndf /fli6«o
lgb]{zg P]g @)!* cGt{ut g]kfn afn ;+u7g :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
of] Pp6f :jfoQ, u}/;/sf/L, ;]jfd"ns, u}//fhg}lts, cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf ;+:yf
xf] . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df of] ;+u7g afndlGb/sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 .
;+u7gsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]t[Tj 5gf}6sf] lznlznfdf g]kfn afn ;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo
;efn] cfˆgf] $))) ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 cWoIf Pj+ k|To]s c~rnaf6 Ps–Ps hgf
;b:o lgjf{lrt / cWoIfaf6 ^ hgf dgf]lgt ;d]t u/L hDdf @# hgfsf] s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldlt u7g ub5{ . pQm sfo{;ldltdWo]af6 pkfWoIf, dxf;lrj, pkdxf;lrj,
sf]iffWoIf / pksf]iffWoIf, lgb]{zs, pklgb]{zs / zfvf k|d'v x'G5g . u[x Joj:yfkg
zfvf cGt/ut ;Dk"0f{ afnu[xx¿ kb{5g . afnu[xdf s]Gb| k|d'v, ;xfos, ;xof]uL /
cfdfx¿ x'G5g .
;+u7gsf] Wo]o (Mission)
-s_ kLl8t, clwsf/af6 jl~rt, cgfy, c;xfo, cj;/ljxLg / hf]lvd kl/l:yltsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ afnu[xx¿ dfkm{t cfjf;Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ .
-v_ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ .
-u_ k|rlnt sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0fsf nflu
hf]8 lb+b} afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/sf] jsfnt u/L afnclwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ .
-3_ ;+u7g :yfkgfsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
p2]ZoM
– afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu afnu[x ;~rfng ug{] .
– pk]lIft afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/L cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
– afnaflnsfsf lxtdf /fli6«o sfg'g tyf gLlt lgod lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos bafa
g]kfn afn ;+u7g M ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd
lr/~hLjL e08f/L / afns[i0f 8+uf]n

l;h{gf ug{]
– pk]lIft afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
– ljBdfg sfg'g tyf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*(
sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ax;, k}/jL / jsfnt l;h{gf ug]{ .
;~rflnt sfo{qmdM
• afnu[x ;~rfng
• z}lIfs tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd sfo{qmd
• 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd
• z}lIfs ;f}hGo sfo{qmd
• wd{k'q÷k'qL sfo{qmd
• k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;fdflhsLs/0f sfo{qmd
• afnclwsf/;DaGwL sfo{qmd
• afnSna / xs/ afnSna
• cGo lgoldt sfo{qmd
– afnlbj;
– ldgkrf; lzlj/
;+/If0fdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] juL{s/0fM
– ;+/If0fljxLg tyf c;xfo
– åGå kLl8t
– sf/fuf/ cfl>t
– ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf sf/0f hf]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsf
– ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
tTsfnLg /fgL /Tg/fHo nIdLb]jL zfxn] ef/t e|d0f ug]{ qmddf ToxfF dxfTdf ufGwLsf]
hGdlbg kf/]/ afnlbj; dgfpg] u/]sf] b]lvg . To; sfo{qmdaf6 k|efljt ePsL
/fgL /Tg ef/taf6 kms]{kl5 pgsf] hGd lbg kf/]/ lj=;=@)@! efb| $ df g]kfn

afn ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . :yfkgf kZrft o; ;+u7gn] cgfy / c;xfo
afnaflnsfsf] ;femf 3/sf ¿kdf afndlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/L b]ze/L g} o;sf zfvfx¿sf]
la:tf/ u¥of] . ;fy} o; lbgnfO{ g} /fli6«o afnlbj;sf] 3f]if0ff u/L ;f] ;dob]lv
lgoldt ¿kdf afnlbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] lyof] .
o; ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfsfndf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg' eg]sf] >d zlQm v]/ kmfNg' eGg]
7flgGYof] . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg' k5{ eGg] r]tgf ;d'bfodf gu0o dfq lyof] . tTsfnLg
;dodf /fHosf] tkm{af6 of] ;+:yf :yfkgf lzIffsf ;jfndf ul/Psf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
sbd lyof] . lzIff g} x/]s pGgltsf] d'xfg ePsf] x'Fbf /fi6«n] lzIffdf ;a}sf] kxF'rnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ ljleGg lhNnfdf ;?jf x'Fbf pgLx¿sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ k9g ljBfno pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo adf]lhd afn ;+u7g dfkm{t k|To]s
lhNnfdf lzz'sIff ;~rfng ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;+u7gn] lj=;+= @)@#
;fndf alx/f afnssf] sfo{qmd -xfn s]Gb|Lo alx/f pRr dfWolds ljBfno_ gS;fn,
lj=;+= @)@$ ;fndf cfbz{ lgDg dfWolds ljBfno, lj=;+=@)@* ;fndf Jofj;flos
sfo{qmd -xfn afn Joj;foL pRr dfWolds ljBfno_ l;kmn ub}{ &% lhNnfdf &* j6f
lzz' sIff -ls08/uf8]{g :s"n_ ;~rfngdf Nofof] . clxn] tL ljBfnox¿df !%,)))
eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ lzz' sIffb]lv pRr dfWolds ljBfno;Dd cWoog/t 5g .
;g !(^& cui6 #) df g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljZj vfB sfo{qmd aLr
ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] u/L g]kfn afn ;+u7gn]
lj=;+= @)$! ;fn;Dd g]kfn clw/fHoe/ kf}li6s cfxf/ ljt/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u/]sf] lyof] . h;cGtu{t @)$^ ;fn;Dd lhNnfx¿df cfˆgf] zfvf la:tf/ ug{, lzIff /
vfB sfo{qmd -@)$@_ s]lGb|t /Xof] . o; cjlwdf lzz' sIffaf6 ;'? ePsf ljBfnox¿
pRr dfWolds ljBfno;Dd la:tf/ eP . h'g sfo{qmd xfn klg lzIff dGqfnoaf6
klZrd g]kfnnufot clw/fHosf #& lhNnfsf] ;Lldt If]qdf …lzIffsf nflu vfB
sfo{qmd kl/of]hgf, gS;fn sf7df08f}Ú sf] gfdaf6 ;~rflnt 5 .
lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn b]lv @)^@ ;fn;Dd o; ;+u7gn] cfk"mnfO{ afnu[x ;~rfngdf
s]lGb|t u¥of]] . tLg j6f dfq afnu[xx¿af6 ;'?jft ePsf] afn ;+u7gn] cfˆgf
dftxtsf afnu[xx¿sf] ;+Vof !@ k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;+u7gdf ljz]if x]/rfx / ;+/If0fsf]
cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf cltl/Qm o; ;+u7gn] sf/fuf/df cfl>t / åGå kLl8t
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg nfngkfng ub{} cfof]] . lj=;+= @)^@ ;fnsf] a[xQ zflGt ;Demf}tf
kl5 åGå kLl8t afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfhdf k'gM:yfkgf u/L] k'gM afnu[xx¿sf] ;+Vof
36fP/ !) j6fdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .
afn ;+u7g / afnlbj;
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;+= @)!^ ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] æafn–kl/jf/Æ
sf] pb3f6g eof] / of] lbgnfO{ afnlbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg yflnof] . lj=;+=@)@@

;fndf o; ;+u7gn] k"j{ d'df a8fdxf/fgL /Tgsf] hGd lbg -efb| $ ut]_ ;Fu hf]8]/
afnlbj; dgfpg yfNof] . o;sf] lg/Gt/tf lj=;+=@)^@ ;fn;Dd /Xof] . tt kZrft
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{n] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( df x:tfIf/
u/]sf] lbg efb| @( nfO{ afnlbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . h; cGtu{t g]kfn
afn ;+u7gn] lgoldt ¿kaf6 afnlbj; dgfpb} cfPsf] 5 . ut jif{ dfq eJotfk"j{s
:j0f{ hoGtL dgfOof] .
afnu[xx¿
xfn o; ;+u7gsf] dftxtdf &% j6f lhNnf zfvfx¿ / !! j6f afnu[xx¿ ;~rfngdf
5g . h;dWo] sf7df08f}df -@_, nlntk'/, l;Gw'nL, sfe|]knf~rf]s, bf]nvf, uf]/vf,
dsjfgk'/, DofUbL, ;nf{xL / slknj:t' lhNnfdf afnu[xx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g .
qm=
;+=
afnu[xsf] gfd 7]ufgf
afnaflnsf
;+Vof
afnaflnsf
Ifdtf
s}lkmot
-ljz]iftf_
! gS;fn afnu[x gS;fn,
sf7df8f}+
%^ #)) lzz' / ckfËtf
ePsf aflnsf
@ afn;+/If0f u[x l;kmn,
sf7df8f}+
&# !)) sf/fuf/df cfl>t
# ;fd'bflos
ljsf; s]Gb|
7]rf],
nlntk'/
!* !)) ckfËtf ePsf
afns
$ uf}/Lz+s/ afnu[x rl/sf]6,
bf]nvf
!@ @))
% ;dfh sNof0f
afnu[x
kfFrvfn,
sfe|]
@% %) t/sf/L af/L /
kz'kfng
^ ledk]mbL afnu[x ledk]mbL,
dsjfgk'/
@* %)
& slknj:t'
afnu[x
tf}lnxjf,
slknj:t'
@# %) df5f kfng
* DofUbL afnu[x DofUbL, a]gL * !%
( l;Gw'nL afnu[x l;Gw'nL # !%
!) ;nf{xL afnu[x ;nf{xL # !%
!! uf]/vf afnu[x uf]/vf !) !)

o; ;+:yf dftxtsf afnu[xx¿df afa'cfdf b'j} gePsf / kl/jf/sf c¿ s;}n] klg
x]/rfx gu/]sf, afa'cfdfaf6 TofluPsf jf la5f]l8Psf jf 3/af6 efu]sf / afa'cfdf
kQf gnfu]sf, afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifsaf6 plrt kfngkf]if0f gu/L x]nf / b'Jo{jxf/
ul/Psf, afa' jf cfdf eP/ klg zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s czQmtfsf sf/0fn] afnaflnsfsf]
x]/rfx ug{ ;Ifd gePsf, 3/ jf a;f]af;sf] :yfoL 7]ufgf yfxf gePsf afnaflnsf /
sf/fuf/df cfl>t aGbL / s}bLsf afnaflnsf ;+/lIft 5g . o; ;+u7gdf afnaflnsf
egf{ ubf{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afnaflnsf vf]htnf; tyf ;dGjo s]Gb| -6]lnkmf]g
g+=!)$_ / c:ktfnsf] l;kmfl/;df egf{ ug{] ul/G5 .
;+u7gsf] ;~rfng / cfly{s kIf
d'Votof o; ;+u7gsf] cfo >f]t s'g} JolQm, ;+3, ;+:yf jf z'elrGts JolQmx¿ tyf
kl/jf/n] lbg] rGbf, bfg -vfBfGg, nQf sk8f, z}lIfs÷v]ns'b ;fdu|Lx¿, k|ljlw, ;Lk,
snf, :g]x / z'e]R5f_, 3/ hUuf axfn, cfod"ns kl/of]hgfsf cfDbfgL, ;fe]mbf/Laf6
k|fKt ;xof]u / wd{k'q÷k'qL u|x0f u/] kZrft lbg] ;xof]u g} xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ut
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷)&! df afnaflnsfsf] nfngkfngsf nflu s]xL /sd cg'bfgsf
¿kdf k|fKt eof] . g]kfn ;/sf/ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
dfkm{t pQm cg'bfg lgoldt ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ePsf] 5 . o; cl3 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cf=a=)%!÷)%@ ;Dd ;+u7gsf] s'n ah]6sf] $) k|ltzt cg'bfg lgoldt ¿kdf
pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . ljleGg ptf/ r9fjsf sf/0f lj=;+= @)^@ ;fnb]lv
of] ;+u7g r/d cfly{s cefjsf] ;+s6df k'u]sf] 5 . ;+u7g dftxtsf >f]tx¿nfO{
oyf]lrt 9Ëaf6 Jojl:yt ub{} lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf hfgsf nflu cem} s]xL aif{ nfUg]
b]lvG5 .
afnu[xdf afnaflnsf egf{ / labfO k|lqmof
afnaflnsf egf{ ePkl5 Ps xKtf leq klxnf] k6s /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfdfdf #%
lbg] ;"rgf / To;kl5 @! lbg] xs bfaLsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/G5 . pQm ;"rgfsf]
cfwf/df s'g} xsbfaL x'g cfPdf ;f]sf] 5fglag u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DalGwt kl/jf/ /
cfkmGt;Fu lhDdf nufOG5 cyjf afnu[xaf6 labfO ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf kZrft
g]kfn k|x/L, dlxnf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|df g]kfn clw/fHo leq st} s'g} ph"/L k/]
gk/]sf] yfxf kfpg / pgLx¿sf cleefjs vf]h tnf;sf nflu kqfrf/ ;d]t ul/G5 .
tt kZrft cgfy k|dfl0ftsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf k7fOG5 .
cgfy k|dfl0ft ePkl5 s'g} klg ljBfyL{sf] egf{ k|lqmof k"0f{ x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{
kl/jf/df k'gM:yfkgfsf lznlznfdf :jb]zL jf ljb]zL bDklt jf Psn dlxnfn] ;+u7gdf
cfl>t cgfy afnaflnsf lgodfg';f/ wd{k'q÷k'qL u|x0f ug{ ;S5g .
g]kfnL bDkltn] wd{k'q u|x0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfuhkqx? ;+nUg u/L o; ;+u7gsf]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' k5{ . ljb]zLx¿n] dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f

dGqfnosf] cGt/ b]zLo wd{k'q÷k'qL ljsf; ;ldltdf ;Dks{ u/L tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k"/f
ug'{ k5{ . of] bf];|f] lsl;dsf] labfOdf aRrfn] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x'ls{P/ lzIff lbIff,
cleefjs / k}lqs ;DklQ ;d]t kfpg] / ;'lglZrt eljio x'g] x'Fbf afnclwsf/sf]
b[li6n];d]t o; labfOnfO{ ;jf]{s[i6 ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . t];|f] labfO k|lqmof eg]sf] !*
jif{ pd]/ k'u]kl5 jf P;=Pn=;L=k/LIff pQL0f{ kZrft ul/g] clgjfo{ labfO xf] . o;
k|lqmofdf gftfuf]tf, cfkmGt ;Dks{df gePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ @÷$ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a:g
k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 . t/ zf/Ll/s czQmtf ePsf afnaflnsfdf of] clgjfo{ labfO nfu"
x'Fb}g . /ftf] ju{sf afnaflnsf hLjge/ ;+u7gdf cfl>t /xG5g eg] gLnf] ju{sf
:j]lR5s ¿kn] dfq labfO x'g ;S5g .
e"sDk kl5 afn;+u7gsf] cj:yf
dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDk @)&@ sf sf/0f g]kfn afn ;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg /
afnu[xx¿df ;d]t Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] gS;fn afnu[x gS;fn, ;dfh sNof0f
s]Gb| kfFrvfn, uf}/L z+s/ afnu[x bf]nvfsf] d'Vo ejg Ifltu|:t ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] tL
ejgx¿df a:g gldNg] u/L /ftf] l:6s/ nufOPsf] 5 . cGo afnu[xx¿ ;fdfGo dd{t
;Def/ kl5 a:g ldNg] vfnsf 5g . gS;fn afnu[xsf ;Dk"0f{ lzz'x¿, 6f]8n;{x¿
/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no lzIff dGqfno cGt{ut lzIffsf] nflu vfB sfo{qmd kl/of]hgf
gS;fndf ;fl/Psf] 5 . cGo afnu[xdf cfl>t afnaflnsfnfO{ af}l4s ckfË :s"n /
sf/fuf/df cfl>t afnaflnsf;Fu} afn;+/If0f u[x l;kmndf ;fl/Psf] 5 . lzIffsf nflu
vfB sfo{qmdsf xn, ejg / uf8L Uof/]hdf nfdf] ;do;Dd afnaflnsf /fVg pko'Qm
gePsf] x'Fbf e"sDkåf/f elTsPsf] ejg k'gM lgdf{0f gx'Fbf;Dd ljleGg ;+3;:yfx¿sf]
;xof]udf c:yfoL Joj:yfkgsf nflu gS;fndf lk| kmofla|s]zgsf 3/x¿ klg agfpg
;'?jft ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfkgfsf] k[i7e"ld
lj=;+= @))!÷)@ lt/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf x}hfsf] dxfdf/L km}lnof] . o; dxfdf/Laf6
w]/} hgtfx¿ k|efljt aGg k'u] / lgs} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿sf] d[To' g} eof] . o;af6
a9L cfqmfGt x'g] / dg{]x¿df w]/}h;f] afnaflnsf g} /x]sf lyP .
of] cj:yfn] sf7df08f}sf Pshgf ;dfh;]jL o'jf bofjL/l;+x s+;sf/sf] dg ;f/}
kf]Nof] . x}hfsf sf/0f d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'u]sf] Pshgf afnsnfO{ pgn] cfˆg} 3/df
nu]/ pkrf/ / :ofxf/;Def/ u/], pm lgsf] klg eof] . t/ ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿
l;ls:t aGg] / dg{] qmd eg] yfldPsf] lyPg .
o:tf c;xfo /f]uL / ul/ax¿sf] pkrf/sf nflu tTsfnLg ;/sf/af6 s'g} k|aGw
ePsf] lyPg . cf}iflw pkrsf/sf nflu Ps dfq jL/ c:ktfn lyof], hxfF bLg–b'MvL
ul/a c;xfo hgtfsf nflu plrt pkrf/sf] s'g} Joj:yf lyPg . ;fy} x}hf h:tf]
/f]uaf6 cfqmfGt x'g]x¿nfO{ cf];f/ k;f/sf nflu PDa'n]G; ;]jf, :6«]r/ ;]jfsf] klg k|aGw
lyPg . Tolta]nfsf] /f0fftGqn] hg:jf:YonfO{ 3f]/ pk]Iff u/]sf] lyof] .1
of] cj:yfn] bofjL/l;+x s+;sf/nufot ;dfh;]jfsf] efjgf ePsf o'jfx¿nfO{ Hofb}
lrlGtt t'Nofof]] . Tolta]nf Ps t cf}ifwLsf] cefj lyof] eg] csf{]lt/ ul/a / c;xfo
hgtfn] k};f lt/]/ cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt klg lyPg . To;}n] of] ;d:ofsf]
tTsfnLg ;dwfgsflglDt bofjL/l;+x s+;sf/n] c;xfo / Hofb} ul/a cj:yf ePsf
;dfGo la/fdLsf nflu cfkm}Fn] cf}ifwL k;n /fvL lgMz'Ns cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ yfn] .
lgMz'Ns cf}iflw pkrf/ kfpFbf la/fdLsf] 3'OFrf] a9g' :jefljs lyof] . lbgfg'lbg
pkrf/sf nflu cfpg] /f]uLx¿ a9g yfn]kl5 s+;sf/ cfkm"n] dfq cf}iflw lsg]/ afF8g
c;Dej x'gyfNof] . pgn] cGo ;dfh;]jL o'jfx¿;Fu ;xof]u lnO{ k/f]ksf/sf lglDt
rGbf ;+sng ug{yfn] . ;+slnt rGbfaf6 cf}iflw lsgL pkrf/ ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lb+b}uP . o;nfO{ …k/f]ksf/ cf}ifwfnoÚ gfd lbOof] . lj=;+= @))# df yflnPsf] of]
cf}ifwfno g} k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf hGdsf] k|f/lDes cfwf/ aGg k'Uof] . 2
o;/L k|f/De ul/Psf] …k/f]ksf/ cf}ifwfnoÚ nfO{ …k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfÚ agfpg bofjL/
l;+x s+;sf/n] :jLs[ltsf nflu lgj]bg lbP . ttsfnLg k|wfgdGqL kßzdz]/n] o;
1 Gof}kfg] /fdrGb|, & ,k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf @)%$
2 pxL k[i7 *
cgfyx¿sf] klxnf] ;xf/f k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno
8f= 8Da/ axfb'/ g]kfnL

lgj]bgk|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fv]sf lyP . t/ k|wfg ;]gfklt /x]sf df]xg zdz]/n] …of]
s'g} /fhgLlts p2]Zo;DaGwL xf] lsÚ eGg] cfz+sf u/]sfn] s]xL ;do :jLs[lt /f]lsof] .
t/ o;k|lt kßzdz]/ ;sf/fTds /x]sfn] jftfj/0f cg's'n g} ag]sf] lyof] . t/ s'g}
;+:yfnfO{ :jLs[lt lbg slDtdf % hgfsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm lgj]bg cfjZos 5 egL lgj]bg
lkmtf{ lbOof] . Tolta]nfsf dflg;x¿df /f0ff zf;sn] s]xL b08 kf] ug{] xf] ls eGg]
qf;n] ubf{ % hgfsf] x:tfIf/ lng klg lgs} sl7g eof] . s]xL lbg kl5 % hgfsf]
x:tfIf/ h'6fO{ tTsfnLg >L # dxf/fh kßzdz]/nfO{ a'emfOof] . wd{sd{df nfu]sf
/ :jefjdf s]xL pbf/ dflgg] kßn] k/f]ksf/sf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] of] ;+:yfnfO{ @))$
;fn c;f]h !) sf lbg …k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] gfdaf6 sfo{ ug{ lbg'Ú eGg] v8ulg;fg
k|bfg u/] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df o;/L ;fdflhs ;+:yfn] :jLs[lt kfpg ;s]sf] ;+ejtM
k/f]ksf/ g} klxnf] ;+:yf xf] .3
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;
sf7df08f} pkTosfleq @))% ;fnsf] c;f/÷;fpg dlxgfdf km]/L x}hfsf] k|sf]k km}lnof] .
o; dxfdf/Ldf k/L dflg;x¿ dg{ yfn] . o; ;+s6sf] ;dodf k/f]ksf/ cf}ifwfnon]
cfˆgf ;of}+ :jod;]jsdfkm{t /f]uLx¿nfO{ ufpFufpFaf6 cf];f/]/ 6]s' c:ktfndf k'¥ofP .
o;/L w]/} /f]uLx¿nfO{ d[To'sf] d'vaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsof] . @))& ;fnsf] k|f/Delt/
cfOk'Ubf o;n] cfˆgf] pkrf/ ;]jfnfO{ sf7df08f} pkTosfnufot b]zsf cGo 7fpFx¿df
;d]t la:tf/ u/L $* ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/;s]sf] lyof] .4
o:tf ;]jf s]Gb|x¿n] ultlnb} uPkl5 c:ktfn ;d]t ;~rfng ug{] sfd eof] .
yfkfynLsf] k|;'ltu[x o;}sf] kxndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . pko'Qm k|;'lt ;]jf gkfPs}
sf/0fn] cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf kb{}cfPsf] / sltko dft[ lzz'sf]
d[To';d]t ePsf sf/0fn] of] c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . hf] clxn];Dd klg
g]kfnsf] Psdfq :qL/f]u c:ktfnsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf nflu
tTsfnLg hg/n l;+x zdz]/ /f0ffn] hUuf pknAw u/fPsf lyP eg] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf
ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf o;sf] ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g !(%(
cui6 -@)!^ ;fn >fj0f_ df ePsf] xf] . clxn] klg hUuf k/f]ksf/sf] gfddf 5 .
o;sf] ;~rfng rfxL+ ;/sf/n] ul//x]sf] 5 .
k/f]ksf/ ;:yfn] lgM;xfosf] ;]jf / lgMz'Ns pkrf/;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] s]Gb|Lo
bfg ljefusf] klg :yfkgf u¥of] . o; bfg ljefuaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ljleGg
/f]udf / ;do–;do x'g] 6fOkmfO8– x}hf OToflb ;+qmfds /f]ux¿df lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o;af6 kf6L kf}jfdf /x]sf ul/a la/fdLx¿sf]
3/;Dd k'u]/ klg ;]jf ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfn] afn :jf:Yo;DaGwL pkrf/;]jfnfO{ la:tf/ u/fpg] p2]Zocg';f/
3 pxL !)
4 pxL @&

uf]vf{, wflbª, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, ;nf{xL, 9f]/kf6g, tfg;]g, a'6jn cflb 7fpFx¿df k|fylds
pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . klxn] tL 7fpFx¿df ;fdfGo la/fdLsf nflu
klg pkrf/ Joj:yf gePsfn] o:tf pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿ vf]lnPsf lyP, h;af6 :yfgLo
hgtfx¿n] ;fdfGo vfnsf la/fdLsf nflu k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo;]jf kfpg ;s]sf lyP .
kl5 ;/sf/s} tkm{af6 k|foM ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿df :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] la:tf/ x'g
yfn] kl5 o;sf] pkfbotf sd x'g yfn]sf] xf] . ;fy} o;n] lzj/fqL nufot st} klg
d]nf nfu]sf] a]nfdf klg ;]jf ug{] u/]sf] 5 .
k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno
hxfgLof /f0ffzf;glj?4 lj=;+= !(() sf] bzsb]lv g} ;lNsPsf] k|hftflGqs
cfGbf]ngsf] cfuf]n] @))& ;fndf cfOk'u]kl5 Hjfnf s} ¿k lng k'Uof] . qmflGt 5]l8of]
/ /f0ff kIfsf ;'/IffsdL{ tyf hgd'lQm ;]gfsfaLr d'7e]8 g} x'gyfNof] . of] l:yltdf
ul/a / cgfyx¿sf] ;]jfdf nfUb}cfPsf] k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf ;+3if{sf qmddf 3fOt] ePsf
hgd'lQm ;]gfx¿sf] pkrf/ tyf ;]jfdf nfUg' :jefljs g} lyof] .
lgEg] a]nfsf] alQ em}F b]lvPsf /f0ff zf;sx¿sf nflu k/f]ksf/sf] To:tf] ;]jf kfRo
x'g ;s]g / pgLx¿n] o; ;+:yfnfO{ k|ltaGw nufOlbP . ;+:yfsf w]/} sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
lu/ˆtf/ ul/of] / r/d oftgf lbOof] . t/ o; ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ /f0ff zf;sx¿sf
;fd' em's]gg / k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;3fpg emg a9L ;lqmotfsf ;fy nfu] .
qmflGtsf] ;kmntf kZrft o;sf] k'gh{Gd eof] . tTkZrft o;n] cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] bfo/fnfO{
cf}ifwL pkrf/df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL a];xf/f cgfy afnaflnsfsf] ;]jf ;+/If0fdf klg
la:tf/ ug{ yfNof] . 5
k/f]ksf/sf] b[li6 tL cgfy afnaflnsfk|lt s]lGb|t eof], hf] cfdfa'af sf]xL geP/ jf
lt/:s[t eP/ a];xf/f aGg uO{ ;8sdf cfOk'u]sf lyP . sltkonfO{ t cfˆgf cfdf
a'af / 3/af; ;d]tsf] kQf] lyPg . o:tf afnsx¿ ;8ssf bfofF afofF lsgf/df udL{
5 eg] lgjf{Ë gfËf] / hf8f] 5 eg] af]/fdf u'6d'l6P/ n8]sf] b]lvGy] . o;/L ;8sdf
oqtq 5l/Psf cgfyx¿sf] cj:yfn] k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf sfo{stf{sf] Åbo l5ofl5of
eof] / logLx¿sf nflu s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf hflu|t eof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
k/f]ksf/ cgfynosf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
k/f]ksf/n] ;/sf/df n]vfk9L u/]/ led;]g:yfgl:yt lji0f'dltsf] lsgf/df klxn] g}
Pp6f 6x/f]] k|fKt u/]sf] lyof], To;}df k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno /fVg] lgwf] ul/of] . t/
Tolta]nf Tof] 6x/f]nfO{ sxLF levf/L]x¿n] efG5f agfPsf, sxLF 5f8f 5f]l8Psf ;fF9]n]
9nLdnL ug]{ 7fpF agfPsf], st} h'jf8]n] h'jf v]Ng] cv8fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf
lyP . o;/L 6x/f] Pp6f b'u{GwL, yf]qf] / nyflnË ePsf] kf6Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
To;nfO{ ;kmf ;'U3/ u/L Pp6f ;'Gb/ cfjf;:ynsf] ¿k lbOof] . jl/kl/ au}+rf,
5 pxL @*–$)

efG5f3/, zf}rfno cflbsf] k|aGw ul/of] . To; kl5 zx/df oqtq dfUb} lx8g] cgfy
/ a];xf/f afnsx¿nfO{ ef]h vfg lbOG5 egL af]nfOof] . ;'?df tL dWo]af6 @%
hgf s]6fx¿nfO{ kmsfO km'NofO{ cgfyfnodf /fVg] k|aGw ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;/L cgfy afnsx¿nfO{ NofP kl5 @))( ;fn cfiff9 !) df :juL{o /fhf lqe'jgaf6
pb3f6g u/fO{ k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnonfO{ ljlwjt ;~rfng ug{ yflnof] .
cgfyfnodf /flvPsf afnsx¿nfO{ o'lgkmd{ 8]«; lbOof] / vfg a:gsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf
ul/of] . ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ k9g] Joj:yfsf ;fy} a'Gg], l;pg]nufotsf x:tsnf klg
l;sfpg yflnof] . pgLx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs 9Ësf v]nx¿ v]Ng] cj;/ klg lbnfOPsfn]
:jf:Yo ;'wf/df klg ;xof]u k'Uof] .
t/ klg aflx/ dfu]/, hyfefjL af]Nb} lx8g] clgolGqt afnsx¿nfO{ s]xL ;do;Dd t
tx nufpg klg lgSs} d'l:sn k¥of] . 5f8f hLjgaf6 cg'zfl;t hLjgdf k|j]z ug{'
pgLx¿sf nflu ?lrs/ lyPg . To;}n] s]xL a;], sltko efu], efu]sfdWo] klg sltko
t km]l/ kms{]/ cgfyfnodf g} cfP .
cgfyfno ;'? ul/+bf @% hgfaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] / ^ dlxgf kl5 g} To;df @% yk
ul/ %) sf] ;+Vof k'¥ofOof] . To;kl5 @)#@ / @)$& ;fndf qmdzM Ps Ps l;6 yk
u/L %@ sf] ;+Vof k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . !)) hgf cgfy kfNg] nIo /flvPsf] eP klg
xfn;Dd %@ eGbf a9L /fVg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
cgfyfno ;~rfng ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo s]xL cgfy s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd
vfg, nufpg / cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug'{ dfq lyPg, clkt' lzIffsf] plrt k|aGwåf/f
ltgnfO{ cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf; / Ps ;Eo gful/ssf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf :yflkt
u/fpg;Sg' klg lyof] . oxL nIocg';f/ k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnosf afnsx¿nfO{ k|j]lzsf
k/LIff;Dd s'g} afwf cj/f]w lagf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ k|aGw ul/of] . cgfyfno;Fu} hf]l8Psf]
k/f]ksf/ cfbz{ xfO{:s"ndf oL cgfyx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;xof]usf] k/Dk/f
@)!! ;fndf lgl:sPsf] …k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnosf] s]6fx¿nfO{ sfd ug]{ df}sf lbg'xf];
zLif{ssf] krf{df hgtfnfO{ clkn ub}{ elgPsf] 5– …b]zsf tdfd bfh'efO lbbLalxgLsf
lgldQ cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] /f]6Lsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd b]zsf] pGglt eof] eGg ;ls+b}g .
pgLx¿sf] b'Mv lgjf/0f ug{' / pgLx¿sf] hLjg ;'wf/df nfUg' g} b]zsf] pGglt ug{'
xf] . tkfO{+x¿nfO{ ljlbt} 5 cgfyfno klg pxL Ps dfq b]z;]jfsf] Wo]o lnP/ :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 . oxfF xfd|f b]zsf cgfy 6'x'/fsf] eljio pGgltsf] nflu x/ lsl;dsf] k|aGw
ug]{ k|aGw x'Fb}5 .Ú
krf{n] cgfyfnodf …;8sdf ef+u|f cf]9]/ ;'t]sf, dfuL dfuL lx+8]sf tyf s';Ëtdf k/]sf

6'x'/f %) afnaflnsf /x]sf]Ú hfgsf/L
lbG5 . ltgLx¿nfO{ k9fO tyf tflndsf]
Joj:yf ub}{ ^ jif{;Dd ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn]
kfn]/ ;/sf/ tyf bfgL ;Hhgx¿;Fu
;DaGw /fvL pRr lzIff lbnfpg] p2]Zo
cgfyfnon] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . of] kljq
p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;a};Fu l;w}
;xof]u jf rGbf eg] dfluPsf] 5}g .
a? b'O{ jif{b]lv cgfyfnodf a:b}
cfPsf afnaflnsfn] agfPsf ljleGg
x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L a]r]/ cfjZos
/sdsf] hf]xf] ug]{ bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
krf{df cufl8 elgPsf] 5–
…b]zjf;Lx¿;Fu clkn ul/G5 ls
To:tf afnsx¿n] tof/ u/]sf dfnx¿
oyfzSo vl/b u/]/ Jojxf/ ug{'xf]; / cgfy afnsx¿sf] pT;fx a9fpg'xf]; ;fy}
eljiodf pgLx¿nfO{ ;gfy ug]{ df}sf lbg'xf]; .Ú
o;/L afnsx¿n] tof/ u/]sf dfnx¿ laqmL u/]/ hlt kmfObf x'G5, Tolt kmfObf
;f] ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ afnss} gfddf hDdf ul/g] / tflnd ;s]/ cgfyfno 5f]8L
hfg] a]nfdf hLjgf]kfh{gsf] lgldQ k"FhL:j¿k Psd'i6 /sd k|bfg ug]{ of]hgf klg
cgfyfnon] /fv]sf] lyof] . ;dfhsf c;xfo / b'MvL hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy
vf]lnPsf o:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] sfdnfO{ cfh klg sltko ;+:yfx¿n] lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf
5g .
:yfgLo:t/df x'g] ;fdflhs ;]jfsf sfd / cfkt–ljktdf ;3fpg] k/Dk/f afx]s !(()
sf] dxfe"sDkkl5sf] /fli6«o ljktdf …e"sDk kLl8tf]4f/s ;+:yfÚ / …e"sDk kLl8tf]4f/s
km08Ú v8f u/L hgtf;Fu k};f ;xof]u dfu]/ hLpwg u'dfPsfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u
u/]sf] 36gf o:t} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] pTs[i6 pbfx/0f lyof] . -cWoog ;fdu|L
;|f]tM dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno._6
6 cof{n, bLks @)&)

lzIff
bofjL/l;+x s+;fsf/sf] ;lqmotfdf @))( c;f/ !) ut] k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno ldl8n
:s"n :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;n] & sIff;Dd k9fpFYof] . o;df Tolta]nf cgfyfnodf
egf{ ul/Psf afnsx¿ dfq k9y] . tL] afnsx¿nfO{ & sIff kf; ePkl5 ;Lkd"ns
tyf Joj;flos tflnd -l;sdL{, lkml6ª, d]sflgsn, l;nfO{ a'gfO{ cflb_ lbOGYof] . tflnd
k|fKt ljBfyL{x¿ l;s]sf] ;Lkcg';f/ /f]huf/Ldf nfUy] . o;/L of] ldl8n :s"nnfO{ *
jif{;Dd ;~rfng ul/of] .
o;nfO{ xfO:s"n agfO{ cgfyfnodf /x]sf afnsx¿sf cltl/Qm cGo ;j{;fwf/0f
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg k9fpg] p2]Zo /flvof] . ;f]xL p2]Zo cg';f/ @)!& ;fndf tTsfnLg
;/sf/af6 xfO:s"nsf] :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L cgfyfnosf] blIf0f lbzfdf o;sf] ejg
lgdf{0f u/L …k/f]ksf/ cfbz{ xfO:s"nÚ gfdfs/0f ul/of] . o;/L of] :s"n ;/sf/L aGof]
eg] hUuf;lxtsf] ejg rfxL cgfyfnos} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 5 .
@)@# ;fnb]lv oxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿n] P;=Pn=;L= lbg yfn] . bf];|f] jif{ -@)@$_ sf]
P;=Pn=;L=df af]8{ k|yd NofP/ o; :s"nn] cfˆgf] k|lti7fnfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
Tof] klxnf] af]8{ k|yd Nofpg] ljBfyL{ 8Da/ axfb'/ g]kfnL lyP . @)@% ;fndf nfn
axfb'/ g]kfnLn] af]8{df rf}yf] :yfg k|fKt u/] . To; otf xfn;Dd klg o; ljBfnon]
cfˆgf] k9fOsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ pRr /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . o;df k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnodf /x]sf
afnsx¿n] g} cu|tf sfod ub{}cfPsf 5g .
k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno ;~rfngsf] ;'?jftdf @% hgf dfq} afnsx¿ /flvPsf] lyof] .
kl5 a9fpFb} nfg] qmddf @)!& ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf %@ hgf;Dd k'u] .
xfO:s"n ;~rfng ePkl5 k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnosf afnsx¿nfO{ P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd
cgfyfnos} tkm{af6 k9fOof] . To;kl5 st}af6 5fqj[lQ kfP To;df k9g k7fOGYof],
geP pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kYof{] . klxn] Joj;flos tflnd lnP kl5
w]/}h;f]n] /f]huf/L kfpg ;Sy] / cfˆgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Sy] .
t/ kl5 /f]huf/L kfpg sl7g x'gyfNof] . To;} u/L P;=Pn=;L= dfq kf; u/]/ 5fl8lbbf
ck'/f] cj:yf b]lvg yfNof] . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ !@ sIff;Dd k9fP/ dfq 5fl8lbbf
cfˆgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Sg] b]lvPsfn] !@ sIff;Dd k9fpg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;} p2]Zo
cg';f/ @)%& ;fndf k/f]ksf/ cfbz{ df=lj=nfO{ pRr df=lj= agfOof] . ca !@ sIff
kf; u/]kl5 dfq cgfyfnoaf6 labf ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
cgfyfnodf afnsx¿nfO{ dfq} /fVb}cfPsf]df aflnsfnfO{ klg /fVg' kg{] eGg] ;'emfjx¿
cfP . log} ;'emfjcg';f/ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @! df …k/f]ksf/ cgfy aflnsf
5fqfjf;Ú :yfkgf u/L @$ hgf aflnsfx¿nfO{ led;]g:yfgsf] cufl8 agfOPsf]
5fqjf;df /flvof] . clxn] cyf{t @)&@ ;fndf pgLx¿ * sIffdf k9b}5g . oL

aflnsfx¿ hlxn] klg sIffdf k|yd jf låtLo x'g]u5{g . xfn o; pRr dfWolds
ljBfnodf cgfyfnoaf6 @$ hgf aflnsfsf;fy} c¿ aflx/af6 sl/a $)) ljBfyL{
5g . h:df sltko afn>lds klg /x]sf 5g .
xfn oxfF afnsx¿ /flvPsf] 5}g . ;+:yfsf] cfo;|f]t sd x'guPsfn] /fVg g;lsPsf]
xf] . clxn] oxfFsf] ;§f afnsx¿nfO{ eQmk'/ b'jfsf]6df /flvPsf] 5 . ToxfF @)%&
;fn c;f]hdf @^ hgf afns /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno afnu|fd
:yfkgf ul/of] .7
xfn ToxfF @$ hgf afnsx¿ /x]sf 5g . pgLx¿ rfFu'gf/fo0f
dfWolds ljBfnodf k9g hfG5g .
a[4f>dsf] of]hgf
k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfn] k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno afnu|fd /x]sf] eQmk'/sf] b'jfsf]6df a[4f>d
:yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf klg agfPsf] 5 . a[4f>d agfpg] of]hgf k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf
;+:yfks bofjL/l;+x s+;fsf/af6 @)@( ;fndf g} cfPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf kz'klt
If]qdf afx]s cGt st} a[4f>d lyPg . k/f]ksf/ kl/;/ -led;]g:yfg_ df @)$$
;fndf a[4f>d lznfGof; ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ gu/kflnsfn] glhs} ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno
agfPsfn] lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9g ;s]g .8
tyflk ;+:yfn] a[4f>d lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfnfO{
eg] sfod g} /fv]sf] 5 .
cfly{s ;|f]t / cj:yf
ljleGg bfgzLn bftfx¿n] ug{'ePsf] hUufhldgnufot cGo ef}lts tyf cfly{s
;xfotfn] g} of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf x'g;s]sf] lyof] . To; kl5 tTsfnLg g]kfn
;/sf/af6 @)$# ;fndf eQmk'/sf] b'jfsf]6df nueu #@% /f]kgL hUuf pknAw
u/fOof] . log} hUufaf6 cfPsf] cfo:tf, ;/sf/af6 lbOg] s]xL cg'bfg / :jb]zL tyf
ljb]zL dxfg'efjx¿af6 a]nfavt lbOg] rGbf jf ;xof]uaf6 g} of] ;+:yf ;~rfng
xF'b}cfPsf] 5 . o;/L k|fKt ;xof]udWo]af6} o;n] cIfosf]ifdf k};f /fVof] . To;af6
cfPsf] Aofhn] klg o;sf] ;~rfngdf d2t k'u]sf] 5 . t/ kl5 dx+ufO{ a9b} uof] /
cfpg] rGbf klg sd xF'b} uof] ;fy} ;/sf/af6 lbOg] cg'bfg klg /f]lsg uof] . To;n]
ubf{ o;n] cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg lgs} sl7g l:ylt aGof] .
o;/L cfo;|f]tdf Go"gtf cfPsfn] /flvPsf cgfy afnaflnsfnfO{ e/0fkf]if0f ug{,
k9fpg, ljutb]lv ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{
/ k|zf;lgs vr{ rnfpg klg sl7g l:ylt x'g yfNof] . h;n] ubf{ pkfo gnfu]/
7 ToxfF k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno afnu|fdsf] gfddf sl/a #@% /f]kgL hUuf /x]sf]5 . hf] @)$# ;fndf
tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifbsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ afnu|fdsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] lyof] .
-k/f]ksf/, s]Gb|Lo ;ef @)^(, k[i7 !%,_
8 Deep Bimali, b

cIfo sf]ifdf /flvPsf] ;fFjf g} klg rnfpg' kg{] afWotf cfof] . ;fFjf g} vf]l6gyfn]kl5
Aofh t sd x'g] g} eof] . o;/L cfly{s sl7gfO{ emg emg a9b} uof] .
of] l:ylt l;h{gf ePkl5 led;]g:yfgsf] cgfyfno lalN8ª glhs} o;sf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf] hUufdf s]xL Jofkfl/s k;nx¿ /fVg] p2]Zon] ejg lgdf{0f ul/of] . To;sf nflu
klg cIfosf]ifs} k};f lgsfn]/ nufgL ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df t/sf/L ahf/ ;~rfng
ul/of] . t/ Tof] ;kmn x'g g;s] kl5 Pp6f df]6/ ;fOsn ;le{l;+u ;]G6/nfO{ ef8fdf
lbOPsf] 5 . To;af6 / o;sf] :jfldTjdf /xs]sf] sltko hUufaf6 cfpg] ef8f tyf
a]nfavt ljleGg bftfx¿n] lbg] rGbfaf6 g} o;sf] u'h/f;Dd rln/x]sf] 5 . t/
a[4f>dsf] lgdf{0f nufot o;n] ;f]r]sf cGo sltko of]hgfx¿ eg] cufl8 a9fpg
;lsPsf] 5}g .
afnaflnsf egf{sf] dfkb08
o; cgfyfnodf ^ b]lv * jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf, cfdf a'afnufot cGo cleefjsLo
;xf/f klg gePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ egf{ ul/G5 . h;nfO{ :yfgLo ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf / k|x/L sfof{noaf6 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . of] egf{ kqklqsdf
lj1fkg k|sflzt u/]/ dfq ul/G5 .
o;df cfSsnem'Ssn gSsnL cgfy agfP/ klg egf{ ug{ gNofPsf] xf]Og . oxfF;Dd
ls s]xL ;f+;bn] ;d]t o:tf gSsnL cgfysf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ 5g . t/
To:tf afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljstf aflx/ cfPkl5 ltgLx¿nfO{ cgfyfnoaf6 x6fP/
cleefjsnfO{ g} lhDdf nufOG5 . o; k5fl8sf] sf/0fdf xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf] cefj
/ ul/aL klg xf] .
kl5 ;+:yfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kdf czQm ePsf cfdf jf a'afsf afnaflnsf,
cfˆgf] cfdf d/] kl5 afa'n] csf{] cfdf NofP/ larNnLdf kfl/Psf afnaflnsf, cfdf
d/]kl5 jf cGt} uP kl5 afa';d]t a]kQf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg cgfys} >]0fLdf
/fVg] lgod agfof] .
hlta]nf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 eof] Tolta]nf klg w]/} afnaflnsf cgfy x'g k'u] . Tolta]nf
s;}sf] afa'nfO{ dfl/lbPsf], cfdf cs{};Fu uPsf] o:tf 36gfx¿ klg k|;:t} eP . o:tf
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg cgfys} txdf /flvof] .
o;sf] p2]Zo s'g} klg afnaflnsf a];xf/f / ljrNnL cj:yfdf /xg gk/f]; eGg]
g} xf] . o;sf ;+:yfks bofjL/ l;+x s+;sf/sf] efjgf …olb af6f]df /flt sf]xL
afnaflnsf PSn} ;'lt/x]sf] e]l6of] eg] To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg cgfyfnodf /fVg'
k5{Ú eGg] lyof] . cfˆgf] cfdf gePsf], afa'n] csf{] cfdf NofP kl5 p;n] lk6kf6
kf/]/ lgsflnlbPsf] afnaflnsf g} k|foM ;8sdf cfOk'U5g . To;}n] lognfO{ klg o;
cgfyfnon] cgfys} >]0fLdf /fVg] u/]sf] 5 .

Psflt/ oxfF NofOPsf sltko ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf cfdfafa'sf] gfd, hft,
y/, 3/ s]xL klg yfxf xF'b}g lyof] . csf{]lt/ Tolta]nf lgs} rsf{] ¿kdf sfod /x]sf]
hfteft / 5'jf5'tsf] rngn] afnsx¿nfO{ klg lgs} k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . To;}n]
sltko afnsn] t d afx'g ePsfn] p;Fu a;]/ vfGg klg eGy] . of] ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L
;dfwfg ug{] eGg] af/]df 5nkmn xF'bf gfd g} kl/jt{g ug{] eGg] 6'Ëf] eof] . gfd kl/jt{g
ubf{ %) hgf aRrfsf] gfd /fVgsf nflu @%÷@% j6fsf] b'O{j6f jfSo agfOof] . h;df
Pp6f …ho k/f]ksf/ k/f]ksf/ cgfyfno ;b}j cd/ xf];Ú / csf{] …k/f]ksf/nfO{
d2t u/g] dxfg'efjx¿sf] ho xf];Ú To; kl5 ltg} zAbx¿af6 p7]sf] cIf/af6
gfd /fVg] ul/of] . clg ;a}sf] gfd k5fl8 …axfb'/ g]kfnLÚ /flvof], h:t} ;'lgn …axfb'/
g]kfnLÚ . o;f] u/] kl5 hfteftsf] s'/f cfPg . t/ kl5 afnclwsf/sf] dfGotfcg';f/
s;}sf] cfˆgf] jf:tljs klxrfg kl/jt{g ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] eof] . To; kl5 h;sf] h]
gfd, y/ xf] ToxL /fVg yflnof] .
Ef"sDk kl5sf] cj:yf
led;]g:yfgl:yt cgfyfnosf] 5fqfjf; lgs} k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ klg
@)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] cfPsf] e"sDkaf6 a:g cof]Uo eof] . o;kl5 ToxfFsf ;a}
afnsx¿nfO{ b'jfsf]6 -eQmk'/_ df ;fl/of] . ToxfF k/f]ksf/ afnu|fd ;+:yfsf] hUufdf
klxn] ag]sf] Pstn] ejgdf Pshgf bftfsf] ;xof]udf bf];|f] tnf ylkof] . e"sDk
kZrft led;]g:yfgdf /x]sf afnsx¿nfO{ To;}df /flvPsf] 5 / pgLx¿sf] k9fO
rfFu'gf/fo0f ljBfnodf g} eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn rfFu'gf/f0f dfljdf kl9/x]sf k/f]ksf/
cgfyfnosf @$ afnsx¿ ;a}sf] k9fO lgs} /fd|f] rln/x]sf] 5 .
k/f]ksf/sf afnaflnsf k|foM ;a}sf] k9fOsf] :t/ /fd|f] kfOG5 . o;f] x'g'df klxnf] t
cg'zf;g g} xf] . To; kl5 ;fbf, :j:Yos/ / lgoldt vfgfsf] Joj:yf, k':tsfnosf]
Joj:yf, lzIfsx¿sf] dfof / ;xof]u, 5fqfjf;df Pscsf{ ;fyL;Fu l;Sg kfOg] cj;/
oL] ;a}sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnodf k9g] afnsx¿sf] k9fOsf] :t/ /fd|f]
eP/ cfPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg cg'zf;gsf] If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;|f]t M
!= cof{n, bLks ;fKtflxs va/klqsf lxdfn, d+unaf/, @ k'; @)&)
@= Bimali Deep, समाचार
#= Gof}kfg] /fdrGb|, k/f]ksf/ ;]jf / ;+3if{sf] Oltxf; k[i7 & ,k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf ,
led;]g:yfg sf7df8f}+, @)%$
$= k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf, s]Gb|Lo ;ef clwj]zg, @)^(, k[i7 !%, k/f]ksf/ dfu{, eLd;]g:yfg,
sf7df08f} .

dw]z / dw]zL ;d'bfo
dw]z cyf{t t/fO{ g]kfnsf] cleGg :yfg xf], h;n] k[ys klxrfg af]s]sf] 5 .
ef/tsf] laxf/, pQ/ k|b]z / klZrd a+ufn /fHosf] ;Ldf;Fu hf]l8Psf] g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf
/x]sf] ;dtn e"ld cyf{t u+uf gbLsf ;xfos gbLx¿n] agfPsf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd
km}lnPsf] ;dtn e"efunfO{ t/fO{ (Plain Land) jf dw]z eGb5g . t/fO{nfO{ ef}uf]lns
¿kdf b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . leqL dw]z (Inner Terai) / aflx/L dw]z
(Outer Terai) . leqL dw]z -lzjflns cyjf r'/] kxf8_ cGtu{t pbok'/sf] blIf0fL
efu / dsjfgk'/sf] d}bfgL If]q kb{5g . aflx/L dw]zdf @) j6f lhNnfx? qmdzM
emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, lrtjg,
gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, slknj:t', bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ kb{5g .
d"ntM dw]zL eg]sf] Pp6f ;f+:s[lts ;d"x (Cultural Society) / t/fO{sf d"n
afl;Gbfx?dWo]sf Ps x'g . sl/a–sl/a Pp6} 9fFrfsf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs
hLjg ePsf afx]s c¿ t/fO{e"ldsf afl;Gbfx? dw]zL xf]Ogg . pgLx¿ t/fO{Jff;L t/
u}/dw]zL x'g eg]/ a'emg'kg]{ x'G5 . -u'Ktf, dw]z ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lje]b_ . o;}u/L
dw]zL sf] x'g < eGg] ;Gbe{df dw]z cWoog tyf ljsf; ;dfh g]kfnn] u/]sf] kl/efiff
cg';f/– æu+ufsf] d}bfgdf /x]sf] hLjgz}nL, ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ cªuLsf/ ug]{x¿,
;g !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] blIf0fL ;Ldfdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf d"n
afl;Gbf, @))& ;fneGbf klxn] sf7df08f} k|j]z ug'{kbf{ /fxbfgL lng'kg]{ t/fO{e"ldsf
af;Lx¿, wf]tL, s'tf{, kfOhfdf, ;f8L, Anfph, 3f3/fh:tf k/Dk/fut kf]zfs nufpg]
;d'bfox¿ dw]zL x'g .Æ o;}u/L dw]zLsf] P]ltxfl;s klxrfgnfO{ bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f
u7g ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn]
o;/L lrq0f u/]sf] 5–æk|fu–P]ltxfl;s, P]ltxfl;s, j}bs sfnv08x¿df ;d]t /x]sf]
ljb|f]x, lj/f6, ;nx]z, l;d|f}gu9, zfSonufotsf u0f/fHox¿sf afl;Gbfx¿ sfnfGt/df
dw]zL eg]/ Pp6f ljz]if klxrfg / /fli6«otfsf] ¿kdf P]Soa4tf eO/x]sf] ;d'bfo
xf] .Æ dw]zsf] Psn klxrfgsf] kIfnfO{ k|m]8l/s u]hn] o;/L phfu/ u/]sf 5g –
ædw]zLsf] wfld{s k/Dk/f, efiff, hftkftsf] Joj:yf, vfgkfg, klx/g, dgf]/~hgsf] z}nL,
afgLJoxf]/f cflb ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿ ef/tsf] laxf/ / pQ/ k|b]zsf afl;Gbfx¿;Fu
ldNb5g -u]h, ;g @))(_ .
dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf, ;d:of / r'gf}tL
ljgf]bs'df/ ljZjsdf{ …ljdnÚ

dw]zL ;d'bfosf] hg;+VofnfO{ rf/ ;d"xsf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf afF8]/ x]g]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . -u'Ktf, dw]zLM ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lje]b_–
∗ hft ;d"x– a|fXd0f, e"ldxf/, /fhk"t, sfo:y, ;Gof;L, k~hfaL, df/jf8L, h}g, aËfnL
cflb .
∗ hghflt ;d"x– yf¿, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/, ;tf/, lwdfn, ljG8f], tfhk'l/of, d]r], ls;fg,
sf]r], s'zjfl8of, ugufO{, wfg's, emfFu8 cflb .
∗ lk58fju{– ofbj, t]nL, sf]O/L, s'dL{, ;f]gf/, s]j6, dNnfx, snjf/, sfg', g'lgof,
s'Dxf/, xn'jfO{ a9O{, /fhe/, nf]9f, e]l8o/, dfnL, cdft, a/xL, nf]xf/, d';ndfg,
s}yalgofF, algofF cflb .
∗ blnt ;d"x– ljZjsdf{, rdf/, d';x/, b';fw, tTdf, vTj], wf]jL, 8f]d, afFt/, xnvf]/,
vl6s, kf;L, sf]/L lr8Ldf/ cflb .
d"ntM lxdfnL / kxf8L ;d'bfoeGbf dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ;+:sf/, /Lltl/jfh, njfO–vjfO,
/xg–;xg cflb 5'§} k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . o; ;d'bfosf] cfˆgf] 5'§} efiff d}lynL,
ef]hk'/L, alHhsf, yf¿, lxGbL, ;+yfnL, emfFu8, df/jf8L, aËfnL, pb"{ cflb /x]sf 5g . o;
;d'bfosf dflg;x? lxGb", h}g, O:nfd h:tf wd{k|lt cf:yf /fVb5g . ;/sf/L tYofÍ
cg';f/ dw]zL ;d'bfosf] *% k|ltzt hg;+Vof s[lif k]zfdf cfl>t 5g . s[lif k]zfdf
g/x]sf dWo] !% k|ltzt gf]s/L / pBf]u Joj;fodf ;+nUg 5g .
dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf
;g @)!! sf] hg;+Vof cg';f/ !^ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof ^ nfv $^ xhf/
(@, !* jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof ^ nfv *^ xhf/ ^ ;o @$ / @) jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf] hg;+Vof ^ nfv !$ xhf/ $ ;o &* /x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm pd]/ ;d"xsf]
hg;+VofdWo] em08} cfwf lx:;f /x]sf] dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] clwsf/ (Right
to Survival), ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ (Right to Protection), ljsf;sf] clwsf/ (Right to
Development) / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ (Right to Participation) s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf6
k|efljt ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
∗ hLjgsf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf
hLjgsf] clwsf/leq hGdbtf{, kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/, ;'/lIft cfjf;, :j:y jftfj/0f,
;kmf kfgL, vf]k tyf k|fylds pkrf/;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ kb{5g . hals dw]zL
afnaflnsf oL clwsf/x¿af6 jl~rt x'g k'u]sf 5g . dw]zsf lhNnfx¿df ljleGg
;z:q ;d"xaf6 wDsL cfpg] nufotsf sf/0f uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿ ufpF ghfg] x'gfn]
afnaflnsf hGdbtf{sf] clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g k'u]sf 5g . o;}u/L sfd gk/L cfˆgf]
aRrfsf] hGdbtf{ gug]{ cleefjssf] k|j[lQ, kfl/jfl/s ljv08g / ;DaGw ljR5]b,
afa'sf] klxrfg gePsf] cj:yfdf cfdfsf] gfdaf6 hGdbtf{ ug{ ;xh jftfj/0f gx'g',

hGdbtf{sf] dxTjnfO{ ga'emg', :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljxLg x'g', lzz' hGdFbf;Dd
nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw lau|g' h:tf sf/0fn] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq gaGbf klg pgLx¿
jl~rt 5g .
o;}u/L ;'/lIft ¿kdf hlGdP/ afFRg kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] .
hGd]kl5 kf}li6s cfxf/ / cfjf;, :jR5 jftfj/0f, ;kmf kfgL, vf]k tyf k|fylds
pkrf/ nufotsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . hals
vf]k, le6fldg …PÚ SofK;'n tyf k|fylds pkrf/ afx]s cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaf6
jl~rt /x]sf 5g .
;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt lhNnf c:ktfn, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL,
pk:jf:Yo rf}sL, cfo'j]{b s]Gb|, ufpF 3/ lSnlgs tyf vf]k s]Gb|x¿n] pk/f]Qm :jf:Yo
;]jfx¿ k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g . o;df klg …x'Fbf vfg]Ú, slyt ul/a tyf blnt
;d'bfosf] afnaflnsfdf hfgsf/Lsf] cefj / ;dosf] cefj cflbn] ubf{ pk/f]Qm
;]jfaf6 jl~rt /x]sf 5g .
;kmf / :j:R5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOnfO{ cfTd;Ddfg, :jf:Yo / ljsf;sf] cfwf/:tDesf]
¿kdf lnOP tfklg u|fdL0f If]qsf dw]zL afnaflnsf zf}rfno k|of]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg /
:jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] klg ;'ljwf kfPsf 5}gg . o;df klg ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
cj:yf eg] emg bogLo /x]sf] 5 .
k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, !((! nufotsf
ljleGg of]hgf, gLlt / :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] tfklg dw]zsf] u|fdL0f
If]qsf ul/a #) k|ltzt aRrf 3/df g} hGdg] x'Fbf tL cfdf / aRrf ;'/lIft 5g, eGg
;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . o;}u/L pko'Qm kf]if0ftTjsf] cefjdf lzz'–d[To'b/ / afn d[To'b/
al9/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
∗ ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf
afn;+/If0fn] afnclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df w]/} dxTj /fVb5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] afn;+/If0fnfO{
cToGt k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf /fv]sf] 5 . s]xL sfg'g, gLlt / sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ lgs} sf]l;; ePsf 5g . t/ klg dw]zdf afn;+/If0fsf sfo{qmddf k|z:t} ;d:of
b]lvPsf 5g .
clwsf+z dw]zL afnaflnsf kl/jf/ljxLg 5g / ltgLx¿ afa'cfdfsf] x]/rfx
/ ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt 5g . x'g t dw]zsf s]xL lhNnfx¿df Go"g ¿kdf afnu[xx¿
;+:Yffut ¿kdf :yfkgf gePsf xf]Ogg . t/ h'g afnaflnsf ToxfF cf>o lnO/x]sf
5g, ltgLx¿ b'Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0fdf k/]sf] cfzªsf ug]{ cj:yf 5 . lsgsL b'Jo{jxf/
ug]{ JolQmx¿ g} afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / ;+/If0fsf] bfloTjdf 5g . To:tf ;+:yf plrt
lgodcg';f/ rn]sf klg 5}gg . dw]zsf lhNnfx¿df lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt,

lhNnf afnGofo ;ldlt, gu/ afn;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g pk;ldlt, ufpF afn;+/If0f ;ldlt
h:tf afn;+/If0f;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿ eP tfklg tL ;+oGqx¿df dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] Go"g
;xeflutf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;df klg cNk;+Vos, lgd'vf / blnt afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutf cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
ckx/0f;DaGwL d'n'sL P]g -!@ cf}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)^# ljw]os kfl/t eO{ P]gsf]]
¿k lnP klg sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] b]lvPsf] 5 . df]6f] /sd glbP ckx/0fsf] wDsL
lbg] / ckx/0f ug]{ kl/kf6L km:6fPsf] l:ylt 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* /
>d P]g, @)$* n] !$ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ lgif]w
u/] klg dw]zsf slyt ;De|fGt, pRr hflt, /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf, hdLGbf/ / ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx¿ g} o; sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g . clwsf+z
afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . ljz]ifu/L 3/]n' sfdbf/, xf]6n,
/]i6'/]06, v]tLkftL tyf oftfoftsf] If]qdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . sltko afnaflnsf
3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t x'g k'u]sf 5g t/ To:tfsf] hfgsf/L d'lZsnn] dfq aflx/ cfpg]
u/]sf] 5 . To;f] x'Fbf ;xL tYofÍ kfpg Hofb} sl7g 5 . ul/aL, vfB ;'/Iff, sdhf]/
cfly{s cj:yfaLr afFr]sf afnaflnsf, ;r]tgfsf] cefj / afnaflnsfsf] plrt x]/rfx
k'¥ofpg ghfGg] afa'cfdf g} 3/]n' lx+;fsf d'Vo sf/s tTj dflgG5 -o'lg;]km, @)!)_ .
o;}u/L ljBfnox¿df cg'zf;gsf gfddf lbOg] zf/Ll/s b08 klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
sf/0f xf] .
sfg'gn] ljjfxsf nflu tf]s]sf] Go"gtd pd]/sf] xbeGbf sd pd]/df ePsf]
ljjfxnfO{ afnljjfx elgG5 . g]kfnsf] sfg'g cg';f/ ;+/Ifs jf cleefjssf] d~h'/Ldf
!* jif{ / cleefjssf] d~h'/L lagf @) jif{ eGbf sd pd]/df ePsf] ljjfxnfO{
afnljjfx elgG5 . dw]zdf afnljjfxn] ce}m k|>o kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljz]ifu/L lxGb"
wd{df ljZjf; ug]{ JolQmx¿n] 5f]/Lsf] /hZjnf gx'Fb} sGofbfg u/]/ k7fpFbf k'0o k|fKt
x'G5 eGg] wfld{s ljZjf;sf sf/0f lax] u/]/ k7fOlbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L afnljjfx
x'g] sf/0fx¿ qmdzM bfOhf] sd lbg'kg]{, 5f]/LnfO{ af]em dfGg], 5f]/LnfO{ gk9fpg] rng,
cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 l56f] klG5g] rfxgf, ;fdflhs bafa, r]tgfsf] sdL, ul/aL cflb
x'g . afnaflnsfdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ -lj:yflkt, uf;, af;, cf}ifwf]krf/
tyf hftLo e]befjsf] lzsf/_] ljBdfg 5 .
afn;+/If0fsf] If]qdf dw]zL afnaflnsfdfly x'g] b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f / cf];f/–k;f/
uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L a9bf] zx/Ls/0f / zx/L–a:tLsf sf/0f w]/}
afnaflnsf ;8s afnaflnsf aGg afWo ePsf 5g . o;sf] ;fy} ljleGg d'2f dfldnfdf
k/]sf afnaflnsf, /f]uu|:t afnaflnsf, PrcfO{eL k|efljt afnaflnsf, ckfËtf ePsf
afnaflnsf, ckx/0fdf k/]sf afnaflnsf / hftLo e]befjaf6 kLl8t afnaflnsf
afn;+/If0fsf] kvf{Odf /x]sf 5g .

∗ ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf
dw]zL afnaflnsf ljsf;sf] clwsf/af6 jl~rt cj:yfdf 5g . plrt
hLjg:t/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ k|flKt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 lzIfs ljBfyL{ ;+u7g, /fhg}lts bn ;a}sf] dfu k"/f u/fpg
ljBfnonfO{ s]lGb|t agfPsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn t/fO{–dw]zdf tLg dlxgfb]lv dw]zL df]rf{
tyf yf¿ ;+u7gx¿n] u/]sf] aGb, x8tfnn] ubf{ ;Kt/Lb]lv k;f{;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfno
aGbs} cj:yfdf 5g . ljBfno aGb x'Fbf afnaflnsf cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eP/ cyjf
3/fo;L sfdsfh u/]/ lbg latfO/x]sf 5g . ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL,
/f}tx6, af/f / k;f{ lhNnfsf nueu !% nfv ljBfyL{n] tLg dlxgfb]lv k9g kfPsf
5}gg . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfyL{;d]t hf]8bf sl/a @@ nfv ljBfyL{sf] eljio
cFWof/f] tk{m ws]lnPsf] 5 ->j0fs'df/ b]j, lzIfs dfl;s, sflQs, @)&@_ . ;Da4
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox?sf] tYofË cg';f/ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf lzz' sIffb]lv !)
sIff;Dd cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5– ;Kt/Ldf !,^),&#),
l;/xfdf !,!!,&%#, wg'iffdf !,&*,))), dxf]Q/Ldf !,*&,&#*, ;nf{xLdf !,@%,))),
/f}tx6df ((,%)) / k;f{df @,!$,))) . o;}u/L t/fO{–dw]zdf hf/L cfGbf]ngdf ebf}
@# ut] dxf]Q/Lsf] hn]Zj/–& ah/f6L lgjf;L /f]x0f rf}w/Lsf] k|x/Lsf] uf]nLaf6 lgwg
eof] . pgL lzz' 1fgs'~h af]l8{Ë :s"nsf] sIff !) df cWoog/t lyP . o;}u/L ebf}
@% ut] hgsk'/df ePsf] em8ksf qmddf k|x/Ln] rnfPsf] uf]nL nfu]/ lgt' -!^_ /
lbnLk ofbj -!$_ sf] 36gf:ynd} d[To' eof] . wg'iff, hd'lgofsf lgt' u+ufk|;fb dflj
s]/fbfxsf] sIff !) df / l;g'/hf]8f uf=lj=;= sf lbnLk hgsk'/l:yt XofkL NofG8
af]l8{Ë :s"nsf] sIff * df cWoog/t lyP . o;}u/L ;Kt/L ef/bxsf cks zfx -!&_
ebf} ! ut] k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfu]/ 3fOt] ePsf lyP . clxn] pgsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo 5 .
->j0fs'df/ b]j, lzIfs dfl;s, sflQs @)&@_ .
o;}u/L k|yd / bf];|f] k6s ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ljBfnonfO{ dtbfg
s]Gb| agfOg'n] klg lzIffsf] clwsf/dfly k|efj k/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lgjf{rgsf] bf}/fgdf
ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|rf/–k|;f/, ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd, r'gfjL
;Daf]wg cflb sfdsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
dw]zL afnaflnsf v]n, dgf]/~hg / cf/fd ug{af6 klg jl~rt /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . dw]zsf s]xL lhNnfdf dfq afnaflnsfsf nflu dgf]/~hg :yn /x]sf] 5 . xfn
;Kt/Lsf] /fhlj/fh /fh /+uzfnf dgf]/~hgsf] nflu geO{ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] cvf8f
/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L /fhlj/fh–! df afn pBfg lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .
∗ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/sf] cj:yf
afnaflnsf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljsf; / zf;gsf ;a} ultljlwsf] lg0f{o /
sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] ;a} r/0fdf afnaflnsf ;dfg x}l;otdf pd]/ cg';f/ :j]R5fk"j{s

;xefuL x'g' g} afn;xeflutf xf] . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f !% n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;+u7gsf] clwsf/, :jtGq ljrf/sf] clwsf/, cleJolQmsf] clwsf/, ;ef,
;+u7gsf] clwsf/ / ;"rgfsf] xs clwsf/ ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . afn;xeflutf
afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ xf] . afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] x/]s
kIfx¿df k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/sf] ;'g'jfO, pd]/ / Ifdtf
cg';f/sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ dfgj clwsf/sf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] .
afnclwsf/sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu dw]zsf lhNnfx¿df
afn;~hfn, afn;d"x, afnSna, afnd~r h:tf ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 .
t/, tL ;+oGqx¿ ljBfno, ;d'bfo, j8f / a:tLdf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g . s]xL afnSna
dfq lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf cfwfl/t 5g . uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf btf{ ePsf
afnSnax¿ Go"g ¿kdf /x]sf 5g . ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ! xhf/ @ ;o !^ afnSnax¿
/x]sf 5g . ljBfnodf cfwfl/t afnSnax¿dWo] @% j6f dfq ;lqmo 5g . ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t afnSnax¿dWo] !% j6f afn;~hfn lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf cfwfl/t
5g eg] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t Snax¿dWo] @!@ j6f lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf cfa4
ePsf 5g . -;Kt/L lhNnfsf] afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg, @)&!_ . tL Snax¿df
slyt pRr hfltsf afnaflnsfsf] dfq ;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 . blnt, hghflt,
cNk;+Vos afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf cy{k"0f{ / g}lts d"No, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
kfOFb}g . dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn x'Fbf blnt, hghflt tyf cNk;+Vos afnaflnsfnfO{
;xefuL u/fOFb}g . sydsbflrt ;xefuL u/fOxfn]tfklg pgLx¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ a]jf:tf
ul/G5, s'g} s'/f /fv]df ufnL ul/G5 / r'k nfUg elgG5 .
;du|tM ljutsf lbgx¿df afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] lglDt P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf,
lgdf{0f ePsf 5g . ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bg u/]/ ;+/If0f
tyf ;Da4{gsf] bfloTj lnPsf] 5 . ljBfno / afnaflnsfnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff u/L
ljBfno zflGt If]q /fli6«o 9fFrf / sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^* hf/L u/L dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno tyf /fli6«o afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] klg u7g
u/]sf] 5 . o;sf afah"b klg dw]zdf åGåaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsf, ;8s afnaflnsf,
afn>d, afnljjfx, cf];f/–k;f/ / a]rlavg, zf/Ll/s oftgf tyf b08, afn ;'wf/
u[xsf] ckof{Kt Joj:yf, afn j]Zofa[lQ, of}gb'Jo{jxf/, s'kf]if0f tyf cfwf/e"t vf]k, lzIff
tyf :jf:Yo ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . blnt, hghflt, cNk;+Vos
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf s]xL sfo{ eP klg ;du| cj:yf eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs
5}g .

;d:of tyf r'gf}tL
dw]zL afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog If]qdf lgDg ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
b]lvPsf 5g .
• gLltut – k|rlnt gLlt tyf sfg'gx¿sf] af/]df clwsf/jfnf tyf ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf
aLrdf kof{Kt r]tgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;Da4 gLltx¿df ;d;fdlos
kl/dfh{g klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf aLrdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf
k}/jL ug]{ sfo{df kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
• :j:y hLjg – afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f l:yltdf jfl~5t ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg' Pp6f
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St afnaflnsfsf] ;]jfdflysf] kx'Frdf
sdL, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf,
cfdfx¿df r]tgfsf] sdL, c:ktfnx¿df ;Lldt z}of, afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL
;d:ofnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf klg r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
• lzIff – ljBfnosf] k9fOnfO{ hf/L /fVg] b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf cem} al9/x]sf] 5}g .
blnt, hghflt, cNk;+Vos, clt ljkGg, clt ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{
lzIff pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df c;dfgtf b]lvG5g . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ljBfnodf
afnd}qL jftfj/0f kof{Kt ¿kdf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zflGt If]qsf ¿kdf
afnaflnsf tyf zflGt If]qsf ¿kdf ljBfno;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{
la:tf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f – afn;+/If0f;DaGwL gLlt, afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g h:tf
gLlt tyf /0fgLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . afn cZnLn ;fdu|L,
OG6/g]6df afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr / OG6/g]6sf ljifoj:t'dfly lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf
;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lhNnf afn;+/If0f ;ldlt÷ufpF afn;+/If0f
;ldltsf e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 kf/L lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . lszf]/Lx¿sf]
;+/If0f;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt ug{ kof{Kt k}/jL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . afn;+/If0f
s]Gb|x¿ wgL tyf /fhg}lts kx'Frjfnfx¿sf] nflu dfq /xg', c1fgtf, ul/aL jf
nf]e nfnrdf km;]/ cfˆgf afnaflnsf wd{k'q÷wd{k'qLsf] ¿kdf lbg] kl/kf6L
ljBdfg /xg', afa'cfdf u'dfPsf jf 5'l§Psf afnaflnsfsf nflu 7f]; sfg'gL
;'/Iffsf] cefj x'g' o; If]qsf ;d:ofx¿ x'g .
• e]befj – blnt afnaflnsf;Fu hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"th:tf s'/Lltx¿ cem}
k|rngdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;}u/L n}lËs e]befj, wgL / u/La tyf zx/ / ufpFsf
afnaflnsf aLrsf] e]befj, j}jflxs ;DaGw aflx/ hlGdPsf afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g]
e]befj klg sfod} /x]sf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g .
• afn;xeflutf – afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] phfu/ u/] cg';f/ 3/, ljBfno,

:yfgLo lgsfo, :jf:Yo rf}sL cflbdf afnaflnsfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{
;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{df ;f] sfo{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . dw]zdf
afnaflnsfsf] ;~hfnsf] ¿kdf afnSna /x] tfklg pgLx¿sf] lge{/tf cGt/f{li6«o
bft[ lgsfox¿dfly /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ :yfgLo Snax¿sf] lbuf]kgf Pp6f
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
• bft[ lgsfox¿sf] :jfldTjdf sdL – afnclwsf/sf] d'2fnfO{ bft[ lgsfox¿n] ;xh
¿kdf cªuLsf/ ug{ ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . kl/0ffdtM ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] sfo{qmddf
afnaflnsf;DaGwL ljifo k|fyldstf leq kg{ g;s]sf], ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTjsf]
cefj tyf :jfleTjaf]w gePsf] sf/0f nufgLdf ;d]t sdL b]lvPsf] 5 .
• ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg – ;DalGwt dGqfno, lgsfo tyf s]Gb|Lo afn
sNof0f ;ldltsf] txaf6} ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg x'g'kg]{df kof{Kt ;dGjo
/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . afnSna tyf ltgsf ;~hfnx¿sf] cg';/0f
tyf cg'udgsf nflu ;+oGq lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;r]tgf pTkGg ug]{
ultljlwx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;dGjofTds tyf PsLs[t ¿kdf ePsf] kfOb}g . o;}u/L
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] kx'Fr hlt x'g'kg]{ Tolt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . of] klg
Pp6f r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
• afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ul/g' kb{5 .
• afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljBdfg P]g sfg'g, gLlt–lgod / lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/dfh{g;lxt
sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} c:ki6 sfg'gx¿sf] ;+zf]wg;d]t ul/g'
kb{5 .
• afnclwsf/sf] nflu 5'§} afnGofo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] ;a} clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg x}l;ot / ;Ddfg ul/g' kb{5 .
• afnaflnsflj?4df x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ / e]befjsf] cGTo ul/g'
kb{5 .
• lzIff, afnljsf;, :j:Yo kf]if0f tyf cGo ;DalGwt If]qdf s]lGb|t eO{ afnd}qL
jftfj/0fsf] k|jw{g ul/g' kb{5 .
• ;a} cfwf/e"t cfjZostf, ;'ljwf / ;]jfx¿df afnaflnsfsf] kx'FrnfO{ clej[l4 ul/g'
kb{5 .
• afnclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf hjfkmb]xL agfOg' kb{5 .
• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afn ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .
• czSt, cgfy, ;8s afnaflnsf, blnt, ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt, a]rlavg tyf cf];f/–
k;f/df k/]sf, of}g tyf cfly{s zf]if0f ul/Psf / sf/fuf/df /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

• afnaflnsfsf] n}lËstf / ;'ljwf ljd'v ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ ;a} If]qdf
n}lËs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .
;Gbe{ u|Gy
!= afnaflnssf nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@)^!÷)^@–@)&!÷)&@_ g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno .
@= kfFrf}+ dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o dxfe]nf – @)&) k|ltj]bg -;Dkfbs ljgf]bs'df/
ljZjsdf{_, k|sfzs – dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o dxfe]nf – @)&) .
#= ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg, @)&!, lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt,
;Kt/L .
$= lzIfs dfl;s klqsf, jif{ *, k"0ff{Í *!, sflQs @)&@ .
%= lwtfn, tf/s – afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf, pknlAw / r'gf}tL, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)&)
ebf} @( .
^= afnclwsf/ – ljifout k'l:tsf, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, @)^( .
&= ljZjsdf{ ljgf]bs'df/ – dw]zL blnt afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf, ;dfj]zL d~r, /fli6«o
blnt dxf;+3 g]kfn, @)^@ .
*= ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno, @)^^– /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6
;ldltM cjwf/0ffkq / k|f/lDes d:of}bf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, @)^^ .
(= Gaige, Frederick H. 1975- Regionalism and National unity in Nepal, Delhi,
Vikash publishing House.
!)= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
!!= u'Ktf, hok|sfz– dw]zM ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lje]b

afnclwsf/;DaGwL g]kfnsf] /fli6«o k|ltj]bgx¿ / ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;x¿
rlGb|sf vltj8f
!= ljifo k|j]z
afnclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df, s'g} lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ul/Psf] ;"rgf, hfgsf/Lsf]
;Íng, To;sf] hfFrk8tfn / afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ltgsf] tTsfn
k|of]u ;d]tsf] sfo{ g} afnclwsf/ cg'udg xf] . o:tf] cg'udg cGtu{t /fli6«o:t/df
ul/g] afnclwsf/sf] ;du| l:yltsf] d"NofÍg tyf :yfgLo:t/df ul/g] k|ToIf jf
k|f/lDes ;"rgf / hfgsf/L ;Íngnufotsf sfo{ kb{5g . ;fwf/0ftof clwsf/sf]
cg'udg lglZrt ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 . o;y{, lglZrt ;"rssf] cfwf/df
lgwf{l/t cjlwdf afnclwsf/sf l;4fGt tyf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt cyf{t
afnclwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ /÷jf pNn+3gsf] ;du| cj:yf yfxf kfpg ul/Psf] Jojl:yt
lqmofsnfk g} afnclwsf/ cg'udg xf] . afnclwsf/ cg'udg ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o
dxf;lGwx¿ -h:t}M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( / o;sf
b'O{j6f OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿_ / If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿ -h:t}M blIf0f Pl;ofdf afnsNof0f
k|jw{gsf nflu If]qLo Joj:yf;DaGwL ;fs{ dxf;lGw, @))@_ clg /fli6«o sfg'gsf
k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;fk]Iftfdf x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotof s'g} klg b]zdf afnclwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{
/÷jf pNn+3g b'j} kIfsf] cg'udgsf] nflu k|lqmofut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( nfO{ ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/
!$ tfl/vdf cg'df]bg u/L o;sf] /fHokIf aGof] . To:t}, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg,
afnj]Zofj[lQ / cZnLn lrq0flj¿4 afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v,
@))) -o;kl5 …OR5fwLg cfn]v–!Ú elgPsf]_nfO{ ;g @))^ hgj/L @) tfl/vdf
/ ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]ulj¿4 afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] OR5fwLg
cfn]v, @))) -o;kl5 …OR5fwLg cfn]v–@Ú elgPsf]_nfO{ ;g @))&hgj/L # tfl/vdf
cg'df]bg u/L oL b'j}sf] /fHokIf aGof] . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / o;sf b'O{j6}
OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿sf /fHokIfn] ltgnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] b'O{ jif{leq k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg
/ To;kl5 x/]s kfFr–kfFr jif{df cfjlws k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/
;ldlt;dIf k]z ug'{kb{5 . OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿sf] xsdf eg] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cnUu}
k7fPkl5 To;kl5sf] cfjlws k|ltj]bg eg] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] cfjlws
k|ltj]bgdf g} OR5fwLg cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL yk ;"rgf, hfgsf/L ;dflxt u/L
k7fpg'kb{5 .1
1 OR5fwLg cfn]v–! sf] wf/f !@=@ / OR5fwLg cfn]v–@ sf] wf/f *=@ x]g'{xf]; .

k|:t't n]vdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( sf] wf/f $$ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/
/fHokIfsf] x}l;otdf g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;ldltdf xfn;Dd
k7fPsf k|ltj]bgx¿ / OR5fwLg cfn]v–! / OR5fwLg cfn]v–@ sf k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bgx¿df pNn]v ePcg'¿k afnclwsf/sf] cj:yf tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] g]kfnnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf …;dfkg l6Kk0fLÚ (Concluding
Observation) df cfwfl/t eO{ afnclwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'udg
/ To;sf l;kmfl/;x¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;lGw cg'udg lgsfo
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf sltko dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf]
l:yltaf/] k|To]s /fHokIfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;lGw cg'udg lgsfo (Treaty
Monitoring Bodies) x¿df tttt dxf;lGwdf tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdf lgoldt¿kdf
k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'kg]{ cleef/f lnPsf x'G5g . /fHokIfn] o; bfloTjnfO{ ;DalGwt
dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] cleGg kIfsf] ¿kdf kl/kfngf ug'{kb{5 .
o;/L lgoldt¿kdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ bfloTj -cyf{t Reporting Obligation)
ePsf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwx¿ / ltgsf OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿ bzj6f2
-gf}j6f dxf;lGwx¿ / Pp6f :jtGq x}l;ot k|fKt OR5fwLg cfn]v_ 5g . /, dxf;lGwsf
k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHokIfn] u/]sf] k|ultsf] lgoldt d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg
ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} vf; dxf;lGwsf] gfdaf6 g} ;lGw cg'udg;DaGwL ;ldlt :yfkgf
ul/Psf x'G5g -h:t}M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldlt cyf{t UN Committee on
the Rights of the Child_. /fHokIfsf k|f/lDes tyf cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;'g'jfO ug{
x/]s dxf;lGwsf a]Unfa]Un} ;lGw cg'udg lgsfox¿ :yfkgf ePsf x'G5g . of] ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] txdf s'g} klg dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHokIfn] u/]sf k|ultsf] cg'udg
ug]{ Pp6f cf}krfl/s k|lqmof xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;ldltx¿df ;DalGwt dxf;lGwn]
;d]6]sf If]qsf …pRr g}ltstf ePsf / Voflt k|fKt Pj+ Ifdtfjfg ljz]if1Úx¿ ;b:osf
¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g
.3
2 lgoldt ¿kdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ePsf dxf;lGw tyf ltgsf OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿ /
Pp6f :jtGq x}l;ot ePsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v b]xfocg';f/ 5g M != ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj
pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(^%Ù @= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw, !(^^Ù #=
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw, !(^^Ù $= dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]
befj pGd'ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&(Ù %= oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/
/ ;hfolj¿4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$Ù ^= afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*(Ù &= ;a} k|jf;L sfdbf/
tyf ltgsf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(()Ù *= hah{:tL a]kQf kfl/Psf ;a}
JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, @))^Ù (= ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw, @))^Ù / !)= oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ / ;hfolj¿4sf]
dxf;lGwsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))@ .
3 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltsf] u7g;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] nflu dxf;lGwsf] wf/f–$# x]g'{xf]; .

;lGw cg'udg lgsfosf] d'Vo e"ldsf ;f] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHokIfaf6 ePu/]sf
k|of; / k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug'{ xf] / k|ltj]bg k|lqmofn] /fHokIfnfO{ ;f] dxf;lGwsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltaf/] lgoldt¿kdf ;"rgf / hfgsf/L ;+sng Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug]{
cj;/ lbG5 . ;lGw cg'udg lgsfon] /fHokIfsf k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffkZrft ;f] b]zdf
pQm dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogdf c¿ yk s] ug{ cfjZos 5, ;f]sf af/]df ;'emfj lbG5
jf l;kmfl/; ub{5 . lgoldt k|ltj]bgsf cnfjf ;ldltn] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu
;DalGwt yk ;"rgf, hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;d]t /fHokIfx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sb5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldlt M afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( sf] wf/f
$# sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ /fHokIfx¿n] xfl;n u/]sf k|ultsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm
/fi6« ;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf !* hgf4
ljz]if1x¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . of] ;ldltsf] a}7s jif{df b'O{ jf tLgk6s ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] d'Vofno h]g]efdf a:b5 .
#= g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o k|ltj]bgx¿
dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsof] ls afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( sf] wf/f $$
sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ /fHokIfx¿n] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] b'O{ jif{leq k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg / To;kZrft k|To]s kfFr–kfFr jif{df cfjlws k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kb{5 . oL
k|ltj]bgx¿df ;DalGwt b]zdf dxf;lGwsf l;4fGt tyf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf
ePsf k|of;, k|fKt k|ult tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;g !((@ df
a'emfpg'kg]{ eP klg ;g !((% df / To;kl5sf cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿ ;g @))$ /
;g @)!@ df a'emfPsf] lyof] . To;/L g} OR5fwLg cfn]v–! sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg
;g @))( df-h'g ;g @))* df a'emfpg'kg]{ lyof]_ / OR5fwLg cfn]v–@ sf] k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg ;g @)!@ df -h'g ;g @))( df a'emfpg'kg]{ lyof]_ a'emfPsf] lyof] -lj:t[t
ljj/0fsf nflu ;Fu}sf] aS; x]g'{xf];_ .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] cjnDag u/]sf] k|lqmofcg'¿k /fHokIfaf6
k|fKt /fli6«o k|ltj]bgdflysf] ;'g'jfOkl5 ;DalGwt /fHokIfnfO{ ;ldltsf] tkm{af6
cfˆgf] clGtd lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ k7fpFb5 h;nfO{ …;dfkg l6Kk0fLÚ (Concluding
Observations) elgG5 . o;/L k|ltj]bgdfly ;'g'jfO ubf{ tyf clGtd lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿
tof/ ubf{ ;ldltn] /fHokIfn] k7fPsf /fli6«o k|ltj]bgx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf÷x¿
-/÷jf ltgsf ;~hfn_5
, dfgjclwsf/ ;Ë7gx¿ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfo -h:t}
4 dxf;lGwsf] kf7df !) hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf eP klg sfo{af]emsf sf/0f ;b:o ;ªVof !* hgf
k'¥ofpg] lg0f{o ePsf] .
5 afnclwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf hf] s;}n], u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ltgsf ;~hfnn] j}slNks
jf k"/s k|ltj]bg (Suplimentry/Complementry Report) a'emfpg ;Sb5g . afnclwsf/ ;ldltn]
To:tf k|ltj]bgnfO{ …bf];|f] ljrf/Ú sf ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 .

o'lg;]km, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7g–cfOPncf]_ sf k|ltj]bgx¿ clg k|ltj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO6
sf
;Gbe{df /fHokIfsf k|ltlglw;Fu ePsf cGtlq{mof÷5nkmn jf ;jfnhjfkmx¿nfO{ cfwf/
agfpFb5 .
6 /fHokIfsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu k|ltj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO ug'{eGbf kfFr–5 dlxgf cl3 …k"j{–;q sfo{–;d"x (Pre-
Sesional Working Group) sf] a}7sdf afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf÷x¿ -/÷jf ltgsf
;~hfn_, dfgjclwsf/ ;Ë7gx¿ tyf o'lg;]km, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7g–cfOPncf]sf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu
ltgsf k|ltj]bgx¿ tyf /fHokIfsf /fli6«o k|ltj]bgdf ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿dfly h]g]efdf 5nkmn
ul/G5 . pQm k"j{–;q sfo{–;d"xsf] a}7ssf] nuQ} afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] ;DalGwt /fHokIfnfO{ …
ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL (List of Issues) k7fpFb5, h'g /fHokIfsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ul/g] ;'g'jfOsf nflu
cfwf/ aGb5 . /, /fHokIfn] ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rLsf] lnlvt hjfkm tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdf ;'g'jfO cl3 g}
k7fpg'kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o k|ltj]bgx¿
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ !$ tfl/v cyf{t lj=;+= @)$&
ebf} @( ut] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf
xfn;Dd a'emfPsf dxf;lGw tyf To;sf OR5fwLg cfn]vx¿sf k|ltj]bgx¿
b]xfocg';f/ 5g M
• g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;g !((%
cS6f]a/ $ tfl/vdf a'emfPsf] lyof] . To;df ;g !((^ d] @( / #) tfl/vdf
;ldltdf ;'g'jfO eof] . /, ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ;g !((^ sf] h'g & tfl/vdf
;dfkg l6Kk0fL k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
• g]kfnsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] u/L ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bg ;g @))$ dfr{ $
tfl/vdf a'emfOof] . To;df ;g @))% d] #) tfl/vdf ;'g'jfO eof] /,
;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ;g @))% h'g # tfl/vdf ;dfkg l6Kk0fL k|fKt ePsf]
lyof] .
• g]kfnsf] t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bg ;g @)!@ cS6f]a/ !!
tfl/vdf a'emfOof] . o; k|ltj]bgdf ;'g'jfO x'g afFsL g} 5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn lrq0flj¿4
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))) sf] g]kfnsf] k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg ;g @))( d] !@ tfl/vdf a'emfPsf] lyof] . To;df ;g @)!@
h"g $ tfl/vdf ;ldltdf ;'g'jfO eof] / ;f]xL jif{ h'g !% tfl/vdf ;dfkg
l6Kk0fL k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
• ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]ulj¿4 afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]
OR5fwLg cfn]v, @))) sf] g]kfnsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg ;g @)!@cS6f]a/
!% tfl/vdf a'emfOof] . o; k|ltj]bgdf ;'g'jfO x'g afFsL g} 5 .

$= g]kfnsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o k|ltj]bgcg'¿k afnclwsf/sf] cj:yf
/ ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf p7]sf d'2fx¿
o; v08df dxf;lGwsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg -!((%_ / b'O{j6f cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿
-@))$ / @)!@_Ù OR5fwLg cfn]v–! sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg -@))(_ tyf OR5fwLg
cfn]v–@ sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg -@)!@_ df plNnlvt afnclwsf/sf] cj:yf /
pQm k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;'g'jfOkZrft ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] g]kfnnfO{
lbPsf ;dfkg l6Kk0fLx¿7
sf s]xL vf; d'2fx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . b]xfosf
bkmfx¿dfljz]iftM –-!_ afnaflnsf;DaGwL tYofÍ, -@_ lzIff, -#_ :jf:Yo, -$_
afn;xeflutf tyf gful/s clwsf/ / :jtGqtf, -%_ kfl/jfl/s sNof0f / j}slNks
x]/rfx -wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLsf ¿kdf /x]sf tyf ;+/IfsljxLg cj:Yffdf ;8sdf cfl>t
/x]sf ;d]t_, -^_ e]befj, -&_ afnb'Jo{jxf/ / afnof}g zf]if0f, -*_ afnaflnsfsf]
a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f, -(_ afn>d zf]if0f, -!)_ ;z:q åGå / To;df afnaflnsfsf]
k|of]u, -!!_ afnljjfx, -!@_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfn, / -!#_
PrcfOeL / P8; k|efljt afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;d]6L 5nkmn ul/Psf]
5 .
$=! afnaflnsf;DaGwL tYofÍ
afnaflnsf;DaGwL tYofÍ k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((% -!((!
sf] tYofÍ_
@))$ -@))!
sf] tYofÍ_
@)!@ -@)!!
sf] tYofÍ_
afnaflnsfsf] s'n hg;ªVof -)–!&
jif{_ *,(@#,^@! !),#(*,&)(
!!,)*$,#!!
aflnsfsf] s'n hg;ªVof -)–!& jif{_ $,#&%,#(^ %,!)(,^*# %,@%(,^%$
afnssf] s'n hg;ªVof -)–!& jif{_ $,%$*,@@% %,@*(,)@^ %,$!%,$^&
s'n hg;ªVofdf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt $*=@^ $%=&# $!=*$
s'n dlxnf hg;ªVofdf !* jif{d'lgsf
aflnsfsf] k|ltzt $&=@) $$=(!
#*=%$
s'n k'?if hg;ªVofdf !* jif{d'lgsf
afnssf] k|ltzt $(=#@ $^=%^
$@=!%
afnaflnsfsf] lnË cg'kft !)#=(% !)#=%! !)@=(^
7 tL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLx¿df g]kfnsf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg (CRC/C/3/add.34)dflysf]
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] ;g !((^ sf] h'g & tfl/vdf hf/L u/]sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL
(CRC/C/15/add.57)h;nfO{ o; n]vdf …!((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLÚ elgPsf] 5Ù g]kfnsf] klxnf] /
bf];|f] ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bg (CRC/C/65/add.30) dfly ;ldltsf] ;g @))% h'g # tfl/vdf hf/L
ePsf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL (CRC/C/15/add.260)h;nfO{ o; n]vdf …@))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLÚ elgPsf]
5Ù / OR5fwLg cfn]v–! sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg (CRC/C/OPSC/NPL/1)dfly ;ldltsf] ;g @)!@
h'g !% tfl/vdf hf/L ePsf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL (CRC/C/OPSC/NPL/CO/1)h;nfO{ o; n]vdf …@))
( sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLÚ elgPsf] 5, ;d]t kb{5g .

;g !((! sf] hgu0fgfcg'¿k afnaflnsfsf] s'n hg;ªVof *,(@#,^@! ePsf]df
;g @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf !),#(*,&)( k'u]sf] / ;g @)!! sf] hgu0fgfdf
!!,)*$,#!! k'u]sf] kfOG5 . To:t}, s'n hg;ªVofdf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt eg] oL
tLgj6f hgu0fgfx¿df qmdzM $*=@^, $%=&# / $!=*$ /x]sf] kfOG5 . cyf{t g]kfnsf]
s'n hg;ªVofsf] k|ltztdf afnaflnsfsf] lx:;f 36bf] qmddf /x]sf]] 5 . To:t}, ;g
!((! sf] hgu0fgfdf s'n afnaflnsfdf aflnsfsf] k|ltzt $(=)#, ;g @))! sf]
hgu0fgfdf $(=!# / ;g @)!! sf] hgu0fgfdf $&=$% /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;g !((^sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL(CRC/C/15/add.57)8
df afnclwsf/ ;ldltn],
…/fHokIfåf/f Jojl:yt / Jofks tYofÍ ;Íng, pko'Qm kl/;"rsx¿sf] klxrfgnufot
cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf, tNnf] hfltsf, Hofb} lgw{g kl/jf/sf, b'u{d If]qsf, ckfËtf
ePsf, ;+3;+:yfdf /flvPsf, laqmLlat/0f jf j]Zofj[lQaf6 kLl8t / ;8sdf cfl>t
afnaflnsf;DaGwL v08Ls[t tYofÍ ;Íng / Joj:yfkgk|lt sd Wofg lbOPsf]dfÚ
;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] 5 -a'Fbf g+= !$_. To;}u/L ;g @)!@ sf] OR5fwLg cfn]v–! sf]
;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn] …g]kfndf lj:t[t tYofÍ ;Íng k4ltsf] cefj /x]sfn]
ubf{ o; OR5fwLg cfn]v;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿sf] plrt clen]vLs/0f, l;kmfl/; /
cg'udgdf ;d:of /x]sf] / cfn]vsf] plrt sfof{Gjog ljZn]if0f ug{ c;xh cj:yf
/x]sf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= &_ . o;sf nflu cfˆgf ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;xof]u
lnO{ /fHokIfn] lj:t[t tyf s]Gb|Ls[t tYofÍ ;Íng k4ltsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;ldltn]
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, pd]/, lnË, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hftLotf
;fy} ;fdflhs, cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df juL{s[t tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ / tL tYofÍsf
cfwf/df gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df ug{Ú ;'emfPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= *_ .
$=@ lzIff
lzIff k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((%
-!(($
;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$ -!((^
–@))) ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|df
;xefuL afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– ((,))) – (,$&,@&*
k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;ªVof @^,)#& @%,(@& @(,@@) #!,^%%
k|fylds ljBfnodf cWoog/t
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
#(,)),))) #^,@#,!%) $$,!*,&!# –
8 g]kfnsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdfly ;ldltdf ;g !((^ sf] d] @( / #) tfl/vdf ;ldltsf] #)! cf}+
b]lv #)# cf}+ a}7sdf 5nkmn u/L ;f]xL jif{ h'g & df ePsf] #!$ cf}+ a}7saf6 ;dfkg l6Kk0fL
kfl/t u/]sf] xf] .

lzIff k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((%
-!(($
;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$ -!((^
–@))) ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
k|fylds ljBfnodf aflnsfsf] egf{
b/
#* $$=! $*=( –
lgDg dfWoflds ljBfnosf] ;ªVof $,@#) &,@*( (,&#^ !!,#$!
lgDg dfWolds ljBfnodf
cWoog/t afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
$,##,$@* (,%&,$$^ !$,$#,%!% –
lgDg dfWolds lzIffdf aflnsfsf]
egf{ b/
## $!=% $&=! –
dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;ªVof @,#)( $,#%) %,*&( ^,(@^
dfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog/t
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
$,@!,&)( #,&@,(!$ ^,&!,!*# –
dfWolds lzIffdf aflnsfsf] egf{
b/
#) $)=^ $^=)! –
dflysf] tflnsfcg';f/ k|fylds ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof ;g !((%
df #(,)),))) /x]sf]df ;g @))( sf] k|ltj]bgdf $$,!*,&!# kfOPsf] / aflnsf
egf{b/ #* af6 a9]/ $*=( k'u]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} ;g @))( df lgDg dfWolds
txdf aflnsf egf{b/ $&=! / dfWolds txdf $^=)! k'u]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} ;g @))$
df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|df ;xefuL afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof ((,))) /x]sf]df ;g
@)!@ df Tof] (,$&,@&* k'u]sf] kfOG5 .
;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds lzIff clgjfo{
gul/Psf] k|lt ulx/f] lrGtf JoQm ub}{ afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿sf] lg/If/tfsf] pRrb/tkm{
klg Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf]Ú atfPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= !*_. ;f]xL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn],
…/fHokIfnfO{ u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qdf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno 5f]8g] k|j[lQ sd ug{, u|fdL0f
If]qdf afnaflnsf / b]zel/sf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t -lzIff, :jf:Yo
/ ;fdflhs x]/rfx_ pknAw u/fpg cfjZos ;a} sbd rfNg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof]
-a'Fbf g+= #@_ .

$=# :jf:Yo
:jf:Yo k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((% -!(($
;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$
-!((^–
@))) ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
lzz' dTo'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ (#=* ^$=@ $* $*
kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/
-k|ltxhf/ afnaflnsfdf_
!#(=@ (!=) ^! ^!
cf};t cfo' -jif{_ %$=$ %* – –
k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] ;ªVof – !^) @)( @)!
x]Ny kf]:6sf] ;ªVof – &!! ^&% ^((
;a x]Ny kf]:6sf] ;ªVof &)) #,!&( #,!@& #,!)$
dft[ tyf afn:jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf]
;ªVof
– #,#$@ #,!@& #,!()
Tflndk|fKt dlxnf :jf:Yo
:jo+;]ljsfsf] ;ªVof
^%,))) ^@,%$^ $*,))) ^#,#@^
Tflndk|fKt dlxnf ;'F8]gLsf] ;ªVof #),))) – – –
emf8fkvfnfaf6 d[To' x'g] kfFr
jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] b/
!=#(i
)=$ii – –
dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt Ps nfv dlxnfdf_ %!% $!% – @*!
le6fldg P cleofgaf6 nfeflGjt
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– #),)),))) – –
aflnaflnsf / 8fS6/sf] cg'kft – !M!,)@,^&! – –
k"0f{ vf]k kfPsf afnaflnsfsf] b/ – %$=% *% *(
3/df ;'Ts]/L x'g] b/ – *& – –
tflndk|fKt ;'F8]gLåf/f ;'Ts]/L u/fOPsf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;ªVof
– (&,#() – –
:jf:YosdL{åf/f ;'Ts]/L u/fOPsf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;ªVof
– !%),))) – –
kfFr jif{d'lgsf s'kf]lift afnaflnsfsf]
b/
– %$ $( $^
i) !((@
ii) !(((–@)))

dflysf] tflnsfcg';f/ ;g !((% df lzz' dTo'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ (#=*
/x]sf]df Tof] 36]/ ;g @)!@ df $* k'u]sf] / kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/
-k|lt xhf/df_ !#(=@ /x]sf]df Tof] 36]/ ^! k'u]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} k"0f{ vf]k kfPsf
afnaflnsfsf] b/ ;g @))$ df %$=% /x]sf]df ;g @)!@ df Tof] a9]/ *( k'u]sf]
kfOG5 .
;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fL9
(CRC/C/15/add.260) df ;ldltn],…g]kfndf lzz' d[To'b/,
% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ / dft[d[To'b/ pRr ePsf]df / cf};t cfo' sd
ePsf]Ù emf8fkvfnf, s'kf]if0f, /QmcNktf, k]6sf ;¿jf /f]ux¿, hLjf0f'sf] ;ªqmd0f,
bfb'/f, Go"df]lgof h:tf /f]syfd / pkrf/ x'g;Sg] /f]ux¿af6 afnaflnsfsf] hLjg
/ ljsf;df hf]lvd sfod} /x]sf]Ù afnarfp / ljsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg ug]{ k"j{ k|;'lt
tyf lzz' pkrf/ ;]jfsf] ckof{Kttf /x]sf]Ù ;'ljwfsf] cefj ePsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf :jf:Yo
tyf ;/;kmfO / :jR5 lkpg] kfgLdf kx'Frsf] cefj /x]sf]Ù u|fdL0f If]qdf :jf:Yo tyf
;/;kmfO;DaGwL r]tgfsf] Go"g:t/ x'g' / cfw'lgs cf}ifwf]pkrf/sf] ;f6f] wfdLemfFqmLsf]
e/ kg]{ / emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ kfgL vfg glbg]h:tf afnaflnsfsf]
:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg{;Sg] k/Dk/fut cEof;x¿sf] k|rng /x]sf]Ù tyf ;8sdf
cfl>t afnaflnsf, >ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t afnaflnsf, of}gsfo{df ;+nUg u/fOPsf
afnaflnsf / blnt afnaflnsfh:tf ljz]if :jf:Yo hf]lvddf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ vf;} sfd gePsf]dfÚ lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= ^) /
^! _ .
pko'{Qm ljifodf lbPsf] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x¿df–…-s_ u|fdL0f If]qdf ljz]if Wofg lb+b}
cfwf/e"t cf}ifwL pknAw x'g] / k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ tyf ;]jfdf ;a} afnaflnsfsf]
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt x'g]u/L kof{Kt ;~ro ug]{ p2]Zon] :jf:Yo ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;'wf/sf nflu
pko'Qm pkfox¿ hf/L /fVg]Ù -v_ d'n'ssf ;a} efudf vf]k ;]jf k'¥ofpg] k|of; hf/L
/fVg] / ;'b[9 agfpg]Ù -u_ k|fylds pkrf/ ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg ;xof]u ug]{Ù -3_
a9L hf]lvddf ePsf afnaflnsfsf cfjZostfdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofP/ afNofj:yfdf
x'g] /f]usf] pkrf/ / /f]syfdsf k|of;x¿ hf/L /fVg] / ;'b[9 agfpg]Ù -ª_ cfwf/e"t
k|fylds pkrf/ / :jf:Yof]krf/sf af/]df kl/jf/, afnaflnsf / :jf:YosdL{nufot
hg;fwf/0fdf r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmddf k/Dk/fut wfdLemfFqmLx¿ nufotnfO{ ;+nUg
u/fpg]Ù / -r_ dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df /
;dGjo ug]{ cfjZos u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds tYofÍsf] cfjlwstf tyf ljZj;gLotf
;'lglZrt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;"rsx¿sf] ;"rgf ;Íng k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg]Ú
cflb /x]sf lyP -a'Fbf g+= ^@_ .
9 g]kfnsf] bf];|f] cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly ;ldltdf ;g @))% sf] d] @) tfl/vdf ;ldltsf]
!)#@ cf}+ / !)## cf}+ a}7sdf 5nkmn u/L ;f]xL jif{ h'g # df ePsf] !)%@ cf}+ a}7saf6
;dfkg l6Kk0fL kfl/t u/]sf] xf] .

To;}u/L, lszf]/lszf]/L :jf:Yosf] ;Gbe{df ;ldltn], …-s_ lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] :jf:Yo
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt / Jofkstfsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu pgLx¿s} ;xeflutfdf Pp6f ;du|
cWoog ug{ / o; cWoognfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL lzIff / afn;+j]bgzLn ljdz{
;]jfåf/f of}ghGo ;¿jf /f]u /f]syfddf ljz]if s]lGb|t eO{ lszf]/fj:yfsf] :jf:Yo gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{Ù -v_ ljsf;fTds / dfgl;s
:jf:Yosf ;fy} k|hgg :jf:Yo ljdz{ k|bfg ug{ To;df lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] kx'Fr /
hfgsf/L ;'lglZrt ug{Ù / -u_ lszf]/lszf]/LnfO{ PrcfO{eL / P8;nufot ;¿jf
of}g/f]usf] /f]syfd / slnn} pd]/df ue{wf/0f ug]{nufotsf] k|hgg :jf:Yo clwsf/
;d]tdf hfgsf/L lbg ljBfnosf] kf7oqmddf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIff ;dfj]z ug]{ pkfox¿
ckgfpg / hgr]tgf clej[l4 ;~rfng ug{Ú ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= ^#_ .
$=$ afn;xeflutf tyf gful/s clwsf/ / :jtGqtf
;g @))$ sf] k|ltj]bgdf Ps jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{ b/ $@ k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] . ;g !((% df cfˆgf cfdf÷afa';Fu sf/fuf/df a:g] afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof ^#
lyof] eg] ;f] a9]/ @)!@ df &) k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t}u/L, ;g @))$ df !,%))
hlt afnSnax¿ /x]sf]df ;g @))( df (,))) x'Fb} ;g @)!@ df !#,@(! k'u]sf]
b]lvG5 / ltgdf ^ nfv %) xhf/ hlt ;ªVofdf afnaflnsf ;b:osf] ¿kdf cfa4
ePsf kfOG5g .
afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfgsf ;Gbe{df, ;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn],
…/fHokIfn] afnaflnsfsf] cfjfh ;'lgg] clwsf/sf] k|jw{g ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf]
hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;a} If]qdf afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/nfO{ kof{Kt ;Ddfg gul/Psf]df
/ wf/f !@ sf] k|fjwfgx¿ /fHokIfsf sfg'g / k|zf;lgs / Goflos lg0f{ox¿ tyf
afnaflnsf;DaGwL gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿df k"0f{ PsLs[t gul/Psf]dfÚ lrGtf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] . o;af/] ;ldltn] vf;u/L, …s_ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !@ cg';f/ ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf
ljz]ifu/L kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf x'g] pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu ;Da4 lg0f{ox¿df
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ / afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/sf] ;DdfgnfO{ k|jw{g tyf ;xof]u ug{,
v_ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf a]nfdf / afnaflnsfnfO{ c;/ kg]{ c¿ sfg'gL k|lqmof;d]tdf
pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ ;'lgg] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg]u/L sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug{, / u_
cfdfafa', lzIfs, ;/sf/sf k|zf;lgs clwsf/Lx¿, Gofokflnsfnufot cGo / ;du|
;dfhnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf / pgLx¿sf] ljrf/sf] dfGotf;DaGwL ljifodf
z}lIfs hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpgÚ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $)_ .
hGdbtf{sf] ;Gbe{df, ;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …afnaflnsf, cem
vf;u/L b'u{d If]qdf a:g] afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{ ug{ ckgfOPsf ckof{Kt sbdx¿
/ To;af6 pgLx¿n] cfˆg} df}lns xs pkef]u ug]{ s'/fdf k/]sf] k|lts"n k|efj k|ltÚ
lrGtf k|s6 ub}{ -a'Fbf g+= !^_ cfˆgf]] l;kmfl/;df …k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ Pp6f JolQmsf]
¿kdf dfGotf lbg / pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf clwsf/sf] pkef]u u/fpg afnaflnsfsf]

hGdbtf{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{Ú eg]sf] lyof]. …afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{ ug{ 3'DtL btf{
sfof{no / ljBfnox¿df btf{ OsfOx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ ;d]tsf yk sbdx¿ rfNgÚ
;ldltn] g]kfnnfO{ k|]l/t u/]sf] lyof]-a'Fbf g+= #!_ .
To:t}, ;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …/fHokIfn] ljleGg k|of;x¿ ubf{ub}{
klg Go"g hGdbtf{ b/ ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f If]qdf Pp6f ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] / åGåsf
sf/0f hGdbtf{nufotsf /fHoåf/f k|bfg ul/g] k|zf;sLo ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf sd kf/]sf]dfÚ lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $!_ .
;fy}, ;ldltn], …y'k|} ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfsf] btf{ gul/Psf] /÷jf pgLx¿ g]kfnL
gful/stf kfpg c;dy{ x'g] / To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgLx¿ df}lns clwsf/ /
:jtGqtfsf] pkef]udf ljz]ifu/L cfdfafa'sf] klxrfg / x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/df uDeL/
k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ cj:yfk|ltÚ klg lrGtf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $@_ . o;;DaGwL
l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn], …hGdbtf{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] hgr]tgf cleofgnufotsf k|of;x¿
a9fpgÙ / dxf;lGwsf] wf/f & / * cg'¿k x'g]u/L ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿ ljz]if u/L
hGd, d[To' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]g, @)#$, gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] ;+zf]wgnfO{
k|fyldstf lbgÚ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $# / $$_ .
$=% kfl/jfl/s sNof0f / j}slNks x]/rfx -wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLsf ¿kdf /x]sf
tyf ;+/IfsljxLg cj:yfdf ;8sdf cfl>t /x]sf afnaflnsf;d]t_
kfl/jfl/s sNof0f tyf
j}slNks x]/rfx
k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((% -
!(($ ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$
-!((^ b]lv
@))) ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
cGtb]{zLo wd{k'q÷wd{k'qL ag]sf
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
%!@i
#@*ii
!,&(*iii
!@&iv
b]zleq} wd{k'q÷wd{k'qL ag]sf
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– – – $
x/fPsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof – #,^(& @,^&) @,!*^
x/fP/ km]nf k/L kl/jf/df
k'gld{ng u/fOPsf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
– – @,)@@ !,@*%
cfjf;Lo afnu[xsf] ;ªVof – () – –
cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf cfl>t
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– $,)))
cfdfafa'ljxLg afnaflnsfsf]
cg'dflgt ;ªVof
– – – ^,%),)))

;+/IfsljxLg cj:yfdf ;8sdf
cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
%,))) – – @,!^@
i) ;g !(($ ;Dddf
ii) ;g !((^ b]lv @))) ;Dddf
iii) @)))–@))^ ;Dddf
iv) @)!) df
kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f M ;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …-s_ cfdfafa'nfO{
cfˆgf]] kfl/jfl/s bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;fd'bflos ;+/rgf / ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfleq} sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{Ù -v_ ;+o'Qm kl/jf/h:tf] jt{dfg
;+/rgfnfO{ alnof] agfP/ la5f]l8Psf afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gld{ng u/fpg k|efjsf/L pkfo
ckgfpg / tflndk|fKt sd{rf/L ePsf afn;+/If0f k|0ffnL (Foster Care) ;'? ug{, /
-u_ cfjf;Lo afnu[xx¿df dxf;lGwcg'¿k x'g]u/L u'0f:t/ k"/f u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{
clg ltgsf] btf{ tyf lgoldt cg'udg tyf ToxfF afnaflnsf egf{sf] lgoldt ;dLIff
ug{ / o:tf egf{ clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf / ;s];Dd 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5
eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{Ú l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= %)_ .
To;}u/L, ;g @)!@ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] wd{k'q jf
wd{k'qL;DaGwL ;a} dfldnfdf cfdfafa'sf] bfloTj cGTo / afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/af6
cnUofpg'k"j{ ;a} pkfox¿ ul/;s]sf] lglZrt ug]{ dfkb08sf] tof/L, afnaflnsf
;+/If0f / cGt/f{li6«o wd{k'q jf wd{k'qL lng]lbg] ;DaGwdf ;xof]u;DaGwL x]u dxf;lGw
tyf kfn]{df] cfn]vsf] cg'df]bg ug{ tyf cGo k|sf/sf j}slNks x]/rfxsf] lgodg /
cg'udg ug{Ú ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= @$_ .
;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfn M ;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf
;ldltn], …b"u{d If]qaf6 x'g] cfk|jf;, Jofks ul/aL, To:t} kfl/jfl/s lx+;f / kl/jf/df
unt Jojxf/sf] sf/0fn] ;8sdf a:g afWo x'g] / cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/af6 jl~rt
eO{ ljleGg zf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g] afnaflnsfsf] Jofks / a9bf] ;ªVofÚ af/] uDeL/
lrGtf /fv]sf] ljifo lyof] -a'Fbf g+= @)_ . To;/L g} ;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf
…;8sdf a:g] jf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] a9bf] ;ªVof / pgLx¿ b'Jo{jxf/, lt/:sf/
/ zf]if0faf6 kLl8t x'g'kl//x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if sfo{qmd
/ pkfox¿ ckgfpg g;s]sf]dfÚ ;ldltn] lrGtf u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= *%_ . ;fy},
;ldltn]– …-!_ ;d:ofsf] sf/0f / cfofdx¿af/] cWoog ug{ tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;8sdf
cfpgaf6 /f]Sg Pj+ ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;du| /0fgLlt tof/ ug{, -@_ ;8sdf
cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] pTyfg / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos Joj;flos / hLjgpkof]uL
lzIffnufot kof{Kt vfg, nfpg, a:g, :jf:yf]krf/ ug{, k9g] cj;/ kfpgsf nflu
k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ ckgfpg, / -#_ oL afnaflnsf zf/Ll/s zf]if0f, of}gb'Jo{jxf/af6
kLl8t ePsfdf tyf nfu"kbfy{sf] k|of]usf] ntdf nfu]sf]df pgLx¿sf] pkrf/ /

PsLs/0f ;]jfx¿ kfpg], k|x/Lsf] qm'/tfaf6 hf]lug] / cfˆgf]] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf
k'g:yf{kgf x'g] ;]jfx¿ ;'lglZrtf ug{Ú l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= *%_ .
To:t}, ;g @)!@ sf]] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …;8sdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf nflu
kof{Kt / ;'/lIft af;, :jf:Yo, lzIff / nQfsk8fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ cfjZos sbdx¿
rfNg'kg]{ tyf oL afnaflnsfdfly k|x/Laf6 x'g] qm'/tf, zf/Ll/s / of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/sf
;fy} nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;gaf6 ;+/If0f kfpg] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvg'kg]{Ú s'/fdf
hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= @@_ .
$=^ e]befj
;g !((% sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf adf]lhdsf] s'g} klg
gful/sdfly wd{, hflt, j0f{, lnË tyf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ kfO{Fb}g
eGg] Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* cg';f/
5f]/f / 5f]/L, clg 5f]/L / 5f]/L jf 5f]/f / 5f]/f Pj+ cfkm"n] hGdfPsf ;Gtfg /
wd{;Gtfg tyf ljjfx cl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf ;GtfgaLr pgLx¿sf] x]/rfx, lzIff tyf
:jf:Yodf e]befj ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …aflnsfx¿k|ltsf] k|rlnt e]befjk"0f{
b[li6sf]0f, h'g s'/f 5f]/fnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg] wf/0ffdf cleJoQm ePsf] 5, ;fg} pd]/df
ljjfx ug]{ k|rng, pNn]vgLo ¿kn] 5fqfx¿sf] ljBfnodf sd pkl:ylt / rfF8} g}
ljBfno 5f8g] s'/fsf] pNn]v ug{ rfxG5 . To:t} ljjfx ug{ ;Sg] pd]/ klg o'js /
o'jtLaLr km/s–km/s ePsf]10
/ ;f]s'/f dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ cg's"n gePsf]df klg
;ldltsf] Wofg uPsf] 5 . To:t} k/Dk/fut k|rng / k/Dk/f h:t} …b]psLÚ, s'df/L /
b]jLh:tf s'/f k|lt klg ;ldlt lrlGtt 5Ú eg]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= !@_ . ;f]xL ;dfkg
l6Kk0fLsf] csf]{ l;kmfl/;df elgPsf] 5, …e]befjk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f / aflnsfx¿nfO{ k|efljt
kfg]{ unt k/Dk/flj¿4 k|efjsf/L¿kn] h'Wg /fHokIfnfO{ ;dfh / vf;u/L kl/jf/leq
afnaflnsfsf] xssf] ;+jw{g ug{] p2]Zon] Pp6f Jofks / ;fj{hlgs hgr]tgf cleofg
;~rfng ug{ pT;flxt ug{ rfxG5Ú -a'Fbf g+= @^_ .
To;/L g} ;g @)!@ sf]] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …5'jf5'tlj?4sf] cleofgnfO{
;zQm¿kdf kl/rfng ub}{ ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts kl/jt{gsf nflu ;dfhsf ;du|
kIfnfO{ kl/rflnt ug'{sf ;fy} ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dtfsf] l:yltdf
Nofpg ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} aflnsfx¿lj?4 x'g]
e]befj;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] vf]hL u/L dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] ;dfk0f l6Kk0fLcg'¿k aflnsfx¿dfly x'g] ;a}
k|sf/sf ;fdflhs lje]bx¿ pGd"ng ug{ cfjZos sbdx¿ h:t} z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ /
cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{Ú s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g++ @@_ .
10 k|rlnt sfg'gdf ljjfxsf nflu s]6Lsf] pd]/ afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/Ln] !^ jif{ /
cfkm"v';L ljjfx ug{ !* jif{ lyof] eg] s]6fsf] xsdf Tof] !* jif{ / @! jif{ lyof] .

$=& afnb'Jo{jxf/ / afnof}g zf]if0f
afnb'Jo{jxf/ / afnof}g zf]if0f k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
@))$ -!((^–
@))) ;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
anfTsf/sf 36gf $(# – –
xTof ##$ – –
of}g pTkL8g #@* – –
lx+;f tyf oftgf %(^ – %&
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ – – !&@
of}gsdL{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ !^
jif{d'lgsf aflnsfx¿sf] ;ªVof
–
%,))) –
;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …kl/jf/df afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g] b'Jo{jxf/
/ zf/Ll/s ;hfo lbOg] s'/fnfO{ /f]Sg / x6fpg k|efjsf/L¿kn] pko'Qm pkfo
cjnDag gul/Psf] s'/f k|ltÚ lrGtf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+ !(_ . o;;DaGwdf
ul/Psf] l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn] …kl/jf/ ;d]tdf afnaflnsf pk/ ul/g] unt Jojxf/ /
of}gzf]if0flj¿4 h'Wg /fHokIfnfO{ sfg'gLnufot ;a} pko'Qm sbd rfNgÚ eg]sf] lyof]
-a'Fbf g+= #$_ . To;/L g} afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] …u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qdf afnaflnsfsf]
ljBfno 5f]8g] k|j[lQ sd ug{, pgLx¿sf] afndhb'/L / j]Zofj[lQdf ;+nUgtf /f]SgcfjZos
;a} sbd rfNgÚ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] .
To:t}, ;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …afnaflnsfnfO{ ;hfo lbg] /
b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ sfo{ kl/jf/, ljBfnox¿ / c¿ ;+:yfx¿df k|rlnt /x]sf]dfÚ lrGtf JoQm
ub}{, …-s_ kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;+:yfx¿df afnaflnsfdfly x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ / zf/Ll/s ;hfo
sfg'gåf/f :ki6 ¿kdf lgif]w ug{Ù -v_ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !( cg'¿k x'g]u/L d'n'sL P]g
/ afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf ;DalGwt k|fjwfg11
df ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ult lbgÙ -u_
afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s ;hfo lb+bf / b'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf af/]df
kl/jf/, lzIfs tyf ;+:yfx¿df sfd ug]{ sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg hgr]tgf
a9fpg] cleofgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg / o; k|lqmofdf afnaflnsf / ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{
;lqmo ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpgÙ / -3_ ;dfhsf] ;a}txdf zf/Ll/s ;hfosf] ljsNksf
¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] dfgjLo dof{bf / dxf;lGwcg'¿k ljz]ifu/L wf/f @* -@_ cg'¿k
x'g] u/L ;'lglZrt ug{Ú ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $& / $*_ .
11 afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/, ljBfno / c¿ ;+:yfx¿df pgLx¿sf] x]/rfxsf qmddf ;fdfGo
zf/Ll/s ;hfo lbg kfOG5 eGg] cfzosf] k|fjwfg afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / d'n'sL
P]g, @)@) df /x]sf lyP, h'g clxn] ljBdfg 5}gg .

;f]xL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf afnclwsf/ ;ldltn], …kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;+:yfx¿df
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ / zf/Ll/s ;hfo sfg'gåf/f :ki6 ¿kdf lgif]w ug{,
d'n'sL P]g, @)@) / afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf ;DalGwt k|fjwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ult lbg, afnaflnsf / ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;lqmo ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fO{ zf/Ll/s
;hfoaf6 kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf af/]df hgr]tgf a9fpg tyf ;dfhsf] ;a} txdf
zf/Ll/s ;hfosf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] dfgjLo dof{bf / dxf;lGwcg'¿k
xf]pmg eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{Ú l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= $*_ .
To;}u/L, ;g @)!@ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …/fli6«o txsf ljleGg of]hgfx¿nfO{
afnaflnsf;DaGwL Pp6} /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfdf ;dflxt ub}{ OR5fwLg cfn]vsf
k|fjwfgcg'¿k :ki6 nlIft ju{ / ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ / ;fy} o:tf of]hgfn]
…:6sxf]d, of]]sf]xfdf / l/of] lb h]g]l/of]Ú df ePsf] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] of}gzf]if0flj?4sf]
3f]if0ff, sfo{;"rL / ljZjJofkL k|lta4tfdf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] jN8{ s+u|];nfO{ Wofgfsif{0f
ug'{kg]{, cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lj:t[t u[xsfo{ u/L ah]6sf] klxrfg / ljlgof]hg
ug'{kg]{ / ;+zf]lwt afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ult /
r'gf}tLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{Ú s'/fdf hf]8
lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= !@_ .
To:t}, ;f]xL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …afnj]Zofj[lQ x'g] sf]7Lx¿ kQf nufpg] /
To;nfO{ aGb ug{ k|efjsf/L k4lt / sfg'gL Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug{Ú klg g]kfnnfO{
l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= #$_ . ;fy},…afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ /
cZnLn lrq0fdf lgsfox¿ :jo+ ;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ / e|i6frf/ tyf b08xLgtfh:tf ;jfnx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;Daf]wg
ug{Ú ;d]t ;ldltn] ;'emfPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= #*_ .
$=* afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
@))$ -!((^–@)))
;Ddsf] tYofÍ_
@))(
a]rlavgsf] lj?4df ;fd'bflos lgu/fgL ;d"x
:yfkgf ePsf uflj;sf] ;ªVof
@@) #%!
a]rlavgsf] lj?4df ;fd'bflos lgu/fgL;DaGwL
tflnd k|fKt dlxnf tyf aflnsfsf] ;ªVof
%%,))) @%,@^%
a]rlavgsf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf ph'/Lx¿ – !!@
;s{;df nufpgsf nflu ef/tdf a]lrPsf !$
jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cg'dflgt ;ªVof
– %))
ef/tsf ;s{;af6 p2f/ ul/Psf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
– @##

afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
@))$ -!((^–@)))
;Ddsf] tYofÍ_
@))(
af]8{/af6 p2f/ ul/Psf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
– @,#(*
;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …afnaflnsf cem ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿sf]
a]rlavg, cf];f/k;f/sf] ;d:ofsf kl/0ffdsf] ;Gbe{df of] k|j[lQ;Fu h'Wg ljz]if sfg'g
/ gLltsf] cefj ePsf] k|lt uDeL/¿kn] Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf]Ú egL lrGtf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] -a'Fbf g+ @@_ . clg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df, …afnaflnsfsf] cGt/b]zLo cf];f/k;f/ /
laqmL;Fu k|efjsf/L ¿kn] h'Wg g]kfnn] sfg'gL, k|zf;lgsnufot ;a} pko'Qm pkfox¿
cjnDag u/f];Ú elgPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= #&_.
;g @)!@ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …OR5fwLg cfn]vdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{
/fli6«o sfg'gL k|fjwfgleq ;dfj]z ug{ / afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* nfO{ l56f]
;+zf]wg u/L !* jif{d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{Ú ;d]t
cfJxfg u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= !)_ . ;f]xL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …k|fylds / dfWolds
ljBfnosf kf7oqmddf o; OR5fwLg cfn]v;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ Jojl:yt ¿kn]
;dfj]z ug]{Ù gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/dfWod / lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{df afnaflnsfsf]
a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ / cZnLn lrq0fsf gsf/fTds k|efj / o;af6 ;'/lIft x'g]
pkfox¿af/] ;d'bfo, afnaflnsf / kLl8t afnaflnsfsf] ;xsfo{df ;fI./ / lg/If/ b'j}
k|sf/sf JolQmx¿n] a'‰g] efiffdf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
tyf k|x/L, GofofwLz, k|zf;s, sfg'g Joj;foL, sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;~rf/sdL{,
;dfh;]jLh:tf ljleGg k];fut ;d"x tyf s]Gb|Lo clg lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf
;b:ox¿df o; OR5fwLg cfn]v;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug{Ú
l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= !^ / !*_ . ;fy}, ;ldltn], …o; OR5fwLg cfn]v;Fu
;DalGwt cg';Gwfg, sfg'gL ;xof]u, kLl8tsf] zf/Ll/s / dgf]j}1flgs k'gnf{e cflbsf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu dfgj ;+zfwg, k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;|f]t / ah]6 j[l4 ug{Ú ;d]t
;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= @)_ .
$=( afn>d zf]if0f
afn>d zf]if0f k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((%
-!(($
;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$ -!((^
b]lv @)))
;Ddsf] tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
!$ jif{d'lgsf cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo
hg;ªVof b/
$@=$ $)=( $! ##=(

afn>d zf]if0f k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
!((%
-!(($
;Ddsf]
tYofÍ_
@))$ -!((^
b]lv @)))
;Ddsf] tYofÍ_
@))( @)!@
hf]lvdaf6 p2f/ ul/Psf
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– !,#)) – –
ljleGg k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– – !@,&!,$# –
sd}ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf %–!* jif{
pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
– – %&,^)#i –
i) @))!
;g !((^ sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …Jofks ;ªVofdf afnaflnsf 3/]n' >d, v]tL
/ kfl/jfl/s Joj;foh:tf cgf}krfl/s If]q ;d]tdf ;+nUg ePsf] tYo k|ltÚ lrGtf
JoQm ub}{ -a'Fbf g+= @!_ g]kfnnfO{ …/f]huf/Lsf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
>d ;Ë7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{tkm{ ljrf/ ug{, afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw tyf cGo ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿;Fu tfbfTDo /fVg]u/L ;a} /fli6«o
sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{, afndhb'/L;DaGwL sfg'g nfu" ug{, Pp6f lg/LIf0f Joj:yf
:yfkgf ug{, ph'/Lx¿ pk/ hfFr u/L pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf s8f ;hfo lbgÚ ;'emfj
lbPsf] lyof] . ;fy}, …3/]n' >dh:tf] cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t afnaflnsf ;+/If0fsf]
lglDt ljz]if Wofg lbgÚ ;d]t ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . To;}cg';f/ g]kfnn] ;g !((&
df cfOPncf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] / afn>d -lgif]lwt tyf lgoldt
ug]{_ P]g, @)%^ nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
$=!) ;z:q åGå / To;df afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u
;g @)!@ sf] OR5fwLg cfn]v–@ sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf ;z:q åGå / To;df
afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt b]xfosf tYofÍ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]12
M
;z:q åGå / To;df afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u OR5fwLg cfn]v–@ sf]
k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, @)!@
;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof @,(^)
;z:q åGåsf] sf/0fn] Hofg u'dfPsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof @(&
;z:q åGåsf] qmddf 3fOt] eO{ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
!)&
;z:q åGåsf] qmddf cfdfafa' u'dfPsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof %,)))
;z:q åGådf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf] cg'dflgt ;ªVof !!,)))
12 o; OR5fwLg cfn]vsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdfly ;'gjfO x'g afFsL g} 5 .

o'4lj/fdsf] ;dodf !* jif{ k"/f gu/]sf n8fs'x¿sf] ;ªVof @,(&#
$=!! afnljjfx
k/Dk/fut xflgsf/s cEof;sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] afnljjfx Ps uDeL/ ;fdflhs Pj+
sfg'gL ;d:of xf] / g]kfnsf y'k|} ;d'bfox¿df afnljjfx Jofks /x]sf] 7flgPsf] 5 .
tyflk g]kfnsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf afnljjfxaf/] tYofÍ pNn]v ePsf]
kfO{Fb}g . ;g @))$ sf] cfjlws k|ltj]bgdf !% jif{ gk'Ub} ljjfx ug]{ aflnsfsf] b/
#$ k|ltzt pNn]v ePsf] / $) j6f afnljjfx;DaGwL ph'/L cbfntdf k/]sf pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 .
;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …/fHokIfnfO{ pd]/ gk'Ub} x'g] ljjfx /f]Sg
ljBdfg sfg'gsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg / ;dfhsf wfld{s cu'jfx¿, ;d'bfo,
tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]t ;+nUg u/fO{ ljz]if hfu/0f sfo{qmd ug{Ú l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof]
-a'Fbf g+= ^^_ . To;}u/L ;g @)!@ sf]] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …afnljjfx cGTo ug]{
sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;g
@))^ df u/]sf] km};nf:j¿k a[xt ;r]tgf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos sbdx¿ rfNgÚ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= @*_ .
$=!@ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfn
ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ !((% sf] k|ltj]bg
ljz]if lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf]
;ªVof
!^
ljBfnodf cWoog/t b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof @$%
ljBfnodf cWoog/t ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfËtf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
#(^
ljBfnodf cWoog/t af}l4s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
#*^
ljBfnodf cWoog/t zf/Ll/s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
!$%
$@ ljz]if ljBfnodf !((!–!((# df egf{ ePsf ckfËtf
ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
!,!))
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgfsf nfefyL{x¿sf] ;ªVof !,^%)
af}l4s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu PsLs[t
ljBfnosf] ;ªVof
!&
;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …-s_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQm;DaGwL /fli6«o
sfg'g / sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjxLg /x]sf] / /fHokIfåf/f cfjZos ;fwg;|f]tsf]
ljlgof]hg gul/Psf] Ù -v_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;'?df g} klxrfg / ;Daf]wg

ug]{ /fli6«o k4lt gePsf]Ù -u_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff–k|0ffnL / ;dfhdf
;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿k|ltsf] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffdf
kl/jt{g ug{ ;"rgf tyf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf cflbdf kx'Fr nufotsf ljifodf kof{Kt
k|oTgx¿ gePsfÚ egL lrGtf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= %*_ . ;f]xL ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf
;ldltn] b]xfPsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= %(_M
s_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf;DaGwdf ;du| gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ult lbg /
vf;u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg cfjZos pkfo
ckgfpg,
v_ ckfËtfsf sf/0f / To;nfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ pkfox¿ klxrfgsf nflu Ps cWoog
ug{ tyf a]n}df nIf0fx¿ klxrfg ug]{, pkrf/sf lglDt k7fpg] / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug]{ /fli6«o k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{,
u_ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, pko'Qm :jf:Yof]krf/ ;'ljwf tyf /f]huf/Ldf
kx'Frsf] d"NofÍg ug{ / ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;]jfx¿ ;'b[9 ug{,
kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ / o; If]qdf sfo{/t lj1x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg kof{Kt ;fwg;|f]t
ljlgof]hg ug{,
3_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu cj;/sf] ;dfgtf;DaGwL lgodx¿ -dxf;efsf]
k|:tfj $*÷(^_ tyf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/; (CRC/C/69,paras.310-339) nfO{ b[li6ut u/L lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg
ljz]if Wofg lbP/ / ljBfnosf ejg, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hgsf ;'ljwfx¿ tyf cGo
;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df kx'Fr a9fP/ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt lzIff
k|0ffnLdf / ;dfhdf ;dfj]z ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg /,
ª_ lzIfsnufot cfdfafa' / afnaflnsfsf nflu / pgLx¿;Fu sfd ug]{ Joj;flos
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg o'lg;]km, ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gnufot c¿ ;+:yfx¿;Fu
klg k|fljlws ;xof]u lng .
$=!# PrcfOeL / P8; k|efljt afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfn
PrcfO{eL / P8; k|efljt
afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿
k|ltj]bg k7fOPsf jif{x¿
@))$ -!((^ b]lv
@))) ;Ddsf] tYofÍ_
@)!@
!$ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf PrcfOeL
;ªqmd0f b/
!=)% –
PrcfOeL ;ªqmldt afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
– ^,@#!
PrcfO{eL / P8;sf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s
;+/If0f u'dfPsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'dflgt
;ªVof
@,%)) @!,($&

P8;sf sf/0f d[To' ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
;ªVof
– !)^
;g !((% sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf PrcfO{eL / P8; k|efljt afnaflnsfsf] ;ªVof
tyf pgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;g @))$ sf] cfjlws
k|ltj]bgdf @,%)) hgf / ;g @)!@ sf] k|ltj]bgdf @!,($& hgf afnaflnsfn]
PrcfO{eL / P8;sf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s ;+/If0f u'dfPsf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy},
;g @)!@ sf] cfjlws k|ltj]bgdf P8;sf sf/0f !)^ hgf afnaflnsfsf] d[To' ePsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;g @))% sf] ;dfkg l6Kk0fLdf ;ldltn], …PrcfO{eL / P8; k|efljt afnaflnsf;DaGwL
;ldltsf] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL (CRC/C/80, para. 243)df klg Wofg lb+b} PrcfO{eL /
P8;af6 ;ªqmldt / k|efljt afnaflnsf tyf ltgsf kl/jf/sf] PrcfO{eL / P8; gLlt
/ sfo{qmd ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ / sfo{gLltsf]
sfof{Gjogdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg ug{Úl;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] -a'Fbf g+= &)_ .
%= pk;+xf/
;g !(() df afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 g]kfnn] afnclwsf/
kl/k"lt{ ug{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} hjfkmb]xL aGb} cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
of] kRrL; jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] l:yltdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x]bf{ ;g !((% df k|fylds lzIffdf egf{b/
s/La *) k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn Tof] (^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg], k|fylds ljBfnosf]
;ªVof @^,)#& af6 #!,^%% k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr
a9]sf] 5 tyflk, u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;jfn eg] cem} klg uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5 . ljBfno egf{b/df pNn]gLo k|ult ePsf] b]lvPtfklg aLr}df ljBfno 5f8g] b/
cem} klg lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 / ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] l6sfp b/ a9fpg kxn
ul/g' cTofjZos 5 .
To:t}, :jf:Yosf ;"rsx¿ x]bf{ g]kfnn] pNn]Vo km8sf] df/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g !((% df
(#=* / !#(=@ k|ltxhf/ /x]sf] lzz' d[To'b/ / kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/
36]/ ;g @)!@ df $* / ^! k|ltxhf/df em/]sf] b]lvG5 . dft[d[To'b/ %!% k|ltnfv
dlxnfaf6 36]/ @*! k|ltnfv dlxnf k'Ug'n] y'k|} afnaflnsfdft[Tjaf6 al~rt x'g'
gk/]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;g @)!# df g]kfndf kf]lnof] pGd"ng ePsf] 3f]if0ff x'g' klg
afn:jf:Yodf cfPsf] Ps ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . k"0f{ vf]ksf] b/ ;d]t ;g @))$
df %$=% /x]sf]df ;g @)!@ df cfP/ *( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . tyflk, afnaflnsfdf
s'kf]if0fsf] l:ylt eg] cem} klg lrGtfhgs g} 5 . ;g @))$ df %$ k|ltzt /x]sf]
s'kf]if0fsf] b/ cem} klg $^ k|ltzt 5 .
afnSnax¿sf ;ªVof pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g' afn;xeflutfsf] Pp6f ;sf/fTds ;"rs

xf] . ;g !((% df gu0o ;ªVofdf /x]sf afnSnasf] ;ªVof ;g @)!@ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
!#,@(! k'u]sf] kfOG5 . ;g @)!% df s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt Ps
k|ltj]bg13
cg';f/ xfn @@,$%& afnSna /x]sf 5g h;df $ nfv #! xhf/ ( ;o
^) afnaflnsf cfj4 /x]sf] kfOG5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ eg] g]kfndf w]/} sfd ug{ h?/L
5 . g]kfndf cem};Dd klg /fli6«o afn;+/If0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g /
afn;+/If0fsf d'2fx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . afnaflnsfdfly
ePsf ;a} vfnsf b'Jo{jxf/af/] ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L Hofb} sd dfq kb{5g /
o;;DaGwL tYofÍx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;lsPsf] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 afn;+/If0fsf] If]qdf kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu …;g @)!)–)!! df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] s'n ah]6
/fli6«o ah]6sf] Ps k|ltzt cyf{t Ps ca{, !* s/f]8 () nfv -¿= !,!*,(),)),)))_
/x]sf]df To;sf] * k|ltzt ah]6 dfq} afnaflnsfsf] nflu /x]sf] lyof] .Ú14
;du|df x]bf{, of] cjlwdf g]kfnn] gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfo{qmdsf] txdf y'k|} k|efjsf/L
sbdx¿ rfNg ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( nfO{ cg'df]bg
ubf{tfsf g]kfndf afnaflnsf;DaGwL PsLs[t P]g;Dd gePsf] l:yltaf6 xfnsf] l:yltdf
cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, P]g, sfo{of]hgf clg dfkb08x¿ nfu"
ePsf 5g . afnaflnsf nlIft gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ s} sf/0f jt{dfgdf afnclwsf/sf]
l:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g .
xfn} -@)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut]_ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] …g]kfnsf];+ljwfg -@)&@_Ú
df afnclwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf /flvg'n] klg g]kfnn] afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug{ s~h':ofOF u/]sf] 5}g eGg] b]lvG5 . o;y{, afnclwsf/ cleofgsf] of] kRrL;
jif{ g]kfnsf] nflu kSs} klg sf];]9'Ëf ;flat ePsf] 5 . To;}n] cfpFbf lbgx¿df
g]kfnn] cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfofg's"n kl/jt{g ub}{ To;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg ;s]df afnclwsf/sf] l:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg]
s'/fdf cem w]/} cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 .
13 g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt @)&@, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt, k]= &!, &@ .
14 MoWCSW and CCWB, 'Child Protection Mapping and Assessment Summary Report', September
2015, pg. 22

afn;xeflutf

afnclwsf/sf nflu afnlrqsnf
df]xg bËfn
!= ljZjs} nfdf] afnlrqsnf
ljZj ;d'bfon] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] @% jif{ k"/f ePsf]
5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf
NofPsf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] tk{maf6 klg afnclwsf/ k|jw{gsf nflu w]/} k|of;x¿
ePsf 5g . k|of;x¿n] k"0f{tf kfPsf 5}gg / To; dxfcleofgdf afn;xeflutf ce}m
cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf kl/rfng x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
æzflGt / afnclwsf/sf nflu ljZjs} nfdf] afnlrqsnfÆ Ps a[xt /fli6«o cleofg
xf] . o; cleofgdf g]kfnL afnaflnsfn] zflGt / ;'lglZrt afnclwsf/sf nflu ljZjs}
nfdf] lrqsnf tof/ kfg]{5g . o; afnlrqsnfsf] nDafO{ ^,%)) ld6/ x'g]5 /
b]zel/sf sl/a @),))) eGbf a9L afnaflnsf o; lrqsnf lgdf{0fdf k|ToIf ;xefuL
x'g]5g eg] nfvf}F cGo afnaflnsf o; cleofgdf ;xefuL x'g]5g . ljBfno, afnSna,
afnu[x tyf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| / c¿ afnaflnsf o; cleofgdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL
x'g]5g . of] afnlrqsnf lgdf{0fsf] cjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 . o; cleofgsf] g]t[Tj …
zflGt / afnclwsf/sf nflu /fli6«o cleofg g]kfnÚ n] ug]{5 .
ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ zflGt / afnclwsf/ af/] ;r]t, hfu¿s / pQ/bfoL agfpg] /
afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q ;Gb]znfO{ ;j{dfGo agfpg' o; cleofgsf p2]Zox¿ x'g . ;fy}
ljleGg cj:yfdf /x]sf afnalnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;lrq k|:t't u/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{
afnclwsf/k|lt pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg' klg o;sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . @),)))
afnaflnsfsf syfx¿ o; afnlrqsnfn] ;f/f ;+;f/ ;fd' k|:t't ug]{5 .
o; cleofgnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbgsf nflu zflGt / afnclwsf/sf nflu /fli6«o cleofg
g]kfnn] w]/}eGbf w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug]{5 . :yfgLob]lv cGt/f{li6«o
tx;Ddsf] ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L of] cleofgnfO{ ;fy{s ¿k lbOg]5 . ;fy} afn;xeflutf
/ o'jf ;xeflutfnfO{ cleofgs} d]¿b08sf] ¿kdf k|jw{g ul/g]5 .
o; cleofg ;~rfngsf nflu xfdL;Fu w]/} lgsfox¿ ;fe]mbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g .
dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno, ko{6g
tyf gful/s p88og dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt, g]kfn nlnt snf k|1f
k|lti7fg, sG;f]l6{od, afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q tyf afn;+/If0f /fli6«o cleofg, ;]e b
lrN8]«g, Knfg g]kfn, P=cfO=Pg=, xf6{aL6, afnclwsf/df sfo{/t u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,
ljBfnox¿, sn]hx¿, ;~rf/ ;d"xx¿ / ljleGg ljQLo tyf Jofkfl/s lgsfox¿ xfn
o; cleofgdf ;fe]mbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g . ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cg]sf}F cGo ;fe]mbf/x¿
;lDdlnt u/fpFb} of] cleofg k|jflxt x'g]5 .

Smiles in the face of every child, movement without fear and environment for
overall development respecting their best interests; we aspire for it.

of] /fli6«o cleofgn]
zflGt / afnclwsf/sf]
HjnGt ;jfnnfO{ d'n'sdf
Jofkstfsf ;fy :yflkt
ug]{5 eg] g]kfnnfO{ zflGt /
afnclwsf/sf] Ps pTs[i7
kIfw/sf ¿kdf ljZj;fd'
pEofpg d2t k'¥ofpg'sf
;fy} of] x/]s g]kfnLn]
uj{ ug]{ P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{
aGg]5 .
@= afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / o;sf OR5flwg cfn]vsf k|ltj]bgx¿
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 o;sf kIf/fi6«x¿n] s]xL
st{Jox¿ kfngf ug'{k5{ . To;dWo] afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL k|f/lDes
/ cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿ k7fpg' xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf/fi6«sf] x}l;otn]
o;sf] k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿ ;ldltdf k7fO/x]sf] 5 . ;g @)!) df g]kfn ;/sf/n]
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / clZnn lrq0f;DaGwL OR5flwg cfn]vsf]
k|ltj]bg afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf k7fPsf] lyof] . To:t} ;g @)!@ df afnclwsf/
dxf;lGwsf] -t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+_ / ;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u;DaGwL OR5flwg
cfn]vsf] k|ltj]bg klg afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf a'emfPsf] lyof] .
of] k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfhsf] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfhsf
tk{maf6 klg j}slNks k|ltj]bgx¿ k7fOPsf lyP . dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cg'udg
;dGjo s]Gb|sf] afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ / cZnLn
lrq0f;DaGwL OR5fwLg cfn]vsf] j}slNks k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] lyof] . dxf;lGw /
;z:q åGådf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u;DaGwL OR5fwLg cfn]vsf ;DaGwdf afnclwsf/
cfGbf]ngdf nflu/x]sf ^ j6f ;~hfnx¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df CRC Reporting Coalition
Nepal sf] :yfkgf u/L gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf ;fy} a'emfpg] sfd ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof] . of] k|lqmofn] g]kfndf afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/df
jsfnt / k}/aL ug{ k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .
#= CRC25 Google Hangouts df g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]] /ht jif{sf ;DaGwdf rfON8 g]kfnn] b'O{ hgf efOalxgL
chof a'8fyf]sL / lbk]z lj;'ªs]nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] CRC Google Hangout df ;xefuL x'g ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;ldltn]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] @% jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf ljleGg b]zsf

efOalxgL;Fu afnclwsf/sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof u/]sf] lyof] . h;df g]kfn,
hfkfg, ci6«]lnof, lkmlnlkG; nufotsf cGo !^ j6f /fi6«sf efOalxgLn] ;xeflutf
hgfPsf lyP . sfo{qmdnfO{ jN8{ lehg OG6/g];gnsf h]lgkm/ lkmnk6n] ;xhLs/0f
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] d"n p2]Zo eg]sf] k|To]s b]zsf afnaflnsfaf6 To; b]zsf] afnclwsf/sf]
l:ylt af/] a'Eg] / afnaflnsfaf6 g} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] .
;+jfbsf nflu x/]s b]zsf efOalxgLnfO{ $% ldg]6sf] ;do lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 efOalxgLn] afnSna, afn;xeflutf, afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] af/]df cfˆgf] ljrf/
/fVg'sf ;fy} oxfF ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ dfem p7fPsf lyP .
afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ca s] ug'{k5{ eGg] k|Zgdf g]kfnsf efOalxgLn] afnclwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{ JolQm, ;dfh / /fHosf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'g] s'/f atfP / afnclwsf/ k|jw{g
ug{sf] nflu afnSnax¿nfO{ ;Sbf] kl/rfng ul/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf klg hf]8 lbP .
CRC25 Google Hangouts n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] s'/f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿;Dd
k'¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;ldltn] g]kfndf afn ;xeflutfdf c¿ /fi6«eGbf w]/}
/fd|f] pknlAw b]lvPsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP .
$= dfgjclwsf/ /fli6«o dxfe]nf @)!$
x/]s jif{sf] l8;]Da/ !) nfO{ ljZjJofkL …cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ lbj;Ú sf] ¿kdf
dgfOg] ul/G5 . lsgeg] ;g !($* l8;]Da/ !) sf lbg ;+o'St /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn]
…dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqÚ (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf d"ntM lj=;+= @)$^ -;g !(()_ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng
kl5 o; lbj;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf u/]/ dgfOg] k|rng 5 . ljutsf
jif{x¿df gful/s ;dfhaf6 km/s–km/s sfo{qmdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf]df ^! cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o
dfgj clwsf/ lbj;af6 gful/s ;dfh / /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] PsLs[t
cleofgsf ¿kdf dfgjclwsf/ /fli6«o dxfe]nf dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
x/]s jif{ dxfe]nfn] dfgjclwsf/sf ;du| ;jfnx¿nfO{ p7fg u/L Ps ljz]if ;jfn /
clwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnfsf clwsf/, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]
clwsf/nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L dfgjclwsf/ dxfe]nfx¿ ;DkGg xF'b}cfPsf]] cj:yfdf
afnclwsf/sf ;jfnnfO{ d"n ljifo agfO{ ;g @)!$ sf] dfgjclwsf/ /fli6«o
dxfe]nfsf] ;+of]hg rfON8 g]kfnn] u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] g]kfne/L g} ljljw sfo{qmdx¿
u/L afnclwsf/sf ;jfnnfO{ /fhgLlts k|fyldstfsf ;fy} :yfgLo txdf ;r]tLs/0f
ug{ 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .

g]kfndf afn;xeflutf
k|sfz sf]O/fnf
-s_ e"ldsf
;g !(*( df hf/L ul/Psf] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df g]kfnn]
cg'df]bg u¥of] . # efu / %$ wf/f pNn]v ul/Psf] o; dxf;lGw leq d"nt M afnarfp,
afn ;+/If0f, afnljsf; / afn ;xeflutf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /x]sf d'2fx? ;d]l6Psf 5g .
pNn]lvt oL rf/ ljifodWo] o; n]vdf afn;xeflutfsf] ljifonfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v
ul/Psf]] 5 .
-v_ afn;xeflutfaf6 k|Tofe"t x'g] d'Vo clwsf/x?
• cfˆgf ljrf/, ;f]r tyf wf/0ff, JoQm ug{] clwsf/,
• afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] ljrf/sfnflu ;Ddfg kfpg] clwsf/,
• pko'Qm tyf cfjZos ;"rgf a'lemg] u/L k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/,
• cfkm"nfO{ c;/ kfg{] s'/fdf x'g] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/,
• s'g} OR5f nfu]sf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] clwsf/,
• /fd|f] sfdsfnflu cfˆgf] :t/sf] ;+3 tyf ;+u7gdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/
• ljrf/, r]tgf Pj+ wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/
-u_ afn;xeflutfsf ljz]iftfx?
!= afn;xeflutf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( sf] rf/j6f l;4fGtdWo] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . o;n] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf cGo wf/fx?sf] JofVof ug{
dfu{ lgb]{z u5{ . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f !@ Ps t cfkm}F
Pp6f alnof] wf/fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{] tkm{ rf/ l;4fGtdf Pp6f d'Vo
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf /x]sf]5 h;n] o;sf] dxTjnfO{ cem a9L phfu/ u/]sf]5 .
@= of] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf cGo wf/fsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;fGble{s 5 .
h:t} wf/f @@ n] ckfªu afnaflnsfsf] af/]df JofVof u/]sf]5 / pgLx?sf]
;xeflutfnfO{ plQs} dxTj lbPsf] 5 . To:t} lzIffsf af/]df wf/f @* n] ;xeflutfnfO{
cufl8 NofPsf]5 eg] lzIffdf afn;xeflutf s;/L ug{], lsg ug{] eGg] af/]df
n]vfhf]vf tyf cEof; ug{ d2t u/]sf] 5 . w]/} 7fFpdf afn;xeflutfnfO{ PSnf]
?kdf JofVof ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ o;nfO{ cGo c+z;Fu hf]8]/ x]bf{ ;xh / a'em
gsf nflu ;xof]uL aGg] b]lvG5 .
#= ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg], ljsf; / ;+/If0f x'g] clwsf/nfO{ ;+of]hg tyf

k|jw{g ug{ ;3fpF5 .
$= o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cˆgf] clwsf/sf] ;Djw{gstf{ aGgsf nflu ;3fpF5 .
%= afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] ;xof]uLtTj -enabling factor)
sf] e"ldsf klg v]n]sf] x'G5 .
-3_ Affn;xeflutfsf] p2]Zo / pkof]lutf
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf M
s_ olb k|lqmofut 5nkmn tyf lg/Gt/ cEof;sf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ cj;/
lbPdf pgLx?n] cfkm" jf c? afnaflnsf, kl/jf/, ;dfh jf cfkm" a;]sf] 7fpFsf]
af/]df ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{] s'/fdf lg0f{o ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; ub{}
hfg]5g .
v_ afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutfnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' kg{] x'G5 . ;a} 7fpFdf
;a}n] ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Sg] cj:yf xF'b}g . To; a]nfdf c?sf] ljrf/ jf
;d:ofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] u/L ;xeflutfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg{] x'G5 .
u_ afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr x'g' k5{ . olb pgLx?n] cfjZos
;"rgf kfPgg eg] ;xeflutfsf] ljifo / u'0f:t/df tyf k|lqmofdf c;/ k'U5 . lagf
;"rgf ;xeflutf k|jw{g u/fpg sl7g x'G5 .
3_ ;xeflutfsf] k|lqmofn] pgLx?nfO{ o'jf tyf jo:s cj:yfdf lg0f{o ug{ r'gf}tL lng]
afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu ;3fpF5 .
ª_ afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ Ifdtf, ;Lk tyf ;Defjgfx?sf] ;sf/fTds, l;h{gfTds
tyf ;dfnf]rgfTds ?kn] ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu ;Ifd agfp5 .
r_ afnaflnsfdf bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L af]wsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu ;xeflutfnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ub{} hfg' jf~5gLo x'g]5 .
ª_ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf /x]sf afn;xeflutf;DaGwL Joj:yfx?
;+;f/df afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw g} o:tf] Pp6f klxnf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
b:tfj]h xf] h;n] afn;xeflutf;DaGwL clwsf/sf] af/]df b]xfo cg';f/sf] ;'lglZrttf
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
• Affnaflnsfsf] /fo tyf ljrf/sf] ;'g'jfO{ tyf dfGotf . -wf/f !@_ afnaflnsfn]
cfˆgf ljrf/x? lgw{Ss;Fu, lagf e]befj, tyf lagf bafa /fVg ;Sg]5g eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf]5 . afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg{] s'g} klg ljifodf
pgLx?sf] ljrf/sf] ;'g'jfO x'g] tyf dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttf u/]sf]
5 .

• cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf -wf/f !#_ afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf ljrf/x? / ;"rgf k|jfx
ug]{ clwsf/ 5 / of] clwsf/nfO{ s'g} klg ;Ldf tyf aGb]hn] /f]Sb}g .
• ;+3 ;+:yf k|ltsf] :jtGqtf -wf/f !%_ afnaflnsfnfO{ c?;Fu e]6g], ;+3 ;+:yfdf
;fd]n x'g] / ;+:yf vf]Ng] clwsf/ 5 t/ c? tyf cfkm}FnfO{ xflg x'g] vfnsf
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfOg] 5}g . g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf]
;+u7g vf]Ng kfpF5g eg]/ lg0f{o ul/;s]sf]5 . o;}sf cfwf/df ljleGg ufpF tyf
zx/sf ljBfnox?df afnSna Vff]lnPsf 5g . sltko uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfdf
;"lrs[t ePsf 5g eg] sf]xL lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf ;"lrs[t 5g . xfn
g]kfndf !*,))) hlt afnSnax? ;+ul7t ePsf 5g .
• ;"rgf k|flKtsf] kx'Fr -wf/f !&_ /fHon] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljljw >f]taf6 k|fKt
x'g] ;"rgf / ;fdu|L k|flKtsf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug{]5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu ;dflhs
jf ;f+:s[lts ?kdf kmfObfhgs ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug{] 5 / xflgsf/s ;fdu|Laf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ sbd rfNg]5 .
• km';{b dgf]/~hg ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk -wf/f #!_ afnaflnsfnfO{ km';{b lng
v]Ng / ;f+:s[lts / snfTds lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] clwsf/ 5 .
-r_ g]kfndf afn;xeflutfsf nflu rflnPsf sbdx? M
• afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ug{' eGbf klxn] cyf{t ;g !(*&
df g} ljBfnox?df :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;hu
/ ;lqmo agfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] lyof] . 7"nf afnaflnsfn]] ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{
ljleGg dgf]/~hgfTds ljlw ckgfP/ Jojxfl/s s'/f l;sfP/ :jf:Yo ;/;kmfO
Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ efO alxgL sfo{qmd -Child-to- Child) sf] yfngL u/]sf]
lyof] . oxL sfo{qmdnfO{ kl5 afnSnadf ?kfGtl/t u/L ;~rfng ug{ yflnof] .
oxL g} afn;xeflutfsf] sf]z] 9'Ëf ;flat x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
• dxf;lGw cfO;s]kl5 t afn;xeflutfsf af/]df s] ug{], s;/L ug{], lsg ug{] eg]/
;f]wvf]h a9g nfUof] . ljz]if u/L ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO k|lqmof / ljlwsf af/]df
tflnd tyf l;sfOsf] yfngL ul/of] . of] yfngLn] jo:sx?nfO{ dfq k|lzlIft u/fOFb}
cfPsf] lk=cf/=P=- ;xefuL d"ns n]vfhf]vf_ ljlw afnaflnsfdf klg Jofks ?kn]
pkof]u ug{ yflnof] . of] ljlw afnaflnsfdf klg Jojxfl/s x'g]/x]5 eg]/ kQf
nufO;s]kl5 tflndsf nflu ;fdu|L tyf k|lzIf0f lgb{]lzsfx?sf] tof/L / pkof]u
a9g yfNof] . o;sf ;fy} of] ljlwnfO{ afnaflnsf;Fu ;f]w vf]h ubf{, cWoog
cg';Gwfg ubf{ klg pkof]u ug{ nfluof] .
• ;g !((% kl5 afnaflnsfnfO{ g} ;+nUg u/fP/ afns]lGb|t cg';Gwfgsf] yfngL
ul/of] . o;af6 klg afn;xeflutfdf lgs} 7"nf] 6]jf ldn]sf] kfOG5 .
• g]kfndf /fHo:t/af6 afn;xeflutf;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog x'g'
csf{] 7"nf] pknlAw dflgG5 .

• afn;xeflutfnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu bIf dfgjLo >f]tsf] ljsf;df g]kfnn]
lgs} 7"nf] km6sf] df/]sf]5 .
• Affnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns pkl:yltdf /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog
x'g ;s]sf] 5 .
• @)&! Dff t afnaflnsfsf] k/fdz{ tyf g]t[Tjdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/]/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/ d"n ;ldltdf k7fpg' tyf afnaflnsfn] g}
o;df k|ltlglwTj u/L ;ldltsf] ax;df efu lng' g]kfnsf nflu 7"nf] pknlAw xf]
eg] afn;xeflutfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg of] k|lqmof Pp6f P]ltxfl;s
kf6f] ag]sf]5 .
• afnGofo k|0ffnLdf afn;xeflutfnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpgsf nflu &% lhNNffsf dfggLo
GofofwLzx? tyf Gofo ;]jfsf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/Lx?
tyf sfg'gljbx?nfO{ afnGofo;]jfdf afn;xeflutfsf ljifodf sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf]
;~rfng ePsf] 5 .
• ljleGg afnaflnsfsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmdx?Dff afns tyf aflnsfsf]
;xeflutf a9fpg yflngfn] klg of] cem Jofks x'gnfUof] .
• cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;+/rgfx?df afn;xeflutfsf] k|jw{g ug{ yflnof] .
• afn;xeflutfsf] If]qdf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;Lkljsf; ug{sf nflu
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx?sf] 5ftf ;+u7g …sG;f]l6{odÚsf]
:yfkgf ul/of] .
-5_ b]zdf afn;xeflutf ;d]t /x]sf ;+/rgfx?
• :yfgLo ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
• afnsNof0f ;ldlt
• :yfgLo :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
• ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;ldlt .
• Affnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g ;ldlt
• ufpF afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt
• j8f gful/s d~r
• gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|
• PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df ;ldlt
• cleefjs lzIfs ;+u7g
• ufpF tyf gu/ kl/ifb
• cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf cflb

-h_ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf ;+/rgfx?
• ljBfno, ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf Snax?
• uf=lj=;=, gu/ :t/sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L ;~hfn
• lhNnf:t/sf afn tyf lszf]/lszf]/L ;~hfn
• lszf]/L ;d"x tyf ;~hfnx?
• h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n
• afn :sfp6 cflb .
-em_ afn;xeflutfsf] k|jw{g tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu r'gf}tLx? M
!= afn;xeflutfsf cEof; tyf k|jw{g ug{sf nflu b]zdf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf
vf]lnPsf afnSna tyf ljleGg txdf :yfkgf ePsf ;~hfnx?df kbLo ;+/rgf
– -cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj_ n] ubf{ kb wf/0f ug{]n] g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{] cj;/ kfPtf
klg 7"nf] ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx? Affn;xeflutf tyf afnclwsf/sf] 5nkmndf efu
lng] cj;/ lgs} sd kfPsf5g .
@= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df afnSnasf] :yfkgf,
ug{] ;xhLs/0f ug{] ePtfklg 7"nf] ;d"xdf v'n]sf lghL ljBfnodf o;sf] yfngL,
cj;/sf] k|f]T;fxg k'u]sf] 5}g h;n] ubf{ w]/} afnaflnsf ;+/rgfut lx;fan] aflx/
k/]sf5g .
#= ce}m klg jo:sx?n] afn;xeflutfnfO{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] cleGg k|lqmof
xf] eGg] wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;s]sf 5}g, h;n] ubf{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fn] ubf{
afn;xeflutf km:6fpg ;do nfu]sf]5 .
$= afn;xeflutfsf] cy{, a'emfO{ cEof;df leGgtf x'gfn] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .
-`_ cfufdL lbgdf afn;xeflutfnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg rflng' kg{] sbd <
!_ afn;xeflutfnfO{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ xfn stf–stf
afn;xeflutf PsfÍL ?kdf dfq ax;df cfpg] u/]sf]5 .
@_ o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf Jojxfl/s agfpgsf nflu ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ lnP/
5nkmn / cEof; ug{'k5{ . h:t} M lzIfdf ;xeflutf, ;+/If0fdf afn;xeflutf,
uf=lj=;=sf of]hgf th{'dfdf afn;xeflutf cflb .
#_ afn;xeflutfsf] k|jw{g ug{sf nflu ;xeflud"ns ljlw ;+lxtfsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds

5nkmn / cEof; ug{ ;Sg] :yfgLo:t/df dfgj >f]tsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 .
$_ afn;xeflutfsf jf/]df af}l4s 5nkmnsf] cfjZostf k5{ / lkmN8sf] Jojxfl/s
1fg tyf af}l4s 1fgsf] ;ld>0f u/fPdf o;df cg';Gwfg ug{] af6f v'Ng]5g .
%_ jo:ssf] / pgLx?;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] ;+:yfdf sfd ug{] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfpg]
u/L k|dfl0ft ?kdf k|efj kfg{ P8ef]s];L ug{] .
^_ afn;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ g} cg'ej x'g] lqmofsnfkdf ;fwg
tyf >f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
&_ afnaflnsfnfO{ g} afn;xeflutfsf af/]df ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu ljlw ;fdu|L /
d'2fdf 5nkmn ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg tflnd ;~rfng ug{] .

s]xL sfd ug{ gofF ;f]r rflxG5 . u/] cflv/ ;kmn eOG5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljifodf
s]xL ug]{ ;f]rn] dnfO{ cfh Ps ;Ifd o'jfsf] ¿kdf pEofPsf] 5 . @)$* ;fn r}qsf]
s'/f xf], hlt a]nf d * jif{sf] lyPF . k|ultgu/–#, xfnsf] b]jr'n gu/kflnsf–!%,
gjnk/f;Lsf] hfu[lt 6f]nsf] Ps 3/sf] lk+9Ldf xfdL afnaflnsfn] hDdf eO{ gjk|eft
afnSna u7g u/]sf lyof}F . sf7df8f}Fdf ;f]xL jif{sf] r}q @$ ut]sf] lbg afddf]rf{n]
u/]sf] ;/sf/ lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf 3/df a;]sf & jif]{ afnssf] uf]nL nflu d[To' ePsf] /
y'k|} 3fOt] ePsf] 36gf ;'g]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ lsg uf]nL xflgof] ltgLx¿sf] s] bf]if lyof]
eGg] s'/faf6 ;'? ePsf] d]/f] afnSna / afn;xeflutf;Fusf] ofqf sl/a @$ jif{ k'Ug
nfu]sf] 5 . :yfgLo:t/df ;fdfGo ultljlw ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] gjk|eft afnSnaaf6
em'd|fsf] an agfP/ km'6an Dofr u/]sf] / h'jftf;, /S;Llj?4 @)$(–@)%) df u/]sf]
uf=lj=;=:t/Lo ¥ofnL dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 . ;do ;Fu;Fu} afnSnasf] gfd 6f]nsf] gfd;Fu
ldnfpg' k5{ eGg] nfu] kl5 @)%@ ;fndf pQm afnSnasf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L hfu[lt
afnSna g]kfn /fv]sf lyof}+ . h'g afnSnasf] lg/Gt/ cWoIf x'Fbf d}n] @)%@ ;Dd
cfOk'Ubf c¿sf] cufl8 k|i6 af]Ng;Sg] agfof] .
@)%) ;fndf pkrf/sf] lznlznfdf sf7df8f}F cfpFbf afkmndf l;ljgsf] sfof{nodf
k'u]F, kl/ro ;lxt ;fdfGo krf{ kf]i6/ lnP/ 3/ uPsf] lyPF ttkZrft d]/f] l;ljgsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu kmf]gdf s'/fsfgL x'g yfNof] . xfdL t ;d'bfodf afnSna vf]n]/ sfd}
ul/;s]sf lyofF} . l;ljgn] rnfPsf] ljBfno afnclwsf/ d~r :yfkgf u/L afnclwsf/
k|jw{g ug'{k5{ eGg] cleofgnfO{ xfdLn] klg ;fy lbof}+ . cleofgdf ;xof]u klg u¥of}F .
@)%# efb|df l;ljgn] hfu[lt afnSna;Fusf] ;xsfo{df @ lbg] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
k|lzIf0faf6 afnclwsf/sf] ljifodf xfdL ;lxt gjnk/f;Lsf] gjnk'/ If]qsf y'k|}
afnaflnsf nfeflGjt eof}F .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( cg';f/ lagf gful/stf afn;+:yf
btf{sf] sfg'gL dfGotf kfpg' k5{ eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L kfP kZrft l;ljg;Fusf]
;xsfo{ a9of] . xfdLn] :jtM:km"t{ vf]n]sf] afnSna ePklg sfg'gL dfGotfsf] lglDt
l;ljgsf] ;xof]udf sfg'gL n8fOF n8of}F . @)%$ sflt{sdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
gjnk/f;Ldf hfFbf afnSnasf] btf{sf] s'/f ;'g'jfO ePg . xfdL w]/} k6s kqx¿ af]s]/
u[x dGqfnodf k'Uof}F . ToxfFaf6 klg ;sf/fTds hjfkm gcfPkl5 lagf gful/stf
afn;+:yfsf] sfg'gL dfGotfsf] lglDt @)%% df3 $ ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 9f]sf
3r3Rofpg k'Uof}F . ToxfFb]lv @)%* ;fn ;fpg @% df d'2fsf] km};nf x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf]
;+:yfsf] sfg'gL dfGotfsf] kIfdf km};nf eof] / hfu[lt afnSna btf{ x'g] k|lqmof ;a}df
afnSnan] dnfO{ hfu?s o'jf agfPsf] 5
ltnf]Qd kf}8]n

l;ljgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u /xof] . k6s–k6s k]zL, ;jf]{Rrdf afnSna btf{sf] kIf /
ljkIfdf ePsf ax;x¿ ;Ddfg of]Uo 5g . afnSna btf{sf nflu af6f] b]vfpg] l;ljg
/ afn;xeflutf cfGbf]ngnfO{ phf{ lbg] OG;]s;lxt ljleGg ;+:yfx¿k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg
ub{5' . hfu[lt afnSnasf] :yfkgfb]lv xfn;Dd w]/}sf] ;xof]u / ;befj /x]sf] 5 . of]
afnSna lagf gful/stf afnaflnsfn] afn;+:yf btf{ ug{ kfpg' k5{ eg]/ cbfnt;Dd
k'u]/ cfjfh p7fpg] g]kfnsf] klxnf] afnSna xf] .
@)%* ;fn ;fpg @% sf] km};nf x'g' cufl8 g} d l;ljgdf :jod;]jssf] ¿kdf sfd
ug{ yfln;s]sf] lyPF . cfˆg} sfo{sfndf afn;+:yf btf{ ug]{ d]/f] /x/ eg] k"/f x'g
;s]g . afnSna @)$* b]lv @)%* ;Dd d]/f] !) jif]{ afnSna btf{ cleofgsf] ofqfn]
dnfO{ Pp6f g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg] o'jf agfof] . gjnk/f;Lsf] k|ultgu/df :yflkt Pp6f
afnSnasf] ljleGg lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf aLrdf @)%( ;fn h]7df hfu[lt afnSna
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng lrtjgdf u/]/ d}n] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f u/]F . To;kl5 k|To]s @
jif{df afnSnasf] clwj]zg x'g] / g]t[Tj kl/jt{g ug]{ k|rngn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 .
afnSnasf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm x'gf;fy gjnk/f;Lsf ;fyLx¿n] ca xfdL sxfF hfg] <
s] ug]{ < eGg yfNg' eof] . ;g @))! df afnSnadf sfd u/]sf ;fyL / z'e]R5's
ldn]/ æhfu[lt afn tyf o'jf ;/f]sf/ g]kfnÆ gfds ;+:yf vf]Nof}F . pQm ;+:yf lg/Gt/
¿kdf b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf–!%, k|ultgu/ gjnk/f;L / sf7df8f}Fdf s]Gb|Lo ;Dks{
sfof{no /fv]/ clxn] klg afnd}qL g=kf= / uf=lj=;= agfpg], o'jf / afnSnasf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf z}lIfs ;xof]u sfo{qmdx¿ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
d o; ;+:yfdf @)!) b]lv xfn;Dd cWoIfsf] ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . l;ljgaf6
@)%( b]lv @)^% ;Dd åGåsf] ;dodf d}n] /f]Nkf, ;Nofg / hfh/sf]6df /x]/ ;z:q
åGådf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] lglDt lhNnf sfo{qmd ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ df}sf
kfPF . c;xh kl/l:yltnfO{ ;xh agfO{ sfd ug]{ tTsfnLg r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ /
åGå/t kIf;Fu g glhs g 6f9fsf] ;DaGw /fvL sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf dnfO{ afnSnan]
l;sfPsf] lyof] eg] To;nfO{ k|jw{g ug{ l;ljgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . @)^%
af6 d}n] l;ljg 5f]8]/ cfˆg} pd]/ ;d"xsf ;fyLx¿n] vf]n]sf] gjnk/f;Lsf] ;+:yfdf
kms]{ / ;f]xL ;+:yfaf6 ;g @)!) – @)!@ df g]kfn o'jf ;+:yf ;~hfn -cfof]g_ sf]
;b:o eP/ sfd u/] / ;g @)!@–@)!$sf nflu dxf;lrjsf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf] 5' .
afnSnadf 5Fbf l;s]sf] ;Lk / Ifdtfaf6 vfl/P/ g} d Pp6f afnSnab]lv g]kfnsf]
%# j6f lhNnfdf /x]sf] (@ j6f o'jf ;+:yfsf] 5ftf ;+:yf cfof]gsf] g]t[TjbfoL txdf
k'Ug ;kmn ePsf] 5' . cfof]g ;g @))% b]lv /fli6«o o'jf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu /fli6«o:t/df k}/aL ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] o'jf 5ftf ;+:yf xf] . cfof]gsf]
g]t[Tj txdf a;]/ sfd ubf{ d}n] yk lqmofzLn x'g / cfTdano'Qm o'jfsf] ¿kdf cl3
a9g] df}sf kfPF .
afnSnadf d gnfu]sf] eP d ;fob :jf:ysdL{ jf s'g} /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] g]tf x'Gy]

xf]nf . t/ d cfh afnSnaaf6 JolQmTj ljsf; ub}{ o'jf ;~hfn x'Fb} o'gfO6]8 g]6js{
ckm of]Ë lk; laN8/, ;fpy Pl;ofsf] :6]l/ª l6dsf] ;b:osf] lhDd]jf/Ldf 5' . o;sf]
;fy} k|To]s jif{ cfof]hgf x'g] Unf]an o'y lk; km]l;6ansf] af]8{ ;b:osf] ¿kdf sfd
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . afnclwsf/ / afn;xeflutfsf] cfGbf]ngdf k|ultgu/sf] hfu[lt
6f]nb]lv ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'Fb} /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k'u]sf] 5' . afnaflnsf
/ o'jfsf] lglDt sfo{ u/]sf] eGb} g]kfnsf ljleGg !) j6f ;+:yf / yfONof08 /
aËnfb]zsf !÷! j6f u/L !) j6f ;+:yfaf6 ;Ddfgkq kfPsf] 5' . yfONof08, dn]l;of,
OG8f]g]l;of, l;Ëfk'/, aËnfb]z, ef/t, kfls:tfg nufotsf b]zdf ePsf afnaflnsf, o'jf
/ jftfj/0f;DaGwL #% j6feGbf a9L cGt/f{li6«o ;ef ;Dd]ng / /fli6«o:t/sf y'k|}
sfo{qmdx¿df ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg] cj;/ kfPsf] 5' . åGå/t If]qdf sfo{ ubf{sf
d]/f] cg'ejx¿ Pj+ afnaflnsf / o'jfsf] cj:yfsf af/]df g]kfnsf kqklqsfx¿df !))
eGbf a9L n]vx¿ k|sfzg eO;s]sf 5g .
afnclwsf/, afn;xeflutf, afnSna Joj:yfkg, dfgjclwsf/, afnd}qL ljBfno,
g]t[Tj ljsf; / afnklqsfnufotsf] ljifodf lgw{Ss;fy ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5' .
To:t} b]zsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿, k|wfgdGqL, k"j{ k|wfgdGqLx¿sf] cfltYotfdf x'g] ljz]if
sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ug{] cj;/ kfPsf] 5' . o;}u/L :yfgLo / /fli6«o:t/sf 6]lnlehg,
Pkm=Pd= dfkm{t afnaflnsf / o'jfsf] lglDt ljrf/ k|jfx ug{] cj;/ kfPsf] 5' . ;fy}, d
æl/n]s g]kfnÆsf] /fli6«o ;ldltsf] ;Nnfxsf/, cGt/f{li6«o o'jf ;dGjo s]Gb|sf] ;lrj,
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f d~r -;~hfn_sf] ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf
sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . g]kfnsf ^) lhNnfdf k'uL afnaflnsf / o'jfx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ax;
k}/aLsf] lglDt ;xefuL ePsf] 5' . oL ;a}sf k5fl8 3/ kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, l;ljg, OG;]s
;lxt afnSnasf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . d pxfFx¿k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ub{5' .
dnfO{ v';L nfU5 cfh g]kfndf @)))) eGbf a9L afnSnasf] ;+Vof 5 . ltgLx¿sf]
!) nfv eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ 5g . 3/, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L ;fdflhs ljs[lt, lj;+ult h:t} afnljjfx,
ax'ljjfx, a]rlavg, afn>d zf]if0f, of}gzf]if0fsf] Go"gLs/0fdf afnSnasf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . afn;xeflutf ljz]if u/L uf=lj=;= / ljBfnodf a9g' / afnaflnsf
leq n's]sf] k|ltef / l;h{gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ;Sg' cfkm}Fdf pknlAw xf] . lxhf]
afnSnadf ;DnUg ePsf JolQmx¿ cfh vfl/Psf dfq x}g ljleGg If]qdf g]t[Tj
txdf k'uL /fi6«sf] ;Ddflgt gful/s ePsf 5g . afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ y'k|}
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;~hfnx¿ 5g .
afnSna cleofgdf hlt pknlAw ePsf 5g Tolt s} ¿kdf r'gf}tLx¿ klg /x]sf
5g . s]xL ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf afnSnanfO{ dfq a9L Wofg
lbg] / :jtM:km"t{ :yflkt afnSnanfO{ sd dxTj lbg] u/]sf kfOG5g . To:t}, afnSna
vf]Ng' / ;+VofTds ¿kn] w]/} b]vfpFbf s]xL ;do /dfOnf] / pT;fx xf]nf t/ To;nfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbg / g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] Tof] k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{
afnSnanfO{ ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ tkm{ ;a}n] hf]8 lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
dnfO{ uf}/j nfUb5 ls xfdLn] n8]sf] d'2f / km};nf cfh afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf nfu]sf
JolQmx¿nfO{ glh/ / cWoog ;fdu|L ePsf] 5 . sfg'g zf:qsf] :gfts txsf]
kf7oqmddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] d'2fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, kl/of]hgf k"/f
ug{sf] lglDt afnSna agfpg] sfo{nfO{ / ;+VofTds ¿kdf j[l4 ug'{ eGbf u'0ffTds
lt/ Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . afnSnadf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff :jf:Yo, cfr/0f
/ Jojxf/sf] ljifodf :yfgLo:t/b]lv /fli6«o:t/;Dd afn;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{
afnSna / afn;xeflutf;DaGwL :ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f x'g h?/L 5 .

;xeflutf s'g} Ps JolQm jf pgsf] ;d'bfonfO{
c;/ jf k|efj kfg]{ ljifodf ul/g] ;fd"lxs jf
afFl8r'F8L ul/g] lg0f{osf Pp6f k|lqmof xf] . of]
nf]stGqsf] hu a;fpg] Pp6f ;fWo xf] eg]
nf]stGqsf] dfkg ug]{ dfkb08 klg . ;xeflutf
x/]s gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] .
/f]h/ x6{ -!((@_
The process of sharing decisions which affect
one’s life and the life of the community in
which one lives. It is the means by which
a democracy is built and it is a standard
against which democracies should be
measured. Participation is the fundamental
right of citizenship.
nSsf hjfg afn;xeflutf
;Ghf]u 7s'/L
cfh afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw em}+F @% jif{ k'u]sf] 5 .
@% jif{ ;Ddsf] ofqf cfkm}Fdf /f]df~rs x'G5 eg] dfgj hLjgsf] @% jif{ zlQm, ;f]r,
sfo{sf lx;fan] ;an pd]/ ;d"x g} dflgG5 cyf{t xfd|f] ;xeflutfsf] d'2f cfh ToxLg]/
cfOk'u]sf] 5 . Psflt/ pm kl/kSj b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ cem} s]xL kl/jt{g cfjZos
/x]sf] klg dx;'; x'G5 . ;dfhzf:qn] eg]em}+F ;dfh kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 / of] ;w}+
;/naf6 hl6ntftkm{ pGd'v x'G5 . cyf{t hlt w]/} ljsf;, hlt w]/} pknlAw jf hlt
k'/fgf] plt hl6n Û lxhf] ;xeflutfsf] s'/f ;xh lyof] lsgsL o;af/]df xfdL ;a}df
cNk1fg lyof] / ToxL 1fgsf] 8f]/f]n] hlt a'lemof] plt a'lemP/, a'emfP/ / Jojxf/df
ptf/]/ lx+l8of] t/ clxn] kl/l:ylt / kl/j]z km/s ePsf] 5 . ;xeflutfsf ljifodf
rrf{, ljjfb, 5nkmn, gjLg ;f]r / o;sf cfofdx¿ ablnFbf] cj:yfdf 5g / qmdzM
of] hl6ntftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb}5 .
afn;xeflutf s] xf] eGg]
ljifodf xfdL;Fu ljleGg ljrf/
/ dt–dtfGt/x¿ /x]sf 5g .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n]
afn;xeflutfsf] xssf] Uof/]G6L
u/]sf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n]
afn;xeflutfsf] s'g} vf;
kl/efiff tof/ ul/;s]sf] 5}g .
h;n] h] eg] klg jf geg] klg
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f
!@ / cGo wf/fx¿ ljz]iftM
wf/f !@ b]lv !& ;Ddsf
wf/fx¿nfO{ x]bf{ o;n] tLg
s'/fx¿sf] dfu ub{5 . klxnf]
afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj
kfg]{ s'g} klg ljifodf 5nkmn
ul/Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ ljrf/ JoQm
ug]{ cj;/ lbg], bf];|f] lbPsf
ljrf/ ;Ddfgk"j{s ;'lglbg] / t];|f] lg0f{o lnFbf tL ljrf/x¿nfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/
pgLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmndf lg0f{o lng] . o; cy{df afn;xeflutfsf] cEof; uxg /
dxTjk"0f{ b'j} g} 5 lsgeg] ;xeflutfsf] cEof;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ eljiodf c;n

gful/s aGgsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 (Fletcher, 2005, p. 9) eg] c;n gful/sn] g}
;d'bfo / d'n'snfO{ ljsf;sf] af6f]df 8f]xf]¥ofpg] ub{5 .1
;]e b lrN8«]g -;g @))^_
n] afn;xeflutfnfO{ æafns / aflnsfnfO{ To:tf lg0f{o jf lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL
u/fpg] h;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjg, kl/jf/sf] hLjg, ;d'bfo / cem a[xQ ¿kdf pgLx¿
a:g] ;dfhdf c;/ ub{5Æ egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 .2
ljsf;] sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t sfo{ut l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf ;xeflutfn] ljZjdf
vf;u/L !(&) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ Jofkstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g !(() eGbf
cl3;Dd o;nfO{ jo:s s]lGb|t Pp6f l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf cEof; ul/of] / ;d'bfosf]
;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xeflutfTds u|fdL0f n]vfhf]vf (Participatory Rural Appraisal)
;Fu ;DalGwt ljlwx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ul/of] . ;g !(*( df ha ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6
afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t eof] ttkZrft dfq afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ klg dfGotf lbg yflnof] .3
g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] cEof;sf] Oltxf; TolQ k'/fgf] 5}g, x'g t xfd|f]
afnclwsf/sf] Oltxf; klg cfh @% jif{df k'u]sf] dfq 5, en} s]xL ;d"x, ;+:yfx¿n]
To;eGbf cl3af6} klg afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df cfjfh p7fPsf lsg gx'g .
t/ oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf afnclwsf/ / afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] If]qdf xfdLn] 7"nf]
km8sf] df/]sf 5f}+ . lxhf] afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ ;'Gg', pgLx¿sf ljrf/ / cleJolQmnfO{
dfGg' / afnaflnsfn] klg ;dfh kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt x'g' eg]sf]
jo:ssf nflu 7"nf] s'/f] lyof] eg] cfh afn;xeflutfnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g
cfPsf] 5 . afn;xeflutf / o;sf] dxTjnfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g . ljutdf
afnSna :yfkgf ug{ xDd]xDd] x'GYof] eg] cfh Tof] afnSna ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/,
lhNnf, ljsf;If]q x'Fb} /fli6«o:t/sf] ;~hfn;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . d lxhf] afnSnadf
x'Fbfsf] t'ngfdf cfh afnSnadf x'g] efOalxgLn] kfPsf d~rx¿ lgtfGt a]Un} / ljlzi6
5g, l;sfOsf] tl/sf / kx'Frsf] bfo/f yk km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 . o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f] / d]/f]
afn;xeflutfsf] If]qdf !* jif]{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df oxfF d}n] g]kfnsf] afn;xeflutfsf]
cleofgsf] If]qdf /x]sf s]xL sdhf]/ kIfx¿nfO{ afnSna cleofgsf] cfwf/df yk
phfu/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
!= c:ki6tfdf h]lnPsf] afn;xeflutf
afnd}qL uflj; 3f]if0ff ePsf] gjnk/f;Lsf] Pp6f uflj;sf] Pshgf alxgL;Fu 5nkmn
ug]{ d];f] ldNof] . ltgn] % ldg]6sf] 5nkmndf !) k6seGbf a9L cy{k"0f{ afn;xeflutf
1 Participatory School Governance: Children in Decision Making in the Public School of Nepal, Hari
Dhakal
2 ibid
3 Understanding & Evaluating Children's Participation, A review of contemporary Literature, Lisanne
Ackermann et.al., Plan UK, 2003

dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] atfOg . d}n] k|Zg t];f{PF, …s] xf] cy{k"0f{ afn;xeflutf eg]sf] <Ú ltgn]
k'gM dnfO{ k|Zgjfrs cg'xf/n] x]l/g clg xfF;L dfq} /flvg . s]xL ;dokl5 af]nL km'6of],
…;a}hgfn] o;} eG5g d klg eGb} lxF8]sf] 5' .Ú of] ljsf;] sfdsf] unt cEof;sf] k|v/
gd'gf xf] . xfdL sxfF zAbx¿sf] v]tL olt ;fx|f] x'G5 ls xfdL To;nfO{ a'emg] k|of;
g} gu/L To;nfO{ lasfpg ;'? u5f}{ / yf]kf5f}{ ;d'bfodfly, afnaflnsfdfly . em08} @
jif{ cl3 rlGb|sf bfO -rlGb|sf vltj8f_ n] vfg]kfgLsf] ljifodf s;/L afn;xeflutf
x'g;S5 eGg] cfˆgf] k':ts ydfpFbf d}n] eg]sf] lyPF, …nf} bfO o;sf] ljt/0f lj:t[t
ug'{k5{ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ afnSnaaf6 dfly p7]/ afn;xeflutfsf] af/]df ;f]RgnfO{ d2t
ug]{5Ú eg]/ . xf] xfdLn] gx]l/Psf, g;f]lrPsf t/ eGg'kg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn, ljjfb,
;dfnf]rgf / cfTdcfnf]rgf ug{ h?/L 5 t/ Tof]eGbf klxn] s'g} klg ljifodflysf]
k|i6tf k|d'v x'G5 .
@= afnSna ls afn;xeflutf
;]e / lrN8«]gsf] ;xof]udf cfof]lht ltgsf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfnfO{ tflnd lbg] qmddf
;+of]hs h:tf] lhDd]jf/ kbsf] dflg;n] dnfO{ JofVof u/] …afn;xeflutf eg]sf]
afnSna xf]Ú eg]/ . d jfNn k/]F . () sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] afnSnasf] cleofgdf
xfdLn] olt w]/} nufgL u/]5f}+ ls afn;xeflutfsf cGo cfwf/x¿nfO{ t e';'Ss} la;]{5f}+ .
of] aLrdf ;g @))) df :yflkt afnSna;Fu sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;femf ;~hfn
gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] sG;f]l6{odn] ;g @))* df cfkm"nfO{ afn;xeflutfdf sfo{/t
;+:yfx¿sf] ;femf ;~hfn agfP/ afn;xeflutf a[xQ/ ePsf] k'li6 eg] u/]sf] 5 .4
t/ cem}+ klg afn;xeflutfsf] a[xt bfo/fdf c:ki6 5 gful/s ;dfh . Psflt/
afn;xeflutfk|ltsf] c:ki6tf csf]{lt/ afnSna g} afn;xeflutfsf] ;Dk"0f{tf xf] eGg]
ck"0f{ a'emfO clxn]sf] afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ca ;/sf/nufot bft[
lgsfo, ;~hfn tyf /fli6«o cleofg xfFSg]x¿n] afn;xeflutfsf] lj:t[t cWoog /
o;sf] af/]df ;xL ljZn]if0f ul/g' cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .
#= afnSna aflx/sf afnaflnsf
afnSnadf ePsf afnaflnsf / ;b:o g/x]sf afnaflnsfsf] JolQmTjsf] af/]df ul/Psf]
Pp6f cWoogn] afnSnasf ;b:o /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] JolQmTj yk ljlzi6 /x]sf] s'/f
b]vfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ JolQmut dfq geO{ ;d"x sfo{ / ;d'bfosf] sfo{df cu|;/ /xg]
ub{5g .5
g]kfndf @@,$%& ;ªVofdf afnaflnsfsf ;d"x, Sna, afnclwsf/ d~rx¿
lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g, h;df sl/a $ nfv #! xhf/ ( ;o ^) afnaflnsf cfa4
4 www.consortium.org.np
5 Comparative study about personality development of child club members and non members, A thesis
submitted to Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus, TU, Master in Sociology,
2013, Sushila KC

/x]sf] kfOG5 .6
t/ g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] $$=$*
k|ltzt afnaflnsf -!* jif{ d'lgsf_ 5g .7
ca afFsL afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf]
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu klg xfdLn] ;f]Rg' kb{5 lsgsL 7"nf] ;+Vofdf afnaflnsf
afnSnaeGbf aflx/ 5g h;sf] cfjfh g :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;d]l6G5
g t :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o:t/df x'g] 5nkmnx¿df g} . km]l/ afnaflnsfsf] afnSnadf
;+nUg x'g grfxg] klg t clwsf/} t xf] . TolQ dfq} x}g pgLx¿sf] 3/sf] ;xeflutf,
afnu[xdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf, k9fOsf] qmddf ;xeflutf, Goflos tyf
k|zf;lgs k|lqmofdf afn;xeflutf h:tf ljifox¿df klg 5nkmn ;'? ul/g' h?/L 5 .
$= g]kfnsf] klxnf] afnSna
;+;f/ k|lt:kwf{Tds 5 . 8flj{gsf] pbljsf;sf] l;4fGtn] klg hf] hLj afFRg] ;+3if{df
ptL0f{ x'G5 p;}n] g} cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] arfp ub{5 eg]sf 5g eg] ;DejtM k"FhLjfbL
;dfhsf] Psfsf/n] ubf{ k|ltikwf{ ;a} 7fpFdf xfjL b]lvG5 . o;} k|ltikwf{ aLr
afnSnasf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f k|Zg t]l;{G5 . g]kfnsf] klxnf] afnSna s'g xf] < clg hf]
h;;Fu glhs 5 p;}n] ltgsf] ;dy{gdf af]lnlbG5g . ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] ;f]Wg'kg]{
k|Zg eg]sf] afnSna s] nfO{ eGg], s:tf] afnSnanfO{ klxnf] eGg] eg]/ g} xf] .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] vf]n]sf, ljsf;] df]8nsf] afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xsf] u7g eGbf cl3
xfdL;Fu /]8qm;, :sfp6 lyP . tL klg cfˆg} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfsf ;d"xsf :j¿kx¿
6 g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt, @)&@, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt
7 ibid
lsg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg ul/g' cfjZos 5 <
• afns / aflnsfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] pgLx¿nfO{ hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ ljifox¿ h:t}+
gLlt, sfg'g, ah]6 ljlgof]hg, ;]jf cflbsf] af/]df ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 h;n] pgsf]
clwsf/ kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .
• ;xeflutfaf6 afnaflnsf ;zQm x'G5g / To:t} afnaflnsf g} cfˆgf clwsf/sf
af/]df hfgsf/ / clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L jsfnt ug{ ;Sg] JolQmdf kl/0ft x'G5g .
• afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL eP/ 1fg, ;Lk, ;Ifdtf / cfTdljZjf; k|fKt ub{5g .
• ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/lIft / ;'/lIft klg agfpF5 . r'krfk a:g] tyf
lgl:qmo ¿kdf /xg] afnaflnsfdfly jo:sx¿n] ;xh} b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ ;Sb5g .
• ;xeflutfn] gful/s ;+nUgtf / ;lqmo gful/ssf] k|jw{g klg ub{5 h;n] pgLx¿nfO{
zflGtk"0f{ ;d'bfok|lt bfloTj lgefpg] cj;/ / ;Lk k|bfg ub{5 .
• ;xeflutfn] hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg'sf ;fy} ;'zf;gsf] k|jw{g klg ub{5 . t;y{
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn] /fHonfO{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
Source - What next? Ways forward for children’s and young people’s participation,
research study, 2014, World Vision International

g} x'g . To:t} hftLo lx;fan] ljleGg hfghfltx¿;Fu klg afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xsf]
:yfkgf ug]{ k|rng b]V5f}+ h;df g]jf/ ;d'bfodf ePsf] drfM k'rM Ps xf] . olb oL
;a} afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xsf] kl/efiff xfd|f] afnSnasf] kl/efiffdf c6fpF5 eg] g]kfnsf]
klxnf] afnSnasf] yk vf]hL / cg';Gwfg ;dfhsf] cWoogsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x'g'kb{5
clg dfq NGO model jf development model sf] klxnf] afnSnadf jfbljjfb ug'{
7Ls 7xnf{ .
ca cfpg'xf]; g]kfndf klxnf] afnSna eGg] ljz]iftM oL tLg ;+:yfx¿sf] af/]df klg
rrf{ u/f}+ . klxnf] ha xft]dfnf] ;~rf/n] ;g !(*# lt/ ;~rfng u/]sf] xft]dfnf] afn
sfo{qmd /]l8of]df aHg] ub{Yof] ta s]xL afnaflnsfn] ;d"x agfP/ xft]dfnf] afn>f]tf
Sna u7g u/]sf] s'/f xft]dfnf] ;~rf/sf ;+:yfks g'k"/ e§frfo{n] atfpg' ePsf]
5 . t/ To;sf] s'g} clen]v gePsf] klg pxfFsf] lhls/ 5 .8
ca ptf ;g !((@
df afnaflnsfsf] tkm{af6 afnclwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg agfpg] qmddf u7g ePsf] afn r]tgf ;d"xn] klg cfkm" klxnf] afnSna ePsf]
eGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . afnr]tgfsf] ts{ sxfFlg/ klg alnof] 5 eg] of] afnaflnsfsf]
;d"x lj=;+= @)%@ df3 @% ut] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, sf7df08f}df btf{ ePsf] lyof]
/ h;sf ;of}+ zfvfsf ;b:ox¿ cem} klg NGO If]qdf e]l6G5g .9
To;}u/L hfu[lt
afnSnan] ;jf]{Rrdf afnaflnsfn] klg ;+:yf u7g ug{ kfpg' kg]{ dfu ;lxt l/6
xfn]sf] lyof] h;nfO{ @)%* ;fn >fj0f @% df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] afnaflnsfn] klg
;+u7g vf]Ng kfpg'kg]{ eg]/ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] eg] @)^# efb| @# df lhNnf k|Zff;g
sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf hfu[lt afnSna btf{ ePsf] lyof] h;n] cfkm" @)$( ;fndf btf{
ePsf] atfpFb} klxnf] afnSna egL c8fg /fVb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .10
oL o:tf ljifox¿df
g s'g} uxg vf]h tyf cWoog ul/Psf] 5 g 5nkmn g} . kmntM h'g cWoogstf{ h'g
;+:yfsf] glhs k'U5 p;n] p;}sf] ts{nfO{ k"0f{ dfg]/ eGg] u/]sf] 5 .
%= afnSnan] sf];Fu s] l;Sg]
cfheGbf @ jif{cl3 xfdL afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿ ldnL o'jfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of}+ /
To;sf] :yfkgf;Fu hf]l8Psf] Pp6f sf/0f eg] afnSnasf] Pshgf efOsf] k|Zg lyof] .
d afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g cGtu{tsf] zf;g / nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] ;q ;xhLs/0f ub}{
lyPF TolQs}df tL efOn] d tkm{ k|Zg t];f{P, æxfdLnfO{ ;3fpg] NGO sf] bfO r}+ !)
jif{b]lv Tof] ;+:yfsf] cWoIf x'g kfpg] t/ xfdLn] r}+ lsg @ jif{d} kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ <
s] d !) jif{sf] x'Fbf afnSnasf] cWoIf ePF eg] !* jif{ gsf6'Gh]n;Dd lsg cWoIf x'g
kfpFlbg <Æ ;fFRr} d}n] lªRr k/]/ xfF:g] l;jfo s]xL ug{ ;lsg . t/ xfdL jo:sn] u/]sf
8 afnSnadf afn;xeflutfsf] cj:yf, sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ul/Psf] cWoog
k|ltj]bg, ;g @)!), xft]dfnf] ;~rf/, ;Ghf]u 7s'/L / cGo
9 tTsflng ;b:o czf]s l;jfsf]6L;Fusf] cGt/jftf{Dff cfwfl/t
10 https://jcycnepal.wordpress.com/about-2/jagriti-child-club/

Jojxf/x¿k|ltsf] Tof] a8f rf]l6nf]
k|Zg lyof] . elgG5 gL, at the end
of the day People follow your
actions not your words cyf{t
cGttM dflg; tkfO{Fsf] Jojxf/ /
sfo{sf] kbrfknfO{ k5ofpFb5 g
ls tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/nfO{ . Psflt/
afnaflnsf sf]dn / lgbf]{if x'G5g
klg eGg] clg logLx¿n] unt
sfd u/] eg]/ cf/f]k dfq nufpg]
< logLx¿n] s;/L l;s], s] l;s],
s] b]v] eGg] s'/fsf] cfTdfcfnf]rgf
/ ts{k"0f{ ;xL ljZn]if0f v} t <
^= afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿sf]
;~hfnM cfjZostf ls kl/of]hgf
g]kfndf afn;xeflutfsf
s]xL ljsf;x¿ ;+3if{ / ;dosf]
qmddf ePsf 5g eg] s]xL r}+
kl/of]hgfaf6 cl3 a9b} cleofgdf
kl/0ft ePsf 5g . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu afnSnasf] ;~hfnsf]
cjwf/0ff jo:ssf] ;f]raf6
cfPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] h'g clxn]
cleofgsf] ¿kdf cfO;s]sf] 5 /
h;nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿n] klg cËLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g . To:t}+df xfn rrf{ x'g] ljifo
eg]sf] afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;~hfnsf] klg xf] . afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿sf]
;~hfn aGg' h?/L 5 jf 5}g, pgLx¿sf] ;~hfn ePsf] v08df afn;xeflutfsf] of]
cleofgnfO{ slQsf] ;fy{s t'Nofpg d2t ug]{5 < oL 5nkmnsf ljifo x'g . oxfFlg/
d]/f] ts{ klg log} k|Zgx¿sf] vf]hLdf 5 . afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;~hfn lsg
< olb o;n] afn;xeflutfsf] k|jw{g g} ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL;Fu /fli6«o:t/sf] ;~hfn
sG;f]l6{od 5, /fli6«o afnSna ;~hfn /x]sf] 5 . ca logn] o'jfsf] nflu sfd ug]{
xf] eg] xfd|f] b]zdf em08} ;ftj6f o'jf ;+:yfsf ;~hfnx¿ /x]sf 5g . of] eGbf km/s
sfd ug{nfO{ afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:o lsg ;~hfndf afFlwg' k5{ / < t;y{ d]/f] nflu
oL ;a} kl/of]hgf;Fusf] ;Gt'ngdf cfpg] ljifox¿ dfq x'g . a? Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f
eg]sf] rflxF afnSnaaf6 x's]{sf o'jfx¿nfO{ ;+:yf, ;~hfndf 7fpF lbg], pgLx¿nfO{
;dofg';f/ ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg], o'jfx¿sf] sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfkm" / ;+:yf ;]t' ag]/ v8f
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf afnaflnsfsf]
ljrf/sf] ;'g'jfO ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/f M
• afns tyf aflnsfsf] cfjZostf /
cj:yfaf/] yfx kfpg pgLx¿;Fu k|ToIf
s'/f u/L pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ / s'/faf6
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{
• afnaflnsfsf] efjgf / rfxgf kQf nufpg'
kg]{
• afnaflnsfnfO{ s] eO/x]5 / eljiodf
lng'kg]{ ;Defljt sbdx¿sf] af/]df
OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy ;xL hfgsf/L lbg]
• pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jf / ;xof]usf] af/]df ;Nnfx
;'emfj lbgsf nflu cj;/ lbg] jf k|f]T;flxt
ug]{
• pgLx¿n] cfˆgf ljrf/, efjgf JoQm ug{
;s"g / lg0f{onfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;s"g eGgsf
vflt/ afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut ;'emfj lbg]
/ ;xof]udf kx'Fr ePsf] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt
ug]{
Source: The voice of the child in the child
protection system; Ivana La Valle, Lisa Payne and
Helena Jelicic, NCB Research Centre, UK

x'g'kb{5 . To;sf nflu dfly pNn]lvt ;+:yf tyf ;~hfnx¿n] Pscfk;df ;dGjo
ug{ ;Sb5g .
&= afnSna ls kl/of]hgf M
cfhsn Psflt/ afnSnadf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] rf;f] al9/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ hf]
dflg; jf ;+:yf o;sf] k|rf/k|;f/df nfu]sf 5g pgLx¿ sltsf] o; ljifok|lt
;+j]bgzLn 5g eGg] rflxF rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . afnSnanfO{ kl/of]hgfsf gfddf
dfq afnSna eg]/ x]l/g' cfkm}+df pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ / afnfkg dflysf] pkxf; xf]
h:tf] nfUb5 h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ kmut k|of]u dfq ub{5 .
*= afnSna s;sf] <
xfdLn] afnSnanfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] 6ofu lbPsf
5f}+ . afnSna lsg ;d'bfosf], uflj;, gu/kflnsf jf ljBfnosf] x'g ;s]g < wGg
afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff kZrft w]/} xb;Dd afnSna :yfgLo lgsfosf]
x'g yfn]sf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ yk Jofks agfpg cem} h?/L 5 . casf lbgdf afnSna
;+:yfsf] jf bftfsf] geP/ ;/sf/sf], :yfgLo lgsfosf], ljBfnosf], ;d'bfosf] aGg' /
agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
afn;xeflutfsf] kl/efiff / cEof; lxhf]sf] h:tf] ;+s'lrt 5}g t/ ToxL a[xQ/
bfo/fn] o;nfO{ yk hl6n eg] cjZo agfPsf] 5 . tyflk xfdL gful/s ;dfhsf]
tkm{af6 afn;xeflutf h'g afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt klg /x]sf]
5 To;nfO{ afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf cGo l;4fGt, wf/f / clwsf/x¿;Fusf] ;DaGw;Fu
hf]l8P/ x]g{ cfjZos 5 . afnSna leq} klg afn;xeflutfsf] cEof;nfO{ ;'Id
cWoog ul/g', afn;xeflutfsf] If]qdf g]kfndf sfo{/t /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfo, bft[ lgsfo,
cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf JolQmx¿sf] Ifdtfdf ljsf; ul/g', o;nfO{
5nkmnsf] ljifo agfO{ lg/Gt/ ljleGg d~rdf 5nkmn ul/g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
csf]{lt/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / afnaflnsf b'j}df nufgL klg h?/L 5 cGoyf k'gM xfdLn]
rfx]h:tf] k|ltkmn cfpFb}g .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
• A Comparative study about personality development of child club
members and non members, A thesis submitted to Department of
Sociology/Anthropology, Patan Multiple Campus, TU, Master in Sociology,
2013, Sushila KC

• A Handbook of Children and young People’s Participation, perspective from
theory and practice, Barry Percy-Smithand Nigel Thomas, 2010
• Building resilience in young people through meaningful participation ; Kylie
G. Oliver, Philippa Collin, Jane Burnsand Jonathan Nicholas, 2006
• Child Clubs Movement in Nepal, Save the Children Norway, 2008
• Children’s participation, from tokenism to citizenship, Roger Hart, UNICEF,
1992
• General Comment on Article 12, Committee on the rights of the Child, 2009
• How Children and Young People Influence Policy-Makers: Lessons from
Nicaragua, Harry Shier and Marisol Herna´ndez Me´ndez, 2012
• https://jcycnepal.wordpress.com/about-2/jagriti-child-club/
• Implementation Handbook on UNCRC, Committee on the rights on the
Child
• Mirrors of Ourselves, Save the Children Alliance and Children’s Environment
Research Centre, 1999
• Participatory School Governance: Children in Decision Making in the Public
School of Nepal, Hari Dhakal
• Pathways to participation, Harry shier, 2001
• Practice Standards in children’s Participation, Save the Children, 2005
• Promoting Children’s Participation in Democratic Decision Making, Gerison
Lansdown, 2002, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Italy, 2001
• The State of World Children 2003; child participation, UNICEF HQ, 2003
• Towards a Theory of Children’s Participation, Nigel Thomas, 2007
• Understanding & Evaluating Children’s Participation, A review of
contemporary Literature, Lisanne Ackermann et.al., Plan UK, 2003
• Using Participatory Methods to Further the Democratic Goals of Children’s
Organizations, Roger A. Hart, Jasmine Rajbhandary
• www.consortium.org.np
• g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt, @)&!, s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt
• g]kfnsf afnSnax¿sf] Ps k|hftflGqs k|of]u, /f]h/ xf6{, Hofl:dg /fhe08f/L, rlGb|sf
vltj8f, ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{ / o"=s]=, !(((

• afnSnadf afn;xeflutf M sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ul/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bg, ;Ghf]u 7s'/L,
cfTdf/fd Gof}kfg], lgl/hgf e§, lbjfs/ Kofs'/]n, @)!), xft]dfnf] ;~rf/
• afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿, @)^!, s]Gb|Lo afn
sNof0f ;ldlt, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
• afn;xeflutf lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, s]GbLo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
• afn;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, ;f}/els/0f >]i7, @)^!, xft]dfnf] ;~rf/, s'k08f]n, nlntk'/
• afn;xeflutf k|jw{gsf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gL Pjd gLltut Joj:yf / ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿,
@)!) -cWoog tyf k|ltj]bgM rlGb|sf vltj8f_, afn;xeflutfdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;femf
;d"x -sG;f]6L{od_, sf7df8f}+ .
• afn;xeflutfsf] ;Gbe{ / kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;d'bfo Pjd :yfgLo txdf afn;xeflutf, rlGb|sf
vltj8f, @)!@, ;zQmLs/0f, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

afnclwsf/sf] k|jw{gdf afn–leQ]klqsf
lggf dxh{g
afn–leQ]klqsfsf] kl/ro
;fdfGo cy{df sd vr{, ;do / ;Lldt 1fgd} $÷% hgf JolQmx¿ ldn]/ x:tlnlvt
¿kdf lgsflng] / leQfdf 6fF;]/ kl9g] klqsfnfO{ leQ]klqsf elgG5 . xftn] n]lvg]
ePsf]n] o:tf leQ]klqsfx¿ k|foM Ps k|lt dfq} k|sfzg ug]{ ul/G5 / ;fj{hlgs
:yfgdf leQfdf ;a}n] k9g ldNg]u/L 6fFl;g] ul/G5 . leQfd} 6fFl;g] ePsf]n] klg
leQ]klqsfsf] a]Un} dxTj 5, To;df Pp6f JolQm ljz]ifsf] :jfldTj g/xL ;fj{hlgs
:jfldTj /xG5 / ;a}n] k9g kfpFb5g . To;}sf/0f, ljz]ifu/L kqklqsf ;lhn} pknAw
x'g g;Sg] b'u{d e]udf o;sf] k|sfzg u/L :yfgLo:t/sf ljifox¿ / d'2fx¿nfO{
p7fpg leQ]klqsfsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 . o;y{, ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L
;d'bfo:t/df g} k|sfzg ul/g] leQ]klqsf :yfgLo:t/sf] kqsfl/tfsf] ;jf]{Qd gd'gf
xf] eGg' cTof]lQm gxf]nf .
leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzg s'g} ljz]if pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmn] dfq} ug'{kg]{ jf ub}{ cfPsf]
cj:yf xf]Og . :s"n sn]hsf ljBfyL{n] ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿ ;d]6]/ ;"rgf kf6Ldf
klqsf k|sflzt u/L 6fF:g] / k9g] rng w]/} klxnfb]lv g} rlncfPsf] xf] . kl5Nnf]
r/0fdf afnSnah:tf afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf ;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf lgoldt sfo{sf
¿kdf leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf kfOG5g . o;/L x]bf{ leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf
afnaflnsfsf] g} cu|;/tf a9L b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt x'g] s'g} klg 7fpF jf
kl/j]z, ljz]ifu/L ljBfno jf afnSna:t/df afnaflnsf cfk;df ldnL afn–leQ]klqsf
k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L afnaflnsfsf] cu|;/tfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ g} nlIft
u/L vf;u/L afnaflnsfsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;d]6L k|sfzg x'g] leQ]klqsfnfO{ …afn–
leQ]klqsfÚsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfw'lgs o'udf sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u u/L OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 klqsfx¿ k|sflzt ug]{ a9bf]
rngdf klg leQ]klqsfsf] cfˆg} dxTj 5 . OG6/g]6åf/f k|sflzt ul/g] kqklqsfn]
;+;f/e/sf ;a} va/ ;a} ;fd' k'¥ofpg] hdsf]{ /fv]sf] x'G5, hxfF :yfgLo d'2fx¿nfO{
vf;} dxTj lbg ;ls+b}g / lbOFb}g klg . To;}sf/0f :yfgLo:t/sf ;d:of :yfgLo:t/s}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Dd k'¥ofpg] Pp6f bl/nf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf leQ]klqsfsf] :yfg /x]sf]
kfOG5 . To;df klg afnaflnsfåf/f k|sflzt afn–leQ]klqsfsf] cnUu} dxTj /x]sf]
5 . o;n] cj;/ kfpg g;s]sf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltefnfO{ cufl8 Nofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]n]sf] x'G5 . cem afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfˆgf ljrf/ tyf efjgfx¿ jo:sx¿dfem
k'¥ofpg] Ps ;zQm dfWod klg afn–leQ]klqsf aGg ;s]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf leQ]klqsfsf] Oltxf;
afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzg w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] ePtfklg o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s
¿kdf btf{ ug]{ / dfGotf lbg]–lng] k|lqmof gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o;sf] Oltxf; n]lvg]
sfd klg ePsf] 5}g . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf klxnf]k6s leQ]klqsf sxfF / slxn] k|sfzg
ul/of] eGg] cflwsfl/s hfgsf/L gePklg xftn] n]lvPsf klqsfx¿sf] Oltxf; eg]
g]kfndf em08} Ps ztfAbL k'/fgf] 5 . afn–leQ]klqsfsf] cjwf/0ff sxfFaf6 cfof] eGg]
;DaGwdf klg s'g} e/kbf]{ k|df0f km]nf k/]sf] 5}g . tyflk leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ rng
eg] k'/fg} xf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g ufx«f] kb}{g .
afn;flxTosf/ >L zfGtbf; dfgGw/ cfˆgf] lzIf0fofqf -lj=;+= @))( b]lv @)@^
;Dd_ afn–leQ]klqsf lgsfNg] u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5, æd}n] cfkm" afn;]jf
ljBf>dsf] k|wfgfWofks 5Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;fy lnP/ lj=;+= @)@@
;fnlt/ …tf/fÚ gfdsf] leQ]klqsf lgsfNg] u/]sf] lyPF . t/ ;f] leQ]klqsfn] !)÷!@
cÍ;Dd dfq lg/Gt/tf kfof] .Æ
lj=;+= @)## ;fnlt/ cfkm" cfbz{ ljBf dlGb/df cWoog/t /xFbf xftn] n]lvg] leQ]klqsf
k|sfzgdf cfˆgf] cg'ej JoQm ub}{ ;flxTosf/ >L cdf]b e§/fO{n] sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf
@)&) ;fndf ……xftn] klqsf n]Vbfsf lbgx¿Ú zLif{sdf Ps n]v n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] .
leQ]klqsf / g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x
x]daxfb'/ lai6s} ;+of]hgdf h]7, @)$& ;fndf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn]
jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljleGg d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ …jftfj/0fÚ gfds leQ]klqsf k|sfzg
ug{ ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . of] leQ]klqsfsf] lj=;+= @)%! ;fndf gfd kl/jt{g u/L …
xfd|f] jftfj/0fÚ /flvof] . !^ jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ dfl;s tyf å}dfl;s ¿kdf k|sflzt
ul/Psf] of] leQ]klqsfsf] sDtLdf !)))k|lt 5flkGYof] / b]zel/sf ljleGg ljBfno
clg afnSnax¿df ljt/0f ug]{ ul/GYof] . tyflk of] leQ]klqsfn] klg lj=;+= @)^#
kl5 lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] b]lvb}g . o; leQ]klqsfsf ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf >L x]daxfb'/
lai6, >L /fh]z l3ld/], >L lhj]Gb| l;Dv8f, >L;'dg k'sf/ zdf{, >L /fh]Gb| bfxfn,
>L uf]ljGb kf]v/]n cflbn] of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . o; leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf
k|m]8l/s Go"dg kmfp08]zg, ljZj jGohGt' sf]if, /fli6«o ;+/If0f sfo{gLlt sfof{Gjog
sfo{qmd, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3, lbuf] e"Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd,
jftfj/0f ;xof]u sf]if, kxf8L s[lif cg';Gwfg cfof]hgf, klZrdL t/fO{ e"–kl/lw
sfo{qmd cflbn] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP .

o;n] klg ljBfnox¿df leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ rng w]/} cl3b]lv rn]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
>L e§/fO{n] leQ]klqsf k|sfzgsf] cfˆgf] cg'ej o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5–
……xfd|f] kfFr sIffsf] sIff lzIfs x'g'x'GYof] afa'/fd kf]v/]n . cfh pxfF g]kfnsf
Ps pRr lzIffljb x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] a|h]z vgfn, pdf zdf{ / d;lxtnfO{ Pp6f
x:tlnlvt leQ]klqsf agfpg] lhDdf lbg'eof] . xfdL tLg}hgf Pp6} sIffdf
lyof}+ . xfdLn] s]xL cÍ klqsf lgsfNof}+ . klqsfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ xfdL cfkm}F klg
tof/ uYof}+{– syf sljtf cflb . clg c¿ ;fyLx¿sf /rgf klg /fVg] uYof}{+
xftn] n]v]/ . :s"nsf] gf]l6; af]8{df Tof] klqsf 6fFl;Psf] lbg xfd|f] km'tL{ g}
a]Un} x'GYof] . Tof] klqsf lg/Gt/ t ePg t/ a|h]z / d}n] n]vgnfO{ To;}
5f8]gf} .ÚÚ1
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df 5fkfvfgfaf6 k|sflzt klxnf] leQ]klqsf ufpF3/ leQ]klqsf xf], h'g
@)$# r}q df ef/tbQ sf]O/fnf / x]daxfb'/ lji6sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df k|sflzt eO{ ufpF
ufpF;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd ul/Psf] lyof] .2
sf7df08f}sf] 6f]vfl:yt ;/:jtL pRr dfWoflds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] lj=;+= @)%&
;fnb]lv …hfu[ltÚ gfdsf] afn– leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf 5g . ;f] leQ]klqsfsf]
xfn;Dd (^ cÍ k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 / ;f]sf] clen]v klg ljBfnodf pknAw 5 .
ljBfnodf ;f] afn–leQ]klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzgsf] nflu jflif{s ¿kdf 5'§}
;Dkfbg ;d"x u7g x'g] ub{5 / jif{el/sf] afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;f]
;d"xn] k"/f ug]{ ub{5 .
leQ]klqsfx¿ k|sflzt ug]{ k|rng s]xL k'/fg} ePklg afnaflnsfsf] nflu tflnd
;~rfng u/]/ leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL afnSnax¿ ;'? ePkl5 dfq
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg y'k|} ;+3;+:yfx¿df ;g !(() sf] bzsdf
g]kfndf afn–leQ]klqsfnfO{ ;"rgf, ;~rf/ clg :yfgLo ljifo p7fpg] ;zQm dfWod
agfpg] nx/ g} rn]sf] lyof] . ljz]ifu/L, afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ leQ]klqsf k|sfzg;DaGwL tflnd
k|bfg u/L tyf cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fO{ afn–leq]klqsf k|sfzgdf k|>o lbg]
u/]sf kfOG5g . To:tf tflndx¿n] cfh klg lg/Gt/tf kfpFb} cfPsf] s'/f ljleGg
lhNnf clg ;d'bfodf leQ]klqsf ljifos tflnd ;DkGg ePsf lgoldt kqklqsfdf
k|sflzt ;dfrf/x¿n] k|Dfl0ft u/]sf 5g . o;n] OlËt ub{5 ls sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] of] cfw'lgs o'udf klg afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzgsf] dxTj
k6Ss} sd ePsf] 5}g .
1 http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/news/2014-02-22/384598.html
2 xft]dfnf] ;~rf/åf/f ;Ílnt leQ]klqsf tflnd;DaGwL xft]kq, …leQ]klqsfÚ

afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+3;+:yf / afn–leQ]klqsf
• ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf ndh'Ësf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;]e b lrN8«]g,
gj]{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf ljsf; kqsf/ ljgos'df/ s;h'åf/f lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf
leQ]klqsf tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf] klqsfdf :jf:Yo /
;kmfOsf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|d'vtf lbg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
• xft]dfnf] ;~rf/n] /]8jfgf{ -;]e b lrN8«]g, gj]{_ sf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= @)%#÷%$
;fndf v'Nb'nL gfds leQ]klqsf k|sfzg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] ;Dkfbs lznf ;}h"
x'g'xG5 .
• w/fgdf afn–leQ]klqsf tflndsf ;~rfngsf] qmddf k"jf{~rnsf] ;'g;/Ldf w/fg
gu/kflnsf, ;'g;/L ;~rf/ ljsf; s]Gb| / o"lg;]km lj/f6gu/sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf
lj=;+= @)%$ kf}if dlxgfdf w/fgsf & j6f j8fsf #% hgf afnaflnsfnfO{
klxnf]k6s ;dfrf/d"ns afn–leQ]klqsf tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . w/fgdf
ePsf] ;kmn k|of]un] afn–leQ]klqsfsf] nf]slk|otf a9b} uof] . ;dfrf/d"ns afn–
leQ]klqsfsf] cjwf/0ff tf]of uf}tdn] k|of]u u/]sf x'g . o; k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd
la:tf/} cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
• afn–leQ]klqsf tflnd ;~rfng ub}{ hfg] qmddf afnaflnsfnfO{ klxnf]k6s lj=;+=
@)%& ;fn j}zfv !^ b]lv @( ;Dd afn–leQ]klqsf tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf]
lyof] . afnaflnsfåf/f x:tlnlvt afn–leQ]klqsfx¿sf] pTs[i6 /rgfx¿nfO{
;Íng u/]/ ;]e b lrN8«]g, o"=P;= n] afn k|ltef afnklqsf k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] .
• l;ljg g]kfn;Fu cfa4 ePsf tLg;o eGbf a9L afnclwsf/ d~rx¿n] klg
lgoldt ¿kdf afn–leQ]klqsfx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 ;fy}, l;ljgsf] u[xdf
;+/lIft afnaflnsfn] nfdf] ;dob]lv …afnd'lQm cleofgÚ gfds afnleQ]klqsf
k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g .
• afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ub}{ hfg] qmddf dsjfgk'/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg e'Ng
;lsGg . Knfg, dsjfgk'/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt afn–leQ]klqsf dfkm{t sfd
ul//x]sf afnaflnsfn] cfh Joj;flos klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g .
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lgsf; klqsf k|sfzgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
o;sf ;fy} pKsf g]kfn, w/fg, afn Pstf ;d"x, x]Nk g]kfn, pnf{af/L, afn ljsf;
;dfh, OG;]s g]kfn, ;]e b lrN8«]g, o"=s]=, sG;g{ g]kfn, n'dGtL cflb cGo ;+:yfx¿n]
klg afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
;|f]t M l;ljg g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt hfgsf/Ld"ns kq ……g]kfndf afn–leQ]klqsf M Ps
;+lIfKt emnsÚÚ

To:t}u/L, lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt, kfNkfåf/f jflif{s ¿kdf k|sfzg ul/g] ……kfNkf
lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bgx¿ @)^%, @)^^ tyf @)^& cg';f/ kfNkf
lhNnfdf tL jif{x¿df @* j6f afn–leQ]klqsfx¿ k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL lhNnfdf afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf ;dfh pTyfg ;xof]u
s]Gb|n] ;f] lhNnfsf afnaflnsfx¿åf/f k|sfzg ul/g] afn–leQ]klqsfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] …
gfgLsf] sndÚ klg k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] .
To:t}u/L, lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, ndh'ªåf/f jflif{s ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g] k|ltj]bg,
…afn–cªs'/0f M ndh'ª lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg, @)&) df ndh'ª
lhNnfsf ^* ljBfnox¿df afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzg x'g] s'/f pNn]lvt 5 .
o;/L cfˆgf] lhNnfsf afnSna tyf ljBfnox¿af6 k|sflzt x'g] afn–leQ]klqsfx¿sf]
hfgsf/L lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltx¿n] /fVg] tyf cfˆgf l:ylt k|ltj]bgx¿df pNn]v
u/L afn–leQ]klqsfsf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ s]xL lhNnfdf ul/Psf] 5, t/ o:tf]
c;n k|of;nfO{ ;a} lhNnfx¿df cg's/0f ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
tyflk, ……cfh klg g]kfndf Ps xhf/ kfFr ;oeGbf a9L afn–leQ]klqsf k|sflzt
eO/x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5, h;df sl/a &,%)) eGbf a9L afnaflnsf ;+nUg /x]sf]
cg'dfg 5 .ÚÚ3
afn;xeflutf / afn–leQ]klqsf
g]kfndf leQ]klqsf k|sfzg / afnclwsf/sf] Oltxf; a]Unfa]Un} ;'? ePsf] ePtfklg
oL b'j}n] Ps csf{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ dha't agfpg k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf w]/} of]ubfg
lbPsf 5g . eGg'sf] tfTko{ leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgn] afnclwsf/sf] k|jw{gdf hlt
of]ubfg lbPsf] 5, Tolt g} afnclwsf/sf] cleofgn] leQ]klqsfsf] dxTj klg a9fPsf]
5 .
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg cfkm}df Pp6f l;h{gzLn k|lqmof xf], h;sf] lg/Gt/tfn] afnaflnsfn]
cfˆg} kxndf cfˆgf], cfˆgf ;dsIfL ;fyLx¿sf] hLjgdf clg cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfodf
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5g . afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgn] ;dfh tyf ljBfnox¿df
NofPsf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf klg k|z:t} pbfx/0fx¿ ;'lgG5g . ljBfnodf /fd|f];Fu
gk9fpg] lzIfslzlIfsfsf] af/]df JoªUofTds 9Ën] ljBfnosf] leQ]klqsfdf n]v]/
To:tf lzIfslzlIfsfsf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{b]lv lnP/ /S;Ln] dflQP/ ;dfhdf xf]xNnf
ub}{ lxF8g] jo:sx¿sf] lrq agfP/ leQ]klqsfdf k|sfzg u/]/ To:tf ;fdflhs
;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ klg afn–leQ]klqsfn] of]ubfg lb+b} cfPsf] s'/f la;{g
ldNb}g .
3 zfSo, nf]s]Gb|=, …afnleQ]klqsfsf] ksfzgdf afnSnasf] ;+nUgtfÚ

afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgaf6 afnaflnsfn] ;xeflutf, ;"rgf, ljrf/ JoQm ug]{, lg0f{odf
;xefuL x'g] l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg] h:tf clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg'sf
;fy} c¿ afnaflnsfn] gkfPsf afnclwsf/ pkef]u u/fpg klg d2t k'Ub5 . afn–
leQ]klqsf afnsb]lv ;d'bfo;Dd ;~rf/ ug]{ dfWod ePsfn] o;n] afnaflnsfsf
rfxgf, ;d:of / afnclwsf/sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf klg ;~rf/ ub{5 . k|ToIf jf
df}lvs ¿kdf afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] ;'g'jfOsf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfPsf] l:yltdf
klg afn–leQ]klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf s'/fx¿ cGo afnaflnsf ;fy}
jo:sx¿dfem /fVg ;Sb5g . lsgeg] afn–leQ]klqsf afnaflnsfn] k|sfzg ug]{
ePklg o;sf kf7s afnaflnsf dfq} x'Fb}gg . ljBfnodf xf] eg] ljBfnosf lzIfs,
cGo sd{rf/L, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjsx¿s} cfFvf klg leQ]klqsfdf
k'lu/x]sf] x'G5, clg To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fFl;Psf] 5 eg] ;d'bfosf x/sf]xL
;b:o o;sf kf7s eO/x]sf x'G5g . t;y{ afn–leQ]klqsfsf] cleofgn] afnaflnsfnfO{
cy{k"0f{ ;'g'jfOsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf/0f
afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzg afn;xeflutf k|jw{g ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ clg cy{k"0f{ lqmofsnfk
xf] .
afn–leQ]klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n sfddf nfUg k]|l/t
u/]/, afnclwsf/;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmsf] efjgf k|:t't u/]/, afnclwsf/ k|Tofe'ltsf
c;n k|of;x¿ kf7sdfem k'¥ofP/, afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf]
ultljlw n]v]/, afnclwsf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbP/, afnk|ltefx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]/,
afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf 36gfx¿sf] lj/f]w u/]/, leQ]klqsfsf] sfddf w]/}eGbf w]/}
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/, l;h{gfTds sfdsf] lglDt :j:y k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/, hflt,
lnË, wd{, j0f{ / ;DklQsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf] lj/f]w u/]/, afnaflnsfnfO{ ;"rgf,
lzIff, dgf]/~hg / clek|]/0ff lbP/ afnclwsf/sf] k|jw{g tyf ;+jw{gdf of]ubfg lb+b}
cfPsf] 5 .
afnkqsfl/tf / afn–leQ]klqsf
kqsfl/tf eGg]ljlQs} ;fdfGo cy{df ;"rgf / ;Gb]znfO{ 7"nf] ;d"xdfem Ps};fy k'¥ofpg]
dfWod, ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ cfjfh, zAb / t:jL/df k|:t't ug]{ sfd, xtf/df n]lvPsf]
;flxTo, ;+;f/el/ ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;Íng u/]/ ;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWoddfkm{t
k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{ xf] eGg] cy{ nfUb5 . kqsfl/tf cfkm}df Pp6f Joj;flos k]zf xf] .
tyflk afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf ;+nUg afnaflnsfn] klg cfˆgf] cWoogsf] cnfjf
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf o:tf] kqsfl/tfnfO{ cFufn]sf] kfOG5 . afn–leQ]klqsf
k|sfzg afn;xeflutfsf] nflu dfq geO{ afnaflnsfsf] k|sfzg;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf;
ug]{ Pp6f cj;/ klg xf] . afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgn] afnaflnsfdf kqsfl/tfk|lt

hfgsf/L / nufj a9g], afnaflnsfsf] l;h{gfTds n]vg;DaGwL k|ltef k|:km'6g /
k|:t't ug]{b]lv lnP/ ;dfhsf ;dsfnLg ;d:ofx¿ phfu/ u/L tL ;d:ofx¿tkm{
;DalGwt kIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/L lg/fs/0fsf] nflu sbd rfNg] clek|]/0ff klg k|bfg
ub{5, h'g kqsfl/tfsf] cleGg cË xf] .
kl/efiff lbg] qmddf g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Go"6, If]qLo ;|f]t s]Gb| lj/f6gu/sf tTsfnLg
k|d'v >L tf]of uf}td eGg'x'G5, ……afn–leQ]klqsf kqsfl/tfsf] z'ef/De x'g' xf] . cfhsf
slnnf xftn] leQ]klqsf lgsfNbf lgsfNb} ef]lnsf s'zn kqsf/ aGg ;Sb5g .ÚÚ4
of] cleJolQmn] OlËt ub{5 ls, afn–leQ]kqsfl/tf Joj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] cfwf/e"ld
aGg ;Sb5 . cem eGg'kbf{ ;fg}b]lv leQ]kqsfl/tfdf ;+nUg afnaflnsf Joj;flos
¿kdf cem a9L s'zn kqsf/ aGg ;Sb5g . afn–leQ]klqsf k|sfzgsf] qmddf ;Dkfbs,
;dfrf/ jf k|sfzg ;fdu|L ;Íns÷l/kf]6{/, k|ltof]lutf ;+of]hs, leQ]klqsf n]vs,
lrqsf/÷l8hfOg/sf] ;–;fgf e"ldsfx¿ lgefpFb} pgLx¿n] Joj;flos kqsfl/tfsf]
h/f ufl8;s]sf x'G5g, To;sf] ls6fg eOg;Sb} pgLx¿n] Joj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] If]q
k|j]z ul/;s]sf x'G5g . afn–leQ]kqsfl/tfdf ;+nUg afnaflnsf g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tfsf]
d"n k|jfxdf uPsf ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿n] o; cleJolQmnfO{ ;xL ;flat ul/lbPsf] 5 .
……lxhf];Dd afn–leQ]klqsfdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf cfh d"nwf/sf ;dfrf/kqx¿df
sfd ug{ yfn]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ klg k|z:t} e]6g ;lsG5 eg] sltko rflxF ;flxlTos
km"naf/Ldf /dfPsf 5g . 5fkf kqsfl/tfdf k|j]z ug]{df w/fg / dsjfgk'/sf afnaflnsf
t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L e]l6Psf 5g . w/fgsf] afn sf];]nL, xfd|f] va/, gjk|ltef /
afn;fyL o;sf pbfx/0f x'g .ÚÚ5
lgisif{
leQ]klqsf afn–kqsfl/tfsf] ;fy;fy} afn;xeflutf k|jw{gsf] nflu klg pkof]uL dfWod
xf] . afn–leQ]klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ phfu/ u/L
;dfhdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;3fpg ;Sb5g . afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzg
afnk|ltef k|:km'6g ug{ / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L / ldtJooL tl/sf xf] .
t;y{, of] cleofgnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ tyf o;sf] dfWodaf6 afn;xeflutf a9fpg d2t
ug'{kb{5 .
4 zfSo, nf]s]Gb|=, ……afn leQ]klqsf M cfhsf] cfjZostfÚÚ, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, lj=;+=
@)%* d+;L/ @*=
5 zfSo, nf]s]Gb|=, …afnleQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf afnSnasf] ;+nUgtfÚ

afn–leQ]klqsfsf] If]qdf cfjZos cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] cefjdf leQ]klqsfn]
afnclwsf/sf] k|jw{gdf s]–s;/L / slt dfqfdf kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f
ls6fgsf ;fy eGg g;lsP klg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(*( kfl/t eO;s]kl5sf] g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] of] @% jif]{ Oltxf;df k|ToIf
jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf afn–leQ]klqsfn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f gsfg{
eg] kSs} ldNb}g . ctM cfhsf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfndf ePsf afn–leQ]kqsfl/tf;DaGwL
kxnx¿nfO{ clen]vLs/0f ug{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 . o;n] afn–leQ]kqsfl/tfsf
ljutsf of]ubfgx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ugf{sf ;fy} o; afn–leQ]kqsfl/tfsf] kxnnfO{
eljiodf s:tf] df]8 lbg] eGg] lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;d]t ;3fpm k'¥ofpFb5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
!= s;h", ljgo=, ……afn–leQ]klqsf n]vg tflnd ;fdu|LÚÚ, ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ cjwf/0ff,
!# l8;]Da/, !((*, sf7df08f}
@= lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, kfNkf=, …kfNkf lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf–@)^%Ú,
lhafs;, kfNkf, @)^%, kfNkf=
#= lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, kfNkf=, …kfNkf lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf–@)^^Ú,
lhafs;, kfNkf, @)^^, kfNkf=
$= lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, kfNkf=, …kfNkf lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf–@)^&Ú,
lhafs;, kfNkf, @)^&, kfNkf=
%= lhafs;, ndh'ª=, …afn cªs'/0f M ndh'ª lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg–
@)&)Ú, lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt, ndh'ª, @)&), ndh'ª=
^= zfSo, nf]s]Gb|, ……afn–leQ]klqsf M cfhsf] cfjZostfÚÚ, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, lj=;+=
@)%* d+;L/ @*, sf7df08f}
&= zfSo, nf]s]Gb|, …afn–leQ]klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf afnSnasf] ;+nUgtfÚ
*= zfSo, nf]s]Gb|=, ……afn–leQ]klqsfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ÚÚ, Anf:6 b}lgs, lj=;+=
@)^) >fj0f !&, w/fg=
(= l;ljg g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt hfgsf/Ld"ns kq ……g]kfndf afn–leQ]klqsf M Ps
;+lIfKt emnsÚÚ, sf7df08f}
!)= xft]dfnf] ;~rf/åf/f ;Ílnt leQ]klqsf tflnd;DaGwL xft]kq, …leQ]klqsfÚ,
sf7df08f}
!!= …xfd|f] jftfj/0fÚ leQ]klqsf, ljleGg cÍx¿, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, sf7df08f}
!@= http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/news/2014-02-22/384598.html

k|yf/k/Dk/f

ljifo k|j]z
g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrdL kxf8L e]usf sltko b]jL b]jtfsf dlGb/df aflnsf / sltko
afnsnfO{ ;d]t b]psL / b]psfsf ¿kdf dlGb/df r9fpg] k|yf /x]sf] lyof] . bf;Tjsf]
kl/rfos ag]sf] o; k|yfsf] sf/0f oL afnaflnsf ;dfhaf6 pk]lIft / ckx]lnt
cj:yfdf /xg afWo lyP . ca Tof] k|yfut ¿kdf sfod 5}g, t/ To;sf cjz]ifx¿
eg] cem} klg /x]s} 5g -o;} k':tsdf /x]sf] b]psL k|yf x]g{'x'g_ . To;} u/L sltko
lxdfnL e]ux¿df aflnsfnfO{ em'df jf cflg / afnsnfO{ nfdf jf 9fjf agfP/ u'Dafx¿df
/fVg] rng /x]sf] 5 . o; k|yfdf afFlwb} cfPsf afnaflnsf b]psL jf b]psf h:tf]
pk]lIft / ckdflgt cj:yfdf t kfOFb}gg . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg b]j;]jssf] ¿kdf /flvg]
sltko aflnsfn] of}g pTkL8gsf] l;sf/ x'g'k/]sf] cj:yf klg ge]l6g] xf]Og . of]
k|yf klxn] eGbf s]xL ;/n eP klg cWofjlw rln/x]sf] kfOG5 . -o;} k':tsdf /x]sf]
em'df–nfdf k|yf x]g{'x'g_
sf7df08f} pkTosfnufot g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFsf g]jf/ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt s'df/L k|yf
clxn] klg k|yfut ¿kdf g} sfod /x]sf] 5, . t/ of] k|yfdf dflysf b'O{ k|yf eGbf
leGgtf kfOG5 . dflysf b'O{ k|yf cGt/ut dlGb/ jf u'Dafdf r9fOg] afnaflnsfnfO{
s'df/L k|yf / o; k|yf leq afnclwsf/sf] ljj]rgf
zfSo ;'/]g

b]jL–b]jtfsf] ;]js–;]ljsfsf ¿kdf r9fOG5 eg] s'df/L agfOg] aflnsfnfO{ eg]
:jod b]jL s} ¿kdf dlGb/df k|lti7flkt ug{] rng /x]sf] 5 . hLljt b]jLsf ¿kdf
dflgg] s'df/Lsfk|lt ;DalGwt ;d'bfo cf:yfjfg dfq xf]Og, o;nfO{ uf}/jk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts
k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf lng] ub{5g . caf]w pd]/df s'df/L agfP/ dlGb/ k|j]z u/fOPsf
aflnsfx¿ ;/b/ * jif{ latfP/ v'nf ;+;f/df lg:sG5g . t/ pgLx¿ u'gf;f] ub{}gg,
a? cfkm" b]jLsf ¿kdf a:g kfPsf]df uj{ g} u5{g . s'df/L agfOPsL aflnsfnfO{
ljleGg hflt ;d'bfo ;a}n] ;;Ddfg k"hf cf/fwgf ug{] / /fi6«k|d'vn] ;d]t pgsf]
bz{g u/]/ cflzjf{b lng] of] k|yf dlxnfnfO{ ;j{zlQmjfg b]jLsf ¿kdf k'Hg] ;f+:s[lts
w/f]x/sf]] Pp6f uf}/jk"0f{ k/Dk/f xf]] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . s'df/L g]jf/ ;d'bfo dfq xf]Og,
l;Ëf] g]kfnsL ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ x'g h;n] g]kfnnfO{ ljZjdf lrgfpg 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]n]sL l5g eGg] wf/0ff klg kfOg] u/]sf] 5 .
t/ j:t'k/s / lj1fg;Ddt dfGotf /fVg]x¿n] eg] o;nfO{ cGwljZjf;df cfwfl/t
k/Dk/f 7fGb} ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cu|ultsf] afwssf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf 5g . To;}u/L
dfgjclwsf/sf kIfw/x¿n] o;af6 afnclwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] bfaL ub{5g .
pgLx¿sf cg';f/ of] k|yfn] aflnsfsf] k9g], l;Sg], v]Ng], cfkm"nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{]
nufotsf clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 . caf]w aflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] afa'cfdf, kl/jf/
/ ;fyLaf6 6f9f /fVg], ljz]if cj;/ afx]s aflx/ hfg gkfpg], la/fdL kbf{ c:ktfn
hfgaf6 klg jl~rt ug]{ of] k/Dk/fnfO{ cGwljZjf;sf ;fy} afn b'Jo{jxf/sf] ¿kdf
;d]t lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf ;jfnx¿nufot o;sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, wfld{s
dfGotf / o;;DaGwL /Lltlylt tyf ljlw cflbsf af/]df o; cfn]vaf6 hfgsf/L lbg]]
k|of; ul/g] 5 .
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld tyf wfld{s dfGotf
;a}eGbf klxn] @^ ;o jif{ cufl8 -O=k"=^)) lt/_ ef/taf6 g} s'df/L k"hf ug]{ rng
rn]sf] lyof] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] k|efj 5}6f}F ztfAbLlt/ g]kfndf k/]sf] kfOG5 . b}jL
zlQmsf lx;fan] tn]h' ejfgLsf] k|lts:j¿k lnR5ljsfnaf6 s'df/LnfO{ hLljt b]jLsf
¿kdf dfGg yflnof] . g]kfnsf k|yd k|fdfl0fs /fhf dflgg] lnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jsf]
kfnf -O=;+=$^$–%)%_ df g} sf7df08f}sf ljleGg :yfgdf 6f]n] s'df/L /fVg] /
pgLx¿sf] k"hfcfhf ug]{ rng lyof] . o;nfO{ k|yfut ¿kn] ;'?jft ug{] sfd lnR5lj
/fhf u'0fsfdb]jsf] kfnf -O=;+=(*)–(()_ af6 ePsf] lyof] elgG5 . l;d|f}gu9sf
/fhf xl/l;+xb]j -O=;+=!@(%–!#@$_n] l;d|f}gu9af6 b]jL t'nhf ejfgLsf] >LoGq lnP/
sf7df08f} pkTosf k|j]z u/]kl5 oL b]jLnfO{ dNn /fhfx¿sf] Oi6b]jLsf ¿kdf k'Hg]
k/Dk/f a;flnof]] . o;}qmddf g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g]kfn ;+jt
*&& -lj=;+=!*!$_ lt/ sf7df08f}sf] a;Gtk'/df s'df/L 3/sf] lgdf{0f u/L s'df/LnfO{
o;} 3/df /fVg] aGbf]j:t ldnfPsf lyP .1
1 dainikpost.com/2015/06/27

ah|ofgL af}4 dtsf] Ps sygcg';f/ hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] k"hf–cr{gf ug]{ of] rng
tflGqs k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . of] k/Dk/fnfO{ pkTosfdf ;j{k|yd af}4x¿n]
ckgfPsf lyP . ha oxfF ah|ofgsf] k|wfGotf a9g yfNof], ta pgLx¿n] ah|;Tj,
ah|w/ cflb h:t} ah|b]jLsf] klg pkf;gf ug{ yfn] . To;kl5 s'g} zfSo s'nsL af}4
sGofnfO{ hLljt ah|b]jLsf] k|tLs dfg]/ k"hf ug]{ k/Dk/f rNof] . o;/L zfSo aflnsf
5fGg] l;nl;nfdf klg pkTosfsf tLg} ;x/sf zfSo aflnsfx¿ …s'df/LÚ sxlng]
hLljt b]jtfsf] ¿kdf k|lti7flkt ul/P . tL s'df/Lx¿ afx]s tLg} /fHodf Ps–Psj6f
…nfos" s'df/LÚ cyf{t /fHosL s'df/L klg /flvOg . zfxsfnkl5 oL nfos" s'df/Lx¿
:yfgLo ;/sf/L s'df/Lsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g . s'df/Lb]jL 5fGbf zfSos'nsL sfG5L
5f]/L g} x'g'kg]{ ;fy} logLx¿ xfn;Dd klg s'g} g s'g} axfn jf alxnl;t cfa4
x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . pkTosfdf hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] pkf;gfsf] uxg cWoog
ug]{ ljåfg d]/L :n;/ x'g . pgsf] vf]hsf] tYo cg';f/ pkTosfdf w]/} cufl8 cyf{t
t]x|f}+ ztfAbLeGbf cl3b]lv g} axfn tyf alxnx¿df s'df/Lsf] k|lti7fkg eO;s]sf] tYo
l;4 x'G5 . o;/L af}4x¿n] ah|b]jLsf] cjtf/ dfGg] s'df/L aflnsfnfO{ lxGb"x¿n] b'uf{sf]
k|tLs dfGg yfn] . ;qf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ pkTosfdf dNn /fhfx¿n] s'df/LnfO{ cfˆg}
s'nb]jtf tn]h' ejfgLsf ¿kdf dfGg yfn]sf] kfOG5 .2
o; ;DaGwdf j+zfjnLdf leGg leGg sygx¿ kfOG5g . o:t} Ps sygcg';f/
eQmk'/sf /fhf huHof]lt dNn -lj=;++= !^&$–(#_sf] /fHosfndf pgn] b]jL t'nhfsf]
elQmefjl;t ;]jf ubf{ b]jL clt k|;Gg eO{ …:qL hfltnfO{ slxn] klg gb]vfO{ o;nfO{
ljlwk"j{s k"hf u/]/ :yfkgf u¥of} eg] ltdLl;t lbgsf] Pskm]/f lqkfzf v]Ng cfpF5'Ú
egL b]jLn] eg]sL lyOg . t/ Pslbg /fhfsL 5f]/L u+ufb]jLn] 5n]/ ;fFrf] rf]/L tfNrf
vf]nL k"hf ul/g . o;kl5 b]jL /fhfl;t kf;f v]Ng cfOgg . /fhfn] w]/} ljnfk u/]/
elQmk"j{s laGtL ug{ yfn] . o;}avt cs:dft cfsfzjf0fL eof] …/fhg ca pk|fGt
ltdLn] d]/f] k|ToIf bz{g ug{ / af]nL ;'Gg kfpg] 5}gf}+ . lsgls ltd|L k'qLn] d]/f] bz{g
/ k"hf ul/g . t;y{ ca pk|fGt d ;'gsf] sfd ug]{ afF8f hfltsL k'qLsf cËdf k|j]z
u/]/ dfq af]Nb5' .Ú o:tf] cfsfzjf0fL ;'g] kl5 afF8f cyf{t zfSosL 5f]/LnfO{ s'df/L
t'NofO{ k"hf ug]{ rng rNof] .3
o;} syg cg';f/ eQmk'/sf dNn /fhf q}nf]So jf huHof]ltsf] /fHosfndf zfSo
sGofnfO{ hLljt s'df/L b]jLsf ¿kdf k'h]/ ljz]if Joj:yfsf ;fy /fVg] k/Dk/f rNof]] .
;fy}, afxn alxn h:t} /fHosf] klg s'df/L k|lti7flkt ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] klg yfngL eof]
/ pgL zfSo s'ns} x'g'kg]{ lgod aGof] . To;tfsf eQmk'/df dfq geP/ sf7df08f}df
klg /fHo s'df/Lsf] Joj:yf ePsf] k|df0f kfpg ;lsG5 . /fhf efis/ dNnsf]
/fHosfn lj=;+= !&&# ;fntfsf sf7df08f} cfPsf] dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]kn] sf7df08f}
/fhb/af/sf] tTsfnLg s'df/Lsf] ;d]t lgwg ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf b]pkf6gsL cyf{t
2 k|;fO{+ ;fksf]6f, a}zfv !^, sf7df08f} @)&)
3 k|wfg e"jgnfn, ah|frfo{ r'Gbf &^, sf7df08f} @)^^

yy' rfalxnsL ;dflwd08k dxfljxf/sL s'df/L NofO{ b'O{ dlxgf;Dd oxfFsf] s'df/L
3/df lj/fhdfg u/fO{ lgTok"hf rnfOPsf] lyof] .4
sf7df08f} s'df/L xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ u2L a}7slg/ /x]sf] s'df/L ejgdf a:g'kg]{
Joj:yf 5 . o; ejgsf] lgdf{0f klg /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g} u/]sf x'g . of] ejg
jf:t'zf:qsf ;a} ljlwn] ;DkGg 5 eg] tflGqs ljlwn] tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . d"nåf/df
b'O{j6f l;+xsf d"lt{ 5g / tf]/0fdf dlxifdlb{gL b'uf{sf] d"lt{ c+lst 5 . h;nfO{ s'df/Ls}
k|tLs dflgG5 . /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] rnfPsf] s'df/L ofqf !! jif{;Dd t lg/Gt/
¿kdf rNof] . t/ afx|f+} jif{sf] hfqfsf] lbg cyf{t lj=;+= !*@% efb| z'Sn rt{'bzLsf]
lbg s'df/L hfqf eO/x]sf] a]nfdf uf]vf{sf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df08f} ljho
u/]kl5 pgn] yfngL u/]sf] ofqf ;DkGg ug{ gkfpFb} /fhRo"t eO{ efUg'k/]sf] lyof] .
kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfkm}F+ a;L pQm hfqf ;DkGg u/]sf lyP . ;fy}, /fhfnfO{ lbOg]
/fhltns ljlw klg pg}n] lnP . hfqfdf ;DkGg ug{'kg]{ ljlw ;DkGg ug{nfO{ pgn]
cfb]z lbP/ cfkm}F cl3 ;/L s'df/Lsf xftaf6 6Lsf ck{0f u/]sf lyP . o;/L /fHosL
s'df/LnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k|rng cfh;Dd klg sfod} 5 . 5
s'df/Lsf nflu lsg zfSo s'ns} sGof rflxG5 < eGg] af/]df s]xL ls+jbGtLx¿
klxn]–klxn] eQmx¿n] b]jLb]jtf;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ kfpFy] . ;f]xL sygcg';f/ dNnsfn
tfsf t'nhf ejfgL klg /fhf;Fu lqkf;f v]Ng] uly{g . o;}qmddf eQmk'/sf /fhf
q}nf]So dNnsf 5f]/f huHof]lt dNn;Fu t'nhf ejfgL v';L eO{ :qL ¿k lnO{ ;w}Fh;f]
pg};Fu kf;f v]Nb} cfPsL lyOg . b]jLn] /fhf;Fu kf;f v]Ng] qmddf Psrf]6L /fHo
;~rfng;DaGwL ljifonfO{ lnP/ sfnf] kbf{n] 5]sL uf]Ko e}/x]sf] avt /fhfn] b]jLk|lt
kfklrQ -of}gsf] cfFvf_ n] x]bf{ b]jLn] of] s'/f rfnkfO{ ToxfFaf6 nf]k eOg . kl5 b]jLn]
/fhfsf] ;kgfdf cfP/ elgg …cab]lv ltdLn] d;Fu s'/f ug{ gkfpg] eof} . olb s'/f
ug{'kg{] ePdf Pshgf a8f :jefj -clehft_ sf] r]nLnfO{ b]jLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L
k"hf ug{' . d pgsf] z/L/df hfu]/ cfpg] 5' .Ú o;f] eg]kl5 /fhfn] ;f]xL d'tflas u/] .
To; a]nfb]lv hLljt s'df/Laf6 6Lsf u|x0f u/L k"hf ug{] rng rNof] . kl5 g]=;+=
*&^ -lj=;+=!*!#_ b]lv /ydf kl/qmdf ug{] ul/Psf] lyof] . sltkon] tn]h' ejfgL;Fu
kf;f v]Ng] huHof]lt dNn x}g, q}nf]So dNn g} x'g eg]sf 5g .6
t/ ;fIfft s'df/L b]jL;Fu lqkfzf v]Ng] /fhf sf] lyP eGg] af/]df dt}Sotf kfOFb}g
eQmk'/df oL /fhfnfO{ q}nf]So dNn, kf6gdf l;l4g/l;+x dNn / sf7df08f}df k|tfk
dNn eGg] ljleGg yl/sf ls+jbGtLx¿ 5g .7
4 k|;fO{ ;fksf]6f, a}zfv !^, sf8df08f} @)&)
5 pxL
6 zfSo ;'j0f{, oFof M , #)–##, sf7df08f}, @)^(
7 zdf{ g"tgw/, ah|frfo{ r'Gbf ^^, sf7df08f} @)^^

csf{] dtcg';f/, b]jL;Fu s'/f ug{] lx/fsf] Pp6f oGq -hGq_ lyof] . To;} oGqsf] k"hf
u/L b]jLsf] cfJxfg u/]/, b]jL;Fu s'/f ul/GYof]] . pQm oGq dlxnfnfO{ gb]vfpg] egL
b]jLn] eg]]sL lyOg . Pslbg /fhfsL 5f]/L uËfb]jLn] n's]/ x]l/5g . of] s'/f b]jLn]
rfn kfPkl5 /fhfn] b]jL;Fu s'/f ug{ kfPgg . o;af6 clt lrlGtt ePsf /fhfnfO{
b]jLn] ;kgfdf …zfSo leIf'sL slnnL 5f]/La]6LnfO{ NofO{ k'Hg', d p;};Fu hfu]/ cfpg]
5', s'/f ug{' k/] p;};Fu s'/f ug{'Ú egL ;kgfdf elgg . ;f]xL cg';f/ ef]lnkN6b]lv
zfSos'nsL r]nLnfO{ k"hf u/L b]jL;Fu s'/f ug{] ul/of] . To; a]nfb]lv g} s'df/LnfO{
k"hf u/L hfqfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] xf] eGg] klg j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .8
j+zfjnL cg';f/ sflGtk'/sf clGtd dNn /fhf hok|sfz dNnnfO{ s'df/L b]jLn] ;kgfdf
cfO{ pgsf] /fHoef]u ;lsof] egL cf1f xF'bf hok|sfz dNnn] s'df/LnfO{ elQmk"j{s k"hf
u/L, s'df/L, u0f]z, e}/jsf] nflu dlGb/h:tf] /y agfO{ x/]s jif{ b]z kl/qmdf -hfqf_
u/fpg] k/Dk/f rnfP . ;fy} pgn] s'df/LnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf a:g s'df/L 3/sf] lgdf{0f
klg ug{ nufP . o; sf/0fn] hok|sfz dNnnfO{ !@ jif{;Dd /fHozf;gsf] Dofb
ylkPsf] lyof] eGg] syg klg /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] yk !@ jif{sf] /fHosfn ;lsPs}
avt O=;+=!&^* df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] s'df/L hfqfs} lbg /fHo x/0f u/]sf lyP .9
;+:s[tljb ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf cg';f/– zfSo s'nsf] s'df/L r]nL 5fpgLsf] ef]hdf
;/Ls e}/xFbf, /fhf hok|sfz ToxLFaf6 ;jf/L ePkl5 s'df/Ln] /fhfnfO{ tyfgfd ufnL
ul/g . ef]lnkN6 /fhf hok|sfznfO{ tn]h' ejfgLn] ;kgfdf cfO{ …lxhf] s'df/L r]nLsf]
z/L/df r9g] d} x'FÚ elg5g . To; kl5 /fhf hok|sfzn] s'df/L ePsf] 7fpFdf uP/
;Ddfgk"j{s k"hfcfhf afhfufhf;lxt hfqf u/L NofO{ b]j3/ -Bf]5}o_ df /fVg yfn]sf
lyP .
dfly pNn]lvt sygx¿n] zfSo s'nsL sGofnfO{ g} s'df/L agfpg'kg{] pNn]v u/]tfklg
Hofk" s'nsL sGofnfO{ klg s'df/Ldf k|lt:yflkt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
s'df/LnfO{ b]zsf] /lIfsf egL /fhf / hgtf ;a}n] dfGb} cfO/x]sf 5g . klxn]–klxn]
b]zsf] l;Ssf rnfpFbf s'df/LnfO{ r9fP/ dfq k|rngdf NofOGYof] . d'b|fsf] lx;falstfa
/fVg s} nflu s'df/L rf]s egL sfof{no g} :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .10
sxfF–sxfF 5 s'df/L k|yf
sf7df08f} pkTosf;lxt g]jf/ a:tL ePsf 7fpFx¿df s'df/L 5g . sf7df08f}, eQmk'/
/ nlntk'/sf s'df/Ln] /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf kfPsf 5g . cGoq hg:t/df s'df/L k|yf
hLljt 5 . ;fFv', a'ªdtL, dvg, lsnfun, 6f]vf, g'jfsf]6nufot 7fpFdf klg s'df/L
8 zfSo ;'j0f{, oFof M #)–##, sf7df08f}, @)^(
9 pxL
10 pxL

5g . kgf}tLdf s'df/L k'gM:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF *) jif{kl5 s'df/L k/Dk/fn]
lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] xf] . t/ oL ;a}dWo] sf7df08f}sf] s'df/LnfO{ g} d"n s'df/Lsf] ¿kdf
k"hf ul/G5 .11
pkTosfdf k|lt:yflkt Pj+ lgTo k"hf x'g] s'df/Lx¿
!_ /fhsLo s'df/L M sf7df08f} j;Gtk'/l:yt s'df/L 3/df lgjf; ug{] /fhsLo s'df/L
sf7df08f} leq tf]lsPsf ljleGg !* axfnleqsf zfSo kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f
/x]sf] 5 .
@_ d'axf s'df/L M sf7df08f} by'6f]n d'axfndf lgjf; ug{] d'axf s'df/L ah|frfo{
kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
#_ Sjfaxf s'df/L M sf7df08f}sf] dflyNnf] 6f]n Sjfaxfndf lgjf; ug{] oL b]jL s'df/L
Sjfaxf leqs} ah|frfo{ kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ul/G5 .
$_ tfgfaxf s'df/L M sf7df08f} dvg uNnLsf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] tfl/0fL b]jLsf] dlGb/
cjl:yt tfgfaxfn s'df/L …dvdL Hofk" TjfM u'7LÚ sf dxh{g kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{]
k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
%_ lsnfu M s'df/L M sf7df08f} lsnfun 6f]ndf b]j3/ eO{ cfˆg} 3/df lgjf; ug{]
oL s'df/L 5'jL gfgL leqs} Hofk" kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
^_ rfalxn s'df/L M ;'j0f{k"0f{ dxfljxf/ -rf?dlt ljxf/_ b]pkf6gdf lgjf; ug{]
rfalxn s'df/L zfSo kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
&_ 6f]vf s'df/L M 6f]vf s'df/L ToxfFsf] dxh{g kl/jf/af6} 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf]
5 .
*_ xMaxf s'df/L M kf6g xaxfnsf s'df/L ah|frfo{ y/ cGtu{ts} Ps cË w';
kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
(_ ;f]lgDx s'df/L M kf6g dxfaf}4l:yt :jlgDx s'df/L Hofk" kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ug{]
ul/G5 .
!)_ PsfGt s'df/L M eQmk'/sf] bLk+s/ ljxf/l:yt s'df/L 3/df lgjf; ug{] eQmk'/sf]
d"n s'df/L zfSo kl/jf/af6} 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
!!_ jg] nfos" s'df/L M eQmk'/sf] bQfqo dlGb/l:yt jg]nfos" s'df/L klg zfSo
kl/jf/af6} 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
11 efbufpFn], % j}zfv, @)&@

!@_ a+'udtL s'df/L M a+'udtL a'+uaxfn s'df/L ljz]if u/L aGw'bQ cfrfo{sf ;Gtlt
leqsf jh|frfo{ kl/jf/af6 dfq 5gf}6 ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
!#_ lqz'nL s'df/L M g'jfsf]6l:yt b/jf/df k|To]s jif{ bz}+df s'df/L :yfkgf u/L k"hf
ug{] k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo 8+uf]n hfltsf] aflnsfnfO{ dxfci6dLsf] lbgb]lv
b/jf/sf] bz}+ 3/df …s'df/LÚ sf] ¿kdf k"lhG5 .12
/Llt, lylt / ljlw
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] s'df/L k|yfleq klg s]xL lgodx¿ 5g . s'df/Lsf]
:ofxf/ ug{ b'O{ hgf lrtfObf/ -;xof]uL÷;]ljsf_ / Ps hgf s'df/L;d]t tLg hgf
dfq a:g] lgod 5 . t/ cj:yf / cjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg s'df/L 3/df s'df/L;Fu}
a:g]x¿sf] ;+Vof km/s x'g ;S5 .
tLg jif{sL aflnsfnfO{ cfdfaf6 5'6ofP/ s'df/L 3/df NofOG5 clg hLljt b]jLsf
¿kdf k"hf ul/G5 . ha pgL !! jif{ k'u]kl5 s'df/L 3/af6 lgsflnG5 . s'df/L 3/df
;'g;fg hLjg latfPsL caf]w aflnsfnfO{ km]l/ ;dfhsf] sf]nfxndf NofOG5 . To;
a]nf;Dd Pp6L aflnsfsf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf lgs} 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
s'df/LnfO{ hLljt b]jLsf ¿kdf k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . s'df/L k"hf lxGb" k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f
pkh xf] tfklg a'4 wdf{jnDaL zfSo y/sL # jif{b]lv dfly pd]/ ePsL aflnsfnfO{
dfq} s'df/Lsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/G5 . s'df/L aGg Tolt ;lhnf] eg] 5}g . kfFr hgf
a'4dfuL{ ah|frfo{ ;d'bfosf k'/f]lxtn] agfPsf cfrf/;+lx+tfcg';f/ g} s'df/L 5gf]6
ug]{] k/Dk/f 5 .
sf7df08f}df ljz]if u/L OGb|hfqfsf lbg s'df/LnfO{ /ydf /fv]/ kl/qmdf ug]{ rng 5 .
rfFu'gf/fo0fnfO{ xg'dfg9f]sfdf leqofpFbf, efb|s[i0f åfbzL, OGb|hfqf / 3f]8]hfqfnufot
!# hfqfdf s'df/LnfO{ /yofqf ul/G5 . o:tf /yofqfx¿ ug{ k|z:t k};f vr{ x'G5 .
oL ;a} vr{sf] Joj:yf dxfgu/kflnsf, u'7L ;+:yfg / sf}zL tf]iffvfgfn] ug]{ u5{ .
slnnf] pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{ s'df/L agfO{ s'df/L3/df /fVg] ul/G5 .
Psk6s s'df/L alg;s]sL aflnsf ;fdfGotM /h:jnf gx'Fbf;Dd s'df/L g} /xlG5g .
tn]h' dlGb/sf crfh', a8fu'?Ho", / ah|frfo{ k'/f]lxtn] g} s'df/L 5fGg] u5{g .
s'df/Lsf nflu /fd|f] :jf:Yo ePsf], /utdf s'g} ;d:of gb]lvPsf] / ;a} bfFt cfPsf]
aflnsf x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .
olt dfq} geP/ s'df/Lsf nflu s]/fsf] yDdf h:tf] cfsif{s z/L/, zªv h:tf] 3fF6L,
ufO{sf] h:tf] k/]nf, d[usf] h:tf] cfFvf, l;+xsf] h:tf] 5ftL / xfF;sf] h:tf] g/d /
:ki6 af]nL ePsf] x'g'kg]{ lgod agfOPsf] 5 . cyf{t s'df/L aGg #@ nIf0fn] o'Qm
12 zfSo b'uf{, (%,(^, sf7df8f}+, @)^&

x'g'kg]{] dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 .
dNnsfnb]lv g} /fi6«k|d'vn] klg s'df/Lsf xftaf6 bz+}‌sf] 6Lsf yfKg] rng 5 .
s'df/Lsf] pkl:yltdf pkTosfsf k|d'v rf8kj{x¿ ;DkGg x'g] ub{5g . s'df/L
x'~h]n s'df/L x'g] aflnsf aflx/ lg:sg gx'g], e'O{+df v'§f /fVg gx'g], s;};Fu af]Ng
gx'g]nufotsf lgoddf afFlwg' kb{5 .
s'df/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] g} u5{ . lj=;= !(&( b]lv s'df/Lsf] nut
/fVg yflnPsf] xf] . To;eGbf cufl8sf s'df/L sf]–sf] x'g eg]/ nut /fv]sf] kfOFb}g .13
ljj]rgf
…s'df/LÚ aGg] cj;/ kfPsL aflnsfnfO{ cem} klg ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] efUozfnL g}
7fGb5 . s'df/L aGbf kfpg ;s]sf] dfg;Ddfgsf sf/0f s'df/L ag]sL aflnsfn] klg
uf}/jsf] cg'ej g} u/]sL x'lG5g . ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ eGg] xf] eg] k"j{ s'df/L ag]sf
aflnsf jf dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf] s'df/L hLjgk|lt v]b xf]Og, uj{ g} u/]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
lsgsL pgLx¿ s'df/L 5Fbf dflg; xf]Og b]jLsf] ¿kdf k|lt:yflkt ePsf x'G5g .
To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfd dflg;n] dfq xf]Og /fi6«k|d'vn] ;d]t 9f]u e]6 / cfb/ ;Ddfg
ub{y] . vfg, nfpg, a:gsf] b'Mv jf cefj x'g] t s'/} ePg, To;dfly pgLx¿sf] ;]jf
/ :ofxf/ ug{ xb{d b'O{ hgf lrtfObf/ ;fy} /x]sf x'Gy] . k'/fgf] hdfgfsf s'df/Lx¿n]
k9g] cj;/ gkfP klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf s'df/L u[xdf JolQmut u'?af6 k9g] cj;/
kfO g} /x]sf 5g . s'df/L hLjgaf6 aflx/ lgl:sP kl5 klg /fHoåf/f eQf lbOg]
ePsfn] o;af6 k9fO tyf cGo cfly{s cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug ;s]sf]
l:ylt klg kfOG5 . ;fy} klxn] s'df/L ag]sfx¿n] s'df/L g} /xg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] eP klg kl5 s'df/Laf6 aflx/ cfO;s] kl5 ljjfx ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf;d]t
k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5 .
o;/L ;xh ¿kdf x]bf{ of] k|yfn] afnclwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] xgg u/]sf] x}g a?
cem} ;Ddflgt / ;'/lIft agfPsf] ts{ ug]{x¿ klg gePsf xf]Ogg .
;xh ¿kdf pk/f]Qm b[io b]lvg] s'df/L k|yfleq lgofn]/ x]bf{ eg] k[ys b[io b]Vg
;lsG5 . s'g} ls+jbGtLo ldyssf cfwf/df rnfOPsf] o; k|yfn] Psflt/ pv]n]/
kmfNg'kg{] ¿l9ut cGwljZjf;sf] j[4 j[IfnfO{ dnhn u/]/ ;bfaxf/ agfpg] k|of; u/]sf]
5 / ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] ultdf tuf/f] l;h{gf x'gk'u]sf] 5 .
csf{]lt/ o;af6 afnljsf;sf rf/ cfofd -zf/Ll/s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;, af}l4s
ljsf; / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;_ dfly cj?4tf ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . s'df/L agfOg] aflnsfn]
;/b/ # b]lv !! jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ s'df/L 3/df latfpg' kb{5 . h'g, pNn]lvt rf/vfn]
afnljsf;sf lglDt cToGt dxTjk"0f{ pd]/ xf] .
13 rfkfufO z'sb]j, @))(

s'df/L eP/ a:bf ;'v, ;'ljwf, dfg–;Ddfg h]–h] kfPtf klg afnclwsf/sf] klxnf]
dxTjk"0f{ kIf cyf{t zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] kIf . hf] :jtGqtfk"j{s / lgl:kmqmL bf}8g],
pk|mg], v]Ng], OR5f cg';f/ vfg] h:tf cj;/af6 j[l4 / ;'ul7t aGg ;S5 . t/ s'df/L
agfOPsf aflnsfx¿ of] cj;/af6 k|foM jl~rt /xG5g . h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf]
zf/Ll/s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ kIf cyf{t ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] kIf . hf] x/If0f cfdfa'afnufot
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu /xg], cGt/Ë aGg], dfof kfpg], ;fyLefO;Fu} ldn]/ v]ns'b ug{]
xfF;v]n ug{], 5/l5d]s;Fu 3'nldn x'g] cflbh:tf cj;/af6 k|fKt x'g;S5 . t/ s'df/L
hLjgdf pgLx¿ o:tf cj;/af6 6fl9g k'u]sf x'G5g . h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf]
;fdflhs ljsf;df cj?4tf l;h{gf x'ghfG5 .
t];|f] dxTjk"0f{ kIf cyf{t af}l4s ljsf;sf] kIf . ljBfno uP/ k9g], lzIfsx¿;Fu
l;Sg], cfˆgf cfdfafnufot kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ tyf 5/l5d]s Pj+ ;fyLefO;Fu k|ToIf
bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb ug{], ;fdflhs a/Jojxf/, /Lltlylt, rfnrng cflbsf af/]df k|ToIf
hfgsf/L kfpg] / :jod ;xefuL ;d]t x'g] cj:yf / cj;/;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 .
t/ s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx¿ af}l4s ljsf;sf nflu cToGt dxTjk"0f{ pd]/ -;/b/
#–!@ jif{_ s'df/L 3/df latfpg ljj; x'g'kg{] ePsfn] pgLx¿ o; cj;/af6 k|foM
jl~rt g} /xG5g .
rf}yf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf cyf{t ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] kIf . o; pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsflglDt
;+j]ufTds ljsf; cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . cg'e"ltx¿ g} ;+j]u x'g . of] hGdhft
cfpFb}g t/ ;fdflhs jftfj/0fhGo sf/0fx¿af6 pTkGg x'G5 . ljleGg JolQmx¿sf]
;Ët / ;Dks{af6 o:tf s'/fx¿ l;lsG5 . ;+j]udf xif{, la:dft, k|]d, Oiof{ tyf lh1f;f
d'Vo ¿kdf cfpF5g . oL tLtf ld7f b'j} kf6fn] hLjgsf l;sfOnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg d2t
k'¥ofpF5 . cem oLdWo] klg lh1f;fnfO{ ;+j]usf] d'Vo kf6f] dfGg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfn]
…of] s] xf], lsg eof], s;/L cfof], s] x'G5Ú cflbh:tf k|Zgx¿ clt rf;f]sf;fy ul//xg'
g} lh1f;f xf] . hf] ;aeGbf a9L b'O{b]lv !%÷!^ jif{] pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfdf
a9L kfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] o:tf lh1f;fx¿ a9Lh;f] t cfˆgf cfdfa'af, xh'/a'af
xh'/cfdf;Fu /fVg] u5{g . To;kl5 vf;u/L kl/jf/sf cGo cleefjs, cfkm"eGbf
7"nf bfO lbbL tyf 5/l5d]ssf cGo dflg;;Fu /fVg] u5{g . h;n] pgLx¿sf] 1fg,
efjgf / wf/0ffnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . t/ s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx¿
o:tf] cj;/af6 nueu k"0f{¿kn] jl~rt x'G5g, h;af6 pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;
cj?4 aGg k'U5 .
s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx¿ pNn]lvt rf/ afnljsf;sf kIfx¿af6 jl~rt x'g]
ePsfn] :ki6tM pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t afnclwsf/ xgg / s'l07t x'g k'u]sf] cg'ej
ug{ ;lsG5 .

s'df/L k|yfaf/] 5fglag ug{ cfb]z
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sf7df08f}df aiff}{+b]lv hLljt b]jLsf ¿kdf k'lh+b} cfPsf s'df/Lx¿sf]
df}lns xs, lzIff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ;DaGwdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfb]z hf/L
u/]sf] 5 . clwjQmf k'gb]jL dxh{gn] uPsf] j}zfvdf bfo/ u/]sf] Pp6f /L6 lgj]bgdfly
lg0f{o ;'gfpFb} pQm cbfntn] ;+:s[ltljb ;lDdlnt Pp6f ;/sf/L ;ldlt u7g ug]{
cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltn] lj:t[t cWoog u/L ;'emfj ;lxt cfufdL tLg dlxgfleq
k|ltj]bg k]z ug{'kg]{5 .
To;;DaGwL lg0f{o ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwzLåo cg'k/fh zdf{ / /fdk|;fb >]i7sf]
;+o'Qm Ohnfzn] ;'gfPsf] lyof] . cbfntsf] cfb]zcg'¿k ;/sf/n] ;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gful/s p8oog dGqfnosf Pshgf pRr clws[tsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lj1x¿
;d]t ;lDdlnt Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ug{'kg]{5 . /L6 lgj]bgsf] kIfdf ax; ug]{ clwjQmf
6Lsf/fd e§/fO{n] cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{ s'df/L k|yf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
sbd ePsf] atfP .
dxh{gn] bfo/ u/]sf] /L6df k|lt/Iffsf] cfj]bg k]z u/]sL Pshgf g]jf/L ;+:s[ltsL
;f]wstf{ 8fS6/ r'Gbf ah|frfo{ rfn' s'df/L k|yfdf s'df/Lsf] df}lns xs xgg gePsf]
/ zf]if0f gePsf] ts{ ul/g . t/ pgn] s'df/Lx¿sf] z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL sbd
eg] rfNg'kg]{ atfOg .
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k"j{ s'df/Lx¿nfO{ dfl;s !) xhf/ ?k}ofF eQf lbg]
sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] k"j{ !) s'df/Lx¿nfO{ dfl;s !) xhf/ ?k}ofF eQf lbg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfufdL !) jif{;Dd eQf pknAw u/fOg] sf7df08f}
dxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t nId0f cof{nn] hfgsf/L lbP .
…k|foM s'df/Lx¿ cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg kl/jf/sf ePklg pgLx¿n] k|lt:kwL{ ;dfhdf
cfˆgf hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ ;do s'df/L ag]/ latfPsf 5gÚ cof{nn] eg] .
k"j{ s'df/Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]usf nflu dxfgu/kflnsfn] o:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . hLljt
5Fbf;Dd k"lhg] s'df/L sf7df08f} b/af/ :Sjfo/df a:g] u5{g h'g g]kfn cfpg]
ko{6ssf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ uGtJo xf] .
% aif{cl3 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] s'df/LnfO{ k9fOaf6 jl~rt ug{ gx'g] cfb]z lbPkl5
clxn] pgLx¿n] cfkm" a;]s} :yfgdf k9g] / k/LIff lbg] ;'ljwf kfPsf 5g . -www.
arghakhanchi.com/-@)&) df3 @_

dlxnfn] klxnf] k6s s'df/Lsf] /y tfg]/ gofF k/Dk/f yfn]
OGb|hfqfsf] Oltxf;df o;kfln gofF k/Dk/f /lrFb}5 . a'waf/ -@)^(÷)%÷!&_
klxnf] k6s Hofk" dxfu'ly dlxnf ljefusf] cu|;/tfdf s'df/Lsf] /y dlxnfn] tfg]/
gofF k/Dk/f yfNg nfu]sf x'g . ;+of]hs gfgLxL/f dxh{gn] dlxnfn] /y tfGg]
nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] cfsf+Iff klxnf]k6s k"/f x'g nfu]sf] atfOg . nepalitimes.com.
au/ 03rd October 2012
s'df/Lsf] /ynfO{ dlxnfx¿n] tfGg] rng uPsf] jif{b]lv z'¿ ePsf] 5 . o;
kj{n] dNnsfndf sf7df08f}sf zf;sx¿n] cfˆgf s'nb]jL, Oi6b]jL zlQm s} ¿kdf
dfGotf k|bfg u/L cfPsf] b]vfpg] ;+:s[ltljbx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . …o;n]
zf;sx¿sf] wfld{s ljZjf;, cfWoflTdstf, k/Dk/fk|ltsf] k|]d a'emfpg]5 .Ú –jl/i7
;+:s[ltljb ;Todf]xg hf]zLn] g]kfn ;dfrf/kq;Fu s'/fsfgL ub}{ eGg'eof] .
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*_ www.bbc.com/nepali/news/story/2006/11/061101_kumari.shtml
(_ nepalitimes.com.au/ 03rd October 2012

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cfkm";Fu zf/Ll/s ;DaGw sfod u/]df pgL / eujfgsf aLr ;Dks{ :yflkt x'g ;Sg]
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t'NofP/ k'q k|fKt ug{] OR5fn] chod]?sf]6 -88]Nw'/f_ af6 uf}x§L k'u]sf /x]5g .
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eP klg sfZok uf]qdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g] rng lyof] . ;fy} pgL b]jtfsL bf;Ldf kl/0ft
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dlGb/ jf df08f}df nluG5 . clg a|fXd0fn] pgnfO{ ;"rL u/L k~ruJo -ufO{sf] uf]a/,
d"q, b"w, l3p, bxL_ v'jfpF5g . Tolt u/] kl5 zL/ vfln u/fP/ bfdL sk8f vf]Ng
nufP/ 6fpsf]af6 z'4 ;/l;pFsf] t]n -gkfP tf]/Lsf] t]n_ vGofP/ ;jf{Ë r'k|G5g .
clg ;l;{pFsf] t]nn] afn]sf] tfdfsf] lbof] tL sGofsf] 6fpsf]df nu]/ /flvG5 -lkFwdf
cl8g] u/L sk8f u'6d'6ofPsf] x'G5 . To;} a]nf a|fXd0fn] ;+:s[tdf ;+sNk af]N5g
eg] sGof r9fpg]jfnfn] efsn u/]sf b]jLb]jtfsf] gfd ;Dem]/ sGofsf b'j} v'§fdf a'9L
cf}+nf ;dftL hn, tLn, s"z, cIf]tf, b'af], km"n, g}j]B 5f]P/ hn 5f]l8G5 . ;+sNk af]Ng]
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b]jtf b]jLsf], enf dflg;sf] ;]jf ug{] / cfˆgf ;fts'nsf k"vf{x¿ :ju{ hfg], z/L/, dg,
jrgn] u/]sf ;a} kfkx¿sf] k|folZrt x'g] jrg af]Ng nufpF5g . clg tL sGofnfO{
af]s]/ & k6s dlGb/sf] kl/qmdf u/fpg' kb{5 . To; a]nf e]/L, t'x/L, 9f]n, ef]s/, ;g}O{,
x'Nsf] ahfP/ /demd ug{] ul/GYof] .
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h]7L b]psL;Fu /flvG5 . tL b]psLn] gjbLlIftfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿l9x¿ l;sfpFl5g .
b]jsLsf] cfudgsf] s'/f df08f}sf k'hf/L, wfdL, u'l7of/, afgfbf/ ;a}nfO{ yfxf x'G5 .
b]jtfnfO{ c¿ dflg;n] r9fPsf] ;fdu|Ldf klg tL b]jsLsf] ;fdfGo xs nfU5 . x's{]sL
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k|ltIff uly{g . ;fFemdf cfpg] JolQm b]jtf;dfg dflgg] xF'bf /flt To;};Fu Ps} 3/df
;'lTyg . To;afkt cltlysf] bof wd{ nfu]df s]xL lbP kfpFlyg, sa"n u/L lnb}glyg .
t/ ;do ablnb} hfFbf To:t} z'4¿k /x]g . b]psLdfly o'jsx¿n] ef]u ug{] eGg] wf/0ff
p7of] kl/0ffd:j¿k Bf}sL gu/aw' em}F aGg k'lug . t/ Bf}sL r9fpg] JolQmn] pgL;Fu
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uf}td a'4sf] Oltxf; ;Fu;Fu} of] k|yfsf] klg ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . uf}td a'4sf]
b]xfGt -k/lgjf{0f_ kZrft pgnfO{ O{Zj/Los/0f u/L a'4dtnfO{ a'4 wd{df kl/eflift
ul/of] . a'4 wd{nfO{ JofVof ug{] p2]Zo cg';f/ ;j{k|yd dxfofgjfbsf] hGd eof] . o;
wd{nfO{ km}nfpg] qmddf Pl;ofsf cGo ljleGg d'n's xF'b} O;fsf] *cf}+ ztfAbLtfsf a'4
wd{ ef/taf6 ltAat k'u]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ltAatsf] k|frLgtd af]g wd{ ;zQm ¿kn]
Pp6f hLjg k4lt / ltAatL ;Eotf alg;s]sf] lyof] . To:tf] ulx/f] ¿kdf ltAatL
;dfhdf cGt/–3'ng ePsf] wd{nfO{ pv]n]/ ˆofFSg] k|of;df a'4 wd{n] lgs} nfdf] ;do
;+3if{ ug{'k¥of]] . af]g wd{ / a'4 wd{aLr cg]sf}+ åGå / lx+;fTds 36gfx¿ 36]/ ltAatL
;dfh nfdf] ;do;Dd åGåaf6 cfqmfGt /lx/Xof] .
ltAatL a'4dfuL{ /fhfx¿nfO{ k|frLgtd af]g wd{sf] zlQmkL7sf k'hf/Lx¿af6 /fhsfhdf
;bf vt/f /xGYof] . To;}n] o:tf] vt/faf6 pGd'lQm kfpg /fHon] a'4 wd{sf] kIfdf
cfˆgf] alnof] ;dy{g hgfPsf] lyof] . kmn:j¿k !! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ltAatL a'4 wd{
ltAatL /fhsLo wd{ aGg ;kmn eof] . ToxL ;doaf6 l5d]sL /fi6« jl/kl/ ltAatL a'4
wd{sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ePsf] dflgG5 . To;}n] ltAatL a'4 wd{ ltAatsf] blIf0fL e"–efu Nxf]
d':tfª, !@ ufpF, % ufpF / yfs If]qdf O=;L= ;+jt !! cf}+ / !@cf}+ ztfAbLtfsf dfq
k|j]z ePsf] P]ltxfl;s k|df0f lnlvt ¿kdf kfpg ;lsG5 . 4
a'4 wd{sf] o;} dt cg';f/ cWoog, ;]jf / Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zo cg';f/ em'df tyf nfdf -9fjf_ sf ¿kdf u'Daf jf d7x¿df afnaflnsfnfO{
/flvlbg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] .
Tolta]nfsf] ;dsfnLg ljZjdf lxGb"wd{ cGt/ut sltko dlGb/x¿df b]jbf;L k|yf, O;fO{
wd{cGt/ut rr{ jf sfFGj]G6;df gg (nun) k|yfnufot cGo sltko wfld{s d7dlGb/
x¿df klg b]jtfsf] ;]jfsf lglDt b]jbf;L jf b]jbf;sf] ¿kdf ;d]t afnaflnsfnfO{
k|of]u ug{] rng rnfOPsf] lyof] -x]g{'xf]; o;} ;+u|xdf k|:t't b]psL k|yf_ . nueu
Tolta]n}lt/ ltAat nufot g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf la:tf/ x'g k'u]sf] a'4 wd{sf]
ah|fogdt / af]g wd{df klg e''mdf -cfgL_ / nfdf k|yf k|f/De x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . o;/L
em'df tyf nfdf k|yfsf] ljsf; x'g'k5fl8 tTsfnLg ljZjsf] cGo If]qdf k|rlnt b]jbf;L
/ b]jbf; k|yfn] k|efj kf/]sf] cg'dfg ug{ klg g;lsg] xf]Og .
em'df / nfdf agfpg] ljlw
jf]Gkf] jf af]g wd{ cg';f/ !# jif{ dflysL aflnsfnfO{ em'df / !% jif{ dflysf] afnsnfO{
nfdf agfpg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . a'4 wdf{jnDaLx¿n] *÷( jif{ dflysf afnaflnsfnfO{
nfdf em'df agfpg] eg] tfklg %÷^ jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg nfdf em'df agfpg]
ub{5g . u'Daf h'g;'s} 7fpFdf /x]sf] xf]; ToxfF hxfF ;'s}sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg nfdf
jf em'df agfpg Nofpg ;lsG5 . u'Dafdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfdWo] sltkonfO{ a'afcfdf
jf cGo cleefjs :jo+n] k'¥ofpg Nofpg] u5{g eg] sltko afnaflnsf t :j]R5fn]
4 uf}rg ;/n oyfy{ g/;fªuf]Dkfsf, blogspot.com/2014/04

klg nfdf em'df aGg u'Dafdf cfpg] u/]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . em'df aGg] aflnsfnfO{ u'Dafdf
r9fpg' cl3 tLg jif{ tLg dlxgf tLg lbg u'Ktjf; /fVg] rng klg /x]sf] 5 . em'dfn]
cfˆgf] skfn k'/} v}/]/ a:g' k5{ . u'Dafdf NofOPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ pQm u'Dafsf k|d'v
nfdfn] skfnsf] 6'KkLsf] ;fgf] efu sf6]/ pgLx¿n] nufpg] /ftf] sk8f;lxt gofF gfd
k|bfg ub}{ k|f/lDes zLn k|bfg ub{5g . To; kl5 gjk|j]zL nfdf em'dfn] To; u'Dafsf]
gLltlgod, tf}/tl/sf, wd{ ;+:s[lt ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
nfdf aGgsf nflu cjZos dfkb08 k"/f ug{ r/0fa4 ¿kdf a'4 wd{;DaGwL ljleGg
1fgx¿ cfh{g ug{' clgjfo{ x'G5 .
kfngf ug{'kg{] cfrf/;+lxtf / wfld{s dfGotf
sfu 5of]bLy'St]g ;fDkm]lnª u'Dafsf v]Dkf] t]GhLª ;fªkf]sf cg';f/–jf:tljs ;'v
k|flKtsf nflu dflg;x¿ nfdf -leIf'_ / e'mdf -cfgL_ aGg k|]l/t ePsf] xf] . leIf' aGg
Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g hlt aflx/af6 x]bf{ b]lvG5 . nfdf aGg y'k|} zLnx¿ k|fKt ug'{ k5{ .
h:t}M em'6f] gaf]Ng', xTof lx+;f gug'{, rf]/L gug'{, dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg gug'{, k/:qL tyf
k/k"?if;Fu zf/Ll/s ;DaGw g/fVg' cflb cfwf/e"t tyf d'Vo zLnx¿ kb{5g eg] o:tf
c¿ klg y'k|} zLnx¿ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g . o:tf zLnx¿ ljz]if u/L @) jif{ pd]/ k"/f
ePkl5 dfq lbg ;'? ul/G5 .
a'4 wd{df jt{dfgnfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbOFb}g . of] wd{df e"t, jt{dfg / eljio tLg}
sfnnfO{ plQs} k|fyldstf lbOG5 . o; wd{sfcg';f/ dflg;sf] tLg} sfn cyf{t
k"j{hGddf ul/Psf] sd{n] jt{dfg / eljionfO{ c;/ u5{ . To;}n] em'df jf nfdf ag]sf
afnaflnsfn] klg cfˆgf] JolQmut :jfy{af6 w]/} dfly p7]/ ;+;f/sf] ;'v k|flKt,
ljZjzflGt, cfTdfzflGtsf] lglDt ;dlk{t x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
o; k|yfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿
;sf/fTds M
• u'Dafdf a;]/ lzIff lnPsf JolQmx¿ t'ngfTds ¿kdf cf1fsf/L, g}ltsjfg /
Jojxfl/s b]lvG5g .
• clwsf+z nfdf em'dfx¿ nf]ssf] enfOsf nflu 3/ kl/jf/ TofUg tof/ x'G5g .
• u'Dafdf lbOg] lzIffn] zfGt :jefj, ;/n / zLn efjgf, pRr ljrf/, JolQmut
:jfy{eGbf dfly p7]/ ;fd'bflos efjgfsf] ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
• e"t, jt{dfg / eljio tLg} sfnnfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ ePsf]n] s'sd{af6 hf]lug] xf]l;of/Lsf]
ljsf; x'G5 .
• s'g} klg u'Daf tyf u'Daf :s"nx¿df gfdsf] k5fl8 hft jf y/ n]lvFb}g . h'g;'s}
hft, ju{, j0f{af6 cfPsf] eP klg u'Dafdf cfOk'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/

u/L hftLo e]befjnfO{ jlh{t ul/Psf] 5 .
• wfld{s lzIff tyf 1fg k|flKt ug{ pd]/sf] xbaGbL 5}g .
• d':tfªsf] d'lQmgfy dlGb/df a'4 wfld{s ;d'bfosL em'df / lxGb" cfo{ ;d'bfosf
afx'g k'hf/Ln] Ps;fy dlGb/sf] /]vb]v / k"hfcfhf u5{g . hf] wfld{s ;befjsf]
Pp6f cg's/0fLo pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 .
gsf/fTds
• em'df jf nfdf agfpg u'Dafdf /flvPsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] OR5f
geP klg cleefjs / bftfx¿sf] rfxgf cg';f/ /flvg' .
• a'4 wd{ zf:qdf st} pNn]v geP tfklg k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dfOnf] 5f]/f / dfOnL
5f]/L clgjfo{ u'Dafdf a:g' kg]{ jfWotf ;[hgf ul/g' .
• ljz]if u/]/ cfgL -em'df_ x¿nfO{ u'Dafsf] ;+/If0f, b}lgs k"hfcfhf / ;]jfdf dfq
;Lldt u/fOg] k/Dk/f rnfOg' .
• xfn;Dd s'g} klg u'Dafdf em'df -cfgL_ x¿ u'Dafk|d'v eO{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt
u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
• clwsf+z u'Dafx¿df dlxnfeGbf k'?ifnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbOg' .
• sltko 7fpFx¿df xfn;Dd klg !#÷!$ jif{sf] pd]/sf aflnsfx¿n] clgjfo{ em'df
a:g' kg]{ rng oyfjt /flvPsf] 5 . h:t} d':tfª lhNnfsf] emf]ª uf=lj=;=df
cjl:yt 3f/ u'Daf -em'dfu'Daf_ df ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf tLg ufpF k'6fs, emf]ª, 5of]sf]/ /
d'lQmgfy uf=lj=;=sf k'/fª ufpFsf dfOnL 5f]/Lx¿ !$ jif{df clgjfo{ em'df a:g' kg]{,
d'lQmgfy dlGb/df d'lQmgfy uf=lj=;=sf emf/sf]6 / lvªuf/ ufpFsf dfOnL 5f]/Lx¿
clgjfo{ em'df a:g' kg]{ afWotf ;[hgf ul/g' .
• cem} klg dfOnf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ !# aif{ k'Ubf;fy nfdf / em'df agfpgsf nfuL
u'Dafdf a'emfpg' . o;/L a'emfOPsf afnaflnsfn] nfdf / em'df a:g'kg]{ afWotf sfod
/flvg' .
• u'Dafdf r9fOPsf em'df / nfdfx¿n] cfhLjg ljjfx ug{'x'Gg eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotf
/flvg' .
• of] k|rngn] ubf{ cGo ljBfnox¿df kl9/x]sf aflnsfx¿ cfdf ue{jtL x'Fbf klg
alxgL hGDof] eg] d}n] k9fO 5f]8]/ em'df a:g' k5{ eGg] h:tf tgfj af]s]/ a;]sf]
kfOG5 .
• k'?ifx¿nfO{ ljjfx kZrft u'Dafdf a;L k"hfcfhf ug{ s'g} /f]s 5}g . t/
dlxnfx¿nfO{ Tof] :jtGqtf 5}g .
• em'dfx¿n] of}g ;Dks{ /fVg x'g] t/ ljjfx ug{ gx'g] k/Dk/fn] ubf{ cg}lts
;DaGwaf6 hGd]sf 5f]/f5f]/L em'df jf nfdfsf] ¿kdf u'Dafdf g} a:g] rng rnfOg' .

dfly pNn]lvt cj:yf / Jojxf/x¿n] o; k|yfdf afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf] b]Vg
;lsG5 .5
b]lvPsf ;'wf/x¿
ut s]xL jif{ otf clwsf+z 7fpFx¿df dfOnf 5f]/f, dfOnL 5f]/LnfO{ nfdf÷em'df agfpg
clgjfo{ u'Dafdf k7fpg' kg{] afWotf /x]sf] 5}g . nfdf em'df ePsf sltko lszf]/
lszf]/LnfO{ pRrlzIffsf] nflu ef/tsf ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿df k7fpg] klg ul/Psf]
5 . u'Dafx¿df klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kf7oqmdcg';f/ k7g kf7g xF'b} cfPsf]] 5 .
klxn] nfdf tyf em'df eO;s]kl5 ljjfx ug{ rfx]df jf ljjfx u/]df ToxL u'Dafsf]
lgodcg';f/ lgs} s8f ;hfox¿ ef]Ug' kYof]{ . t/ xfn cfP/ u'Dafdf vfFbf, blIf0ff
r9fP/ dfkmL dfUbf / cfkm"n] u'Dafdf a;]/ vfP afktsf] C0faf6 d'Qm x'g] eGg]
dfGotfcg';f/ u'DafnfO{ oyf;So bfg ubf{ j}jflxs bf]if 6g{] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]
5 . u'Dafdf cWoog/t 9fjf, nfdf tyf em'dfx¿n] klg cfw'lgs ;~rf/, k|ljlwx¿sf]
pkef]u ug{] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g . -t/ o;/L em'df /fVg] k/Dk/fdf ;'wf/ cfPsf]
eP klg clxn] klg OR5f ljk/Lt em'df a:g'kg]{ afWotf k"0f{ ?kdf vf/]h eg] e};s]sf]
5}g_ . To;} u/L em'dfn] ljjfx ug{ ;Sg] / ljjflxt 5f]/Ln] klg klt;Fu kf/kfr's]
u/]kl5 em'df a:g ;Sg] u/L em'df k|yfnfO{ nlrnf] agfOPsf] 5 . nfdf / em'df dfOnf
dfOnL;Fu dfq hf]l8Psf] ljifo ge} hlGdPb]lv d[To'ko{Gt wd{ ;+:sf/;Fu hf]l8Psf]
ljifo ePsfn] em'dfsf nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]u cToGt h?/L /x]sf] d':tfªjf;Lsf] dfu
5 . wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ljifo;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] em'df k|yfnfO{
nlrnf], Jofjxfl/s / ;dofg"sn agfpg tTsfn} sfg'g th{'df ug{ pgLx¿n] ;+;bnfO{
;'emfj lbPsf 5g .
;'emfj
em'df jf nfdf agfP/ afWosf/L ¿kdf u'Dafdf r9fpg] k|yfn] afnclwsf/sf] pNn+3g
x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] aGb g} u/fpg' k5{ . t/ ;dfhnfO{ cfbz{, zflGt, ;sf/fTds
;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{, xTof lx+;fnfO{ sd ug{, JolQmut :jfy{nfO{ 6f9f /fVg a'4 bz{g
g} d'Vo /x]sf] s'/f s;}n] gsfg{ ;lsb}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ k|jw{g ug{sf nflu u'Daf
ljBfnox¿nfO{ cem} Jojl:yt / ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfP/ nfg' kg{] cfjZostf 5 .
lxdfnL e]udf /x]sf afnaflnsf cToGt sl7g cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g . Psflt/ cfly{s
;|f]tsf] cefj 5 ef] csf{]lt/ oL 7fpFx¿sf] lr;f] xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns las6tfsf
sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfno uP/ k9g ;lhnf] 5}g . To;}n] u'Daf ljBfnox¿df lgMz'Ns
cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf;lxt cWoogsf] Joj:yf x'g] xf] eg] oxfFsf afnaflnsfsfn] /fd|f];Fu
lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] 5g . u'Daf ljBfnodf lbOg] cltl/Qm af}4 wd{ bz{gsf] lzIffn]
pgLx¿sf] g}lts / rfl/lqs ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj klg kfg{] 5 . g]kfn a'4
hGd]sf] b]z eg]/ lrlgg] ePsf]n] klg af}4 bz{gnfO{ d'Vo tyf clgjfo{ z}lIfs ljifoj:t'
5 www.social-peek.com

agfpg' kg{] b]lvG5 . ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] wd{sf] gfpFdf b]lvPsf ljs[ltx¿nfO{ x6fpg,
/ wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{ klg ;f]xL cg';f/sf gLltx¿ agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ klg
h?/L g} 5 .
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#_ nayabikalpa.weeklynepal.com/2011/11/07/news-article-3530/
$_ d':tfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, d':tfª, @)&!
%_ ;/n uf}rg ysfnL, oyfy{ g/;fªuf]Dkfsf], thasangsamajiksanjal.blogspot.
com/2014/04/blog-post.htm -;|f]tM Go' xf]/fOhg af]g :6l8h, cf]:nf]
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&_ www.social-peek.com/Keywords

wfld{s dfGotfdf
afnaflnsf

j}lbssfnsf af/]df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L
j}lbs / pQ/ j}lbssfn u/]/ j}lbssfnnfO{ d'VotM b'O{ efudf afF8g ;lsG5 . To;
kl5 j}lbs dfGotfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g ;lxt ljsf; ul/Psf] ;Eotfdf cfwfl/t sfnnfO{
:d[lt tyf dxfsfJosfn elgG5 . cfo{ hfltn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] j}lbs ;Eotf slxn]af6
;'? eof] eGg] af/]df Oltxf;sf/x¿ aLr dt}Sotf kfOFb}g . sltko Oltxf;sf/sf
cg';f/ cfo{ hfltdf of] ;Eotf pgLx¿ ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf k|j]z ug{'eGbf klxn]b]lv
sfod /xb} cfPsf] lyof] . h}sf]aL1
sf cg';f/ $%)) b]lv @%)) O=k"= sf] ;do j}lbs
;Eotfsf] o'u xf] .2
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!))) O=k"=sf aLrdf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .3
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/ ;j{k|d'v Cuj]bnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf k|j]z ug{'eGbf klxn]b]lv
g} cfo{hfltsf] dfu{lgb{]zs bz{gsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] Cuj]bsf] /rgfsfnnfO{
h}sf]aLn] O=k"= $%))–@%)) cg'dfg u/]tfklg o;sf] /rgfsf] ;'?jft @))) cyjf
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o; e"v08df cfo{x¿sf] k|j]z kZrft ;'? ePsf] sfnnfO{ j}lbssfn elgof] . h;df
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;fdflhs ;dfgtfsf kIfx¿ k|d'v lyP eg] sd{sf08Lo kIfx¿ uf}0f lyP . pQ/
j}lbssfn cyf{t j]bfGtsfn / To; kl5 qmdzM ;fdj]b, oh'j]{b, cyj{j]b, a|fXd0f
u|Gyx¿,+ cf/0os, pklgifbx¿ !))) b]lv ^)) O=k"= leq / To;kl5 Gofo, j}z]lifs,
;f+Vo, of]u, k"j{ lddf+;f, pQ/ lddf+;f cflb bfz{lgs dfGotdf cfwfl/t /rgfx¿ df}o{
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pQ/ j}lbssfnsf]
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3 pxL k[i7 @%,
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uf}0f aGg k'u] eg] sd{sf08Lo ;+:sf/x¿ k|d'v aGg k'u] . ;fy} o; sfndf /fHo tyf
;fdflhs Joj:yfx? ck]Iffs[t a9L ;an / Jojl:yt aGg k'u]sf] ;+s]t klg kfOG5 .
j}lbs sfndf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo
Cuj}lbssfnLg ;dfhdf u'¿s'nLo lzIffsf] k|f/De ePsf] ;+s]t kfOG5 . o; sfnsf
afns -k'q_ ;/x aflnsf -k'qL_ nfO{ dfof / ;'ljwfx¿ glbOPtf klg lzIff cfh{g
ug{] / cfˆgf] hLjgsf] lg0f{o cfkm}F ug{];Ddsf] 5'6 lbOPsf] lyof] . To;}n] o; sfndf
ljåtfsf] If]qdf k'?ifx¿ dfq xf]Og dlxnfx¿ klg cufl8 lyP .
o; sfnsf afnaflnsfnfO{ clwsf/sf nflu eGbf klg st{Josf nflu a9L hfu¿s
agfOGYof] . h:t} u'?, lktf / dftfnfO{ O{Zj/ ;/x dfGg', pgLx¿n]] h:tf];'s} cfb]z
u/] klg To;nfO{ zL/f]wfo{ ug{', j}lbs lgod cg';f/ lgwf{l/t ;+:sf/ / cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{
OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s kfngf ug{', g}lts, cflTds / zf/Ll/s zlQmsf] ljsf; u/L a}/LnfO{
k/f:t ug{ ;Sg] k/fqmdL aGg' h:tf Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0fnfO{ g}} afnaflnsfsf] k/d
st{Jo 7flgGYof] . k|To]s dftflktfn] cfˆgf] ;Gtfg -vf;u/L k'q_ k/fqmdL, ;fx;L ;'Gb/
/ g}lts u'0fn] ;DkGg /xf]; eGg] sfdgf /fVby] . cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ o:tf] ljz]iftfn]
o'Qm agfpg dftf lktfsf ;fy} u'?sf] e"ldsf k|d'v aGg hfGYof] . To;}n] cfˆgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lbIff lbg] u'?df To:t} ljz]iftf / Ifdtf x'g'k5{ eGg] Tolta]nfsf
cleefjssf] rfxgf /xGYof] . Cuj]bdf pNn]lvt tnsf s]xL pbfx/0fn] o;tkm{ ;+s]t
ub{5g .
o:tf] k'q k}bf xf];
cwf;' dGb|f] c/ltlj{efjfg :olt låj{tlgj{g]iff6 .
pmWjf{oR5]«l0fg{ lzz'b{GdIf" l:y/+ z]j[w+ ;"t dftf .. -C= !) . ^! . @) _
-efjfy{M dftf o:tf] k'q pTkGg u/, hf] ;bf ;'k|;Gg / cfgGbdUg /xg] x'g ;sf]; .
cljifoL -OR5fx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg]_ xf];, ef]uL, ljnf;L / nDk6 gxf]; . hf]
;"o{ ;dfg sflGtdfg / k|sfzdfg xf]; . hf] åGå/lxt -bf]wf/] dfgl;stf /lxt_,
lge{o / lg8/ xf]; . hf] hËndf dËn ug{]jfnf xf]; . hf] lzz'sf ;dfg lgikfk /
qmL8fzLn xf]; . hf] r§fg ;/x ;'b[9 / l:y/ /xg ;sf]; . hf] ;'vsf] j[l4 ug{
;Sg] xf]; / dfly n}hfg] l;+9L h:t} zL3| pGgtzLn xf]; . o:tf u'0fx¿af6 o'Qm
k'q g} oL dfgjL k|hfx¿df cjl:yt /xg ;S5 ._ 8
7 :d[ltofF, a|hl8:sj/L , http://hi.brajdiscovery.org/
8 :jfdL hubLZj/fgGb ;/:jtL, j]b ;f}/e, k[i7 *(, goL lbNnL, @)))

k'qdf x'g' kg{] ljz]iftf
bwflt k'qM lkqf]/kLRfo+ gfd t[tLodlw/f]rg+ lbj M .. -C= ( . &% . @ Ù ;f+ &)!_
-efjfy{M ;TojfbL k'qn] ;Toefif0fsf] k|tfkaf6 cfˆgf dftf–lktfsf] c1ft gfd,
;Ddfg÷k|lti7f / sLlt{nfO{ rDsfOlbG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] t s'/} s] /Xof] /, p;n]
pRrsf]6Lsf ljåfgdf klg cfˆgf dftf lktfsf] gfdnfO{ km}nfOlbG5 ._9
u'?df x'g'kg{] ljz]iftf
k'qnfO{ ljBf / 1fgaf6 o:tf] ljz]iftfo'Qm agfpg u'?sf] g} k|d'v e"ldsf x'g]
ePsfn] Cuj]bn] …o1f]kljtÚ ;+:sf/sf ;Gbe{df u'? s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] af/]df o;
k|sf/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
ç ;"o{:o /lZdleM kl/ Jot cGt' tGjfgl:qj[t+ oyf ljb] .
goGg[t:o k|lzif] gjLo;LM klt{hgLgd'k oflt lgis[td .. -Cuj]b (=*^=#@_
-h;sf] cfTdf ;"o{sf] ;dfg b]bLKodfg xf];, o:tf] JolQm g} u'? x'g of]Uo x'G5 .
o:tf] u'? g} lzionfO{ o1f]kjLt lbg] clwsf/L aGg ;S5 . cfˆgf] lzionfO{ ;Dos
1fg u/fpg ;Sg' g} u'?sf] sQ{Jo xf] . u'?n] cfˆgf lzionfO{ ;[li6 lgodsf
af/]df af]w u/fpg' plrt / cfjZos xf] . u'? lziox¿sf] kfns / /Ifs x'g'k5{ .
o:tf u'0fx¿af6 o'Qm u'?nfO{ dftfsf] uf}/jdoL kbjL k|fKt x'G5 . dftfsf] ;dfg
uf}/j / cfb/ kfpg of]Uo x'G5 ._
k'q / k'qLk|lt ;dfg Jojxf/10
Cuj}lbs sfndf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/g' k5{ / ;dfg dfof tyf cj;/
lbOg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] ;+s]t kfOG5 . tn pNn]lvt s]xL plQmx¿nfO{ o:tf]
dfGotfsf ;"rs dfGg ;lsG5 .
• /fhfn] o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ls h;af6 ;a} afns / sGofx¿+ a|Xdro{nfO{ kfngf
u/]/ ljBfo'Qm x'g ;s'g . h;af6 pgLx¿df ;d[l4 a9g ;sf];, ;To, Gofo / wd{
sf sfo{x¿df lg/Gt/ nflu/xg ;s'g . -CUj]b ^÷$$÷!*_
• ;a} s'df/ / s'df/Lx¿nfO{ k'lGbt -hfu?s÷of]Uo_ tyf ;'dlt -c;n dltjfnf /
a'l4dfg_ agfPdf g} ljåfgx¿sf] of]Uotf k|dfl0ft x'g]5 / ljBfsf] kmn k|fKt ePsf]
dflgg] 5 . -CUj]b #÷!÷@#_
9 pxL k[i7 ^^
10 pxL k[i7 ^^

• xfd|f] /fi6«df ljhozLn, ;Eo / jL/ o'jssf ;fy} a'l4dtL gf/Lx¿ pTkGg xf]pg
eGg] k|fy{gf 5 . -oh'j]{b @@÷@@_
• d]/f] k'q zq' xGtf -zq'nfO{ k/f:t ug{;Sg]_ / k'qL klg t]h:jgL ag'g . -CUj]b
!)÷!%÷#_
• Tof] k'?if wGo xf], h;sf w]/} k'qL / k'qx¿ x'G5g . k'qaf6 lktfnfO{ hlt
cfgGb k|fKt x'G5, Tof] eGbf a9L dftfnfO{ k'qLx¿af6 cfgGb k|fKt x'g]5 . -CUj]b
^÷&%÷%_
• /fhfn] cfˆgf] /fHosf ;a} :qLx¿nfO{ ljb'ifL agfpg k|oTgk"j{s nfUg' k5{ .
-oh'j]{b !)÷&_
kl/jf/df sGof -aflnsf_ sf] l:ylt
j}lbs ;flxTodf sGofsf] hGd Pj+ pgsf] nfng–kfng k'q ;/xs} x'GYof] jf xF'b}gYof]
eGg] af/]df ;dfg vfnsf cfwf/x¿ kfpg ;lsb}g . j[xbf/0os pklgifbdf …b'lxtf d]+
k+l8To hfot]Ú eg]/ cfb/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L a/fx u[x ;"qdf klg …;'Gb/ sGofx¿Ú
sf] pTklQdf k|;Ggtf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . oL s[ltsf sltko ;Gbe{df k'qLsfk|lt
cleefjssf] :g]xsf ;fy} k'q ;/x g} lzIff cfh{gsf] cj;/ lbOPsf] pbfx/0f klg
kfOG5 . t/ pQ/j}lbs sfnsf] yfngL kl5 eg] k'q df]x a9g k'u]sf cg]sf}+ pbfx/0f
kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} cyj{ ;+lxtfdf k'q kl5 km]l/ klg k'qs} sfdgf, cfˆgf] 3/df
k'q hGd] csf{sf] 3/df sGof hGdsf] sfdgf . t}tl/o ;+lxtfdf k'q hGd]df lktfsf]
pT;fx / sGof hGd]df lgliqmotf h:tf pbfx/0f kfpg ;lsG5 . pQ/ j}lbs o'u
jf dxfsfJo o'u;Dd cfpFbf cfpFb} k'qsf] sfdgf cToGt anjlt aGg yfNof] . sGof
bfgnfO{ uf]bfg;Fu t'ngf ug{] ;dfhdf sGofsf] hGd -;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L, ljjfx kl5
csf{sf] 3/ hfg] sf/0fn] ubf{ cy{Joj:yf, wg / lk08bfg ug{ k'qsf] cfjZostfsf
sf/0f_ sd k|;Ggtfsf] sf/0f x'GYof] . lkt[sf] p4f/sf nflu k'qsf] cfjZostf lyof] .
k'qL ;+s6sf] d"n lyO{ / cfklQ lyO{ . pm cfˆgf] dftf–lktf / klt tLg}sf] s'nsf nflu
;+s6 lyO{ . dg':d[lt;Dd cfpFbf cfpFb} sGofsf] l:ylt cfˆgf] xLgtd l:yltdf k'Ug
uof] Pj+ p;dflysf] lgoGq0f jf aGwg s7f]/td xF'b} uP .11
aflnsf -dlxnf_ sf] clwsf/ / st{Jo
CUj]bsf Crfx¿df nueu $!$ Clifx?sf] gfd kfOG5 . h;dWo] #) gfd dlxnf
Clifx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . j}lbs sfndf gf/Lx¿ Hofb} ljb'ifL / kltj|t wd{sf] kfngstf{
x'Gy] . kltx¿n] klg kTgLsf] OR5f / :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ub{y] . j}lbs sfndf j/sf]
r'gfjdf jw'sf] OR5f ;jf]{k/L x'GYof] . t} klg sGofn] eg] lktfsf] OR5fnfO{ dxTj
lbGy] . olb sGofn] cfhLjg cljjflxt /xg rfx]df cfˆgf] lktfsf] 3/df ;Ddfgk"j{s
/xg ;Qmlyg . pgn] 3/sf x/]s sfddf ;fy lblGyg / lktfsf] ;DklQdf lx:;]bf/
klg x'lGyg . o; sfndf h;/L k'?ifsf ¿kdf b]jtf / eujfgx¿sf] k"hf cr{gf
11 /]vf s:tjf/, :qL lrGtg sL r'gf}tLofF, k[i7 %#,%$, /fhsdn k|sfzg, goL lbNnL, @))^

x'GYof] To;} u/L b]jLx¿sf ¿kdf ;/:jtL nIdL / b'uf{sf] j0f{g kfOG5 . j}lbs sfndf
gf/Lx¿ cfdf, b]jL, u[lx0fL, kTgL, 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf ;Ddflgt lyP .
Tolta]nf afnljjfxsf] k|yf lyPg . aflnsf jf gf/LnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] lzlIft ul/GYof] .
aflnsfnfO{ ToxL ljBf l;sfOGYof] h'g afnsnfO{ klg l;sfOGYof] . h:t} ls j]b, 1fg,
wg'lj{Bf, g[To ;+uLt zf:q cflb . gf/LnfO{ ;a} snfx¿df bIf ul/GYof] . To; kl5 dfq}
pgsf] ljjfxsf ljifo d]+ ;f]lrGYof] . j}lbs k/Dk/fdf bfDkTo hLjgsf] ;'vsf] cfwf/
k/:k/ k|]d ;xof]u / ;Ddfgsf] efjgf lyof] . cfk;L ;fdh:oaf6 g} klt kTgL cfˆgf]
/ kl/jf/sf] pGgltdf ;xof]uL x'g ;Qmy] . o; sfndf b]jtf / b]jL ;dfg ¿kdf dfGo
lyP . sfnLnfO{ ljgfzsf] k|lt¿k, nIdLnfO{ ;DkGgtfsf] k|lt¿k / ;/:jtLnfO{ ljBfsf]
k|lt¿kdf dflgPsf] lyof] . C[Uj]bdf nf]kd'b|f, d}q]o / ufuL{sf] ljåtfsf af/]df lj:t[t
j0f{g kfpg ;lsG5 . 12
lkt[ k|wfgtf
dfly pNn]v ul/P em}F CUj}lbs ;Eotfsf] k|f/lDes sfn lt/ k'q / k'qLdf nueu
;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] ;+s]t kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ CUj}lbs ;Eotfsf] dWosfn otfsf]
j}lbs ;dfh eg] aflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿k|lt ;lxi0f' / pbf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lkt[ -k'?if_
k|wfg ;dfh aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf k'q ePdf dftflktfsf] e/0f kf]if0f x'g;Sg],
s'nsf] /Iff x'g], n8fO{+ ug{ ;Sg] / zq'nfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff /flvGYof] . To;}n]
k|To]s kl/jf/df k'q k|flKtsf] sfdgf ul/GYof] . s]xL ;+Vofdf gf/L b]jtf -b]jL_ eP
klg zlQmzfnL dflgg] ;a} b]jx¿ k'?if g} lyP . u0fklt -/fHosf] k|d'v_, ;]gfklt-
nufot ;}lgsx¿, ef/bf/, Clif–dxlif{ cflb ;a}df k'?ifx¿ g} /x]sf lyP . kz'kfng
d'Vo k]zf ag]sf] Tof] ;dodf kz'kfng;DaGwL sfd ty cGo pTkfbgd"ns sfddf klg
k'?ifsf] ;+nUgtf g} a9L /xGYof] . o; vfn] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt
/x]s} sf/0f k'qLnfO{ eGbf k'qnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg' :jefljs kIf g} aGg uPsf] lyof] .
CUj]bdf kfOg] o;sf s]xL ;f+s]lts pbfx/0f o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g .13
• pgn] k'q pTkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] z/L/df zlQmsf] OR5f /fv]sf lyP cyf{t ltd|f]
cg'u|xaf6 pgn] k'q k|fKt u/]sf lyP . -Cuj]b, k|yd ci6s, k|yd v08, k~rd
cWofo, k[i7 (^, d+q %,_
• h;/L k'qn] lktfsf] cf1f kfngf ub{5 p;/L g} ohdfgx¿n] clUgsf] cf1f ;'Gy]
/ pgsf] cfb]zfg';f/ sfd ub{y] . -pxL _
• 3/df k'q pTkGg eP em}+ pTkGg eP/ clUgn] cfgGb k|fKt ub{y] . -pxL k[i7 (&_
• xfdL / xfd|f k'qu0f bL3{hLlj ag'g . xfdL ;a} ck/fw sd{af6 arf}+ . k'qx¿;Fu}
12 ld> sn/fh, gf/L s] ;Ddfg sL ;'/Iff ;/sf/ j ;dfh sf ;fd"lxs pQt/bfloTj,
13 lqj]bL /fduf]ljGb, lxGbL Cuj]b, O= !(%$

a/fa/L ;f]d/; efu nufP/ kfg u/f}+ . b]jtfx¿af6 xfdL ljlzi6 /Iffsf] lev
dfUb5f}+ . -;Ktd ci6s, ci6d cWofo, #^ ;"Qm, Znf]s ( k[i7 !@^& _
• k'q ltdL ansf lx;fan] anL / ;'Gb/ 5f}+ . h;/L ltdLn] ;'Gb/ :qf]q -kf7_ u¥of}+,
To;/L g} ltdL pQd :ju{df hfpm . ltdLn] pQd wd{sf] cg'i7fg u/]sf 5f}+, To;}n]
pQd kmn k|fKt u/ . pQd b]jtf / pQd ;"o{;Fu e]6 u/ . -ci6d ci6s, ci6d
cWofo, %^ ;"Qm, Znf]s #, k[i7 !@(&,_
• ltdL -k'qL_ u[xdf uP/ u[lx0ffL ag . kltsf j;df /x]/ e[Toflbsf] Joj:yf u/
-Znf]s @^, k[i7 !#$$, ;"Qm *%, cWofo t[lto, ci6s ci6d_
• o; 3/df ;Gtfg pTkGg u/]/ k|;Gg ag . oxfF xf]l;of/ eP/ sfd u/ . :jfdL;Fu
cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/ . a[4fj:yf;Dd cfˆgf] 3/df k|e"tf sfod u/ -Znf]s
@&, k[i6 !#$$, ;"Qm *%, cWofo t[lto, ci6s ci6d_ .
• jif{s OGb|, oL gf/LnfO{ pQd k'q lbP/ ;f}efUozfnL agfpm . logsf ue{df bz
k'q :yflkt u/ / kltnfO{ lnP/ lognfO{ P3f/f}+ JolQmjfnL agfpm -Znf]s $%, k[i6
!#$^, ;"Qm *%, cWofo t[lto, ci6s ci6d_ .
• ohdfg d}n] dfg; rIf'af6 ltdLnfO{ b]v]+ . ltdL 1fgL 5f}, tk:ofaf6 pTkGg ePsf
xf} / tk:ofåf/f g} >L–j[l4 klg kfPsf 5f} . ca k'qx¿ / wg k|fKt u/]/ k|;Gg
ag . k'q g} ltd|f] sfdgf xf]Ù To;}n] k'q pTkGg u/ -Znf]s !, k[i6 !$^@, ;"Qm
!*#, cWofo ci6d, ci6s ci6d_ .
k"j{j}lbs cyjf Cuj}lbs sfnsf] cGTo kl5 ljsf; ePsf pQ/j}lbs / :d[ltsfndf
k'q / k'qLsf] cfrf/, ljrf/, st{Jo / clwsf/sf kIfx?nfO{ cem} a9L :ki6 / lj:t[t
ul/of] . h;sf s]xL pbfx/0f oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
u''? cf>ddf /x]sf] afns -r]nf_ sf] st{Josf af/]df -dg':d[ltaf6_14
• u'?n] lbglbg} eg] jf geg] klg cWoog / cfrfo{sf] ;]jf / ;xof]usf nflu r]nfn]
hlta]nf klg nflu/x]s} x'g'k5{ . z/L/, jf0fL, j'l4, 1fg]lGb|o / dgnfO{ ;+oddf
/fvL xft hf]8]/ u'?d'vnfO{ x]/l/xg' k5{ . cf]8g] j:qaf6 bflxg] xftnfO{ hlxn]
klg aflx/ /fVg' k5{ / u'? cf1f cg';f/ ;fdg]df a:g' k5{ . u'?;Fu /xFbf hlxn]
klg ;fbf ef]hg vfP/ / ;fbf j:q klxl/P/ a:g' k5{ . ;'Tbf u'? ;'t] kl5 ;'Tg'
k5{ eg] p7bf u'? eGbf klxn] g} p7g' k5{ . r]nf -a|Xdrf/L_ n] u'? ;'lt/x]sf],
al;/x]sf], vfO/x]sf tyf csf{]kl§ kms{]/ pleO/x]sf] avtdf s'/fsfgL ug{'xF'b}g .
-cWofo @, k[i7 %^, Znf]s !(!–!(%_
• u'? cf;gdf a;]sf] eP lzio cf;gaf6 p7]/, u'? plePsf] eP lzio glhs}
uP/, u'? cfpFb} u/]sf] eP ;fdg]df uP/, hfFb} u/]sf] eP pgsf] kl5 kl5 bf}8]/
aft ug{' k5{ . u'? k5fl8 eP ;fdg]df uP/, 6f9f eP glhs uP/ ;'t]sf] eP
14 låj]bL lul/hf k|;fb, nvgp, !(!&

k|0ffd u/]/, plePsf] eP glhs} uP/ pgsf] cf1fnfO{ ;'Gg' k5{ . u'?sf] glhs}
cfˆgf] la5f}gf jf cf;g eP u'?sf] eGbf tn /fVg' k5{ / pgsf] ;fdg]df cfˆgf]
dgnflu lsl;dn] a:g'x'Gg . u'?sf] cg'kl:yltdf klg pgsf] gfd sf8]/ gaf]Ng' .
;fy} pgsf] af]nL–rfnL, lx8fO rfn, r]i6f cflbsf] gSsn klg gug{' . hxfF u'?sf]
lgGbf x'G5, ToxfF lzion] cfˆgf b'j} sfg aGb ug{' jf ToxfFaf6 cGt} lxl8lbg' .
u'?sf] ;fFrf] jf em'7f] h:tf];'s} lgGbf u/] klg To:tf] -lgGbs_ lzio d/] kl5 uwf
jf s's'/ x'G5 . u'?sf] wg ;DklQ vfg] h'sf aG5 eg] s'rfn -v/fa jf lgGbgLo
rfn_ rNg] ls/f aG5 . -cWofo @, k[i7 %&, Znf]s !(^–@)!_
• lzio cfkm" 6f9f a;]/ c¿åf/f u'? k"hf gu/fpg' . k"hfdf qmf]w gug{' . u'? cfˆgL
kTgL;Fu /x]sf avt k"hf gug{' . olb cfkm" cf;g jf uf8Ldf a;]sf] eP ToxfFaf6
pq]/ u'?nfO{ k|0ffd ug'{ . lzio a;]sf] kl§af6 u'? a;]sf] lt/ xfjf rn]sf] 5 eg]
lzio u'?;Gd'v ga:g' . olb u'?n] ;'Gg ;Sb}gg eg] s]xL klg geGg' . -cWofo
@, k[i7 %*, Znf]s @)@ / @)#_
• uf]?, 3f]8f jf pFm6sf] ;jf/Ldf, 3/sf] 5t, u'Gb|L, lznfk6 -9'Ëfsf] cf;g_ / 8'Ëfdf
u'?;Fu} a:gdf lgif]w 5}g . u'?sf klg u'? glhs cfOk'u]df u'?nfO{ ug{] h:t}
Jojxf/ ug{' . u'?sf] cf1flagf cfˆgf dftf–lktf cflbnfO{ ;d]t k|0ffd gug{' . ljBf
u'?sf lktf, cwd{af6 arfpg]jfnf / lxt}ifL dxfg'efjx¿;Fu u'? ;/x s} Jojxf/
ug{' . ljBf, tkaf6 >]i7, cfkm"eGbf 7"nf, ;bfrf/L, u'?k'q / u'?;DaGwL cGo;Fu
klg u'? s} ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{' . u'?k'q, cfkm" eGbf ;fgf] jf ;dfg cj:yfsf jf
o1sd{df lzio g} eP klg j]bsf cWofks ePdf u'? t'No dfGo x'G5g . -cWofo
@, k[i7 %(, znf]s @)$–@)*_
• u'?sf ;dfg u'?k'qnfO{ t]n 3:g', :gfg u/fpg', ko/ dfln; ug{' / h'7f] vfg'
o:tf sfd gug{' . u'?kTgL ;hftLo ePdf u'?;dfg g} k"Ho x'lG5g, cGoyf pgnfO{
p7]/ k|0ffd ug{'– oxL g} ;]jf xf] . t]n 3l;lbg', :gfg u/fOlbg', z/L/ dfln; ug{',
skfndf km"n l;pl/lbg'Ù u'?kTgLsf nflu o:tf sfdx¿ ug{ x'Fb}g . -cWofo @, k[i7
%(, Znf]s @)(–@!!_
dftflktf Pj+ u'? k|ltsf] cfb/ tyf st{Jo ;DaGwdf -dg':d[lt_15
• dg'iosf] pTklQ, kfng cflbdf dftf lktfn] h'g b'Mv si6 ;xG5g, ;os8f}+ jif{
;]jf u/] klg o;sf] d"No r'Qmf x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] dftf, lktf / cfrfo{ -u'?_
sf nflu ;bf lk|o sfo{ u/f}+ . oL tLg JolQmx¿ ;Gt'i6 xF'bf ;a} tkx¿ k"/f
x'G5g . oL tLgsf] ;]jfnfO{ k/d tk elgG5 . log}sf] cf1f lnP/ c¿ wd{;DaGwL
cfr/0f ug{'k5{ . logLx¿ g} tLg nf]s cyf{t k[YjL, cGtl/If / :ju{ x'g . oL tLg
g} tLg cf>d, tLg j]b / tLg clUg x'g . lktf ufÅ{kToclUg, dftf bnlIf0fflUg
/ u'? cfxjgfoflUgsf:j¿k x'g, oL tLg} clUg ;+;f/df 7"nf x'g . oL tLg}sf]
15 pxL

elQm–;]jfaf6 lzio jf k'qn] tLg} nf]sdf ljho xfl;n ug{ ;S5 / :ju{df b]jtf
;/x ;'vef]u ug{ ;S5 . dft[elQmaf6 of] nf]s, lkt[elQmaf6 dWonf]s / u'?elQmaf6
a|Xdnf]s k|fKt x'G5 . h;n] oL tLgsf] cfb/ u¥of] p;n] ;a} wd{sf] kfngf u¥of]
t/ h;n] cgfb/ u¥of] p;n] ;f/f wd{sd{nfO{ lgikmn agfof] . To;}n] ha;Dd dftf,
lktf / u'? hLljt /xG5g ta;Dd logsf] ;]jfdf ljz]if ¿kn] lg/Gt/ nflu/xg'
k5{ . oL tLg}sf] ;]jfaf6 k'?ifsf] st{Jo k"/f x'G5, of] g} d'Vo wd{ xf] . -cWofo
@, k[i7 ^#, Znf]s @@&–@#%_
• >4fdo k'?ifn] pQd ljBfx¿ xLg hfltaf6 klg l;sf]; / r08fnaf6 klg
nf]sdof{bf l;sf]; . xLgs"naf6 klg ;'lzn :qL;Fu ljjfx u/f]; . ljifaf6 klg
cd[t / afnsaf6 klg lxt jrg u|x0f u/f}+ . zq'af6 klg ;bfrf/ / ckljqa6
klg ;'j0f{ lgsfnf}+ . ljBf, wd{, zf}r, c;n jrg cflb h:tf pQd kIfx? ;a}af6
l;sf}+ . -cWofo @, k[i7 ^#, Znf]s @#&–@$)_
k'qk|lt dftf–lktfsf] st{Jo -rf0fSogLltbk{0faf6_16
• a'l4dfg dflg;n] cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ gfgf k|sf/sf ;'lzntfdf nufjf]; lsgls gLlt
hfGg]x¿ olb zLnjfg eP s'ndf k"lht x'G5g . -cWofo @, k[i7 (, Znf]s !)_
• tL dftf zq' x'g / lktf a}/L x'g h;n] cfˆGff] afnsnfO{ k9fpFb}gg . o;sf/0f
ls p -cgk9_ ;efsf aLr xfF;sf ayfgdf as'nf h:tf] x'g hfG5 . -cWofo @,
k[i7 ( Znf]s !!_
• -uNtL ubf{_ a9L IfdfzLn x'g' 7"nf] bf]if xf] eg] b08 lbg' 7"nf] u'0f . To;}n] k'q
/ lzionfO{ b08 lbg' plrt xf] t/ k'Nk'Nofpg' cg'lrt xf] . -cWofo @, k[i7 (,
Znf]s !@_
• sGofnfO{ >]i7 s'n3f/gdf lbg' k5{, k'qnfO{ ljBfdf nufpg' k5{ . zq'nfO{ b'Mv lbg'
plrt xf] eg] ldqnfO{ pkb]z lbg' plrt . -cWofo #, k[i7 !@, Znf]s #_
• 5f]/fnfO{ % jif{sf] pd]/;Dd dfof ug{', !) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd so; -cg'zf;g_ df
/fVg' . !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]kl5 ldq;dfg cfr/0f ug{' . -cWofo #, k[i7 !^ Znf]s
!*_
j}lbs sfndf afnaflnsf;DaGwL ;+:sf/x¿
j}lbs ;+:s[ltdf …;+:sf/x¿Ú sf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . j]b–k'/f0f cflb j}lbs ;flxTox¿df
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:sf/x¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;+:sf/x¿df d'VotM !^
;+:sf/x¿ kb{5g . a|fXd0f, If]qLo / j}Zo ;Dddf dfq ;Lldt oL ;+:sf/x¿af6 z"b|nfO{
eg] jl~rt ul/Psf] 5 .
!= uef{wfg ;+:sf/ M of] uef{wfg x'g'eGbf klxn] ul/g] j}lbs ;+:sf/ xf] . of]Uo /
16 b]zd'v x]dGt s'df/, rf0fSogLlt bk{0f,

c;n ;Gtfg k|flKtsf nflu of] ;+:sf/ ul/G5 .
@= k'+;jg ;+:sf/ M o;nfO{ k'q hGdsf] sfdgfsf nflu ul/g] ;+:sf/ dflgG5 .
#= ;LdGtf]Ggog ;+:sf/ M of] ;+:sf/df lzz'nfO{ ue}{b]lv af}l4s / g}lts 1fg;Fu
kl/lrt u/fpg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
$= hftsd{ ;+:sf/ M of] lzz' hGdgf;fy ul/g] ;+:sf/ xf] . o;df gfn sf6g], lzz'nfO{
g'xfpg], cfdfsf] b"w ;kmf u/]/ r';fpg] cflb sfo{x¿ wfld{s ljlw cg';f/ ;DkGg
ul/G5 .
%= gfdfs/0f ;+:sf/ M lzz' hlGdPsf] P3f/f}+ lbgdf cg]sf}+ b]jLb]jtfsf] k"hf, k|fy{gfsf
;fy of] …;+:sf/Ú ;DkGg ul/G5 . o;df d"ntM lzz'sf] gfds/0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
^= lgiqmd0f ;+:sf/ M of] ;+:sf/ lzz'sf] gfdsd{ kl5 ul/g] ;+:sf/ xf] . o; ;+:sf/df
wfld{s lqmofsnfksf ;fy} lzz'nfO{ ;"o{sf] bz{g u/fpg] sfd klg ul/G5 .
&= cGgk|fzg ;+:sf/ M hlGdPsf] kfFr÷5 dlxgfdf lzz'nfO{ ;j{k|yd cGg v'jfOg]
;+:sf/nfO{ …cGgk|fzg ;+:sf/Ú elgG5 .
*=d'08g÷ r"8fsd{ ;+:sf/ M r"8Þfsd{nfO{ d'08g ;+:sf/ klg elgG5 . afns tLg b]lv
kfFr jif{ sf] x'Fbf of] ;+:sf/ ul/G5 .
(= ljBf/De M ljBf/De ;+:sf/sf af/]df lxGb" ljåfgx¿df ;dfg dt kfOFb}g . sltkon]
cGgk|f;g kl5 ljBf/De ;+:sf/ x'gk5{ eG5g eg] sltkon] r"8Þfsd{ kl5 of] ;+:sf/
ul/g'nfO{ plrt 7fGb5g .
!)= s0f{a]w ;+:sf/ M cGgk|fzg jf ljBf/De kl5 s'g} z'e d'x"t{df ul/g] ;+:sf/nfO{
…s0f{a]wÚ ;+:sf/ elgG5 .
!!= o1f]kljt÷pkgog ;+:sf/ M g}lts cfr/0fdf ;+nUg u/fOg] x'gfn] o; ;+:sf/sf]
gfd …pkgogÚ /Xof] eg] j|t / lgoddf j6'snfO{ afFWg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ …j|taGw ;+:sf/Ú
klg elgG5 .17
kf/:s/ u[Xo;"qdf a|fXd0fnfO{ cf7f}+ jif{, If]qLnfO{ !! jif{ / j}ZonfO{
!@ jif{sf] pd]/df pkgog ;+:sf/ ug{] ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 .18
!@= j]bf/De cyjf z}Ifl0fs ;+:sf/ M pkgog ;+:sf/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] of] ;+:sf/ 1fg
cfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . o; cGt/ut afnsnfO{ j]bsf] 1fg lbOGYof] .19
!#= s]zfGt ;+:sf/ M u'?s'ndf j]bfWoog k"0f{ ul/;s] kl5 cfrfo{ -u'?_ sf ;dIf
of] ;+:sf/ ;DkGg ul/GYof] . j:t'tM of] ;+:sf/nfO{ u'?s'naf6 ljbf lnP/ u[x:yf>df+
17 kf]v/]n sf]dnk|;fb, hgj/L !(,@)!$
18 k|;fb cf]dk|sfz, k[i7 *), @))^
19 k|;fb cf]dk|sfz, k[i7 *), @))^

k|j]z ug{] pkqmd dflgGYof] .
!$= ;dfjt{g ;+:sf/ M k'g/fudg cyf{t km]l/ kms{g'nfO{ ;dfjt{g ;+:sf/ elgG5 .
of] ;+:sf/ ;DkGg eP kl5sf] o'jsn] a|Xdro{ cf>d Tofu u/]/ …u[x:y cf>dÚ df
k|j]z ub{Yof] .20
!%= ljjfx ;+:sf/ M pko'Qm af/a]nf 7x¥ofO{ z'e d'x"t{df ul/g] o; lsl;dsf] ljjfxdf
…:jo+j/Ú, …jfUbfgÚ, …j/0fLÚ, …sGofbfgÚ / l;Gb"/fk{0f h:tf k|d'v sfo{sf cltl/Qm
cGo ljlwljwfgx¿ klg ;DkGg x'g] u5{g .
!^= d[To';+:sf/ M d[To';+:sf/ lxGb"j}lbs ;gftgLx¿sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;+:sf/ xf] .
lxGb" wd{;+:s[ltdf rf/ lsl;daf6 cGTo]li6 ;+:sf/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/fsf] pNn]v kfOG5 .
h:df clUgdf bfx cyjf hldgd'lg ;dflw:y ug{] ;+:sf/ d'Vo /x]sf 5g . oL b'O{dWo]
klg w]/}n] bfx ;+:sf/ g} ug{] u5{g . sltkon] gbLdf aufP/ klg d[To' ;+:sf/ ;DkGg
u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] lxdfnL e]sdf df+;fxf/L kz'kIfLnfO{ v'jfP/ klg of] ;+:sf/ ;DkGg
ul/G5 .21
rf/ cf>d
lxGb" j}lbs wd{df dg'iosf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ k|foM Ps ;o jif{sf] dfgL o;nfO{ @%÷@%
jif{sf b/n] rf/ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . h;nfO{ k|frLg Clifx¿n] rf/ cf>dsf] ;+1f
lbPsf 5g . cf>d zAb kljqtfsf] Bf]ts klg xf] . lognfO{ dg'io hLjgsf] rf/
cj:yfx¿sf] ljz]if wd{ / st{Jo klg eGg ;lsG5 . dg'ion] oL rf/ cf>ddf pNn]lvt
lgod cg';f/ rNg'nfO{ cf>d wd{ elgG5 . oL cf>dx?df qmdzM a|Xdro{ -@% jif{sf]
pd]/ ;Dd_, u[x:y -@^ b]lv %) jif{_, jfgk|:y -%!–&% jif{_ / ;Gof; cf>d -&%
jif{eGbf dfly_ /x]sf 5g ..22
j}lbs sfndf lzIff
j}lbs sfndf lzIff df}lvs ¿kdf lbOGYof] . ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] kf7 s07:y ug{] uy{] .
lzIfsn] cfˆgf] 5fqnfO{ k'qjt lsl;dsf] dfof ub{} p;sf] x]/rfx ub{y] . lzIfsn]
cfˆgf] cfr/0fnfO{ z'4 /fVy] h;af6 pgsf lzion] pgsf] cfr/0fsf] cg'udg /
cg';/0f u/]/ cfˆgf] rl/q / JolQmTjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;sf]; . j}lbs sfndf ;xlzIffsf]
cl:tTj /x]sf] klg kfpg ;lsG5 . h;af6 o; sfndf dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{]
clwsf/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ pQ/ j}lbs sfndf eg] :qL lzIffnfO{
xtf]T;fxL ul/Psf] lyof] .
k"j{ j}lbs sfn Pj+ j}lbs sfndf ;dfh ¿l9jfbL Joj:yfx¿af6 d'Qm lyof] . pQ/
20 ;gftg wd{ s] ;+:sf/
21 kf]v/]n sf]dnk|;fb, hgj/L !(, @)!$
22 emf clg?b| cf}/ ld> /fdfgGbg, k[i7 @$) / @$!,

j}lbs sfndf a|fXd0fx¿sf] jr{:j :yflkt x'g k'Uof] . a|fXd0fx¿n] ;dfhdf j0f{
Joj:yfnfO{ hGd cfwfl/t agfP/ sltko bf]ifx¿nfO{ hGdfPsf lyP . :qLnfO{ ;dfhdf
lålto :t/sf] gful/s agfP/ ljleGg k|sf/sf aGwgdf hsl8of] . j]bx¿sf] ckx]ngf
u/]/ :jodåf/f k|ltkflbt lgodx¿af6 ;dfh ;~rfng k|f/De ul/of] . To;}n] o;
sfnnfO{ …a|fXd0f sfnÚ af6 klg hfGg ;lsG5 .23
j}lbs sfndf lzIffnfO{ k|sfzsf] :qf]t elgGYof] . Tolta]nf klg lzIffn] dfgjsf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s tyf cflTds zlQmsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ub{5 eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL dfGotfcg'¿k lzIffsf] p2]ZonfO{ ljleGg ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . h:t} – O{Zj/ elQm tyf wfld{stfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf;, lrQ–j[lQ lg/f]w -cg'lrt
rfxgfsf] lgoGq0f_, pQd rl/qsf] lgdf{0f, zf/Ll/s ljsf;, JolQmTjsf] ljsf;, gful/s
tyf ;fdflhs st{Josf] kfngf, ;fdflhs s'zntfsf] pGglt, ;+:s[lt tyf ;Eotfsf]
;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf; cflb . lzIffsf] of] p2]Zo nueu k"/} j}lbs sfne/L Ps ;dfg g}
sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 . 24
j}lbs sfndf lzIffsf] cf}krfl/s s]Gb| Clifd'lg tyf cfrfo{x¿sf] lgjf; Pj+ cf>d x'g]
ub{y] . o;nfO{ …u'?s'nÚ elgGYof] . u'?s'n lzIfssf] lgjf;:yfg x'GYof] hxfF ljBfyL{
cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/nfO{ 5f8]/ ljBfWogsf nflu s}of}+ jif{;Dd /xGy] . u'?s'ndf cfrfo{
-u'?_ n] g} 5fqx¿sf] cfjf;, ef]hg, j:q cflbsf] Joj:yf ub{y] . u'?s'ndf lzIff
lgMz'Ns x'GYof] . cfrfo{n] lzIff cjlwsf] k|f/De Pj+ dWo]df 5fqx¿;Fu s'g} klg wg jf
cGo j:t'x¿ :jLsf/ ub{}gy] . lzIffsf] cjlw ;dflKt eP kl5 5fqn] cfˆgf] oyfl:ylt
cg';f/ u'?nfO{ …u'? blIf0ffÚ:j¿k wg, uf}wg, j:q, e"ld, cGo ljleGg j:t'x¿ cflb
k|bfg ub{y] .
j}lbs sfndf lzIff j0ff{g';f/ lbOGYof] . a|fXd0f, If]qLo Pj+ j}Zosf afnsx¿sf] lzIff
k|f/De ug{] pd]/ cnu–cnu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'GYof] . Cuj}lbs sfndf z'b| afnsnfO{
u'?s'ndf k|j]z lbOGyf] of lbOb}gYof] :ki6 pNn]v kfOFb}g . t/ pQ/j}lbs sfn otf
eg] z'b|nfO{ u'?s'ndf k|j]zsf] clwsf/ lyPg . cnu–cnu j0f{sf afnssf nflu
j]z–e"iff;DaGwL lgod klg cnu–cnu g} lyP . k|f/Dedf afnsnfO{ cf–cfˆgf]] ?lr
Pj+ of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ljifo /f]Hg] :jtGqtf k|fKt lyof], k/Gt' pQ/j}lbs sfndf cfP/
ljifo Pj+ kf7oqmd j0ff{g';f/ lgwf{l/t ug{ yflnof] . ljBfyL{sf] lzIffsf] d"NofÍg cfrfo{
:jodn] ub{y] tyf o;} cfwf/df afnsnfO{ cufl8sf] kf7 cWoog x]t' lbOg] ul/GYof] .
k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] s'g} cl:tTj k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . g t s'g} k|sf/sf] k|df0f–kq jf
pkflw g} k|bfg ul/Psf] cfwf/ kfOG5 . cfrfo{sf] ;Gt'li6af6 g} ljBfyL{sf] lzIff k"0f{
ePsf] dflgGYof] .25
23 a'Gb]nv08 …sÚ k[i7 *^,
24 a'Gb]nv08 – …sÚ k[i7 *$
25 a'Gb]nv08, v08– …sÚ k[i7 *%,

aflnsf lzIff – j}lbs sfndf :qLåf/f Crfx¿sf] /rgf ug{] h:tf ljåtfk"0f{ sfo{{
aflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] :j:Yo k/Dk/fsf] k|df0f dfGg ;lsG5 . lzIff k|f/De ug{sf
nflu afnsx¿nfO{ em}F aflnsfx¿nfO{ klg pkgog ;+:sf/ lgoldt ¿kaf6 ul/GYof] .
j]bsf s]xL Znf]sx¿n] o; s'/fnfO{ /]vf+lst u/]sf 5g ls s'df/Lx¿sf nflu lzIff
ckl/xfo{ Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ dflgGYof] . Pp6L cljjflxt lzlIft s]6Lsf] ljjfx Pp6f o:tf]
b'nfxf;Fu ul/g' k5{ hf] pm ;dfg g} lzlIft xf]; . sd pd]/sf] aflnsfnfO{ ljjfx ug{]
af/]df ;f]Rb} g;f]lrof]; . aflnsfx¿nfO{ nf}lss / cfWoflTds b'j} vfn] lzIff lbOGYof] .
cfWoflTds lzIff cGt/ut wfld{s ljBf, P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/f Pj+ ldys /x]sf] x'GYof] eg]
nf}lss lzIff cGt/ut nlntsnf lzIff cGt/ut snf / ;}Go lj1fgsf] lzIff lbOGYof] .
pQ/j}lbs sfndf klg aflnsf lzIffsf] dxTj lyof] . lkt[ u[xdf pgLx¿nfO{ eljiosf]
u[x:y hLjgsf af/]df lzIffsf] 1fg u/fOGYof] . pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, ;f+:s[lts
ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbOGYof] . j}lbs sfndf h:t} ;+uLt, g[Tonufot ufg ljBfdf
aflnsfx¿nfO{ lgk"0f agfOGYof] . pklgifbdf lzlIft :qLx¿sf ljleGg pbfx/0f kfpg
;lsG5 .26
O=k"= @)) kl5 aflnsfsf] pkgog ;+:sf/ aGb ul/of] . of] ;+:sf/ aGb eP kl5
aflnsf lzIffdf wSsf nfUof] . clzlIft, cg'ejz"Go, ql;t sd pd]/sL aflnsfsfsf]
ljjfx x'g yfNof] . of] l:yltdf klt g} p;sf] lbzf–lgb{]zs dfq xf]Og b]jtf g} aGg
k'Uof] . hLjg kltj|To / klt;]jfdf g} ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . ljjfx kl5sf aflnsfsf nflu
1fg cfh{g ug]{, JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ s'g} ;+efjgfx¿ afFsL /x]gg .27
afnclwsf/sf] sf]0faf6 j}lbssfnb]lv :d[ltsfn;Ddsf] ljj]rgf
j}lbssfnb]lv :d[lt tyf dxfsfJosfnsf] ;dfh afnclwsf/sf] dfGotfaf6
lgb{]lzt lyPg . t} klg dfgj ljsf;sf] :jefljs lgodcg';f/ afnaflnsfsf nflu
afnclwsf/;Fu ;fd~h:o /fVg] sltko Jojxf/x¿ eg] x'g ;s]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
h;nfO{ b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
!_ v]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ –;fgf afnaflnsfn] ?lrcg';f/ ljleGg v]nx¿ v]Ng kfpFy]] .
h;nfO{ afn[qmL8f elgGYof] .
@_ dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/– afnaflnsfnfO{ uLt, ;+uLt / g[To l;sfOGYof] / pgLx¿nfO{
o; dfWodaf6 dgf]/~hgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/GYof] .
#_ /h:jnf x'g'k"j{sL aflnsf -sGof_ nfO{ b]jLsf] ¿k dflgGYof] . pgnfO{ cfb/ / k"hf
ul/GYof] . aflnsfx¿ o'jfj:yf k|j]z u/]kl5 :jodj/åf/f cfˆgf nflu j/ -klt_
5fGg kfpFy] .
vf;u/L pQ/j}lbs sfnk"j{ aflnsfnfO{ lzIff cfh{gsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
26 s:tjf/ /]vf, k[i7 %^, goL lbNnL, @))^
27 pxL k[i7 %&

o:t} cj;/ k|flKt ePs} sf/0f Tolta]nfsf ufuL{, d}q]oLnufotsf dlxnfx¿n] 1fg
cfh{gaf6 cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf; u/L cfkm"nfO{ rlt{t ljb"ifLx¿sf] ¿kdf :yflkt
ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . o;nfO{ aflnsf jf dlxnf clwsf/sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f dfGg
;lsG5 .
$_ n8fO{+sf] qmddf Ps kIfn] csf{] kIfnfO{ cfqmd0f ubf{ b'j}n] zq'kIfsf afnaflnsfdfly
xdnf ub{}gy] / pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] Vofn ub{y] .
%_ vfBj:t' sdxF'bf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfP/dfq jo:sn] vfg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] lyof] .
^_ lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ – afns / aflnsf;d]tn] u'?cf>ddf uP/ j}lbs lzIff
cfh{g ug{ kfpFby] .
&_ k]zf rogsf] clwsf/ – vf;u/L cfo{ afnsx¿n] cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] k]zf h:t} s[ifs,
of]4f, ljz]if ljBf cfh{g ug{] Clif dlglif, s'g} j:t' lgdf{0f ug{] sflnu9 cflb /f]Hg
kfpg] clwsf/ lyof] .
o:tf s]xL clwsf/sf kIf b]lvPtf klg clwsf/ eGbf st{Jok|lt a9L hf]8 lbOPsf]
lyof] . sltko ;]jf / cfb/sf kIfx¿ c:jefljs / afnaflnsfdfly ul/g] pTkL8gsf]
Bf]tssf] ¿kdf ;d]t /x]sf] lyof] . pQ/j}lbs sfnb]lv :d[lt jf dxfsfJosfn;Dd
c:jefljs ¿kdf a9L kfOg] o:tf Jojxf/x¿n] Ps vfn] ;+s'rgdf afnaflnsfsf]
nfngkfng / ljsf;df s]lGb|t lyof] . :d[ltsfnLg ;do otf j0f{ Joj:yf a9L
lje]bfTds / tNnf] j0f{ -z"b|_ df juL{s[t ul/Psf ;d'bfodfly aa{/tfk"0f{ lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/ x'g yfNof] . ;fy} n}lËs lje]bn] klg r/d ¿k lng yfNof] . o;af6
aflnsfx¿ a9Ldfqfdf l;sf/ x'g k'u] . o;n] pQ/j}lbssfn k"j{ c;r]t ¿kd} eP
klg k|fKt afnclwsf/sf dfGotf / Jojxf/x¿ s6f}tL x'g k'u] . o; k5fl8sf] k|d'v
sf/0fdf tTsfnLg ljZje/L g} zlQmzfnL /fho;Qfx¿sf] ljsf;sf;fy} zlQm;+/rgfsf]
abnfj / cdfg'lifs Jojxf/sf] c;/ k"jL{o ;dfhdf klg kg{ uof] . ;fy}, o;} ;do
-O=k"=!)))_ b]lv ljZjJofkL ¿kdf g} df}nfpg yfn]sf] bf;k|yfn] k"jL{o ;dfhdf ;d]t
b/f] k|efj kf/]sf]n] To;}sf] c;/ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/df klg k/]sf] x'g;S5 .
;Gbe{ ;|f]t M
!= cf]dk|sfz k|;fb, k|frLg ef/tsf ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s Oltxf;, k[i7 *) k|;fGt
uf}/j, /fhsdn k|sfzg @))^
@= s:tjf/ /]vf, :qL lrGtg sL r'gf}tLofF, k[i7 %#,%$, /fhsdn k|sfzg, goL lbNnL,
;g @))^
#= r66f]kfWofo b]jL k|;fb, ef/tLo bz{g ;/n kl/ro, k[i7 $$, /fhsdn k|sfzg,
@))*

$= emf clg?b| cf}/ ld> /fdfgGbg, cfrf/zf:q s] d"n l;4fGt, k[i7 @$) / @$!,
ldtn agf/;Lnfn bf; klAn;;{
%= lqj]bL /fduf]ljGb, -efiffGt/sf/ cf}/ ;Dkfbs_ lxGbL Cuj]b, Ol08og k|]z lnld6]8,
k|ofu, O= !(%$
^= b]zd'v x]dGt s'df/, rf0fSogLlt bk{0f, afa" bLkrGb| d}g]h/, d'ntfgdn lk|lG6ª
k|]z, 5f= lgdr
&= låj]bL lul/hf k|;fb, x]8kl08t gjnlszf]/ ljBfno, nvgf} -cg'jfbs_, dg':d[lt
-dfgj wd{zf:q_, gjnlszf]/ k|]z, uf]dlt t6 nvgp, ;g !(!&
*= kf08]o wgklt / cgGt czf]s, k|frLg ef/tsf /fhgLlts cf}/ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;,
k[i7 @^, df]ltnfn agf/;Lbf;, klAn;;{,
!)= kf]v/]n sf]dnk|;fb, …d]/f] cd]l/sf ofqfÚ lgofqf, hgj/L !(,@)!$ komalprd.
wordpress.com
11= Bridget and Raymond - The Birth of Indian Civilization, p. 140, Penguin
Books, 1968
!@= a'Gb]nv08 -pQ/k|b]z_ If]q d]+ lzIffsf ljsf;, t[lto cWofo, v08– …sÚ k[i7 *^,
shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
!#= ld> sn/fh, gf/L s] ;Ddfg sL ;'/Iff ;/sf/ j ;dfh sf ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTj,
!$= j}lbs sfn, http://hi.wikipedia.org/s/ge5
!%= ;gftg wd{ s] ;+:sf/, d'Qm 1fgsf]z ljlskLl8of, http://hi.wikipedia.
org/s/9z9
!^= ;xfo lzj:j¿k, k|frLg ef/tLo wd{ Pjd bz{g k[i7 @#, lbNnL @))! .
!&= :d[ltofF, a|hl8:sj/L ,hi.brajdiscovery.org/
!*= :jfdL hubLZj/fgGb ;/:jtL, j]b ;f}/e, k[i7 *(, k|sfzs M ljhos'df/ uf]ljGb/fd
xf;fgGb, goL lbNnL, hgj/L @)))

ljifo k|j]z
ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf lxGb" j0f{ lje]bn] r/d ¿k lnO/x]sf] ;dodf a'4 wd{sf] pbo
ePsf] lyof] . rf/ cfo{ ;To -b'Mv 5, b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5, b'Mv lg/f]wsf] cj:yf 5 /
b'Mv d'lQmsf] pkfo 5_ df cfwfl/t o; wd{n] dfgj ;dfgtf, ;To / zflGtsf nflu
ljZjJofkL cleofg km}nfof] . vf;u/L ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf Ozfk"j{ 5}7f}+ ztfAbLb]lv
nueu OZjLsf] cf7f}+ ztfAbL;Dd Jofks ¿kdf k|efj km}nfpg ;kmn of] wfld{s
dfGotf, gjf}+ ztfAbL otf lxGb" j0f{jfbL dfGotf k'gM cfqmds x'g yfn] kl5 s]xL ;Lldt
aGg k'Uof] . o;/L nueu !# ;o jif{;Dd k|efjzfnL /x]sf] o; wfld{s dfGotfleq
afnaflnsfnfO{ st{Jolgi7, ;'lzlIft / g}ltsjfg agfpg /fd|f] k|of; ePsf] lyof] .
vf;u/L o;sfndf z}lIfs hfu/0fsf] pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g;s]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk sltko
;+:sf/x¿df lxGb" j0f{jfbL dfGotfn] k|efj kf/]sf] eg] cg'ej ug{ g;lsg] eg] xf]Og .
o; cfn]vdf a'4sfnLg afnaflnsfsf ;du| cj:yfx¿nfO{ t ;d]6g ;lsPsf] 5}g .
dfq} o;df eujfg a'4sf] dfGotf cg';f/ afnaflnsf tyf cleefjssf] st{Jo /
a'4sfnLg z}lIfs cj:yfsf] af/]df dfq s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf]] 5 .
a'4 wd{df afnaflnsfsf] g}lts cfr/0f tyf lzIff
–leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf

st{Jo tyf cfr/0fsf ;jfnx¿
pQd ;Gtfg hGdsf nflu wd{
r]tgf M wd{ r]tgf cyf{t zLn, ;dfwL
/ k|1fnfO{ g} a'4 wd{n] hf]8 lbG5 .
wd{ r]tgfn] of] ug{ x'G5 / of] xF'b}g
eGg] lzIff ;j{;fwf/0f cfdfdf hufpg
;s]df dft[ tyf afnssf] d[To'b/ sd
x'G5 g} . d'VotM k~rzLnsf] kfngf
cfjZos 5 . ue{jtL dlxnfn] s]xL
klg cs'zn kfk cyf{t rf]/L, Jolerf/
h:tf s'sfo{ ug{'x'Fb}g . Jolerf/ ubf{
cfdf / aRrfnfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ k/]/ d[To'
klg x'g;S5 . bDkltn] k~rzLnsf]
kfngf u/] ;Gtfg c;n / rl/qjfg
aGg ;S5g . 1
s–s:sf] s]–s] st{Jo M cfˆgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ zLn -g}lts cfr/0f /
Jojxf/_ sf] lzIff lbg', kfk sd{af6
arfpg', lzIff lbIff lbg', /fd|f];Fu
laxfjf/L ul/lbg' / pgsf] efusf]
;DklQ OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s lbg' dftf–
lktfsf] st{Jo xf] . To;}u/L cfˆgf
a[4 dftf lktfsf] ;]jf ug{', u[x:ysf]
st{Jo k"/f ug{', dftf–lktfnfO{ /Iff ug{',
of]Uo ;Gtfg aGg' / b]xfGt kZrft
jxfFx¿sf] cfb/ ;DdfgnfO{ lg/Gt/
sfod /fVg'' 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] st{Jo
xf] . u'?nfO{ pleP/ ;Ddfg ug{', pgsf]
;]jf ug{', cf1fsf] kfngf ug{', u'?sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{' / pgn] lbPsf]
lzIffk|lt Wofg lbg' lziosf] st{Jo
xf] . cfˆgf] lzionfO{ :g]x / k|]d ug{', pgnfO{ zLn -g}lts cfr/0f / Jojxf/_ sf af/]df,
snf / lj1fgsf af/]df lzIff lbg', pgsf] k|z+;f ug{' / 8/ qf;af6 pg -lzio_ nfO{ /Iff
1 leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, dft[ tyf afn d[To'b/ :jf:Yosf] ;DaGwdf af}4 u|Gy, k"0f{ dfl;s, jif{ & cÍ (,
j}zfv @)&@, k[i7 !*, k|wfg ;Dkfbs ;Demgf ag, afuahf/, sf7df8f}+
a'4sf pkb]zsf kfFr - k~rzLn_
l;4fGt M
!_ lx+;f gug{" M– k|f0fLx¿sf] Hofg
lng] jf sf6df/ / c¿nfO{ s'g}
lsl;daf6 kL8f lbg] jf xflg k'‍¥ofpg]
sfd gug{" .
@_ rf]/L gug{" M– dfnwgLn] yfxf
gkfpg] u/L dfn rf]g]{ sfd, csf{sf
xs bfaLsf] rncrn ;DklQ v'';'Ss
cfˆgf] xsbfaLleqsf] agfpg] lqmofnfO{
rf]/L elgG5 . P]g lgodljk/Lt csf{sf]
clwsf/sf] xgg ug{' klg rf]/L xf] .
#_ em'6f] gaf]Ng" M– c;To, sfg'glj/f]wL,
sLt]{, gldNbf] jf x'Fb} gePsf] s'/f
gaf]Ng' .
$_ nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg gug{" M– /S;L,
ufFhf, r/];, efª, hfF8, clkmd,
x]/f]Ognufotsf nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg
gug{' .
%_ a|Xdro{df /xg" M– :qL;dfudaf6
cnu /xL j]bflbsf] cWoog ul/g],
a|fXd0f cflbsf] sd{ jf j|t, cfo{x¿sf
rf/ cf>d -a|Xdro{, u[x:y, jfgk|:y
/ ;Gof;_ sf lgod cg';f/ rNg' .

ug{' u'?sf] st{Jo xf] .2
n}lËs ;dtfsf nflu g}lts lzIff
M eujfg a'4sf] l;4fGtcg';f/
5f]/f5f]/L a/fa/ x'g'k5{ . 5f]/f
/ 5f]/Lsf] a'l4 af/a/ g} x'G5 .
;ªut dfq km/s x'G5, a'l4 km/s
x''Fb}g . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ c;n dflg;
agfpgsf nflu Joj;fod"ns jf
k|fljlws lzIff lbP/ dfq k'Ub}g,
pgnfO{ cfWoflTds / g}lts lzIff
klg lbg cfjZos x'G5 . o;af6
afnsdf cfˆgf] st{Josf] af]w
x'g;S5 . cfdfafa'sf u'0fx¿nfO{
ofb ug{ / lrGgsf nflu klg
g}lts lzIff cToGt cfjZos
5 . 3
cfdfa'afsf] ;]jfsf] dxTj M h;n]
cfdfa'afsf] lgi7fk"j{s ;]jf u5{,
To:tf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pxfFx¿n] t
cflz{jfb lbg' x'G5 g} . cfdf
a'afnfO{ olt dfof ug]{ JolQmn]
s;}nfO{ klg wf]vf lbg]jfnf
5}g eg]/ pgnfO{ ;fyLefOnufot
;a}n] ljZjf; u5{g / dfof, cfb/ ub{5g . cfdfa'af ePsf] 3/df eujfgsf] k"hf ug'{
cfjZos 5}g . sf/0f cfdf–a'af g} a|Xdf xf] . a|Xdfn] ;[li6 ug'{ x'G5 . To:t} cfdfa'afn]
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ hGdfpg' x'G5, ;[li6 ug'{ x'G5 . af}4 wd{ bz{g cg';f/ cfdf–a'afnfO{ a|Dxf
elgG5 . a|Dxfsf rf/j6f d'v x'G5 . cfdf–a'af;Fu rf/j6f lrQ x'G5 . Tof] xf] d}qL,
s?0ff, d'lbtf / ck]Iff . oxL rf/j6f lrQ ePsf] sf/0fn] a|Dx eg]sf] xf] . o:tf] cfdf
a'afnfO{ k"hf ug]{ dfg ;Tsf/ ug]{ 5f]/f / 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'v};'v x'G5 .4
k|ltR5fbg M eujfg a'4sf cg';f/ – dflg;nfO{ eo / lgGbf ^ lbzfaf6 cfpg]
2 hb'gfy l;Gxf, ef/tLo bz{g, k|f/lDes a'4 bz{g, ;Dos ci6f+u–dfu{, ;Dos sd{, k[i7 #^, #&,
df]tLnfn agf/;Lbfz klAnz;{ k|f=ln=, lbNnL, !(^*
3 leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, zflGt clek|]/0ff–efu @, cfdfafa'sf] OR5f, k[i7 !^, ;'nIf0fsLlt{ ljxf/, rf]ef/
sf7df08f}, @)&)
4 leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, u[x:yx¿sf nflu rf/ k|sf/sf ;'vx¿, k"0f{ dfl;s, jif{ & cÍ !!, j}zfv
@)&@, k[i7 !$, k|wfg ;Dkfbs ;Demgf ag, afuahf/, sf7df08f}_
cfo{ ci6f+u dfu{
!= ;Dos b[li6 M rf/ cfo{ ;To -!=b'Mv
;To Ö b'Mv 5, @= b'Mv ;d'bo ;To Ö
b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5, #= b'Mv lg/f]w cfo{
;To Ö b'Mv lg/f]w ug{ ;lsG5, $= b'Mv
lg/f]w ufldgL k|ltkbf cfo{ ;To Ö b'Mv
lg/f]w ug]{ pkfo 5_ df ljZjf; ug{' .
@= ;Dos ;+sNk M dfgl;s / g}lts
ljsf;sf] k|lt1f ug'{ .
#= ;Dos jfs M xflgsf/s s'/f gug{' /
em"6f] gaf]Ng' .
$= ;Dos sd{ M xflgsf/s sd{x¿ gug{' .
%= ;Dos hLljsf M s'g} klg :ki6tM of
c:ki6tM xflgsf/s Jofkf/ gug{
^= ;Dos k|of; M cfkm}+ ;'wf/g] sf]lzz ug{' .
&= ;Dos :d[lt M :ki6 1fgaf6 b]Vg]
dfgl;s of]Uotf kfpg] sf]lzz ug{' .
*= ;Dos ;dflw M lgjf{0f kfpg / :jo+
ufoa x'g' .

ePsfn] ltgnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu ul/g] tn pNn]v ul/Ph:tf lbzfx¿sf] dxTjnfO{ g}
k|ltR5fbg elgG5 .
!= k"j{ lbzf M cfdf, a'af -5f]/f5f]/L eGbf klxn]sf ePsfn] cfdfa'afnfO{ k"j{ elgPsf] xf]_
@= blIf0f lbzf M cfrfo{, u'?hg -blIf0ff lbg of]Uo ePsfn] cfrfo{, u'?hgnfO{ blIf0f
elgPsf] xf]_
#= klZrd lbzf M kTgL, k'q–k'qLx¿ -cfˆgf] kl5 nfUg]nfO{ klZrd lbzf elgG5 .
k'q–k'qLx¿ cfdf, a'af eGbf kl5 hlGdPsf / cfdfa'afsf] kl5 nfUg] x'G5g_
$= pQ/ lbzf M lxtlrGts ldq ;fyLx¿ -cfktljktdf ;xfotf ug{] sNof0fjfg
;fyLnfO{ pQ/ lbzf elgG5 _
%= cwf] lbzf -tn_ M gf]s/rfs/ -dflnssf] cfb]znfO{ cN5L gdfgL kfngf ug{]
;]jsnfO{ cwf]lbzf elgG5_
^= p4{ lbzf -dfly_ M >d0f a|fXd0fx¿ M -…kfkfgf+ aflxtQflt a|fXd0ff]Ú cyf{t cs'zn
cflb kfksd{ lgd"{n kfl/;s]sfnfO{ a|fXd0f elgG5 . …;ldtQflt;d0ff]Ú cyf{t ;+;f/df
k|jflxt ug{] ;+:sf/nfO{ zfGt ul/;s]sf]nfO{ >d0f elgG5 . …;+;f/ eo+ OjvtLlt
leSv'Ú ;+;f/sf] ePaf6 lg:s]sfnfO{ leIf' elgG5 . zLnflb ;bfrf/ wd{df ;fwf/0f
dflg;x¿eGbf pRr:y ePsf] x'gfn] pxfFx¿nfO{ p4{ lbzf eg]sf] xf] .
cfdfafa'k|lt 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] st{Jo / clwsf/ M eujfg a'4n] cfdfafa'k|lt 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
st{Josf] af/]df o;/L atfpg' ePsf] 5 .
!= …dnfO{ cfdfa'afn] e/0fkf]if0f u/]/ /fv]sf lyP, ca d}n] klg jxfFx¿sf] e/0fkf]if0f /
;]jf6xn ug'{kb{5 . j[4fj:yfdf cfdfa'afnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] b'Mv pTkGg gx'g] u/L ;]jf
ug{'kb{5Ú eGg] efjgf 5f]/f5f]/Ldf x'g' kb{5 .
@= cfdf a'af j[4 cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 jxfFx¿n] ;DxfnL cfpg'ePsf] 3/Jojxf/sf] ;a}
ef/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] ;DxfNg' k5{ . jxfFx¿nfO{ a9L af]em / sl7g x'g] s'g} klg sfd
ug{ afWo kfg{'x'Gg .
#= cfdfa'afn] sdfO/fv]sf] wg;Dklt v]taf/L cflbsf] /Iff tyf c;n sfd
-k/f]ksf/nufot_ sf nflu k|of]u u/L s'nj+zsf] gfdnfO{ prf] /fVg'k5{ . olb cfdfafa'df
g/fd|f afgLx¿ -lx+;f tyf Jolerf/ ug{], em'6f] af]Ng], gzfn'kbfy{ ;]jg ug{] cflb_ 5g
eg] ltgnfO{ ;'wfg{] k|of; ug{'k5{ . cfkm" :jod z'4 dfu{df nfUg / c¿nfO{ klg z'4dfu{
tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg k|of; ug'{k5{ . o:tf Jojxf/af6 g} s'n j+zsf] k|lti7f sfod /xG5 .
$= ;Gtfg hGd]kl5 c+z lng of]Uo x'g'k5{ . cfdfafa'sf] cf1f dfGg], s'ndf snªs

gnufpg] / lzlIft x'g'k5{ . cfdfa'afsf] cf1f kfng ug{], ;'jrg af]Ng] ;'lzlIft eP/
a:g]n] dfq c+z lng kfpF5 .
%= k/nf]s eO;s]sf cfdfa'afsf] gfddf bfg, zLn–efjgfd} k'0osfo{ u/L cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt
ePsf] k'0o ;Dklt jxfFx¿nfO{ k|fKt xf]; egL d}qLk"j{s k'0obfg ug{'kb{5 . o;k|sf/n]
k'0osfo{ ug{]nfO{ ;Tk'?if eGb5g .
o; k|sf/n] k"j{lbzf ;dfgsf cfdfafa'nfO{ 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] kfFr k|sf/sf] ;]jf6xn /
efjelQm ug{'kb{5 eg]/ eujfg a'4n] eGg'eof] .
5f]/f5f]/Lk|lt cfdfa'afsf] st{Jo M
!= g/fd|f] afgL a;fNg lbg'x'Fb}g . k|f0fL3ft, k~rzLn xflg x'g] sfd cs'zn sd{af6
arfO{ k'0okydf Nofpg'k5{ .
@= c;n sfds'/f]df nufpg'k5{ . 3/flgof s'nLgx¿;Fu ;ªut ug{ nufpg'k5{ .
kmsfO{–km'NofO{ eP klg ;'lzlIft, cfrf/L tyf ;bfrf/L / zLnjfg agfpg'kb{5 .
#= /fd|f] lzNkljBf l;sfOlbg'k5{ . zf:qljBf, gLltljBfdf /fd|/L lgk"0f{ x'g] u/L ;DemfO{
l;sfOlbg'k5{ . cfˆgf] v'§fdf cfkm}F pleg ;Sg] agfOlbg'k5{ .
$= of}jg cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 zLn, ljBf, cfr/0fo'Qm s'nLg sGof jf s'nLg j/;Fu ljjfx
u/fOlbg'k5{ .
%= ;do–;dodf cfjZostf cg';f/ vr{ lbg'k5{ . oxfF ;dosf cy{ b'O{j6f 5g .
s_ lgTo ;dodf bfg k'0o ug{' / ul/anfO{ olt eg]/ tf]s]/ lbg' .
v_ a]nfavt, rf8af8df ljjfx cflb dªun ;dodf lbg' . 5
a'4sfnLg lzIff
a'4 wd{df /x]sf] ;/n lzIff k4lt – a'4n] a|fXd0fx¿n] nfb]sf] ;+:s[t efiffsf] abnf
Tolta]nf hglha|f]sf] efiff ag]sf] kfnL efiffdf cfˆgf] wd{sf] k|rf/ u/] . of] wd{ ;/n
l;4fGt / dfgjLo cg'ejdf cfwfl/t lyof] . o;df bfz{lgs ljrf/x¿sf] abnf z'4
cfr/0fk|lt a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . To;}n] hg;fwf/0fsf nflu a'emg ;lhnf] ag]sf]
of] wd{ 5f]6f] ;do leq} nf]slk|o aGg k'u]sf] lyof] .
z}lIfs la:tf/ M 5}7f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/fw{df pbo ePsf] a'4 wd{n] Pp6f gofF vfn]
lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u¥of] . ljåfgx¿sf cg';f/ a'4 sfndf k|rlnt lzIff k|0ffnL
j}lbs wd{sf] lj/f]w:j¿k pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . tyflk a'4 lzIff k|0ffnL j}lbs lzIff
k|0ffnL eGbf leGg eP klg sltko cy{df ;dfg g} lyof] . dxfTdf a'4sf lzIffx¿df
5 leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, zflGt clek|]/0ff–efu @, u[xL–ljgo, k[i7 !%(–!^!, ;'nIf0fsLlt{ ljxf/, rf]ef/
sf7df08f}, @)&)

cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo …lgjf{0f k|flKtdf ;xfos x'g'Ú g} lyof] . o;sf
cGo p2]Zodf 1fg k|flKt, rl/q lgdf{0f, c;n gful/ssf] ljsf;, hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lzIff,
;Eotf Pj+ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; cflb lyof] . a'4 lzIff k|0ffnLsf] s]Gb| …d7Ú Pj+ …ljxf/Ú
lyof] . of] afx]s lzIffsf] cnu s'g} s]Gb| lyPg . lzIffyL{nfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{sf nflu
d7 Pj+ ljxf/df g} k|j]z x'g'kYof{] . ef/tjif{ cGtu{tsf d'n'sx¿df d7 Pj+ ljxf/jfnf
of] lzIff k|0ffnL nueu O=k"= %)) b]lv O:jL !@)) ;Dd sfod lyof] . o; kZrft of]
k|0ffnLsf] k|efj csNkgLo 9Ëaf6 36g k'Uof] . -*&_
of] ;do -O=k"= %)) b]lv O:jL !@))_ df a'4 lzIffsf] k|l;l4 lgs} /ˆtf/sf;fy km}ng
yfNof]] . o:tf] lzIff ;+:yfdf ef/tjif{ nufot cGo ljleGg b]zx¿ vf;u/L hfjf, ;'ldqf,
afnLåLk, rLg, hfkfg, cflb b]zx¿af6 lzIffyL{{x¿ cfpg yfn] . o; lzIff k|0ffnLn]
ef/tsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df /fd|f] ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . ef/tsf] …:j0f{ sfnÚ klg o;} ;dodf
lyof] elgG5 . ef/tdf af}4 lzIffsf s]Gb|x¿ olt ljzfn lyP ls logdf !) xhf/ eGbf
a9L ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog ub{y] . o:tf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ g} …ljZjljBfnoÚ elgGYof] .
o;} o'udf ef/tsf] klxnf] ljZjljBfno …tIflznfÚ k|l;l4sf] lzv/df k'u]sf] lyof] .
af}4sfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lzIff s]Gb| …gfnGbf ljZjljBfnoÚ lyof] . o;df !) xhf/
eGbf klg a9L ljBfyL{ / # xhf/ lzIfsx¿ /x]sf] j0f{g kfOG5 . tTsfnLg ef/tdf
/x]sf cGo ljZljBfnox¿df – ljqmdlznf, jNneL, glbof, cf]bGtk'/L cflbsf] pNn]v
kfOG5 . t/ ef/tdf d'un zf;gsf] ;'?jft ePkl5 ;g !@)% df alVtof/ lvnhLn]
s't'a'l2g P]assf] cfb]zdf oL ljZjljBfnox¿ gi6 u/]sf lyP .
a'4 wd{ hft–kft;DaGwL s'g} klg e]befjnfO{ dfGb}g . p;n] o;} cfwf/df lzIffåf/f
;a} wd{, ;a} hfltsf nflu v'nf ul/lbPsf] lyof] . d7df ;a} wd{sf] lzIffsf] Joj:yf
lyof] . oxfF a'4 wd{sf] lzIff, bz{g, ts{zf:q, gIfq, Hof]ltif, cf}iflw, ul0ft, /;fog,
zf:q, cflb ljifosf] cWoog ul/GYof] . a'4 lzIffsf] dfWod nf]s efiff kfln lyof] . ljBf
cWoog sfn !@ jif{sf] x'GYof] . k|f/lDes lzIffsf nflu d7df k|j]z ug{ kfpg] pd]/ ^
jif{ Pj+ cjlw klg ^ jif{ g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'GYof] . o; kl5 afnssf] pRr lzIff
k|f/De x'GYof], h;sf] cjlw !@ jif{sf] x'GYof] . -**_6
lzIf0f ljlw M To;a]nf ;fIf/ eGg] x'Fb}gYof] . a¿ Pp6fn] k9fpg] To;nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg],
/6fpg], 3f]sfpg] sfd x'GYof] . Pp6f s07:y ug]{ csf]{nfO{ ;'gfpg] lzIffk4lt To;a]nf
lyof] . h'g ;fIf/ xf]Og >j0f k/Dk/f lyof] . tTsfnLg ljxf/x¿df ToxL k/Dk/f
ljBdfg lyof] . ljgolk6sdf s'g–s'g ;fdfu|Lx¿ leIf'n] u|x0f ug{ x'G5 s'g x'Fb}g
eGg] s'/fsf] x:tlnlvt u|Gy tyf ;fdu|L st} klg e]l6b}g . To;n] klg k|dfl0ft ub{5
ls To;a]nf >j0f k/Dk/f g} z}lIfs k4ltsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+z lyof] . j:t'tM k':ts
n]vg k4lt /fhsLo sfo{sf nflu ;fgf] tfd|kq of wft'k6nfO{ 5f]8g] xf] eg] w]/}kl5
dfq cfPsf] xf] . ;DejtM O;fk"j{ k|yd ztfAbLaf6 dfq n]vg k4ltsf] cf/De ePsf]
6 a'Gb]nv08 -pQ/k|b]z_ If]q d]+ lzIffsf ljsf;, t[tLo cWofo, v08– …sÚ k[i7 *&–**

lyof] . To; a]nf;Dd leIf', cfrfo{ ;–;fgf sIff cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{
uy]{, . dy'/fsf] k|fRr j:t';ªu|fnodf 3f]lK6Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] d"lt{af6 yfxf x'G5 ls
To;a]nf ljBfyL{x¿ v'Nnf cfsfzd'lg vfln d}bfgdf, ljleGg cf;gdf a:by], h;sf]
glhs u'¿x¿ a;]sf x'Gy] eGg] s'/fsf] cfef; ldN5 .7
leIf'x¿sf] cWoog s]jn af}4 wd{sf] k7g kf7gaf6 dfq k"0f{ x'Fb}gYof] . leIf'x¿nfO{
cGo ljifox¿ klg k9fOGYof] . cGo wd{sf l;4fGt tyf cGo bz{gsf] k4lQ -hf]
af}4 ljrf/ cGt/ut lyP_ / Jofjxfl/s dxTjsf] ljifo, h:t} v]tL / jf:t'ljBf klg
l;sfOGYof] . of] ljBf ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos lyof] . Ozfk"j{
k|yd ztfAbL kl5 ha k':ts n]vg k4lt k|rngdf cfof] . u|Gyx¿sf] ;+u|x / To;sf]
;'/Iff klg ljxf/x¿df x'g yfNof] .
P]ltxfl;s qmdcg';f/ af}4 jfªdosf] /rgf d"n¿kdf df}o{sfn, z'Ësfn, s'iff0fsfn,
u'Ktsfn, xif{sfn Pj+ kfnsfndf ePsf] lyof] . oxL nfdf] sfnv08df af}4 ;flxTo
/rgf r/d pTsif{df k'Uof] eg] x|f; klg o;} sfnleq eof] . s'iff0fsfndf af}4wd{ g
s]jn ef/t, clkt' >LnÍf, dWo Pl;of, / rLg;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . ToxL u'Kt sfndf km]l/
x|f; tkm{klg nfUof] . oBlk a|Xdfb]z, hfjf, ;'dfqf, sDa'h, rDkf cflb blIf0f Pl;ofsf
b]zx¿ tyf dWo Pl;of, ltAat, rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, O/fg, ckmuflg:tfg, cflb b]zdf
clws la:tf/ eof] . pQ/ ef/tdf To;a]nf a|fXd0f wd{, klg Tolt s} ;zQm lyof] .
oBlk To;n] af}4 wd{;Fu k|ltålGåtfdf plqP/ To;nfO{ pR5]b ug{ ;s]g . a¿ af}4
wd{leq cfPsf] lj;Ëltn] ubf{ pQ/ ef/tdf af}4 wd{ lbgk|ltlbg sdhf]/ aGb} uO/x]sf]
lyof] .8
a'4 wd{df afnaflnsfb]lv cleefjs;Ddn] cf–cfˆgf] lsl;dn] clwsf/ / st{Josf]
kfngf ug{'kg{] eGg] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL M
!_ cfrfo{, ltns af}4 jfªdosf] ljsf;df ljZjljBfno LumbiniBuddhistuniversity ,
n'lDagL ljZjljWofno s]Gb|Lo SofDk;sf ljWofyL{åf/f ;~rflnt k]h .
@_ a'Gb]nv08 -pQ/k|b]z_ If]q d]+ lzIffsf ljsf;, t[tLo cWofo, v08– …sÚ k[i7
*&–**
#_ leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, dft[ tyf afn d[To'b/ :jf:Yosf] ;DaGwdf af}4 u|Gy, k"0f{ dfl;s,
jif{ & cÍ (, j}zfv @)&@, k|wfg ;Dkfbs ;Demgf ag, afuahf/, sf7df08f}
7 ltns cfrfo{, af}4 jfªdosf] ljsf;df ljZjljBfno, n'lDagL ljZjljWofno s]Gb|Lo SofDk;sf
ljBfyL{åf/f ;~rflnt k]h .
8 pxL

$_ leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, u[x:yx¿sf nflu rf/ k|sf/sf ;'vx¿, k"0f{ dfl;s, jif{ &
cÍ !!, j}zfv @)&@, k[i7 !$, k|wfg ;Dkfbs ;Demgf ag, afuahf/, sf7df08f}
%_ leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, zflGt clek|]/0ff–efu @, u[xL–ljgo, k[i7 !%(–!^!, ;'nIf0fsLlt{
ljxf/, rf]ef/ sf7df08f}, @)&)
^_ leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf, zflGt clek|]/0ff–efu @, cfdfafa'sf] OR5f, k[i7 !^, ;'nIf0fsLlt{
ljxf/, rf]ef/ sf7df08f}, @)&)
&_ l;Gxf hb'gfy, ef/tLo bz{g, k|f/lDes a'4 bz{g, ;Dos ci6f+u–dfu{, ;Dos sd{,
k[i7 #^, #&, df]tLnfn agf/;Lbfz klAnz;{ k|f=ln=, lbNnL, !(^*

g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo]] $=@) k|ltzt d'l:nd ;d'bfon] cf]u]6]sf] 5 . t/ pgLx¿
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, z}lIfs tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf eg] cufl8 a9g ;s]sf]
kfOFb}g . o;/L d'l:nd ;d'bfo cGo ;d'bfo eGbf k5fl8 kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f pgLx¿sf]
lzIffdf kx'Fr x'g g;Sg' g} xf] . g]kfnsf] s'n ;fIf/tf k|ltzt tyf d'l:ndx¿sf]
;fIf/tf k|ltzt aLr eofjx vfN6f] /x]sf]n] klg pgLx¿sf]k|lt JolQm cfo Go"g /x]sf]
5 . /fli6«o ;fIf/tf b/ %#=& k|ltzt -dlxnfsf] $@ tyf k'?ifsf] ^*_ xF'bf d'l:ndsf]
s'n ;f/If/tf @& k|ltzt -dlxnfsf] @@ k'?ifsf] &* k|ltzt_ 5, h'g /fli6«o
;fIf/tfsf] cfwf dfq xf] eg] pRr lzIff lng] d'l:nd ;d'bfo d'l:snn]} e]l6G5 . nueu
&) k|ltzt g]kfnL d'l:nd b}lgs ! cd]l/sL 8n/sf] cfDbfgLdf afFRg ljjz 5g eg]
$) k|ltzt d'l:nd k|foM e"ldxLg cj:yfdf 5g . jflif{sk|lt JolQm cfDbfgL ¿= ^,^)#.–
5 h'g /fli6«o ¿kdf Go"gtdk|lt JolQm cfo ¿=&,^&# eGbf klg sd /x]sf] cj:yf
5 . d'l:nd ;d'bfo k5fl8 kg'{sf] csf]{ ;"rs ul/aL xf] . ctM $# k|ltzt d'l:nd
;d'bfo ul/aLsf] /]vf d'lg /x]sf 5g . pgLx¿sf] cf};t cfo' $* jif{ dfq cfFsng
ul/Psf] 5, h'g cGo ;d'bfosf] t'ngfdf Hofb} sd xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f pgLx¿sf]
:jf:Yo If]qdf kx'Frsf] sdL, cfly{s ;+s6, wfld{s 1fg gx'g' Pj ¿l9jfbL rngrNtL
k|d'v x'g . d'l:ndx¿sf] :s"ndf cWoog ug]{ ;/b/ cjlw !=$ jif{ /x]sf] 5 eg]
/fli6«o cfFs8f @=# jif{ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . -@)^* hgu0fgf / SNV 2007 report _
d'l:nd ;d'bfo cfly{s ;dflhs tyf /fhg}lts ¿kn] lgs} kl5 k/]sf 5g . d'l:nd
;d'bfosf lszf]/Lx¿ k|foM lzIffaf6 6f9f /x]sf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . lzIffk|lt hgr]tgfsf]
sdL To;df klg k9]/ cflv/ ug'{ kg]{ sfd 3/s} sfd eGg] a'emfOn] ubf{ lzIff :jf:Yo
;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g k'u]sf 5g . o;/L cfly{s ¿kn] lkl5l8Psf / kl5 kfl/Psf
bfOhf] / cGo s'/Lltdf hsl8Psf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] dlxnf ju{ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf
Hofb} sl7g ckx]lnt tyf gf/sLo hLjg latfpg afWo eO/fv]sf 5g . g]kfnsf
d'l:nd lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ c¿sf] ;DklQ xf] eg]/ j:t'sf] ¿kdf t'ngf ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{
pgLx¿ Go"gtd lzIff k|flKtsf] cj;/af6 ;d]t jl~rt /x]sf 5g . o; ;d'bfoleq
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] /Lltl/jfh cg';f/ !@ b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/sf lszf]/L
/ !% b]lv !* jif{sf] pd]/sf lszf]/x¿nfO{ ljjfx aGwgdf afFlwG5 . o;/L gfafns
pd]/d}, s]6fs]6Lsf] d~h'/L a]u/ g} ljjfx ug{] rng ePsfn] w]/}sf] j}jflxs hLjg
c;kmn aGg k'U5 . ;fg}df ljjfx ePsf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s d]n gx'g] / cfkm"df lge{/tf
klg gePsf sf/0f clxn] klg d'l:nd ;d'bfodf lx+;fTds 36gfx¿ eO/x]sf] clwsf+z
;dfrf/ ;'Gg] ul/G5 . csf{]lt/ o;/L nueu *) k|ltzt d'l:nd lszf]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx
g]kfndf d'l:nd afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf
d':tfs cnL /fO{

cgd]n ckl/kSs tyf afNo cj:yfdf g} ePsf] sf/0f k|hGg b/ a9g uPsf] kfOG5 .
o;n] ubf{ klg cfly{s ljkGgtf a9g] / tnfs x'g] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .
lszf]/Lx¿ slnn} pd]/df ;'Ts]/L x'g]ePsfn] Psflt/ k|hgg :jf:Yo l:yltdf uDeL/
c;/ kb{5 eg] csf{lt/ ul/aLs} sf/0f :jf:Yof]krf/dfly kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
kl/0ffd:j¿k sltko lszf]/Lx¿sf] csfn d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . d'l:nd ;d'bfodf bfOhf]
lng] lbg] rngn] klg 3/]n' lx+;f a9g k'u]sf] kfOG5 . bfOhf] gNofPsf] jf sd NofPsf
sf/0f dlxnfnfO{ hnfOlbg] jf cdfgjLo lsl;dsf oftgf lbg] dfq geO{ xTof ;d]t
ul/lbg] 36gf klg afSn} x'g] u/]sf] uPsf] kfOG5 . k|hgg :jf:Yo lau|]/ jf cGo s'g}
sf/0fn] ljjflxt dlxnfdf zf/Ll/s ;d:of cfpFbf s]6fkIf ;f] ;d:ofaf6 6fl9+b} uP/
tnfs lbG5g / csf{] ljjfx ug{ k'U5g . o:tf lqmofsnfkdf s]6fsf] 3/sf kl/jf/n]
s]6fnfO{ pS;fpg] / ;3fpg] klg u5{g . o;/L anhkmtL tnfs lbOPsL lszf]/Ln]
c+zsf nflu ph'/L lbP klg ;'g'jfO g} x'Fb}g . csf{]lt/ o;sfnflu d'2fdfldnfdf hfFbf
vr{ w]/} nfUg], ;DalGwt lgsfon] lszf]/Lsf] ph'/L cufl8 ga9fOlbg] / gfgf vfn]
emd]nfx¿ cfpg] ePsfn] w]/}h;f]n] d'2fdfldnf gu/L r'k} nfu]/ a:g] l:yltdf k'U5g .
o;/L lg/fzfhgs l:yltdf k'u]sf tnfsL lszf]/Lx¿ c¿ s'g} pkfo gb]v] kl5 cfˆgf
cfdfa'jfsf 3/ -dfOtL_ df Hofnf u/L afFRg afWo ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnu~hl:yt
?;'km g]kfnn] lbPsf] tYofÍcg';f/ afFs] lhNnfsf !) j6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /
g]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf leq ;fg}df ljjfx eO{ # dlxgf b]lv % jif{sf] j}jflxs
hLjg kZrft tnfs kfPsf lszf]/Lx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g M ef/tdf ljjfx u/L
kl5 tnfs e} a:g] hDdf tnfsL lszf]/L !$& tyf jo:s dlxnf #!$ u/L hDdf
$^! hgfdWo] !& hgfn] c+z kfPsf 5g . afFsL $$$ hgf lszf]/L / dlxnfx¿
cnkq cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnu~hdf dfq} ax'ljjfx ug]{ d'l:nd k'?ifx¿ #%%
hgf /x]sf] tYo lszf]/L Snax¿n] Plsg u/]sf 5g . -lhNnf d'l:nd lszf]/L Sna
;~hfnsf] cWoog @)^*_ bfOhf] gNofPsf] lgx'Fdf cfˆg} kltåf/f afFs]sL l/xfgf z]v
9kfnLnfO{ lhpFb} hnfOPsf] ;dfrf/ cfPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf cGo efudf klg d'l:nd
;d'bfodf bfOhf]sf] sf/0f x'g] u/]sf dlxnf xTof lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ afSn} x'g] u/]sf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt e} /x]s} x'G5 . o;/L d'l:nd ;d'bfodf afnljjfx, bfOhf] k|s/0f, tnfs
/ 3/]n' lx+;fsf sf/0f vf;u/L d'l:nd lszf]/Lx¿ a9L kLl8t x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
…k9 lnvs/ s cflv/df s/gL t jxL r'nf rf}sf 3/kl/jf/ cf}/ v]taf/L tf] x}Ú eGg]
pvfg ;a} a[4 a[4fx¿n] cf–cfˆgf afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cyf{t k9]/
klg s] ug'{ cGtdf cfˆgf] 3/fo;L sfd g} ug'{ kg]{ tyf lszf]/Lx¿n] r'nf] rf}sf g} ug'{
kg]{ ePsf]n] a? ToxL sfdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ug'{ plrt x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff /x]sf]
kfOG5 . To;} sf/0fn] oL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s"n k7fpg'
eGbf hLljsf]kfh{g ug{sf nflu Hofnfdf sfd ug{ nufpg], ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{
nufpg], b'sfgx¿df gf]s/sf] ¿kdf Go"g Hofnfdf sfd ug{ nufpF5g . ul/a kl/jf/sf
d'l:nd ;d'bfox¿ cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg' eGbf o:tf sfddf v6fpbf
a9L kmfObf b]Vb5g . h;sf] sf/0f clwsf+z o'jfx¿ clzIff s} a]/f]huf/ eP/ ljb]lzg]

u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko afnsx¿nfO{ :s"n k7fPtf klg clwsf+z aflnsfx¿nfO{ :s"n
k7fOFb}g . clwsf+z cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf aflnsfx¿nfO{ db/;fdf k9fpg] u/]sf] eg]
kfOG5 . db/;fx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . db/;fdf
lbOg] lzIff k|foM O:nfd wd{df cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] o; lzIffaf6 bIf z}lIfs hgzlQm
pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . To;}sf/0f db/;f k9]sf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿n]
ljleGg k|fljlws If]q, k|zf;g, ;'/Iff lgsfo nufotsf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿df k|j]z kfpg
;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 k|foM jl~rt /x]sf 5g . d'l:nd ;d'bfodf dlxnfx¿nfO{
k'?if 8fS6/;Fu cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fpgsf nflu cg'dlt k|fKt gx'g] ePsf]n] nueu *)
k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ :jf:Yo ;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rt /xg' k/]sf] xf] . ;o hgfdf !) hgf
eGbf sd dlxnfn] dfq ;''Ts]/Lnufot kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;'ljwf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . d'l:nd sfg'g ;l/ofdf dlxnfnfO{ d'l:nd k'?if tyf c¿ ;d'bfosf] cufl8 cg'xf/
b]vfpg gx'g] / s'/f ug{;d]t dgfxL ul/Psfn] tL dlxnfx¿ uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:of kbf{
;d]t :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpFb}gg / ;/;Nnfx ;d]t lnFb}gg . o;sf/0fn] klg sltko
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] csfnd} d[To' x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] ;l/of O:nflds sfg'gn] afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfdfly s'g}klg lsl;dsf]
lje]b u/]sf] kfOFb}g . t/ clxn] ;l/of sfg'gcg'¿k geP/ ljleGg cGwljZjf;df
cfwfl/t dfGotfn] d'l:nd ;dfh k|efljt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; k5fl8 O:nflds dfGotfnfO{
;xL lsl;dn] a'emg g;s]sfn] klg of] ;d:of cfPsf] x'g;S5 . o:t} cGWljZjf;n]
ubf{ afnaflnsfdf lzIffk|lt nufj x'FbfxF'b} klg pgLx¿n] To;sf] cj;/af6 6f9f /xg'
k/]sf] 5 . pko'Qm lzIff kfpg g;s]s} sf/0f pgLx¿ cfly{s ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts
tyf hLjg k|ltsf] clwsf/sf] kx'Fraf6 cnu /x'g' b'Mvb la8Dagf g} xf] . clzlIft
ePs} sf/0f dlxnf–dlxnf aLr lje]b ug]{, k|tfl8t ug]{, ckx]ngf ug]{ tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo,
nufot cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ pkef]u ug{af6 cnu /fVg] k|j[lt ljBdfg 5 . kof{Kt
bfOhf] gNofPs} sf/0f cfˆgf a'xf/Lx¿nfO{ ;f;'n] hnfOlbg], dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s
oftgf lbg] tyf tnfs ;d]t lbg] k|j[ltsf] a9bf] qmd o; ;d'bfodf JofKt 5 . log}
ljljw lje]bsf sf/0f d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] OR5f / rfxgf ljk/Lt cfjZostf eGbf
a9L ;Gtfg hGdfpg' kg]{, :jf:Yo ;d:ofaf6 u|l;t ePtf klg To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu
:jf:Yo ;]jf glng], ;l/of sfg'gcg';f/ 3/leq a:g' kg]{ tyf cfly{s pkfh{gsf sfd
ug{ g;Sg] ljjztfdf 5g .
o;/L Jojxfl/s ¿kdf d'l:nd dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] e"ldsf h] h:tf] ePsf] ePtf klg
O:nfd wd{u|Gy s'/fgdf ;a} dlxnf k'?if ;a} tj/af6 a/fa/ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . O:nflds sfg'g ;l/ofdf klg dlxnf, k'?if, s]6f–s]6L aLr lje]b tyf
km/s–km/s bfloTj, st{Jo tyf clwsf/ /x]sf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL g/dkGyL
d'l:nd ;d'bfon] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljjfx, tnfs, gful/s clwsf/, j}wfflgs cfwf/, klx/g

tyf lzIff nufotsf s]xL clwsf/ glbPsf xf]Ogg . t/ ¿l9jfbL s§/kGyL d'l:ndx¿
dlxnfnfO{ dfly pNn]lvt s'g} klg clwsf/ lbg] kIfdf 5}gg . g]kfnsf k|foM ;a}
d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ oL ;d:ofaf6 c5't g/x]sfn] pgLx¿sf] cj:yf rfx] ufpF xf]; rfx]
zx/ ;a}lt/ lgs} lk5l8g k'u]sf 5g . pgLx¿ clzlIft x'g'sf ;fy} k'?ifsf] nflu
k|of]usf] j:t'sf] ¿kdf hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . pgLx¿ k'?if ;/x cfwf/e"t hLjg
lgjf{xsf clwsf/ tyf cfˆgf] klxrfgsf] kx'Fraf6 jl~rt /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5g .
d'l:nd dlxnfx¿sf] cGo dlxnf ;/x cfly{s pkfh{gdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ePtf klg
pgLx¿sf] pQm of]ubfgnfO{ ¿l9jfbL tyf k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]rsf sf/0f a]jf:tf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . To;} sf/0f k|foM lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ 3/fo;L sfd sfh, r'nf rf}sf, ufO{j:t',
afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, v]tLkftLsf] sfd ug{ afWo ul/Psf] 5 . v]tLkftL nufot 3/fo;L
sfdsfh k'?ifsf] nflu lg/y{s sfo{sf] ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;}sf/0f
o; ;d'bfosf Psfw afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfn] lzIffnufot cGo s]xL clwsf/ /
cj;/ kfpg ;s]sf] eP clwsf+z afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿ zf]lift kLl8t tyf lzIff
nufotsf clwsf/ / cj;/af6 jl~rt /xg' k/]sf] l:ylt clxn] klg ljBdfg 5 .
d'l:nd dlxnfx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s:t/b]lv /fHo:t/;Dd lg0f{o k|s[ofdf kx'Fr tyf lgoGq0f
5}g . pgLx¿ /fhg}lts ¿kdf pk]lIft 5g . t;y{ xfdL eGg ;S5f} d'l:nd dlxnfx¿
cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg, /fhg}lts ¿kdf pk]lIft, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf lt/:s[t /
ckx]lnt 5g . pgLx¿ cfˆg} 3/ leq k|of]usf nflu j:t' tyf bf]>f] bhf{sf] gful/s
;/x afFRg ljjz 5g .

v|Lli6ogljZjf; -wd{_ sf] k|fb'ef{j
afOan wd{zf:qdf ljz]iftM b'O{j6f v08x¿ 5gM k'/fgf] s/f/ / gof“ s/f/ . k'/fgf]
s/f/ o]z" v|Li6 o;;+;f/df cfpg'eGbf cl3 n]lvPsf] xf] . k'/fgf] s/f/df s;/L
k/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/sf] ;[li6 ug'{eof] / s;/L o; ;+;f/df kfkn] k|j]z u¥of] eGg] s'/f
jl0f{t 5 . To;sf ;fy} k'/fgf] s/f/df o]z"sf] cfudg;DaGwL dxÎjk"0f{ eljiojf0fLx¿
k|z:t} pNn]v ePsf 5g . k'/fgf] s/f/sf n]vf]6x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s / j}1flgs ;Totf
k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] s/f/sf] Oltxf; ;+;f/sf] pTklQaf6 ;'? x'G5 -O=k"=sf]
;'?jft_ / o]z"sf] hGd ePkl5 6'lªuG5 . o]z"sf] hGdn] ;+;f/sf] Oltxf;nfO{ gof“ df]8
lbG5, To;kl5 gof“ kfqf]sf] ;'?jft x'G5 .
gof“ s/f/df o]z"sf] hGd, pxf“sf sfo{x¿, pxf“sf r]nfx¿n] klxnf] ztfAbLdf s;/L
v|Lli6og rr{nfO{ cl3 a9fP eGg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;fy} v|Lli6og hLjg s:tf]
x'g'k5{ / dfgj ;d'bfo s;/L rNg'k5{ eGg]af/]df klg pNn]v ul/Psf 5g . o;sf]
cGTodf, ;+;f/sf] cGTosf] af/]df eljiojf0fL ul/Psf] 5 . v|Lli6og ljZjf; jf
wd{sf] hu cfheGbf @,))) jif{ cl3 cyf{t o]z" v|Li6sf] hGd ePkl5sf] xf]Og .
afOansf] cWoogaf6 yfxf x'G5 ls ;+;f/sf] ;[li6 tyf o'usf] ;'?jftstf{ g} k/d]Zj/
x'g'x'G5 . afOann] eGb5 ls ;f/f ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg; kfkL 5g . dfgjb]x wf/0f
u/]/ cfpg'ePsf] k/d]Zj/ o]z"k|lt ljZjf; u/]kl5 dflg;n] l;Q}df ;Dk"0f{ kfkaf6 d'lQm
kfp“5g eGg] s'/f g} v|Lli6og ljZjf;sf] ;f/ xf] . v|Lli6ogx¿sf] oxL ljZjf; /
dtsf cfwf/df afnaflnsfk|ltsf] wf/0ff klg ljsf; ePsf] 5, h'g s'/f afOandf
k|:6};“u pNn]v ul/Psf 5g . of] 5f]6f] n]vdf afOan, o]z", v|Lli6og ljZjf; /
afnaflnsfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k|:6ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
d'Vo s'/frflx+ afOansf] lzIff g} v|Lli6og dt / hLjgsf] d'xfg xf] . dflg;n]
afOansf] ljk/Lt s'g} klg lzIff k|ltkfbg u/]df To;nfO{ ;jf]{k/L dflg+b}g . To;sf/0f
v|Lli6og dtdf afnaflnsf eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ubf{ afOann] h] eGb5 / o]z" k|e'n] h]
ug'{eof], To;}nfO{ ;jf]{Rr lzIff / dfu{lgb]{zg dfGg'kb{5 . v|Lli6ogx¿n] afOansf] d'Vo
l;4fGtl;t d]n gvfg] cGo s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ cflwsfl/s lzIff dfGb}gg .
afOansf] gh/df ue{ clg e|"0f
v|Lli6og dfGotfcg';f/ afnclwsf/ / cleefjssf] st{Jo
e'jg b]jsf]6f

afOansf] ;du| lzIffnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ 7"nf] dxÎj lbOPsf] 5 .
lzz'sf] hGd x'g'eGbf cufl8 g} cyf{t cfdfsf] k]6df e|"0fsf] l;h{gf x'“bfb]lv g} p;nfO{
Pp6f k"0f{ dflg; ;/x afOann] pRr dxÎj lbPsf] 5 . afOansf] k'/fgf] s/f/df …
ue{sf] kmnÚ ;Daf]wg u/]/ To; -e|"0f_ nfO{ k/dk|e'sf] Ogfd elgPsf] 5 . gof“ s/f/df
klg o]z" :jo+n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if dxÎj / ;Ddfg lbg'ePsf] 5 . afOan wd{zf:q
/ v|Lli6og ljZjf;cg';f/ afnaflnsf To:tf JolQm x'g, hf] 7"nf JolQm;/x ;Ddfg
/ xssf nflu of]Uo 5g . ;fy} afnaflnsfdf x'g] lgbf]{ifkg, lgZ5n rl/q /
dgf]lj1fgnfO{ ljz]if dxÎj lbOPsf] 5 .
o;af6 yfxf x'G5 ls afnaflnsf klg Pp6f k"0f{JolQm jf dflg; x'g . s'g} klg
afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld, cfsf/ jf a:g] :yfgsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g'nfO{ afOann]
ck/fw dfGb5 . oxL sf/0f v|Lli6ogx¿n] ue{ktgsf] lj/f]w ub{5g . v|Lli6ogx¿n]
hlGdPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu dfq xf]Og, ue{df /x]sf] e|"0fsf] /Iffsf k|of; / ;]jf
ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g / ljleGg ;+:yfdfkm{t e|"0fxTofsflj?4 sfo{qmdx¿ klg
;~rfng ub{5g .
afnaflnsfsf ;DaGwdf afOandf Pp6f k|;Ë 5, hxfF o]z" cfˆgf r]nfx¿sf aLr
Pp6f uDeL/ ljifodf ax; ul//xg'ePsf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljifodf rn]sf] pQm
ax;df o]z"n] eGg'ePsf] s'/f / pxfFsf] dfGotfn] v|Lli6og dtdf afnaflnsf slt
ljz]if x'g eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . afOandf n]lvPsf] pQm k|;Ë o; k|sf/ 5 –
T‍o; a]nf o]z"sf r]nfx¿df cfkm"x¿dW‍o] 7"nf] sf] xf] eG‍g] ljifodf ax; rN‍of] . t/
o]z"n] ltgLx¿sf dgsf] ljrf/ yfxf kfP/ Pp6f afnsnfO{ lnO{ cfˆ‍gf] 5]pdf /fV‍g'eof]
/ ltgLx¿nfO{ eG‍g'eof], æh;n] d]/f] gfpFdf o; afnsnfO{ u|x0f u5{, T‍o;n] dnfO{ u|x0f
u5{ / h;n] dnfO{ u|x0f u5{, T‍o;n] dnfO{ k7fpg' x'g]nfO{ u|x0f u5{ lsgeg] ltdLx¿
;a}dW‍o] hf] ;a}eG‍bf ;fgf] 5, T‍oxL 7"nf] x'G‍5Æ -afOan – n"sf (M$^–$*_ .
o;/L ;a}eGbf ;fgf] afnaflnsfnfO{ g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] eg]/ o]z"n] pgLx¿nfO{ pRr
d"NofÍg ug'{ePsf] 5 . t/ cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf lj1fgsf] unt k|of]u ub}{ ue{df /x]sf]
e|"0fsf] lnË klxrfg ug]{ / ue{ktg u/fpg]x¿sf] ;ªVof lbgk|ltlbg a9b}uPsf]
5 . To:t} ljjfxeGbf cufl8sf] jf ljjfxeGbf aflx/sf] ;DaGwn] /xguPsf] ue{nfO{
ck|fs[lts ¿kdf ktg u/fpg]x¿ klg sd 5}gg . h:tf];'s} ue{ lsg gxf];,
To;nfO{ ktg u/fpg' kSs} klg /fd|f] xf]Og . afOann] xfdLnfO{ oxL l;sfpF5 . o]z"
v|Li6sf] lzIffcg';f/ t of] emg} 7"nf] kfk xf] .
afOandf afnaflnsfnfO{ k/dk|e'sf] Ogfd elgPsf] 5 . v|Lli6ogx¿sf] ljZjf;
5 ls s'g dlxnfsf] uef{;odf s:tf] -:qL jf k'?if_ e|"0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/f
k/d]Zj/sf] xftdf x'G5 . k/d]Zj/sf] cl:tTjnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf :jLsf/ gu/]sf] lj1fgn]

klg o; s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 ls lj1fgn] cfdfsf] ue{df 5f]/f jf 5f]/L agfpg
;Sb}g . lj1fgn] To;nfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] gfd glbP/ k|s[ltsf] gfd lbPsf] 5 . Ps
j}1flgs cWoogsf] xjfnf lbFb} j}1flgsx¿n] g} eg]sf 5g ls k|fs[lts lgods}
cfwf/dfk|lt Ps;o :qLlnË ue{ a/fa/ Ps;o kfFr k'?iflnËsf] ue{wf/0f x'g] ub{5 .
;f]xL cWoogn] 5f]/LeGbf 5f]/fsf] e|'0f -ue{_ a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ ePsf] klg 7x/ u/]sf]
5 . cyf{t ;+;f/df :qL / k'?if lnªusf] ;dfgfGt/ ;kmn hGdx'g] lgrf]8 pQm
cWoogdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts lgod tyf lj1fgdf dfq ljZjf; /fVg]x¿n] of]
tYonfO{ a'emg] xf] eg] klg ue{ktgsf] cf}lrTo lj1fg ;Ddt b]lvFb}g . hlGdPsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfq xf]Og, cfdfsf] ue{df e|"0f cj:yfdf /x]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ klg
pRr d"NofÍg ug]{ afOann] ue{ktgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ s'/} cfpFb}g .
afnaflnsf
afOansf gh/df afnaflnsf s] x'g t < o;sf nflu o]z" v|Li6 / afnaflnsf;DaGwL
Pp6f k|;Ë–
d'lQmbftf k|e' o]z"n] s'g} 7fpFdf a;]/ cfˆgf dflg;x¿nfO{ lzIff lbFb} x'g'x'GYof] .
To;a]nf w]/} cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ o]z" ePsf] 7fpFdf lnP/ cfP .
cleefjssf] rfxgf o]z"n] cfˆgf afnaRrfnfO{ 5f]Olbpmg / xft /fv]/ cflz{jfb b]pmg
eGg] lyof] . pxfFsf r]nfx¿n] afnaflnsf / ltgLx¿sf cleefjsnfO{ xKsfP . To;}
j|mddf o]z"n] eGg'eof], æafnaflnsfnfO{ dsxfF cfpgnfO{ g/f]s lsgeg] :ju{sf] /fHo
cyjf k/d]Zj/sf] /fHo logLx¿ h:t}sf] xf] .Æ afOann] afnaflnsfnfO{ slt dxTj
lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f o]z" v|Li6sf] of] egfOaf6 g} k|i6 x'G5 .
afOan / v|Lli6og dtsf] d'Vo ;Gb]z k|]d xf] . k/d]Zj/ cfkm}+ k|]d x'g'x'G5 / k|]d
/ ;Rrf Hof]lt k/d]Zj/af6 cfpF5 eg]/ xfd|f] wd{zf:qn] l;sfpF5 . To;sf/0f
;fgf afnaflnsf klg k|]dsf of]Uo x'G5g . afnclwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxnf
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg 7"nf dflg; ;/x ;Ddfg / dfof ul/g'k5{ . xfdLn] afnaflnsfnfO{
k]|d / ;Ddfg u¥of}+ eg] dfq} ltgLx¿sf clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t aG5f}+ / To;sf]
;Ddfg klg ub{5f}+ . afOancg';f/ xfdLdf k|]d 5}g eg] xfd|f ;a} k|of;x¿ xNnf
ug]{ 306f / emofnL dfq} x'G5g . cleefjs / ;dfhsf] k|]d kfpg' afnssf] g};lu{s
clwsf/ xf] .
ha afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:sh:t} cfb/ / ;Ddfg ul/G5 ta pgLx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df
xfd|f] ;dfg rf;f] nfUg yfNb5 . afOan tyf v|Lli6og rr{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpFbf
yfxf x'G5 ls o; dtn] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 7"nf dflg;;/x cfb/ / ;Ddfg ub{5 .
To:t} csf{] k|;Ëdf afOandf elgPsf] 5– o]z"n] Pp6f ;fgf] afnsnfO{ glhs af]nfP/
ltgLx¿sf dfemdf pE‍ofpg'eof] / eG‍g'eof], æ;fFR‍r}, d ltdLx¿nfO{ eG‍b5', dg kl/jt{g
eP/ ltdLx¿ ;fgf afnsx¿h:‍tf ePgf} eg] slxN‍o} :‍ju{sf] /fH‍odf k:‍g]5}gf} .

h;n] of] ;fgf] afnsh:‍t} cfkm"nfO{ gd| t'N‍ofpF5, T‍oxL :‍ju{sf] /fH‍odf ;a}eG‍bf dxfg‌
x'g]5 . h;n] d]/f] gfpFdf Pp6f o:‍tf] afnsnfO{ u|x0f u5{, T‍o;n] dnfO{ u|x0f u5{ .
t/ h;n] ddfly ljZ‍jf; ug{] oL ;fgfx¿dW‍o] PshgfnfO{ kfk ug{ nfpF5, a? T‍o;sf]
unfdf 7"nf] 9'Ëfsf] hfFtf] afFw]/ T‍o;nfO{ ulx/f] ;d'b|df 8'afOlbg' c;n x'G‍5Æ -dQL
!*M@–^–afOan_ .
o]z" v|Li6sf] of] egfOn] klg afnaflnsf slt dxfg 5g eGg] k|i6 kfb{5 . To;}n]
k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ afnaflnsf h:t} :jR5 x[bo ePsf] dflg;sf] ¿kdf b]Vg
rfxg'x'G5 . cufl8 g} pNn]v ul/of] ls kljq zf:qn] lbPsf] lzIffcg';f/ ;fgf
afnaflnsf k/d]Zj/sf Ogfd x'g . To;sf/0f afnaflnsf klg 7"nf dflg;x¿sf
nflu h:t} ;dfg dfof / ;Ddfgsf nflu of]Uo x'G5g . jo:s dflg;sf] t'ngfdf
afnaflnsfdf k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf nflu yk of]Uotf x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] x[bo g}
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd of]Uotf xf] . k/d]Zj/sf nflu ;jf]{Qd
7flgPsf afnaflnnfO{ xfdL dfgjn] s;/L x]nf ug{ ;S5f}+ / < To;}n] cGo 7"nfnfO{
h:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;Ddfg / cfb/ ul/g'k5{, 7"nf dflg;sf] h:t} pgLx¿sf]
klg clwsf/ x'G5 eg]/ afOann] l;sfpF5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ 7]; nfUg] sfo{ ug'{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ck/fw xf] eg]/ o]z"n] eGg'ePsf
dflysf s'/faf6 k|i6 x'G5 . To;sf/0f afOann] xfdLnfO{ bLgxLgsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff
u/ / Gofol;t km};nf u/ eg]sf] 5 .
afOansf] Oltxf;cg';f/ k'/fgf] lgoddf s'g} /fhfx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfuf]df aln
r9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf lyP . k/dk|e'sf] qmf]w tL /fhfx¿sf]lj?4df bGSof] / w]/}
/fhfx¿ ktg eP / gfz eP . afnsnfO{ aln lbg] / e|ddf kfg]{nfO{ k/dk|e'n] 3[0ff
ug'{x'G5 eg]/ afOandf n]lvPsf] 5 . afnsnfO{ aln lbg'sf] cy{ ltgLx¿sf] z/L/nfO{
s'g} O{Zj/sf] gfddf gfz ug'{ xf] eGg] a'lemG5, To;sf] ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] dfgjLo
clwsf/ / cl:tTjnfO{ gfz ug'{ eGg] klg a'lemG5 . o:tf] s'/fnfO{ v|Lli6o dtdf
jlh{t ul/Psf] 5 .
afnaflnsfk|lt cleefjssf] st{Jo
afOansf] k'/fgf] lgoddf afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft ub}{ n]lvPsf] 5, æltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{
ljlw–ljwfgx¿ l;sfpg] ug"{ / ltgLx¿n] lhpg] tl/sf / ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ltgLx¿nfO{
l;sfOlbg'Æ -k|:yfg !*M@)_ . o;af6 k|i6 x'G5 ls v|Li6og ljZjf;df /x]sf cleefjs
tyf afa'–cfdfn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ afOansf lzIffx¿ l;sfpg' pgLx¿sf] st{Jo
xf] . afnaflnsfsf] ef}lts ;+/If0f dfq xf]Og, ltgLx¿sf] efjfgfTds, zf}lIfs, dfgl;s
ljsf;df klg cleefjssf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f afOandf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . afOandf elgPsf] 5 – ;fgf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
cflTds / efjgfTds ;'/Iff ug'{ klg cleefjssf] st{Jo xf] . v|Lli6ogx¿sf nflu

afxo ;+;f/sf] cGo lzIffeGbf afOansf] lzIff g} ;jf]{kl/ / ;j{dfGo x'g cfp“5 .
afOandf elgPsf] 5 ls a'afsf] k|d'v st{Jo eg]sf] cfˆgf 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] kfng–kf]if0f
ug'{ / ltgLx¿sf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf] nflu ;xL lzIff / dfu{lgb]{zg lbg' xf] . ;fy}
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf nflu k/d]Zj/ / dflg; b'j}sf] lgufx
-x]/rfx_ cfjZos x'G5 .
afOandf afnaflnsfnfO{ k/d]Zj/ / dflg;sf] cg'u|xsf] vfFrf] k5{ elgPsf] 5 . o]z"
klg dfgj cjtf/ eP/ o; ;+;f/df ;fgf] afnssf] ¿kdf x'Fbf k/d]Zj/ / dflg;sf]
cg'u|xdf x's{g'eof] .
afOann] k|i6 ¿kdf atfpF5 ls cleefjssf] dfof kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] g};uL{s
clwsf/ xf] . of] s'/f afnclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gx¿n] klg :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . a'af–
cfdfsf] st{Jo cfˆgf 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{ k|]d ug'{, pgLx¿nfO{ c;n lzIff lbP/ x'sf{pg'
xf] . Tof]eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t k|e' o]z"n] lbg'ePsf] lzIffcg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ x'sf{pg',
To;cg';f/sf] st{Jo l;sfpg' xf] . afOann] xfdLnfO{ eGb5 ls Ps lbg xfdLn]
cfˆgf 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿sf] hLjgsf af/]df k/d]Zj/nfO{ n]vf lbg'kb{5 . To;}n] k/d]Zj/n]
xfd|f] lhDdf nufOlbg'ePsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xL lzIfflbP/ x'sf{pg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .
Ps k|;Ëdf kljqzf:q afOandf n]lvPsf] 5, æafnsnfO{ pm lxF8g'kg{] af6f]df tflnd
b]pm, j[4 x'Fbf;Dd p;n] Tof] s'/f la;{+b}g .Æ To;sf/0f x/]s cleefjssf] st{Jo eg]sf]
cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fgf] pd]/df g} ;xL lzIff–lbIff k|bfg ug'{ xf], h;af6 p;sf]
c;n JolQmTj, g}ltsjfg / ;j{u'0f ;DkGg rl/q lgdf{0f x'g ;sf]; . hLjgdf s]
ug'{k5{, s'g rflxF s'/f ;xL xf], s'g rflxF s'/f unt xf] eGg] s'/f afnaflnsfnfO{
;fg} pd]/df l;sfpg' kb{5 tfls p;n] hLjgel/ Tof] s'/f ge'nf]; .
afOansf] ljZjf;cg';f/ :ju{sf] /fHosf nflu cGo jo:s dflg;eGbf k/d]Zj/sf]
gh/df afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf of]Uo x'G5g . o]z"n] cfˆgf lktf -k/d]Zj/_ ;Fu eGg'ePsf]
5, æT‍o; a]nf o]z"n] eG‍g'eof], æx] lktf, :‍ju{ / k[Y‍jLsf k|e', d tkfO{+df wG‍ojfb r9fpF5'
lsgls tkfO{+n] oL s'/f a'l4dfg / ;dembf/af6 u'K‍t /fV‍g'eof], t/ afnsx¿nfO{ k|s6
ug'{eof] . xf], lktf, lsgls tkfO{FnfO{ oxL c;n nfU‍of]Æ -dQL !!M@%–@^_ .
pk;+xf/
afOan, o]z" / afnaflnsf;DaGwL dfly pNn]lvt k|;Ëx¿af6 xfdL :ki6 x'g ;S5f}+
ls afnaflnsf eg]sf] dfgjdWo]sf] klg ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 k|f0fL x'g . pgLx¿sf] eljio
g} ;+;f/sf] eljio xf] . k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgfcg';f/ sf]/f sfuhsf ¿kdf o; ;+;f/df
cfPsf pgLx¿sf] hLjg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / jf:tf ug'{ k/d]Zj/sf]
of]hgf / p2]Zosf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] . h;/L k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgf / p2]Zosf] jf:tf gug]{n]

:ju{sf] /fHo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg, To;}u/L k/d]Zj/s} of]hgfcg';f/ g} o; ;+;f/df
cfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ jf:tf gug]{x¿ k/d]Zj/sf] cflzjf{bsf] xsbf/ aGg ;Sb}gg .
afnaflnsfsf sf/0fn] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf v';LofnL / k|zGgtf cfpF5 . afOandf
ltgLx¿nfO{ h}t'gsf d'gf elgPsf] 5 . tL d'gfx¿ kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf] nflu c;n
kmn kmnfpg] ¿v aGg]5g . ltgnfO{ ;Totf / ;Eotfsf] dnhn ug''{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .

afn ;flxTo

-jl/i7 afn;flxTosf/ zfGtbf; dfgGw/;Fu Hof]ltnfn ag / /d]z s'df/ kf}8]nn]
ug{'ePsf] jftf{df cfwfl/t_
afn–;flxTo s] xf] / of] s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
afnaflnsf leq /x]sf] u'0f, efjgf, rfxgf / lh1f;fx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug{], afnsn]
k9g ;Sg] / afnlxtsf/L kf7o;fdu|L ;d]l6Psf] ;flxTo g} afn–;flxTo xf] . xfd|f]
afn–;flxTo xfd|} h:tf] x'g'k5{ . o;n] c? -ljb]zL_ sf] gSsn ug{] xf]Og, cfˆg}
df}lnstfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'g'k5{ . afn–;flxTo afnaflnsfn] ;lhnf];Fu a'emg ;Sg],
/f]rs, ;/; / ;/n x'g'k5{ . of] afnaflnsfdf k/Dk/fut unt dfGotfx¿nfO{ km]g{
k|]l/t ug{] klg x'g'k5{ .
afn–;flxTodf s] s:tf ljz]iftf x'g'k5{ <
afn;flxTon] sfg'gsf] s'/f ub{}g . jsfntL efiff k|of]u ub{}g . o;n] afnaflnsf
cfkm};Fu ePsf] ljz]iftfsf] klxrfg ug{ l;sfpF5, cfdfa'afn] u/]sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg
ug{ l;sfpF5 .
of] afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg]vfn] dfq xf]Og, pgLx¿af6 7"nfx¿n] l;Sg]vfn] klg
x'g'k5{ .
oxfFn] afn–;flxTo ;[hgfsf] yfngL slxn]af6 ug{'eof] / o:sf] k|]/s kIf s] lyof] <
d}n] @))( b]lv @)@^ ;fn;Dd lzIf0f k]zf u/]+ . ljBfnodf k9fpg] qmddf
afnaflnsfk|lt d]/f] cfTdLo ;DaGw a9b} uof] . d}n] k9fPsf afnaflnsf g} d]/f]
afn;flxTo ;[hgfsf k|]/s kIf ag] . ljBfnodf k9fpFbf k9fpFb} :jod afnaflnsfsf
/rgf tyf afnr]tgf ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf cGo ljifoj:t';d]t ;dfj]z
u/L …tf/fÚ gfds leQ] klqsf k|sfzg ug{ yflnof] . lzIf0fs} qmddf afnaflnsf;Fu
ul/g] cGt/lqmof, pgLx¿nfO{ ;'gfOg] / pgLx¿af6 klg ;'lgg] syf, sljtf, r'6lsnf
cflbh:tf ;[hgfTds ultljlwn] d df afn;flxTo k|ltsf] cfsif{0f emgemg a9b} uof] .
o;} qmddf afn kf]if clg To; kl5 afn sf]z]nL klqsf lgsfNg yflnof] . ;fy} cGo
ljleGg kq klqsfdf klg afnr]tgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg /rgfx¿ k|sfzg ub{} cfOof] .
lzIf0f k]z 5f8] kl5 d k"0f{ ¿kn] afn ;flxTo n]vg / k|sfzg;DaGwL sfddf s]lGb|t
ePF . o;/L @)#@ ;fn;Dd cfOk'u] kl5 cfˆg} nufgLdf k|]z klg /flvof] . @)#^
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfb/ u/f}+
zfGtbfz dfgGw/
s'/fsfgL

;fnlt/ k|sfzg ug{ yflnPsf] afnsf]z]nL lg/Gt/ k|sflzt e} g} /x]sf] 5 . of] afx]s
d}n] afn;flxTosf ¿kdf bh{gf} k':ts k'l:tsf k|sfzg ul/;s]sf] 5' / ljleGg
kqklqsfdf klg tt;DaGwL /rgfx¿ n]Vb} cfPsf] 5' .
afnaflnsf k|ltsf] Jojxf/sf af/]df oxfFsf] wf/0ff / dfGotf s] /x]sf] 5 <
xfd|f] ;dfhdf klxn] b]lv g} …gofF k':tfn] k'/fgf k':tfnfO{ cyf{t afnaflnsfn]
cfdfa'afnufot cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfb/ ug{'k5{ / k'/fgf k':tfn] gofF k':tfnfO{
dfof ug{'k5{Ú eGg] dfGotf / k/Dk/f rlncfPsf] 5 . xfd|f efiff ;+:s[lt o;}cg';f/
rn]sf 5g / of] Pp6f ;fdflhs sfg'g g} ag]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dflhs k/Dk/fdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ …tFÚ eg]/ ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . o:tf] ;Daf]wg ug{'nfO{ dfofsf] kl/rfos
klg 7flgG5 . t/ ;fdflhs Jojxf/df Tof] dfof 7xb{}g .
sltko cleefjsn] t cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIfs ;fd' NofP/ …of] abdf; 5, o;nfO{
l7s ul/lbgf];Ú eGb} lzIfsnfO{ oftgf lbg ;d]t pS;fp5g . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;fFRr}sf]
dfof ug{] afa'cfdfn] pgLx¿sf af/]df c?sf cufl8 o:tf] l6Kk0fL ug{} gkg{]] xf] . To;f]
ug{' eg]sf] cfˆgf] gfgLnfO{ cfkm}n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ck/fwL 3f]lift u/]/ b08 lbg' xf] .
cfˆg} afa'cfdfaf6 x'g] o:tf Jojxf/af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s eGbf klg dfgl;s
kL8f a9L x'g] u5{ .
…7"nfn] ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{'k5{ / ;fgfn] 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{'k5{Ú eGg] xfd|f] ;fdflhs
k/Dk/fn] k'/fgf k':tfsf jo:sn] gofF k':tfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ x]Kg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf;
u/fof] . h:t} ls …7"nfnfO{ glr9ofpg' ;fgfnfO{ gr9fpg'Ú …dfG5] af]sf hqf], s'/f
8f]sf hqf]Ú eGg] h:tf pvfgn] …dfGg'kg{] dflg;nfO{ dfg]/ lx8g' pgLx¿sf] dgdf rf]6
kg{] sfd slxNo} klg gug{' t/ ;fgf dfG5]nfO{ gr9fpg' gq ltgn] 6fpsf]df 6]S5gÚ
eGg] lgb{]zg lbG5 . k9]n]v]s} dflg; ;d]t ;fgfnfO{ cfb/k"j{s ;Daf]wg ubf{ ;fdflhs
dof{bf g} elTsG5 ls h:tf] u5{g .
of] ju{, hft–hflt / pd]/;d"xcg';f/ 7"nf jf jo:sx¿n] ;fgf jf afnaflnsfnfO{
txnufP/, shfo/ / x]k]/ /fVg'k5{ eg] tNnf] ju{ x}l;ot ePsf, ;fgf] hft agfOPsf /
sd pd]/ ePsfx¿n] cfkm"eGbf 7"nf] ju{ -wgLdfgL_, 7"nf]hft / a9L pd]/ ePsfnfO{ dfg
;Ddfg ug{'k5{ / pgLx¿n] h:tf];'s} x]kfxf / ckdfghgs Jojxf/ u/] klg To;nfO{
zL/f]wfo{ ug{'k5{ eGg] h:tf ;fdGtjfbL cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t dfGotf xf] . o:tf] lje]b,
ckdfg / pTkL8gsf/L dfGotfnfO{ pv]n]/ kmfNg cfjZos 5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf
;Gbe{df …k'/fgf k':tfsfn] gofF k':tfnfO{ dfof lbpFm , gofF k':tfn] k'/fgf k':tfnfO{
cfb/ / ;Ddfg u/f}+Ú eGg] dfGotf ljk/Lt …k'/fgf k':tfsfn] gofF k':tfnfO{ cfb/
lbpFm, k'/fgf k':tfn] gofF k':tfaf6 dfof kfpFm / vf]hf}+Ú eGg] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ul/g'
k5{ . Pp6f s'/f s] k|i6 5 eg] tkfO{Fn] Ps kN6 gofF k':tfnfO{ cfb/ lbg'eof] eg]
gofF k':tfaf6 cjZo klg dfof kfpg'x'g]5 . ;fgf gfgLx¿af6 kfOg] dfofsf] k|efj

xfdL 7"nfn] lbg] eGbf lgs} uxlsnf] / dL7f] x'G5 .
cleefjsdf afnaflnsfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs txx¿ lgwf{/0f ePsf 5g . h:t} /fHosf] pbfx/0f
lbbf ;aeGbf 7"nf] /fi6«k|d'v, To;kl5 qmdzM k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgGofofwLz, dGqLx¿,
d'Vo ;lrj, dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx¿, ;x;lrj, pk;lrj, zfvf
clws[t, ;'Aaf, vl/bf/, d'lvof, a}bf/, lkog, lkogsL >Ldlt, 7"nf pd]/sf 5f]/f5f]/L
To;kl5 ;fgf pd]/sf afnaflnsf . ufpFsf] pbfx/0f lbbf ;aeGbf 7"nf] ufpF k|d'v
-uflj; cWoIf_, 7"nf] wgLdfgL jf lhldbf/, cGo uGodfGo, 3/d"nL, To;kl5 txut
lx;fadf ;aeGbf tn afnaflnsf . kl/jf/sf] pbfx/f0f lbbf xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf,
a'afcfdf / To;kl5 txut ¿kdf bfh' lbbLx¿ / ;aeGbf tn ;fgf afnaflnsf .
o;/L /fHo, ;dfh / kl/jf/, oL tLg} If]qdf afnaflnsf ;aeGbf tNnf] bhf{ jf txdf
lylrg k'u]sf 5g .
sltko ef]het]/sf] sfo{qmdf …r'n] lgDtf]Ú eg]/ 3/sf ;fgf 7"nf ;a}nfO{ af]nfOPsf]
x'G5 . t/ ;fgf aRrf aRrLsf] lulGt ul/Psf] x'Gg / pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg{] vfgf
tof/ u/]/ klg /flvPsf] x'Fb}g . ef]hdf dfq xf]Og 3/df klg s]6fs]6Lx¿l;t ;f]w]/
t/sf/L lsGg] jf ksfpg] rng plt;f/f] kfOb}g . o;/L afnaflnsfnfO{ dxTjxLg
agfOPsf] x'G5 .
k|rlnt k/Dk/f ljk/Ltsf] o:tf] dfGotfnfO{ s;/L :yflkt ug{ ;lsPnf / <
xf], of] ;lhnf] / ;xh sfd xf]Og . Pp6f ljlzi6 dfGotfnfO{ cfd"n ¿kfGt/0f u/]/
;dfhdf rln/x]sf] rngnfO{ km]g{' cjZo klg ;fx|} ufx|f] sfd xf] . t/ b[9 c7f]6sf;fy
cufl8 a9bf o; dfGotfnfO{ cjZo klg :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] cfˆgf] kl/j]z
/ k+lQm leq t of] gofF rngnfO{ rnfO{ g} ;s]sf 5f} . xfd|f] ;Dks{sf afnaflnsfnfO{
xfdL cfb/ u5f{} . pgLx¿ klg xfdLnfO{ dfof u5{g .
tkfO{F eg]/ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] / pgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;f]w]/ lgod agfPsfn] x'g'k5{ pgLx¿n]
slxNo} klg lgod tf]8]sf] b]lvPg . sfo{qmddf slxNo} klg clzi6, pQfpnf] / ceb|
h:tf] nfUg] Ps zAb klg pRrf/0f ePg . g/fd|f] Jojxf/ t lkml6Ss} ePg .
;dfh ;'wf/sf] sfddf ts{n] lht]/ dfq sfd rNb}g, x[bonfO{ ;d]t lhTg'k5{ .
;dfhnfO{ km]g{ vf]Hg]n] ;j{k|yd cfkm} km]l/g tof/ x'g'k5{ . cfkm"n] lxhf];Dd …tFÚ eGb}
cfPsf]nfO{ cfhb]lv …tkfO{FÚ eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug{' ;lhnf] s'/f x}g, t/ xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{
km]g{] cfF6 u¥of}+ / km]¥of}+ klg .
;Dk"0f{ ;dfhdf o;nfO{ nfu" u/fpg xfdL s'g} vfn] ansf] k|of]u ug{] kIfdf 5]gf}+, an
cyjf …u/Ú, …km]/Ú eg]/ lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z klg xfdL ub{}gf}+ . xfdL t …lbpFmÚ, …kfpFmÚ eg]/

cfu|x dfq u5f{} . of] dfG5]sf] efjgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfn ePsfn] dfG5]sf] dg kufn]/
dfq kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5, s/ / bafa ;[hgf u/]/ ;lsGg . lsgls of] ;f+:s[lts
cfGbf]ng xf] .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf af/]df oxfFsf] wf/0ff s] /x]sf] 5 <
afnclwsf/sf clwsf+z kIf efjgfTds / k|fs[lts /x]sf x'G5g . clwsf/sf] s'/f
ubf{ xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt dfGotfnfO{ dfq ;Demg] u5f{}+ . h:n]
xfdLdf klZrdf b]znfO{ g]tf dfGg] k/Dk/f a;flnlbPsf] 5 . o;f] ug{'sf] Pp6f sf/0f
xfd|f] k/fl>t x'g'kg{] rng / k|j[lQ klg x'g ;S5 .
pgLx¿sf] / xfd|f] kl/j]z km/s ePsfn] clwsf/sf dfGotfdf klg sltko leGgtf
/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] xfd|f] cfˆgf] kl/j]zcg'?k clwsf/nfO{ klg kl/eflift ug{' cfjZos
5 .
clwsf/sf] bfjL eg]sf] sfg'g xf], sfg'g klg rflxG5 t/ sfg'geGbf klg 7"nf] s'/f
t dfof, cfb/ bfloTjaf]w / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; xf,] hf] sfg'gaf6 n8]/ dfq kfpg] s'/f
xf]Og . h:t} ls sfg'gn] …cfdfn] b'w v'jfpg} k5{Ú eGg] xf]Og, Tof] t k|fs[lts clwsf/
/ bfloTj;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . a? sfg'gn] t …cfdf;Fu ePsf] h'g dfof 5 To;sf]
j0f{g ug{} ;lsb}gÚ eg]/ kf; ul/lbof]; g .
Pp6f pbfx/0f atfpFm, xfdLn] …gofF k':tfnfO{ s;/L x'sf{pg] / To:sf nflu s:tf] vfn]
;flxTo ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ul/g'k5{Ú eGg] af/]df Pp6f sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf
lyof}+ . sfo{zfnfsf] ;dfkg kl5 To;df ;xefuL # hgf ljBfyL{ /;'jfsf] lrlnd]
hnljB't of]hgf x]g{ uP5g . t/ ToxfF ;'?ª leq lgld{t To; of]hgdf !) hgf eGbf
sdnfO{ k:g glbg] lgod /x]5, h:n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] Tof] x]g{ kfPgg . Toqf] bM'v u/]/
ToxfF uPsf] a]sf/ eof] . ca o;df xfd|f] ;flxTon] sfd u¥of] . cyf{t olb sfg'gn]
lbPsf] dfq clwsf/ k|of]u ug{] xf] eg] t sltko clwsf/ t s'l07t x'g] /x]5g .
o;df t ljj]ssf] cfjZostf kg{] /x]5 .
tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] agfpg' 5 eg] ;aeGbf klxn] :jf:Yo lau|g'sf] h8 sf/0f
kQf nufpg' k5{ . aflx/L nIf0fnfO{ dfq x]/]/ of] vfg' k5{ Tof] vfg' x'Fb}g eg]/ dfq}
x'Fb}g . afnclwsf/sf] s'/f klg To:t} xf] . xfd|f] ;dfhdf afnclwsf/ xgg x'g'
k5fl8sf] h8sf/0fnfO{ gs]nfO{sg ljb]zLn] agfOlbPsf] dfkb08 cg';f/ o;f] ug{'k5{,
To;f] ug{'k5{ eg]/ dfq x'Fb}g . h:tf] ls …afnaflnsfnfO{ afWosf/L sfddf nufOg' x'Fb}g,
afn>d zf]if0f cGTo u/Ú eg]/ dfq} x'Fb}g . afnaflnsf afWosf/L sfddf ;+nUg x'g'sf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts sf/0f s] xf] < Tof] kQf nufpg' k5{ / Tof] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug{' k5{ . tadfq afn>d zf]if0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 . ;txL
¿kdf …afn>d zf]if0f cGTo u/Ú eg]/ dfq sfd nfUb}g . cyf{t lau|]sf] s'/fnfO{ oyfjt

/fv]/ vfln clwsf/sf] s'/f ug{'x'G5 eg] To:sf] cy{ x'Fb}g .
;a} tx / ju{sf afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / ;dfgtfd"ns s;/L
agfpg ;lsG5 <
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;'ljwf ;DkGg / lgMz'Ns agfOg'
k5{ . o;f] x'Fbf klxnf] s'/f k9fOsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] aG5 . bf];|f] ;a} ju{sf afnaflnsf
;/sf/L ljBfnodf g} k9g yfN5g / lzIffdf ;dfgtf sfod x'g ;S5 . afnaflnsfsf]
k9fOnfO{ u'0f:tLo agfpg] csf{] pkfo eg]sf] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'?df h'g ljBfnodf egf{
ul/G5, Tof] ljBfnosf] cfˆgf] tx cg';f/sf] k9fO k"/f gx'Fbf;Dd ToxfFaf6 cGoq
nlug' x'Gg . olb ljz]if kl/l:ylt jf sf/0fn] afa'cfdf cGoq hfg' k/] klg cGo s'g}
pkfoaf6 afnaflnsfsf] k9fOnfO{ ;f]xL ljBfnodf lg/Gt/tf lbg' k5{ . o;sf nflu
xh'/af xh'/cfdf jf cGo gft]bf/n] klg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g . o;f] x'Fbf ljBfyL{n] km/s
vfnsf] jftfj/0f jf km/s kl/l:yltsf]] ;fdgf ug{'kb{}g . Ps}vfn] jftfj/0f / kl/j]zdf
lg/Gt/ k9g kfpFbf k9fO layf]lng kfpFb}g / /fd|f] aG5 .
rLgdf clxn] klg sltko 7fpFdf of] rng /x]sf] 5 . hxfF cfˆgf] d"n yftynf] xf],
afnaflnsfnfO{ ToxL g} k9fOG5 . afa'cfdf sfdsfhsf nflu cGoq uP klg k'Vof{}nL
ynf]df /x]sf sf]xL g sf]xL -xh'/a'af xh/cfdf, sfsfsfsL cflb_ n] afnaflnsfsf]
;+/If0f u5{g . ToxfF lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ePsfn] z}lIfs lje]b / c;dfgtf sfod
/x]sf] 5}g . rLgsf] ufpFsf ljBfnox¿df t vfg]Joj:yf klg 5 .
dflg; a;fOF ;g{'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfhLljsfsf] ;d:of g} xf] . To;}n] a;fOF ;g{ afWo
x'g'kg{] of] ;d:of d]6fpg ;/sf/n] :yfgLo ¿kdf g} /f]huf/L jf cfhLljsfsf cGo
ljsNk lbnfpg ;lsg] k|oTg ug{'k5{ .
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;aeGbf 7"nf] u'? / ldq sf] x'g <
afnaflnsfsf nflu cfdf g} ;jf{]kl/ u'? / ldq x'g . Toltdfq g e} cfdf hLjgbflogL
klg x'g . aRrfnfO{ hGd lbg] dfq xf]Og, p;nfO{ hLjg lhpg l;sfpg], k|f/lDes
1fg tyf efiff l;sfpg] klg cfdf g} x'g . cfdf;Fu cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu ;Fufn]sf
cToGt w]/} dfof / 1fgsf e08f/ x'G5g . t/ cfˆg} gfeLdf /x]sf] lagfsf] dxTjnfO{
s:t'/Ln] yfxf gkfP h:tf] aRrfsf nflu cfkm";Fu ePsf] of] r/d dxTjsf] dfof /
1fgsf] vfgLnfO{ :jod cfdf cfkm}n] yfxf kfO/x]sL x'Ggg . Pp6f afnsn] cfdfsf]
sfvdf a:bfa:b} $ jif{sf] pd]/ leq cfˆgf] efiffnufot w]/} 1fgsf s'/f l;ls;s]sf]
x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfdfn] g :s"ndf h:tf] xf]d js{ lbg'k5{ g t af]8{df n]v]/ sIff
g} lng'k5{ .

clxn]sf] afn–;lxTo s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
;dfh km]l/G5, ;d:ofsf] ¿k km]l/G5g . Tof] s'g 7fpFdf 5 eGg] yfx kfpg cWoog
x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsf :joddf sxfF 5g < kQf nufpg' k5{ . pgLx¿ ;aeGbf tn
5g .
Pp6f afn;flxTo t To:tf] x'g'k5{ ls afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf cfdfafaf6 jf gofF k':tfn]
k'/fgf k':tfaf6 cfb/ kfO/x]sf 5f}+ eGg] efjgf cfcf]; . pgLx¿sf] dgdf xfdL dflyaf6
jf 7"nfa8faf6 cfb/ kfO/x]sf 5f}+, xfdL ;Ddflgt 5f}+ eGg] efj dgdf k/f]; . To;n] s]
u5{ eg] ;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ s[t1 agfp5 . To:tf] eof] eg] Tof] ;flxTo g+ ! bhf{sf]
eof] . To;sf] cy{ of] eof] ls xfdLn] pgL¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] xf]Og, xfdLn] t pgLx¿nfO{
cfb/ ug{] pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] s'/fsf] k|z+zf ul/lbg] / pgLx¿df cfkm" k'/fgf k':tfaf6
;Ddflgt 5f}+ eGg] efjgf hufOlbg] xf] . ;fgf gfgLx¿;Fu /fd|f s'/f y'k|} x'G5g, t/
ha ;dfhaf6 l;Sg] qmd z'? x'G5 ta pgLx¿n] g/fd|f s'/f l;Sg yfN5g . ;fgf
gfgLx¿df h'g /fd|f s'/f 5g, ltg} /fd|f s'/fsf] k|z+;fdf afn;flxTo n]lvg' k5{ . bf];|f],
pgLx¿;Fu sldsdhf]/L klg xf]nf, To;nfO{ lr/kmf/ gul/sg p;nfO{ clnslt klg
b'Mv si6 cg'ej ug{ glbOsg, Pp6f g;{n] h:tf] k|]dk"j{s ;]jf u/]/ To;af6 d'Qm
ul/lbg' k5{ . o;/L ;Ddfg, cfb/ / k|]dk"j{s Jojxf/ ubf{ pgLx¿ 7"nfx¿k|lt cToGt
s[t1 aG5g . pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] /fd|f];Fu x'sf{pg' k5{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ pgLx¿ xfdLk|lt
s[t1tfsf] efjn] cf]tk|f]txf]; eGg' g} xf] . s[t1tfsf] efjgfaf6 cf]tk|f]t ePsf] dflg;n]
;dfhsf] sfg'gnfO{ tf]8b}g . tkfO{Fk|lt d s[t1 5' eg] tkfO{Fn] /fVg'ePsf] k|:tfjnfO{
d Roftr't kf5{' / < To:t]f ;flxTosf] vfFrf] 5, t/ To:tf] ;flxTo To;} cfpFb}g . Tof]
t tkfO{Fn] ;dfhdf cfkm"n] tk:of ul//x]sf hlt 5g, pgLx¿nfO{ wGo wGo gelgsg
pgLx¿sf] s'/f cfpFb} cfpFb}g . ;dfhdf /fd|f] sfd ug{]sf] tfl/km ug{ s+h':ofO{ ul/of]
eg] pgLx¿sf] s'/f cfpFg ;Sb}g .
sfg'gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ dfq pkof]u ug{] xf] eg] afnaflnsfn] x's{g} kfpFb}gg .
;flxTon] afnsnfO{ shfpg] g e} p;Fu ePsf] h'g u'0f xf] To;nfO{ b]vfOlbg' k5{ .
;flxTon] sfg'g agfOb]p eGof 5}g . o;n] t sfg'g xf]Og dfG5] leq h'g sfg'g
5 To;nfO{ pHoNofOlbg] sfd u5{ . ;flxTo eg]sf] x[bosf] efsf xf] . Tof] jlsnn]
jsfnt ug{] rLh xf]Og .
afn–;flxTosf/nfO{ oxfF s] ;'emfj lbg'x'G5 <
xfd|f afn;lxTosf/ sltko /]l8d]6 k|sf/sf 5g . h:t} ls afnaflnsfsf jf:tljs
dd{, efjgf / cj:yfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf uxg cWoog ub{} gul/sg cg'dfgsf]
e/df cfˆgf kl/sNkgf / efjgfsf cfwf/df afn;flxTo /Rg] afn;flxTosf/ . To;}n]

sxL+ g sxL+ s]xL g s]xL gldNg] /]l8d]6 sk8fh:t} xfd|f sltko afn;flxTo klg
afn;flxTodf emNsg' kg{] j:t'k/s dd{ eGbf aflx/ axlsg k'u]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;} sf/0f xfdLn]] cfkm} cfˆgf] lhpsf] gfkf] lnP/ dfq n'uf l;nfpg' k5{ . cyf{t
xfdL -afn;flxTosf/_ afnaflnsf;Fu ;Fu} a;f}+, pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'gf}+, pgLx¿af6 l;sf}+
/ pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg{] / pgLx¿sf] lxt ug{] s'/f agfpFm clg n]vf}+ . h;af6 jf:tljs
dd{cg'?ksf] afn–;flxTo l;h{gf x'G5 .

ljifo k|j]z
;oaif{eGbf a9L cjlwsf] lg/Gt ofqfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf psfnf] cf]/fnf] kf/
u/]/ cfhsf] o; gj o'udf kbfk{0f ug{ cfOk'u]sf]] g]kfnL afn;flxTodf kl5Nnf] ;f9]
tLg bzs lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ cjlw l;4 ePsf] 5 . ;~rf/ / 5fkf;fwgsf If]qdf ePsf]
ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] 5kfO / k|rf/ k|;f/df klg pNn]Vo ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o'uLg ljsf;;Fu} hGd] x's]{sf] dfgj xslxt–;Da4 l;4fGt tyf gLltut
r]tgfn] klg g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] k|0fog kl/dfh{g / k|ultdf TolQs} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5 . o;}n] aw"lzIff, 5f]/LnfO{ ctL{, O{zk|fy{gf, / d s:tf] ag}Ff h:tf ¿9 kfOnf 6]s]/
qmdzM ;'gsf] laxfg cfpg] sNkgfdf /dfpFb} cufl8 a9]sf]] g]kfnL afn;flxTo cfh
pTs[i6 ljrf/ / snfTdstfsf] w'/Ldf pSng] hdsf]{df b]lvPsf] 5 .
;}4flGts ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld
lnlvt g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] ;|f]te"ld >'lt–k/Dk/fut nf]ssyfsf ;fy} ;+:s[t
efiffdf /x]sf k~rtGq, lxtf]kb]z, /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, hfts syf / s]xL c/]laog syf
/x]sf kfOG5g . afn;flxTosf] a]Un} zfZq ge]l6Psf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL afn;flxTon]
k/Dk/fut k"jL{o ;flxTozf:qs} cg'z/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] k/Dk/fut k"jL{of ;flxTodf
rLg / hfkfgsf ;flxTozf:q ;dflji6 5}gg . o; If]qsf ;flxToo'St cGo ljleGg
efiffdf /x]sf ;f}Gbo{ lrGtg / pknlJwx¿ ;d]t ;dflji6 5}gg . kl5Nnf] ;dov08df
g]kfnL k|f}9 ;flxTodf klZrd]nL ;flxTo lrGtgsf] k|efj 8Ss} k;]sf] 5 . g]kfnL
afn;flxTodf klg k;]sf] 5 .
k/Dk/f / Oltxf;
o'uf}Fb]lv g]kfnL ufpF a:tLdf >'ltk/Dk/faf6 hLljt /xFb} cfPsf ufyf syf / nf]suLtx¿
g]kfnL afn;flxTosf ;|f]tx¿ x'g . >'ltk/Dk/fdf /xFbf;Dd logdf Ps¿ktf k|foM
x'Gy]g . clxn] cj:yf ablnPsf] 5 . cfdf afa' tyf u'?hgn] ;GtltnfO{ cfˆgf ;f]r
;dem / cfbz{ cg's"n af6f]df lxF8fpg lzIff bLIff lbg] k|oTgsf qmddf ljleGg efj
eËfnf] x'Fb} cg'>'t afn;flxTosf] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
xfdLsxfF lnlvt afn;flxTosf] Oltxf; lzIffsf] Oltxf;;Fu hf]l8P/ cl3 a9]sf]
5 . ;dfhsf Psfw pbf/ 6f7faf7fx¿df afnaflnsfnfO{ cIf/ lrgfpg'k5{ eGg] r]t
knfPkl5sf ;do v08df kl08t uËfw/ zfZqL b|lj8n] n]Vg'ePsf] / lj=;+= !($(df
afnclwsf/ / g]kfnL afn;flxTo
zf/bf/d0f g]kfn


ef/tsf] z}lIfs zx/ sfzLdf 5flkPsf] g]kfnL kf7ok':ts …uf]vf{ k}Nxf lstfkÚ g]kfnsf]
afnaflnsf lgldQs klxnf] lstfk lyof] . To;kl5 kl08t lzv/gfy ;'j]bLsf] …
uf]vf{ j0f{dfnfÚ cfof] . hok[YjL axfb'/l;+xsf …cIf/fÍlzIff, afnaf]w, kbfy{tTjljj]s,
Oltxf;lzIff bk{0f / Jojxf/dfnfÚsf ;fy} …;|]:tf e"uf]nÚ / Jofs/0fsf kf7ok':ts
5flkP/ ljt/0fdf cfP . l;+xs} g]t[Tjdf rn]sf] olt a]nfsf uf]vf{kqsf] e"ldsf o;
;Gbe{df klg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . sltko g]kfnL ljåfgx?n] uf]vf{kqsf] hGdjif{nfO{
g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] klg hGdjif{ dfg]sf] kfOG5 .
lj=;+= !(&)df uf]vf{ efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt :yflkt ePkl5 rqmkfl0f rfln;],
n]vgfy kf}8]n, ?b|/fh kf08], ab/Lgfy e66/fO{ nufotsf slj n]vsx?af6 g]kfnL
afn;flxTon] klg lslGrt ult kfof] . o;} ;]/f]km]/f]df dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] …
afnlzIff efu !—$Ú agf/;af6 k|sflzt ug'{eof] .
g]kfnL k7o Pjd kf7o afn;flxTosf] pTkfbg / ljsf;df bfh{lnªsf kfb/L
uËfk|;fb k|wfgn] ug'{ePsf] ldlxg]t clt g} k|z+;gLo dflgG5 . bfh{lnªs} ;'k|l;4
lzIff;]jL tyf efiff;]jL kf/;dl0f k|wfgn] Dofsldng sDkgL dfk{mt g]kfnL afn;flxTosf
;oeGbf a9L k':ts pTkfbg / k|sfzg ug'{ePsf] lyof] elgG5 . bfh{lnªs} csf{
efiff;]jL afa'nfn k|wfgsf] klg o; If]qdf of]ubfgsf] rrf{ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s tyf kYo afn;flxTosf k|yd ;|i6f dxf slj nIdLk|;fb
b]jsf]6f g} x'g'x'GYof] / lj=;+= !((& df k|sflzt …/fhs'df/ k|efs/Ú g]kfnL afn;flxTo
hutsf] k|yd cgf}krfl/s df}lns s[lt xf] eGg] /fo w]/}sf] 5 . sltko ljåfgsf
ljrf/df …/fhs'df/ k|efs/Ú k|f}9;flxTo xf], afn;flxTo xf]Og . …k'tnL, ;'gsf] ljxfg,
lrNnf kftx?, 5fFuf;Fu s'/fÚ jxfFsf gd'gf afn;flxlTos s[ltx? x'g .
g]kfnL afn;flxTo / afnclwsf/ ;Daw{g
xfd|f] ;flxlTos k/Dk/fdf aw"lzIff n]lvof], j/ lzIff slxNo} n]lvPg, 5f]/LnfO{
ctL{ n]lvof], 5f/]fnfO{ ctL{ slxNo} n]lvPg . k/Dk/fut n}lËs lje]bsf] ;+:s[ltdf
phf{ yKg] sfd lg/Gt/ x'Fb}/Xof]], lje]b 36fpg] x6fpg] hf]8bf/ k|oTg slxNo} ePg .
afa'cfdfk|lt 5f]/f / kltk|lt 5f]/Lsf st{Josf pkb]z t k|z:t n]lvP, clwsf/
pbaf]wgsf] kB eg] Pp6} klg sf]l/Pg . 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ x]g]{, x'sf{pg] xfd|f]] k/Dk/fut
;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0fd} eoÍ/ vf]6 lyof] . Psfw ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/ aL;f}F ztflJbsf]
cGt;Dd klg xfdL To;sf] el/of agL cfof}F . PSsfO;f}F ztfJbLdf slt af]S5f}F ;don]
eGnf . o;/L xfd|f] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt / afn;flxTodf afnaflnsfnfO{ lglZrt st{Jo
af]wsf pkb]z lbg] k|oTg k'/fg} xf] eg] clwsf/ pbjf]wgsf s'/f ;j{yf gofF x'g .
lj=;+= @)#^df g]kfndf klg cGt/f{li6«o afnjif{ dgfOof] . krf{ kDKn]6x¿
5flkP/ k|sfzdf cfP . ljleGg kqklqsfdf afnjif{af/] lj1fkgx¿ 5flkP . afnaflnsfnfO{

lbOg'kg]{ dxTj;DaGwdf j'Fbfut¿kdf klg lj1fkgx¿ 5flkP . afnaflnsfnfO{ dxTj
lbg'k5{, ltgLx¿sf] klg clwsf/ x'G5, tL clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ cleefjssf] bfloTj
x'G5 eGg]h:tf s'/f zx/ahf/leq rrf{df cfP . lzlIfthutdf o;n] Ps lsl;dsf]
gofF lrGtgsf] nx/ Nofof] .
afn;flxTodf :ki6 zflJbs cleJoGhgfsf ¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] pb3f]ifs
cÍg eg] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t / cg'df]lbt x'g'kl5s} k|flKt xf] .
/fhwfgL / Psfw df]km;naf6 klg s]xL afn;flxlTos klqsf k|sfzgdf lyP .
rrf{df lyPgg . )#^ s} ;]/f]km]/f]df sf7df8f}df -klqsfsf tTsfnLg ;xefuLx?af6
k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/, Vofltk|fKt ;flxTosf/ tyf /fhgLlt1 >L Zofdk|;fb zdf{sf]
e"ldut g]t[Tj_ k"j{lzIfs, n]vs tyf /fhgLlt1 >L zfGtbf; dfgGw/sf] cy{k"0f{ kxndf
emf]5]l:yt jxfFsf] lghL 3/df ;Grflnt /x]sf] jxfFsf] cfˆg} k|eft lk|lG6ªk|]; gfds
5fkfvfgfaf6 ;xof]uL :yflkt lrqsf/ Pjd n]vs s'ndfgl;+x e08f/L, ;flxTo;fws
hgsk|;fb x'dfufOF, xf:o snfsf/ uf]kfn /fh d}gfnL g]kfnL Jofs/0fljb jn/fd
>dhLjL nufotsf lqmofzLn x:tLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf afnkf]if gfds afn;flxlTos
klqsfsf] k|sfzg yflnof] . afnaflnsfsf nflu kl:sOg] eflifs v'/fs ;'ljrfl/t /
;';Dkflbt x'g'k5{, hyfefjL / xr'jf z}nLsf] x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] ;f]r ljrf/;fy ;'? ul/Osf]
of] k|sfzg o;cl3sf afnk|sfzgeGbf 5'66} lyof] . o;}sf] lg/Gt/tfdf @)#(
lt/af6 zfGtbf; dfgGw/sf] k|aGw ;Dkfbg / /fds[i0f 8+uf]nsf] k|sfzgdf afnsf];]nL
-gfgLx?sf] b'O{ dlxg] ;flxlTos klqsf_ k|sfzgdf cfof] .
@))* ;fnd} alxgLnfO{ lr67L k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf / …tF ltdL tkfO{F xh'/Ú
h:tf lje]beGhs tyf ;'k|l;4 lgaGwsf n]vs, lzi6 Jojxf/ljb, Vofltk|fKt ;flxTosf/
-Tolt a]nfsf] Ps e"ldut /fhgLlts ;Ë7gsf k|d'v e"ldut g]tf_ >L Zofdk|;fb zdf{sf]
S'mzn dfu{bz{g / /rgfTds ;xof]u kfPsf] o; klqsfn] afndgf]lj1fg cg's"n ljifo,
efiff, k|:t'lt / k|of]unfO{ ckgfpFb} cfd afnaflnsfsf] dgf]zf/Ll/s cfjZostfg's"n
ljifo, ljwf / k|:t'ltdf afnlxtsf/L ;fdu|Lx? k:sFb} uof] . >L Zofdk|;fb zdf{s}
lrGtg tyf k|:t'ltaf6 k|f/De ePsf] …/fd|f] g/fd|f]Ú zLif{ssf] lgoldt :tDe kf7s
afnaflnsfn] lgSs} ?rfP . ;/n / 5f]6f] kBfTds z}nLdf vfg,lkg,af]nL,Jojxf/,
p7,a;, cflb hLjg cem ljz]iftM afnhLjg;Fu ;DalGwt cfrf/ ljrf/ s] s:tf] /fd|f]
s] s:tf] g/fd|f] ;Fu;Fu} tTsfn t'?Gt / ;lhn} bfFh]/ a'emg ;lsg]u/L ;/n ;'jf]w
efiffdf k|:t't …/fd|f] g/fd|f]Ú :tDe afnaflnsf / ltgsf lxt}ifL cleefjssf nflu klg
?lrs/ x'g' :jfefljs lyof] . of] efiff ;flxToåf/f afnaflnsfsf rl/qlgdf{0fsf] lgldQ
k|ltkflbt Ps åGåfTds k|of; g} lyof] . o; klqsfdf k|sflzt syf sljtf / hfgsf/L
;a} afndgf]lj1fg cg's"n lxtsf/L / afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ :yfg / ;Daf]wg lbg]
;f]raf6 d]xgt;fy tof/ ul/Psf x'Gy] . /rgfsf] kfl/>lds lbg] Joj:yf lyPg / klg
klqsfnfO{ /rgfsf] cefj slxNo} ePg . slj syfsf/ / n]vsx? hf] o; klqsfn]

ckgfPsf] af6f]k|lt cf:yfjfg lyP tL cf:yfs} cfwf/df v';L;fy /rgf k|bfg uy]{ .
Ps lsl;dn] cfGbf]ngdf ;xeflutf h:t} lyof] . klqsfsf k|aGw;Dkfbs >L zfGtbf;
dfgGw/ ;Íns, ;Dkfbs, 5fks, k|sfzs, / n]vs ;d]tsf] rf}tkmL{ e"ldsfdf lg/Gt/
lqmofzLn b]lvg'x'GYof] . ;DejtM nufgL jxfFs} lyof] . o;}n] gfkmfgf]S;fg klg jxfFs}
lyof] . klqsf k|sfzgsf lbgaf6} jxfF afn;flxTo n]vgdf ;dlk{t eP/ nfUg'eof] .
jxfFsf w]/} w]/} afnsyfx? afnsf];]nLdf, cGo ljleGg kqklqsfdf / afnsf];]nL
k|sfzgaf6 syf k':tsdfnfsf ¿kdf ;d]t k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g .
o; klqsfl;t ;Da4 n]vs snfsf/x¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ tF ltdL
geGg] tkfO{F g} eGg] ;f]rnfO{ Jojxf/d} ptf/]/ o; If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]
cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'k|l;4 ;ËLtsf/ ,hgtfsf ufos, n]vs >L /fd]z >]i7 /
jxfFsf ;xofqLx¿n] afnsf];]nLdf k|sflzt afnuLt tyf sljtfx¿nfO{ ;ËLta4 u/]/
ufpg], cNjd lgsfNg] d'n'ssf ljleGGg ljBfnodfkm{t afnnflnsf;Dd k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy}
klqsfsf] hfgsf/L k'¥ofP/, klqsfdf cfˆgf /rgf lbP/ / slt cÍ;Dd o;} klqsfsf]
cl3Nnf cÍdf k|sflzt uLt sljtfdf ;ËLt /fv]/ ;ËLt ;Í]t;lxt o;} klqsfsf
kl5Nnf cÍdf qmdzM k|sflzt u/L k|efjsf/L d2t k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;df cfˆgf
/rgf lbP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] n]vs sljx¿df slj b'uf{nfn >]i7, hgufos syf
n]vs /fd]z >]i7, ljVoft ;flxTosf/ Zofd k|;fb zdf{, slj /fhLa -/fdafa' ;'j]bL_,
sljtf/fd >]i7, slj o'4k|;fb ld>, syfsf/ vu]Gb| ;ªu|f}nf,zf/bf/d0f g]kfn, s'ndfg
l;+x e08f/L, l;lag g]kfnsf ;+:yfks cWoIf uf}/L k|wfg, cl:dtf g]kfn cflb Tolt
a]nfsf pNn]Vo gfdx? x'g . o; n]vsf n]vs zf/bf/d0f g]kfnn] nuftf/ bz aif{;Dd
afnsf];]nLsf] ;Dkfbs kbdf /x]/ /rgf tyf ;Dkfbg ;]jf clk{t ub}{ w]/ yf]/ l;Sg]
cj;/ klg kfPsf] lyof] . )$&÷)$*s} ;]/f]km]/f]df o; klqsfdf k|sflzt afnclwsf/
syf -zf/bf/d0f g]kfnsf] k|:t'ltdf k|:t't dxfef/tsf] syfg'jfb_ / cl:dtf g]kfnsf]
sljtf …xfd|f] klg clwsf/ 5Ú afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ng cf/De sfnsf clwsf/af]ws syf
sljtf lyP . of] afn;flxTodf afnclwsf/ zJb k|of]usf] gofF k|;Ësf] s'/f xf] . o;}
t o; klqsfn] kl:sg] ;a}h;f] ;fdu|L afn xslxtsf kIfw/ g} lyP / 5g .
g]kfnL afn;flxTosf] Oltxf;df afnclwsf/nfO{ g} s]Gb|df /fv]/ ;fdu|L
k|sflzt ug]{ k|yd klqsf afn;/f]sf/ xf] . )$&÷)$* s} ;]/f]km]/f]df afnclwsf/jfbL
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf g]kfn afndhb"/ ;/f]sf/ s]]Gb| -l;ljg_sf] d'vkqsf ?kdf k|sflzt
afn ;/f]sf/n] l;ljg ultljlw ;"rgf k|sflzt uYof]{ / a9L :yfg zf]lift kLl8t
afnaflnsf;DaGwL n]v /rgfnfO{ lbGYof] . To;kl5 afn;flxTonfO{ :yfg lbGYof] . o;df
;8s afns / afndh/b'sf /rgf klg k|sflzt x'Gy] . k|foM n]v /rgfx? ljleGg
lsl;dsf lx+;f, pk]Iff / >dzf]if0fdf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0fdf
n]lvPsf x'Gy] . klqsfdf ;flxTosf] :yfg cf+lzs lyof] / klg cfGbf]ngs} l:kl/6
/ efiffdf afnclwsf/sf] k|ZgnfO{ afn;flxTodf ptfg]{ afn;f/f]sf/sf] k|oTg g]kfnL
afn;flxlTos kq klqsfsf] Oltxf;df ;j{yf gofF g} lyof] . To;} ;dov08df zf/bf/d0f

g]kfnn] n]v]sf / afn;/f]sf/df k|sflzt ePsf afn PsfÍLx¿sf] Pp6f ;ªu|x …
afnclwsf/Ú gfdaf6 Psk'l:tsfsf ¿kdf l;lag g]kfnn] s]xL dlxgfclw k|sfzgdf
NofPsf] k9g kfOPsf] 5 .
afnclwsf/d"ns afn;flxTo pTkfbgdf ?lr /fv]/ l;lag g]kfnn] ljut s]xL
jif{af6 afnaflnsfs} ;xeflutfdf ;flxTo l;h{gf ug]{ clek|fon] ;xl;h{gf sfo{zfnfx¿
cfof]hgf u/]/, afnaflnsfnfO{ g} n]vfP/ Ps b'O{ k'l:tsf g} k|sfzgdf NofPsf] klg
k9g kfOPsf] 5 .
)$%÷)$^ kl5sf] ablnFbf] jftfj/0fdf hghLjgdf lzIffno :yfkgf / klqsf
k|sfzgsf] ce"tk"j{ nx/ cfPsf] lyof] . o;} nx/df uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgn] afnaflnsfsf
nflu Ps dlxg] ;flxlTos klqsf …d'gfÚ k|sfzgdf Nofof] . ljleGg pT;fxL ;flxTosdL{
/ k|sfzsx¿n] cGo ljleGg kqklqsfsf cltl/St afn ;flxlTos klqsfx¿ klg
k|sfzgdf NofP . tLdWo] k|ltef, gjk|ltef, afnk|ltef, gf}nf] k|tLs, afndGr nufotsf
klqsfx¿ afn xslxtsf kIfdf pleg] c7f]6;fy k|sfzg yflnPsf klqsfx¿ lyP .
afnk|ltef rfF8} g} aGb eof] . gj k|ltef !* cÍ;Dd lg:S]m/ aGb eof] . gf}nf] k|tLs
klg !& cÍ lg:s]kl5 cufl8 lg:sg ;s]g . afnk|ltef tLg cÍ;Dd dfq k|sfzgdf
cfof] . afndGrsf] klg bf];|f] cÍ lg:s]g . afn ;/f]sf/n] klg !@/f}+ cÍkl5
afnclwsf/ s]lGb|t afn;flxlTos /rgf k|sfzgsf] l:kl/6 sfod ug{ ;s]sf] kfOPg .
l56km'6 /rgfk|sfzg eg] cBfjlw sfod} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt klqsf dWo] gf}nf]
k|ltef / gf}nf] k|tLsdf cfjZos /rgf k"lt{ / ;Dkfbgdf o; n]vsf n]vssf] k"/}
;xeflutf lyof] . afnk|ltef / afndGrdf klg o; n]vsn] efiff ;Dkfbg ;xof]usf
;fy cfˆgf /rgfx? lbP/ ;3fPsf] lyof] . oL klqsfx? afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf
/fv]/ tof/ ul/Psf ;fdu|Ln] el/k"0f{ lyP / afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd xslxtsf nflu
;dlk{t klqsf lyP . afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf c? ult / phf{ yKg] klqsfx¿ lyP .
oL klqsfx¿nfO{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t ePkl5sf] pT;fx pdËs} pkhsf
?kdf lng ;lsG5 . hxfF;Dd klqsfn] lg/Gt/tf lbg g;s]sf] ;jfn 5 To;sf
cf–cfˆg} syf Joyf / u'gf;fx¿ 5g . lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]sf] eP of]ubfg pNn]vgLo
/xGYof] . gj k|ltefdf k|sflzt ;fdu|L ;d]6]/ ljwfut lx;fkdf s]xL ;Íngx? k|sflzt
ePsf k9g kfOPsf 5g . of] klg k|sf/fGt/n] pknlJw g} xf] .
dxf;lGw kfl/tkl5sf c9fO bzsdf g]kfndf afn ;flxTosf kqklqsf w]/}
k|sflzt eP . /fhwfgLaf6 dfq xf]Og df]km;naf6 klg k|sfzteP . slt aGb eP t
slt rln/x]sf 5g . tLdWo] afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ / tL clwsf/x?sf] ;Ddfgk"0f{
sfof{Gjogk|lt kl/jf/ ;dfh / ;/sf/sf] bfloTj a'em]/ ltgsf] lqmofGjog / ;+aw{gsf
nflu jsfnt ug{ tyf ;r]tgf km}nfpg k|lta4 b]lvPsf klqsf slt eP t < kfFr
k|ltzt < ;;{tL{ x]bf{ TolQ klg ePh:tf] nfUb}g . lsg o:tf] ePsf] 5 < of] vf]hLsf]
ljifo xf] .

afnclwsf/ cfGbf]ngdf ;r]t tyf ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf b[li6n] uf]/vfkq
;+:yfgsf] d'gf, sflGtk'/sf] sf]lknf / cGo k|sfzgsf ljleGg afnklqsfx¿ sxfF
s:tf] Kn]sf8{ lnP/ plePsf b]lvG5g of] klg cem} s;}sf] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf cfPsf]
k9g kfOPsf] 5}g . afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf kl/jf/ ;dfh / ;/sf/sf] bfloTj
;DaGwdf ;j{tf]d'vL ;/f]sf/ /fVb} cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s eP/ jf geP/ klg afn;flxTon]
jxg ug'{kg]{] o'uLg sfo{ef/ cfTd;ft ub}{ n]vsLo tyf k|sfzsLo bfloTjsf b[li6n]
ul/g' kg]{ ck]lIft sfd afn;flxTosf ;dsfnLg ahf/sf kqklqsf / k':tsx¿af6
s] slt dfqfdf ;DkGg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g < o;af/] cg';Gwfg / jflif{s jf iff8dfl;s
k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug]{ sfd g]kfnh:tf] d'n'sdf hg:t/df k|ultzLn n]vs ;+u7gn] ug'{
kYof]{ , ;/sf/L:t/df k|1f k|lti7fgn] ug'{kYof]{ . logLx¿af6 of] sfd ePsf] kfOPg .
afnclwsf/sdL{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] klg o;df k|ltlqmofTds
rf;f] /fv]sf] b]Vg ;'Gg kfOPsf] 5}g . ;DalGwt ljifolj1 ljåfg ;dLIfsx?sf] 6Ld
agfP/ k|ltjif{ ahf/df lg:s]sf afnklqsfx¿ tyf k':ts k'l:tsfx?sf] Jofks
cWoog ;dLIf0f u/fpg] / s'g s'g klqsf s'g s'g k':ts s'g pd]/sf afnaflnsfn]
k9g pko'St 5 s'g cg'ko'St 5 lgSof}{n u/L ;dod} pko'St k':ts kq klqsfsf]
k|ltj]bg ;fj{lhlgs ug'{ afnaflnsf kl/jf/ ;dfh ;a}sf nflu >]o:s/ x'g] b]lvG5 .
afn;flxTosf k|sflzt kqklqsf tyf k':ts k'l:tsfsf If]qdf lgoldt cWoog,
;dLIf0f / lgSof}{nsf cfjlws k|ltj]bgk|sfzg cfhsf] HjnGt cfjZostf g} xf] .
o;f] ubf{ afn;flxTosf gfddf v]nfFrL, k]nfFrL, x]nfFrL h] k'm5{ n]vsn] n]Vg], k|sfzsn]
5fKg], ahf/df 5ofk5ofKtL agfpg] ,a]Rg] hÍk'm8 ljqm]tf Jofkf/L z}nLsf] cg'Q/bfoL
k|j[lQ lg?T;flxt x'g ;S5 / c:j:y ;flxToaf6 ;'sf]dn dg dl:tissf lgbf]{if
afnaflnsfx? hf]lug klg ;S5g .
ljutlt/ kms]{/ x]bf{ )& b]lv )!& ;Ddsf] ;do afn;flxTo lgdf{0fsf If]qdf
pT;fx, pdË / hfu¿stfn] Jofkstf lng cf/De u/]sf] ;do lyof] . dxfslj b]jsf]6f,
o'uslj l;l4r/0f, slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy,hfu[ltufos w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnf, k'/f0fk|jL0f
jb/Lgfy e66/fO{, efiff;]jL dxfgGb ;fksf]6f, efiffljz]if1 afns[i0f kf]v/]n, ;'dw'/
tyf lzi6 af]nL Jojxf/ / ;/n, ;'jf]w n]vgz}nLsf sf}zn1 n]vs Zofdk|;fb
zdf{, Zofdbf; j}i0fj, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, /d]z ljsn cflb s'g} klg slj n]vs
afnaflnsfk|lt pk]IffefjL /x]/ xf]Og sNof0fsf/L ;f]r /fv]/ n]Vg'x'GYof] . o;}n] slt
n]vs sljx? k/Dk/fut clwe"tjfbL ;f]r / pkb]zk/stfaf6 d'St x'g ;Sg'ePsf]
lyPg / klg k/Dk/fut afnsNof0fsf/L n]vsLo cfbz{ / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t
x'g'x'GYof] . )#^kl5 afn;flxTodf nuftf/ b]lvPsf slj syfsf/x¿df Zofdk|;fb
zdf{, /d]z ljsn, o'4k|;fb ld>, Zofdbf; j}i0fj, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, b]js'df/L yfkf,
ljZjDe/ rGrn, dg'hafa' ld>, w|'js[i0f bLk, b]jLk|;fb jgaf;L,hgsk|;fb x'dfufOF,
zfGtbf;, b'uf{nfn >]i7, /fhLj ;xgfdL /fdafa' ;'j]bL, ljho rfln;], b}j1/fh Gof}kfg],
sNkgf k|wfg, k|]df zfx, k/z' k|wfg, af;'b]j d'gfn, cz]if dNn, uf]kfn k/fh'nL, ljgo
s;h', slkn nfld5fg], sljtf/fd, efg'eSt kf]v/]n, u]x]Gb|e"if0f kf]v/]nL, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf,

s'df/ 1jfnL, /Gh' >L k/fh'nL ,dfof 7s'/L, dx]z kf}8]n, gf/fo0f 9sfn, uf}/L k|wfg,
s[i0fk|;fb b'jfn, uf]ljGb axfb'/ s'Fj/, ljho/fh g]pkfg], dw';"bg l3ld/], ljjz kf]v/]n,
pHHjn hL;L, /fd]Zj/ /fpt cd/ t'Dafxfª, cfufof kflv|g, o; If]qdf ljz]if ;[hgfTds
gfdx? x'g . kl5Nnf bzsx¿df pbfPsf k|ltefx¿df dx]z kf}8]n, cgGtk|;fb jfUn],
;f}/els/0f >]i6, s[i0f zfx ofqL, zfZjt k/fh'nL, w|'j l3ld/], sflt{s]o l3ld/], loz'
>]i7 ljho/fh cfrfo{ cflb gfd ljz]if lqmofzLn b]lvPsf 5g .
g]kfnL afn;flxTodf )#^ cl3sf k|foM k'/fgf ;flxTosf/x¿ afnaflnsfsf]
cfbz{ rl/qlgdf{0fdf sNkgfzLn kfOg'x'G5 / jxfFx¿n] rl/q;DaGwL cfˆg} k/Dk/fut
cfbz{cg';f/ k|fy{gf, jGbgf, ;bJojxf/ / gLltsf pkb]z, k|s[lt j0f{g h:tf s'/fdf
a9L hf]8 lbg'ePsf] kfOG5 . ax';+Vos k'/fgf n]vsx¿nfO{ kf7o ;flxTo n]vs
eGbf klg cfwf/e"t km/s kb}{g . kf7o;flxTo kf7oqmlds cfjZostf / of]hgf
d'tflas afnaflnsfnfO{ efiff ;flxTojf]wdf ;f]kflgs qmddf cl3 a9fpg] clek|fon]
kf7ok':tssf cfwf/df k9fOg] ;flxTo xf] . kf7o;fdu|L xf] . cf}krfl/stfdf a4
;flxTo xf] . kf7o]t/ ;flxTo cgf}krfl/s xf], d'St xf] / afnaflnsfn] :j]R5fn] kl9g]
;flxTo xf] . )#^ kl5 / )$% kl5 klg cgj/t n]lvcfPsf ;do;r]t b]lvg
k|oTg/t k'/fgf slj n]vsx¿df b'j} lsl;dsf ;flxTosf ;h{sx¿ x'g'x'G5 . k|j[lQsf
b[li6af6 Zofd k|;fb zdf{, /d]z ljsn, o'4k|;fb ld>h:tf sltkonfO{ 5f]8]/ w]/}h;f]n]
k/D/fut kj[lQnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf la;fpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g / klg tLdWo] sltn] gofF lbzf
;dfTg vf]Hg' ePsf] klg kfOG5 . o; ;do v08df slj o'4k|;fb ld>n] gd'gf:t/sf
afnsljtfx¿ n]Vg'eof] . /d]z ljsnn] afnclwsf/ ;Daf]ws Psfw gf6s / syf
n]Vg'eof] . o;/L s]xL VoftL sdfPsf k'/fgf slj syfsf/x¿n] hLjgsf kl5Nnf]
e]udf cfP/ klg afnaflnsfsf xslxtdf ;l/s eP/ n]Vg'eof] . o;/L k|d'v k|j[lQs}
?kdf ljsf; gb]lvP klg slt k'/fgf slj n]vs syfsf/x¿df afnlxtk|ltsf] em'sfj
kfOG5 . ax';+Vos gofFd} klg k/Dk/fut afnpk]Iff k|j[lQsf cjz]ifx¿ e]l6G5g .
g]kfnL afn;flxTodf e]l6g] oL k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf -!_ k/Dk/fut pkb]zk/s k|j[lQ
-@_ Vofn Vofn / qmL8fd'vL k|j[lQ -#_ lg/k]Io dgf]/Ghgk/s k|j[lQ / -$_ 5of;ld;]
k|j[lQ, / -%_ afnxslxts]lGb|t k|j[lQsf ?kdf ku]{Ng ;lsG5 .
;dfkg .
dft[uLt ufyf, O{z k|fy{gf, k|s[ltj0f{g, afnj0f{g, nf]ssyf, kf}/fl0fs syf,
b]zL ljb]zL gLltsyf, k/Lsyf / p8Gt] syfsf hudf k/Dk/fut lrGtg / Jojxf/sf
9'+uf df6f] hf]8]/ pEofOPsf] kf7o afn;flxTosf klg lglZrt p2]Zox? lyP .
;+of]uj; sltko /fd|f sljtf syf klg pleg cfOk'Uy] . o;nfO{ ;dfgfGt/ wf/
klg eGg ;lsGYof] . afnaflnsfnfO{ d"v{, pkb|ofxf, 7fg]/, ltgLx¿nfO{ cf1fsf/L,
ljgd|, gLltdfg, a'l4dfg, dft[eSt, lkt[eSt, u'?eSt, /fheSt tyf wd{eL? st{JozLn
agfP/ k/Dk/fut lnsdf lxF8fpg' g} k/Dk/fut ;flxTo n]vg kf7gsf] p2]Zo lyof] .

b]z b'lgofF / kl/jf/df k/Dk/fut oyfl:yltsf] ;Ddfg / lg/Gt/tfsf nflu lrlGtt
slj syfsf/x¿af6 /lrP/ cj;/k|fKtnfO{ kf7osf ?kdf / cGoyf km';{tsf ;dodf
cfSsnem'Ssn k9fOg, ;'gfOg, l;sfOg ;'? ePsf] g]kfnL afn;flxTo ;o jif{sf]
ofqf kf/ u/]/ clxn] ahf/df 5'66} cfsif{0fsf] ljifo aGg cfOk'u]sf] 5 . o;df ;}of}+
ljåfg kl08t cg'jfbs, slj, syfsf/, lgaGwsf/, gf6ssf/ ;d]tsf of]ubfgsf]
;dli6 5 .
;doqmddf clxn] k'/fgf lj:yflkt / gofF :yflkt x'FbcfPsf] ;Gbe{ klg 5 .
ctLtsf wfld{s ;f+:s[lts af]em, cfofltt wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ws]nwfsn / ,;dsfnLg
;dffhdf hGd] x's]{sf cndn, c:ki6tf, tyf cGof}nsf aLr afnaflnsfsf ;jf{ËL0f
k|ultsf nflu ljZj/ËdGrdf pbfPsf gofF k|sfzx¿sf] k|j]z ;d]tn] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL
afn;flxTodf ljleGg k|j[lQx¿ / ltgsf] kIfw/tf :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . k'/fgf k|j[lQx¿sf]
cGt ePsf] 5}g qmdzM x|f; ePsf] 5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t eP/
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f To;sf] cg'df]bgkl5 clwsf/sdL{x¿sf ;3g k|of;sf kmn:j¿k
afnclwsf/ cj ;/sf/ / ;dfhsf] rf;f]df cfOk'u]sf] b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . cfˆgf
xslxtsf s'/fdf slt afnaflnsf cfkm} klg hfu?s b]lvg yfn]sf 5g . hghLjgdf
/x]sf] ;LdfGt u/LjL, b]zsf] v'Nnf l;dfgf, / afnlx+;|s Pjd t:s/x¿dfly cfjZos
lgu/fgL tyf sfaf{xLsf If]qdf ;/sf/L nfrf/Ln] ubf{ g]kfndf afnaflnsfx? cfh klg
clwsf/ k|fKt / ;'/lIft l:yltdf 9'Ss x'g kfPsf eg] 5}gg . tyflk ;do cfkm}n]
qmdzM ;r]tgfsf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . k|foM cleefjs / afnaflnsf :joddf klg o;sf]
c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ;flxToIf]q klg o;af6 ck|efljt 5}g . g]kfnL afn;flxTodf
clxn] d'VotM b'O{ ;dfgGt/ k|j[lQ ;+3if{/t b]lvPsf 5g . lg/k]If dgf]/Ghgk/s
k|j[lQ / afnxslxtkIfkf]ifs k|j[lQ cyf{t afnclwsf/d'vL k|j[lQ . logdf bf];|f] k|j[lQ
jt{dfg k|j[lQ xf] . afnaflnsfsf] dgf]zf/Ll/s ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; / ;du| xslxtsf] kIfdf
afncg's"n efiff efj z}nL / k|:t'ltsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ clwsf/ af]wg /
cleefjs,;dfh / ;/sf/nfO{ bfloTjjf]wg u/fpg ;zSt jsfnt ug]{ of] k|j[lQ g}
cfhsf] cu|0fL k|j[lQ xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!_ g]kfnL afn sljtf syf / gf6ssf 5flgPsf s[ltx? .
@_ zdf{ Zofdk|;fb dfgGw/ zfGtbf;, x'dfufOF hgsk|;fb / k|wfg uf}/Lsf afnaflnsf
/ afn;flxTo;DGwL /rgfx? .
#_ afnsf];]nL / afn;/f]sf/sf vf; vf; cÍ .
$_ afnkf]if tyf afnsf];]nLsf Tolt a]nfsf ;|i6f, ;xefuL ;flxTosf/ JolStTjx?;Fu
;do ;dodf ePsf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn tyf s'/fsfgLx? .

afn ;flxTosf] dxTj / k|sfzgsf] k[i7e"ld
dnfO{ tLg j6f s'/fn] cfslif{t u5{ afnaflnsf, km"n / ;ªuLt . oL tLg s'/fx¿ Pp6}
xf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . aRrfx¿ eg]sf] km"n / ;ªuLt x'g . oL afnaflnsfsf] dfofn]
g} dnfO{ of] sfd ug{ dg nfu]sf] xf] . rfln;sf] bzssf] ;'?jft -@)#(_ lt/ xft]dfnf]
;~rf/n] /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 afnf]kof]uL afnsfo{qmd lgdf{0f / k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] lyof] .
o; sfo{qmdsf ;~rfnsåo g'k"/ e§frfo{ / af;'b]j d'gfn;Fu d]/f] lgs6tf ePsf]n]
d klg To;df ;+nUg ePF . xfdLnfO{ ;'?df g} s] nfUof] eg] ha;Dd snf, ;ªuLt,
gf6s, ;flxTok|lt afnaflnsfnfO{ hfu?s u/fpg ;ls+b}g ta;Dd c¿ s'/fx¿ uf}0f
x'ghfG5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt xF'b} cfPsf] Psdfq
afnklqsf sf]lknf afx]s afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo klqsfx¿ lgSnb}gy] . Tof]
klg Tolta]nf aGb eO;s]sf] lyof] . uf]/vfkqsf] d'gf lgl:sPsf] lyPg . /d]z ljsn,
s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+ h:tf ;|i6fx¿n] afnaflnsfsf af/]df sltko
/rgfx¿ n]Vg] ug{'eP klg afnaflnsfsf nflu lgoldt k|sfzg x'g] pkof]uL afn;flxTo
eg] lyPg . To;sf/0f xfdLn] lgoldt k|sfzg x'g] afn;flxTosf] cfjZostf cg'ej
u/]/ @)#* ;fn lt/ ;'gs];|f dfl;s afnklqsfsf] k|f/De u¥of}+ . Tolta]nf klqsf
lgsfNg] eg]sf] Pp6f sl7g sfd x'GYof] . cfly{s sl7gfO{ t x'GYof] g} ;fy;fy} pko'Qm
/rgf kfpg klg sd sl7g lyPg . t/ ;f}efUoj; xfdLnfO{ ;'?df gj]{lhog ;+:yf
/]8jgf{n] s]xL cfly{s ;xof]u u¥of] . o;/L klqsf ;'? ug{ cfly{s ;|f]t h'6] klg
pko'Qm /rgfx¿ h'6fpg eg] emg sl7g x'g uof] . To;}n] ubf{ ;''?df t d cfkm}n] cGo
sltko slNkt gfddf klg n]v]+ . ;'?df o;/L k|sfzg ug{ ;+ej ePsf] ;'gs];|fnfO{
!÷@ cÍ;Dd t Tolts} klg afFl8of] . t/ o;sf] ;sf/fTds kIf s] /Xof] eg] o;
klqsfnfO{ w]/} afnaflnsfn] dg k/fpg yfn] .
nlIft ;d"x lgwf{0fsf nflu Pp6f k|]/s k|;Ë
d]/f] ;fgL 5f]/LnfO{ afn ;flxTo k9g] w]/} ?lr ePsfn] d lbNnL uPsf] a]nf rDks
eGg] klqsf NofOlbPsf] lyPF . Tof] klqsf pgn] olt dg k/fOg ls, ca pgnfO{ Tof]
klqsf s'g} cÍ g5'6fOsg lgoldt rflxg] eof] . 5f]/Lsf] o:tf] dfunfO{ k"/f ug{ d}n]
sf7df08f} ef]6flx6Lsf] Pp6f k':ts k;ndf Tof] klqsf lgoldt dufpg cg'/f]w u/]+ .
To; kl5 pgn] lgodlt ¿kdf Tof] klqsf dufpg yfn] . 5f]/Ln] a8f rfvsf;fy
Tof] klqsf k9b} uOg . pgL * sIffdf k9b} lyOg, ;w}F em}+ d}n] rDks klqsf
NofOlbPF . Tolta]nf pgn] s] elgg eg] …a'jf dnfO{ of] klqsf dg kg{ 5f8of], ca
afnaflnsfnfO{ st{Jok|lt klg hfu?s u/fpg' cfjZos
cz]if dNn

NofOlbg kb{}g .Ú d]/f lglDt cgk]lIft pgsf] o:tf] k|lts[ofn] dnfO{ s]xL crDd klg
nfUof] . t/ To;kl5 dnfO{ s] cg'ej eof] eg] rDks eg]sf] * sIff eGbf d'lgsf]
afnaflnsfsf nflu dfq /x]5 eGg] cg'ej eof] .
d]/L 5f]/Lsf] o:tf] k|lts[ofn] afnaflnsf k|ltsf] d]/f] wf/0ffdf klg s]xL kl/jt{g
NofOlbof] . xfdLn] ;f]nf]8f]nf] ¿kdf ! b]lv !^ aif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xsfnfO{ afnaflnsf
dfGb} cfPsf lyof}+ . t/ o; k|;Ëaf6 s] k|i6 eof] eg] o; leq klg pd]/ ;d"x
cg';f/ km/s ?lr / Jojxf/x¿ x'g]/x]5g . To;}n] ! b]lv !^ jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO{
Pp6} nlIft ;d"x (Target group) df /fVg gldNg] /x]5 . logsf] pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/
km/s nlIft ;d"x lgwf{/0f ug{'kg{] /x]5 eGg] lgisif{df k'Uof}+ xfdL . o; kl5 xfdLn]
s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf nflu s:tf] ;flxTo ?lrs/ aG5 t eGg] af/]df klg cWoog u¥of}+ .
To; kl5 xfdLn] ;'gs];|fnfO{ k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfdf nlIft u/L ;f]xLcg';f/sf
kf7o ;fdu|L ;dfj]z u/]/ o;sf] k|sfzgnfO{ lgoldttf lbof}+ . geGb} of] tx -% b]lv
!)÷!@ jif{ pd]/ ;d"x_ sf afnaflnsfn] ;'gs];|f lgs} dgk/fpg yfn]sf] s'/f o;sf]
a9bf] laqmL b/af6 xfdLn] yfxf kfpFb} uof}+ .
afndgf]efjgfsf] klxrfg
xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ dgkg{] ljifo lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu ;do;dodf afnaflnsfnfO{
g} e]nf u/]/ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] uYof}+{ . pgLx¿ s:tf vfnsf
pkGof;x¿ k9g ?rfpF5g, s:tf vfn] gf6s, syf, sljtf, lut / lgaGwx¿ dg
k/fp5g < afncGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 xfdL pgLx¿sf OR5f / ?lrnfO{
klxrfg uYof}+{ . xfdLn]] afnaflnsfaf6 JoQm wf/0ff / efjgfnfO{ s]nfpg] qmddf p:t}–
p:t} vfn] ljifonfO{ bf]xf]¥ofP/ /fVbf ?lrs/ gx'g] /x]5 eGg] kfof}+ . o;af6 xfdLn]
a]nfa]nfdf ljifo / ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g (Update) ul//xg' kbf{] /x]5 eGg] klg
cg'ej u¥of}+ . afnaflnsfsf nflu efiff / zAbx¿ ;/n x'g'k5{ eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUYof] .
t/ o; cGt/lqmofaf6 s] hfgsf/L eof] eg] olb pgLx¿sf] rf;f] / ?lrcg'¿ksf]
ljifo jf ;Gbe{ eof] eg] pgLx¿ xfdLn] ;f]r]eGbf sl7g zAb / efiff klg a'emg ;Sg]
/x]5g . xfdL jo:sx¿n] g} afnaflnsfsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ;flxTo /rgf ul/lbg'
k5{ eGg] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ klg o; cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdn] Psxb;Dd v08g
ul/lbof] . afnaflnsf :jod klg ;flxTo ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg] /x]5g . pgLx¿ cfkm}+n]
n]v]sf /rgfx¿ k|sflzt x'Fbf pgLx¿ lgs} v';L x'Fbf /x]5g . o;af6 pgLx¿ pT;fxL
x'g], k|f]T;flxt x'g'sf;fy} pgLx¿df /x]sf] /rgfTds / ;[hgfTds k|ltef klg k|ikm'l6t
x'g ;Sg] /x]5 eGg] 1fg klg xfdLn] k|fKt u¥of}+ . xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf /rgfx¿nfO{
;d]t ;d]6]/ ;'gs];|fnfO{ k|sflzt ug{ yfNof}+ . o;af6 ;'gs];|fsf kf7s / n]vs
ag]sf afnsflnsfsf] n]vg Ifdtf a9b} uof] . Tolta]nf xfd|f] xft]dfnf] cleofgdf ;+nUg
afnaflnsfdWo] sltko clxn] 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/, l;g]dfsf] lx/f] cflb aGg k'u]sf 5g .
o; cleofgdf af;'b]j d'gfnsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

afngf6ssf] p2]Zo / k|efj
d}n] w]/} afn gf6sx¿ n]v]sf] 5' / :jod clego klg u/]sf] 5' . d}n] oL sfo{x¿
ul//xFbf, afnclwsf/sf] nflu jf afnaflnsfsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] nflu eg]/ u/]sf] xf]Og,
d}n] t afnaflnsfnfO{ gf6ssf dfWodaf6 st{Josf nflu hfu?s agfpg] k|of;
ul//x]sf] x'G5' . To;}n] d]/f] nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf] gf6ssf] bz{s eg]sf] afnaflnsf
g} x'g] u5{g . ;fy}, d}n] cfh o;/L gf6s b]vfPF eg] ef]lnsf a'h|'s gf6ssf kf/vL
bz{s klg logLx¿ g} x'G5g .
k|f/lDes lbgdf xfdLn] :s"n :s"ndf uP/ lgMz'Ns ;8s gf6s b]vfof}+ . To;kl5
s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/fP/ gf6ssf] tflnd lbg ;'? u¥of}+ . @)$) ;fnlt/
gfgLx¿sf] gf6s d]nf eg]/ # lbgsf] d]nf ;'? u¥of}+ . gfgLx¿nfO{ gf6ssf] tflnd
lbg], pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] gf6s b]vfpg] eg]/ gfr 3/df d]nf klg ;'? u¥of}+ .
#*–$) sf] bzsdf afn gf6ssf] /fd|f] dfxf]n tof/ eof] . To;}ul/ xft]dfn] /]l8of]
eg]/ /]l8of]af6 lgoldt afn gf6s k|:t't uYof}+{ .
clwsf/ / st{Josf] ;+of]hg
d]/f] / ;fyLx¿sf] aLrdf afnclwsf/sf af/]df 5nkmn rNYof] . o; af/]df xfdL aLr
s'/f ldNb}gYof] . lsgeg] dnfO{ afnclwsf/sf] zAb plt ?lrs/ nfUb}gYof] . ;'?
b]lvg] d]/f] dfGotf s] /xFb} cfof] eg] afnaflnsfdf cGt/lglxt Hof]ltnfO{ k|:km'/0f
u/fP/ ;dfhdf pHofnf] lbg;Sg] u/L rDsg d2t ug{'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . xfdLn]
pgLx¿nfO{ pkb]z lbg] xf]Og, ;xL af6f] b]vfOlbg] xf] . olt u¥of] eg] pgLx¿ cfkm}+
cufl8 a9b} hfg]5g .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf afnaflnsfn] kfpg'kg{] clwsf/sf] kof{Kt pNn]v eP
klg pgLx¿n] lgjf{x ug'{kg{] st{Josf] kIfnfO{ eg] To;n] ;d]6g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
To;}n] dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] clwsf/sf ;fy;fy} st{Jo klg hf]l8g' cfjZos 5 .
cleefjsaf6 klg afnclwsf/;DaGwL dfGotfx¿n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf sltko
Jojxf/x¿ ug{ g;lsPsf] x'g;S5 . sltko ;jfndf afnaflnsfnfO{ xKsfpg bKsfpg
klg k5{ . Jojxfl/s hLjgdf o:tf Jojxf/x¿ :jefljs / cfjZos klg aGg
hfG5g . d]/f] aRrfnfO{ d sxfgL ;'gfpF5' eg] :g]xk"j{s rsf{] jf ;':t cfjfhdf
;'gfpF5', d]/f] aRrf / d]/f] ;DaGwaf/] c¿nfO{ s] yfxf . xfdL rsf]{ af]nLn] klg k|]d
u5f}+{ t/ Tof] ufnL xf]Og .
;sf/fTds ;f]r ljsf;sf nflu cWoflTds hfu/0f
olta]nfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cleefjsx¿n] ;f/} cbgfsf] ¿kdf sd cfFsg'
(Underestimate) x'Fb}g . ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWod -OG6/g]6,o"6o"a cflb_ af6 pgLx¿n]

olt w]/} s'/fx¿ k|fKt u5{g ls h;sf af/]df cleefjsn] e]p g} kfpg ;Sb}gg .
cfhsf] / xfdLn] ;'gs];|f lgsfNbfsf] ;Gbe{ lgs} km/s kl/;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] ca
s] ug'{, s:tf] ug'{eGbf klg o:tf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{'k5{ ls xfdLn] clt{ pkb]z lbg]
eGbf klg ca t pgLx¿nfO{ hlt;Sbf] cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu kl/ro u/fpg' k5{ . xf]Og
eg] xfdL / xfd|f afnaflnsf w]/} k5fl8 kb}{ hfG5f}+ . o;sf ;fy;fy} afnaflnsfsf
nflu cfWoflTds r]tgfsf] klg TolQs} cfjZostf 5 . h'g 3/sf kl/jf/ cfWoflTds
r]tgfaf6 hfu?s ag]sf x'G5g Tof] 3/sf afnaflnsf lau|g] ;efjgf lgs} sd x'G5 .
ljleGg cfb{z / bz{gsf k':tsx¿n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ glyrf}+ . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f
s] xf] eg] d]/f] rl/q /fd|f] eof] eg] d]/f] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] rl/q klg /fd|f] x'G5 .
ljBdfg lzIff k|0ffnLsf gsf/fTds kIf
clxn]sf] xfd|f] lzIf0f k4ltdf Joj;foLs/0f ePsf] 5 . lzIffdf ePsf] lghLs/0fn]
t8se8s t a9fPsf] 5 t/ afnaflnsfdf x'g'kg{] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / g}lts bfloTjaf]wsf]
kIfnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] kfOb}g . lghL z}lIfs lgsfox¿n] cleefjsaf6 /fHon] lgwf{/0f
u/]eGbf a9L z'Ns c;'N5g / cgfjZos t8se8s u5{g . pgLx¿ afnaflnsf
cAan ePsf] axfgf agfP/ cfkm"nfO{ cAan b]vfpg] k|of; ul//xs]sf x'G5g . To;}n]
afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/nfO{ leq b]lvs} b/f] agfP/ xf]Og, afXo¿kdf ;'uf/6fO
/6fP/ ljlzi6 >]0ffL (Distinction) lbnfpg] WofpGgdf nfu]sf x'G5g . jf:tjdf of]
ljlzi6 >]0fL xfdLnfO{ xf]Og :s"nnfO{ rflxPsf] 5 . o:tf Jofkfl/s z}lIfs ultljlwnfO{
;/sf/n] lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
dnfO{ Ps hgf hfkfgLn] s] eg] eg] …ltd|f]] b]zdf afnaflnsf laxfg !) ah]b]lv
a]n'sL nueu $ ah];Dd :s"ndf k9bf /x]5g . olt nfdf] ;do;Dd k9]sf] k9]s} ubf{
a9L af]em eP/ afnaflnsfsf] dl:tisdf gsf/fTds c;/ t kb{}g < afnaflnsfsf]
slnnf] dl:tisdfly olt w]/} af]em nfbg' x'Gg . pgLx¿sf nflu t o:tf] af]lemnf]
k9fO eGbf v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf] a9L bafa (Pressure) n]
afnaflnsfsf] cfGtl/s phf{nfO{ a9fpg xf]Og, 36fpg rfxLF d2t u5{ . tL hfkfgLn]
eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] dx;'; ug'{k5{ .
afnl;sfOsf] k|]/s cfwf/
Pslbg dfcf]jfbL åGådf k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ sljtf, d'Qms n]Vg l;sfOlbg] eGg]
k|:tfj cfPsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/ n]vg sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . To;df w]/} afnaflnsf
cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ n]Vg] tl/sf l;sfOlbP kl5 pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] ?lr
cg';f/ n]Vg yfn] . n]Vg] qmddf Pp6f afn;xefuLn] t æsfkL snd /fVg'kg]{ emf]nfdf
s:n] xflnlbof] ad <Æ eg]/ n]v]5g . o;/L tL dfcf]jfbL åGådf k/]sf ;xefuLn] cfkm"n]

b]v]sf] / ef]u]sf] s'/f n]v] . afnaflnsfsf] cGt:s/0fnfO{ h] s'/fn] 5f]Psf] x'G5,
pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/n] klg ToxL s'/f emNsfpg k'U5 . olb 3/df afa'n] /S;L vfg] u/]sf
5g eg] afns jf aflnsfn] klg kl5 vfg l;S5g, olb :s"nsf] lzIfsn] p;sf ;fdg]
r'/f]6 vfG5 eg] p;n] klg To:sf] cg's/0f ug{;S5 . lsgsL afnaflnsfsf] :jefj
cfkm"n] dfGohgsf lqmofsnfknfO{ cg's/0f ug{] x'G5 .
;~rf/sf] dfWod s;/L ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 eg] cfheGbf @%–#) aif{ cufl8 / clxn]
x]bf{ cfsfz hldgsf] km/s 5 . olta]nf nueu () k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtfdf b"/;~rf/
-df]afOn, 6]lnkmf]g cflb_ sf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 eg] nueu #) k|ltzt hgtfn] OG6/g]6
;]jf pkef]u ul//x]sf 5g . ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ g]kfnsf s'gf–s'gfdf PkmPd /]l8of]
;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . of] ;]jfaf6 jl~rt afnaflnsfnfO{ ToxfF;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu tkfO{F xfd|f]
JolQmut jf s'g} u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf] eGbf klg /fHosf] kxn / e"ldsf x'g'k5{ .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] pkef]u ug{ ;s]sf] cfd ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{
afnaflnsfsf nflu cem} hfu/0f / r]tgf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{;S5g .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] e"ldsf
csf{] s'/f u};;x¿n] nlIft ;d'bfo / ltgsf jf:tljs cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/]/
dfq cfˆgf ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf d Pp6f pbfx/0f /fVg'
;fGble{s 7fGb5' . ;g !(*@ df d tflndsf nflu a}Ís uPsf] lyPF . tflnddf
hgtfsf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/]/ sfd ug{'kg{] eGg] af/]df ePsf] 5nkmnsf]
qmddf Pp6f 36gfsf] af/]df rrf{ eof] . To;cg';f/ Pp6f ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw kl/jf/
lgof]hgsf] sfo{qmd lnP/ ufpF ufpFdf uP5g . t/ pgsf] To; sfo{qmdk|lt hgtfn]
rf;f] /fv]g5g . lsgsL tL ufpFx¿df Tolta]nf wfg s'6g] ldnsf] cfjZostf
/x]5 . Tof] cfjZostf yfxf kfP kl5 pgn] ;j{k|yd 7fpF 7fpFdf wfg s'6g] ldn
/flvlbP5g . To;n] ToxfFsf hgtf pgLk|lt ;sf/fTds ag]5g / pgn] nu]sf kl/jf/
lgof]hgsf] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;~rfng eP5 .
olta]nf oxfFsf u};;x¿n] x'Dnf, h'Dnf h:tf ljs6 If]qdf cefjsf] kL8f ef]lu/x]sf
afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfTdlge{/ x'g;Sg] cfwf/
tof/ ug{ ;S5g . d]/f] ljrf/df pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfsf lglDt eg]/ cfof]hgf ug{]
t8se8so'Qm ultljlwx¿df vr{ ug{'sf] ;f6f] o:tf cj;/af6 jl~rt afnaflnsfsf]
jf:tljs cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/]/ ;f] cg';f/sf ultljlw ;~rfng u/] glthf a9L
pknlAwd"ns x'GYof] ls eGg] nfU5 .

-æcfcf] d]/f Kof/fKof/f efOalxgL xf], /]l8of] glhs cfcf], ca
;'? x'G5 cfhsf] xfd|f] afn sfo{qmd=Æ a]n'sL % ah] kl5 o;}
;Ddf]xgo'Qm ;Daf]wgaf6 ha jf;'b]j d'gfnn] afnsfo{qmdsf]
;'?jft uy{] ta ufpF zx/ hxfFsf eP klg /]l8of] ;'Gg]
afnaflnsf pgn] cfJxfg u/] h:t} /]l8of] glhs em'lDdGy] /
Ps 306f;Dd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 k|;fl/t afn sfo{qmdnfO{ rfv
dfgL dfgL ;'Gy] . nuftf/ #$ jif{;Dd o;/L /]l8of] g]kfnaf6
afn sfo{qmd k|jfx ug{] afnr]tgf k|jfxsf Ps ljlzi7 cu|h
jf;'b]j d'gfn olta]nf cfˆg} 3/sf] rf}3]/f leq k6of/ nfUbf]
;do latfpg ljj; ag]sf 5g . @)^$ ;fndf dl:tis kIff3ft (brain hemorrhage)
eP/ lrGtfhgs cj:yfdf k'u]sf d'gfn pkrf/ kZrft d[To"nfO{ lhTg t ;kmn eP .
t/ cem} klg k"j{jt cj:yfdf kms{g eg] ;s]sf 5}gg . tLI0f k|ltef, a]hf]8 /rgf–
lzNk, dgdf]xs :j/ / cfsif{s JolQmTjsf wgL jf;'b]j d'gfn olta]nf a8f d'l:snn]
la:tf/} lx8g ;Sg] / ;fdfGo af]lnrfnL ug{;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g . o;/L zf/Ll/s
¿kdf c:j:Yo ag] klg pgn] cfˆgf] ;[hgfTds Ifdtf / k|ltefnfO{ lg:s[o agfPsf
eg] 5}gg . pgn] uLt, uhn, gf6s tyf sljtfx¿ n]Vg] / ;ªuLt eg{] h:tf sfdx¿
lg/Gt/ ub{} cfPsf 5g . pg} afn ;flxTo ;|i7f tyf jl/i7 afnsfo{qmd ;~rfns
af;'b]j d'gfn;Fu ;~rf/sdL{ c~hgf Gof}kfg]n] ug{'ePsf] jftf{sf d'Vo c+zx¿ ._
afn ;~rf/sdL{ tyf ;flxTosf/ af;'b]j d'gfn;Fusf] s'/fsfgL
k|:t'lt– c~hgf Gof}kfg]
Kf|Zg g+= ! :jf:Yo l:ylt s:tf] 5 / s] ub{} x'g'x'G5 <
olta]nf la:tf/} lx88'n ug{ / n]vk9 ug{ ;S5' . t/ k"0f{ :j:Yo dflg;n] em}F ;xh
/ ;lhnf] eg] xF'b}g . @)^$ ;fndf a|]g x]df]/]h eP kl5 d]/f] cj:yf lrGtfhgs g}
aGof] . b'O{ dlxgf;Dd t xf]; g} v'n]g . To; kl5 xf]; t v'Nof] t/ lx88'n / n]vk9
ug{;Sg] l:ylt eg] /x]g . nueu % jif{;Dd d]/f] cj:yf o:t} g} /Xof] . nueu #
jif{ klxn] -@)^(_ b]lv eg] d}n] la:tf/} lx88'n / n]vk9 ug{ yfn]F . of] # jif{sf]
cjlwdf d}n] ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf uLt, uhn tyf sljtfx¿ n]v]F / sltko uLtdf ;ªuLt
eg{] sfdx¿ klg u/]F . ;fy} d}n] o; cjlwdf afnr]tgf / afn:jf:Yo tkm{ nlIft u/]/
tLg6f gf6s ;+u|x -xfd|f zq'x¿, 3}+6f]df 3fd / tLg gf6s_ klg n]v]/ k|sflzt
ul/;s]sf] 5' . xfn cfˆg} hLjg ofqfsf af/]df n]Vg yfn]sf] 5' .

k|Zg g+= @ afnr]tgf k|jfxsf lglDt tkfO{Fn] s] s:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ug{'eof] <
d}n] nuftf/ #$ jif{ -@)#!–@)^$_ ;Dd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 afn sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/+F] .
a]n'sL ! 306f -%– ^ ah]_ ;~rfng ul/g] o; sfo{qmddf d}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d]t
;lqmo ;xefuL u/fpy]]F / pgLx¿df /x]sf]] k|ltef k|:t't ug{ nufpy]F . afnaflnsfn]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] snf -sljtf, r'6lsnf, syf, uLt, cflb_ nfO{ k|:t't ub{y] . ;fy} d}n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;r]t agfpg] / hfu/0f Nofpg] vfn] syf, gf6s, uLt, uhn cflb
cfkm}F jfrg u/]/ klg ;'gfpy]F . d}n] afn uLtx¿ ufpFbf, sljtf / uhn jfrg ubf{ /
syf ;'gfpFbf afnaflnsf Psfu| / bQlrQ eP/ ;'Gy] . k|To]s lbgh;f] km/s ljwfsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/GYof] . h:t} M– cfOtaf/– JolQmTj rrf{, h;df ;flxTosf/,
j}1flgs, lrGts cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOGYof] . ;f]daf/ / dËnaf/– sf] eGbf sf]
sd, h;df syf, sljtf, lgaGw, r'6lsnf cflb ;'Gg] ;'gfpg] sfo{qmd x'GYof] . o;df
clwsf+ztM afnaflnsfn] ;'gfpy] / d}n]] ;~rfng / ;xhLs/0f uy{]F . a'waf/ – :jf:Yo
rrf{sf;fy} cfw'lgs syf / kf}/fl0fs syf ;'gfOGYof] . ljxLaf/ –bfh' lbbLsf sf]z]nL
eg]/ aflx/af6 ljleGg JolQmx¿n] k7fPsf sljtf r'6lsnf cflb ;'gfOGYof] . z'qmaf/
– …crDdsf] kf]sf]Ú eg]/ Sof/Lqm]r/ / afn/rgfx¿ ;'Gg] ;'gfpg] ul/GYof] . / zlgaf/
– g}lts lzIffdf cfwfl/t gf6s / ufpF vfg] syf ;'gfOGYof] . ;fy} xft]dfnf] sfo{qmd
dfkm{t ckfË cfb/ / ;xof]u lt/ nlIft u/]/ …ckfªu ;kfªu Ps} xf}+Ú eGg]h:Tff
sfo{qmd rnfOGYof] . of] sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf afnclwsf/sdL{
tyf jl/i7 ehg uflosf g'k'/ e§frfo{sf] klg ;+nUgtf /xGYof] .
k|Zg g+= # tkfO{Fsf] hLjg ofqfsf af/] ;+If]kdf hfgsf/L kfpF g <
d tfKn]h'ªdf @))^ ;fndf hGd]sf] xF' . d]/f] Gjf/gsf] gfd af;'b]j sf]O/fnf xf] .
lzIffsf] ;'?jft eg] lj/f6gu/sf] uf]u|fx :s"naf6 eof] . d}n] lj/f6gu/s} hgtf
dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 @)@$ ;fndf P;Pn;L kf; u/+] . dnfO{ ;fg}b]lv uLt–;+uLtk|lt

?lr lyof] . d]/f] o; ?lrnfO{ rt'e{h cfzfjfbL nufotsf ;f+:s[ltssdL{x¿n] cufl8
a9fpg ;xof]u u/] . jxfFx¿s} k|]/0ff:j¿k :yfgLo ;fyLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ @)@^
;fndf lj/f6gu/df d'gfn Snasf] :yfkgf ul/of] . o; Snaaf6 ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{] qmddf dnfO{ sf+u|]; ePsf] cf/f]k nufP/ k|x/Ln] lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] / dfG5]
df/]sf] slNkt cf/f]k nufof] . t/ d]/f kIfdf hgbafa a9] kl5 ^ 306f y'g]/ 5f8of] .
of] 36gf kl5 dnfO{ ca k'ln;x¿n] d'gfn Sna klg vtd u5{g ls eGg] 8/ NffUof] .
To;}sf/0f ToxL ;dob]lv d}n] cfˆgf] 6fO6n …d'gfnÚ /fv]F .
;fg} pd]/b]lv d afnaflnsfnfO{ rf}k§} dfof uy{]F . To;}sf/0f o; 36gf kl5 d}n]
cfkm";Fu /x]sf] ;flxTo / snf;DaGwL ?lrnfO{ afn r]tgf ljsf;sf lglDt g} nufpg]
c7f]6 u/]F . d]/f] of] c7f]6nfO{ k"/f ug{df /]l8of] g]kfnsf tTsfnLg wfld{s sfo{qmd
k|:tf]tf k'?iff]td ;fksf]6fn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' eof] . k'/f0f;DaGwL sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
lj/f6gu/ cfpg' ePsf k'?iff]Qd bfOn] dnfO{ uLt ufpg nufpg' ef] . d}n] …afv|f em¥of]
le/}le/, e}+;L em¥of] vf]nf, uf]7fnfn] ufsf] uLt glal;{g' xf]nf====.Ú eGg] af]nsf] uLt ufPF .
jxfFn] To;nfO{ /]s8{ u/]/ sf7df8f}+df jl/i7 ;+uLtsf/ gfltsfhLnfO{ ;'gfpg' eP5 .
d]/f] uLtsf] af]n / :j/ b'j}af6 k|efljt ag]sf gfltsfhLn] dnfO{ af]nfpg eg] kl5
k'?iff]Qd bfOn] dnfO{ sf7df08f} af]nfpg' eof] . of] @)#) lt/sf] s'/f xf], Tolta]nf
jxfFx¿n] g} dnfO{ /]l8cf] g]kfndf k|j]z u/fpg'eof] .
o;/L /]l8of] g]kfndf k|j]z u/]/ @)#! ;fn d+l;/ )( ut] b]lv ToxLF hflu/] eP/
afnsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yfn]F . o; kl5 d}n] nuftf/ #$ jif{;Dd /]l8of] g]kfndf
of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]/ @)^$ ;fndf cjsf; k|fKt u/]F . o; cjlwdf cTolws
afnaflnsf xfdLaf6 k|;fl/t afnsfo{qmddf cToGt ?lrsf;fy ;xefuL eP . of]
sfo{qmd ;'g]/ g]kfn e/Laf6 slt afnfaflnsf ;r]t / hfu?s eP xf]nfg, o;sf]
s'g} n]vfhf]vf 5}g . t/ /]l8of] :6];gdf g} k|ToIf ;xefuL eP/ cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg]
cj;/ kfPsf afnaflnsfdWo]] sltko …d'gfx¿Ú eg] 7"nf snfsf/, ;flxTosf/, g]tf,
ljlzi6 k|fljlw1 cflb ag]/ l;+uf] ;dfhnfO{ g} ;'jfl;t ug{] u/L kmqmg ;kmn ag]sf
5g . /]l8of] afnsfo{qmdsf] o; nfdf] ofqfdf jl/i7 ;|i7fåo g'k"/ e§frfo{ / cz]if
dNnn] eg] dnfO{ ;w}Fe/L ;3fpFb} cfPsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ la;{g ;ls+b}g .
k|Zg g+= $ tkfO{Fn] afnaflnsfk|lt nlIft eO{ u/]sf l;h{gfx¿sf af/]df atfOlbg'xf];
g ǃ
afnaflnsf d'gf x'g . To;}n] pgLx¿ ;'zLn x'G5g . dnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] oxL ;'zLnkg
a9L dgk5{ / d pgLx¿nfO{ Åbob]lv g} dfof u5{' . x'g;S5 d]/f] o;} efjgfn] ubf{
clwsf+z d]/f /rgf tyf l;h{gfx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt /xg k'u] . t/ d]/f ;a}
l;h{gfx¿ afnaflnsfdf dfq s]lGb|t eg] /x]gg . d}n] xfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf !)) eGbf
a9L afnuLt, !%) cfw'lgs uLt !@) nf]s uLt / !! /fli6«o uLtsf] ;+sng, /rgf,

ufog / ;+uLt eg{] sfd u/]F . rlr{t afn uLtx¿df b'O{ Psfg b'O{, tLvf sfF8sf] aLrdf,
lemnldn–lemnldn, kf/L jgdf h/fof], ;'Gb/ jgdf kz' k+IfLsf, k"j{ d]rL klZrd sfnL,
d]/f] 5 Pp6f ;fgf] efO, w]/} ;'g yf]/} af]n, 6Ls–6Ls ub{}, lklk u5{ afhf, afbnsf]
kf/L ufpFdf cflb /x]sf 5g .
d}n] s]xL cÍ afn klqsf ;'gs];|fsf] ;Dkfbg ug{'sf;fy} xft]dfnf] ;~rf/df ;lrjsf]
e"ldsf;d]t lgjf{x u/]sf] lyPF . o;} qmddf d}n] %)) afn gf6s / &% j6f
afnclwsf/;DaGwL uLtL gf6s klg n]v]F . d cfkm}Fn] n]vL lgb]{zg;d]t cfkmF}n] u/]sf
sltko afn gf6sx¿ …x/fPsf] xftÚ gf6s ;+u|x -)%$_ df klg ;d]l6Psf 5g .
k|Zg g+= % tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf ;[hgf / ultljlwx¿nfO{ afns]lGb|t agfpg'sf] p2]Zo
s] lyof] <
klxnf] s'/f t dnfO{ ;fg}b]lv cfkm"eGbf ;fgf afnaflnsf b]v]kl5 a9L dfof nfUYof] .
bf];|f] d]/f cfˆg} efOalxgL w]/} -% alxgL / ^ efO_ ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ Ifdtfjfg /
r]tgzLn agfpg' k5{ eGg] efjgfn] klg k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4sf nflu Psf]xf]/f] :s"n] k9fO dfq kof{Kt x'Gg, ;flxTo, snf ;+:s[ltnufot
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;fd]n u/fP dfq pgLx¿sf] k|ltef kmqmg ;S5 eGg] ljZjf;
dnfO{ lyof] . d"ntM o;}sf/0f d}n] afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf l;h{gfdf a9L hf]8
lbPF .
k|Zg g+= ^ afnaflnsfsf lglDt ;flxTo / snfsf] dxTj tyf o;af6 ;dfhdf kg{]
k|efjsf af/]df tkfO{Fsf wf/0ffx¿ s] /x]sf 5g <
xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ ef]lnsf] ;'Gb/ ;dfhsf lgdf{tf eG5f}F . pgLx¿nfO{ eljiosf]
;dfhsf s'zn lgdf{0fsdL{ agfpg] bfloTj cfh pgsf] cleefjs ag]sf xfdL
a'h|'sx¿dfly lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . xfdL ;a}n] hfg];'g]sf] s'/f xf] afnaflnsf eg]sf lunf]
df6f] h:t} x'g . xfdL cleefjs eg]sf] Tof] df6fsf] efF8f agfpg] sfnLu9 h:t} xf}+ .
afn¿kL lunf] df6f]nfO{ s:tf]:j¿k / cfsf/ lbg] Tof] xfdL sflnu9¿kL cleefjsdf
lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . Tof] eg]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ef]ln agfpg'kg{] ;'Gb/ ;dfhsf] s'zn
lgdf{0fsdL{ aGg] ;Lk / snf l;sfpg' xf] . c;n ljrf/, dfGotf / b[li6sf]0fsf]
lahf/f]k0f ul/lbg' xf], o:tf c;n s'/fx¿nfO{ u|x0f u/]/ sd;n s'/fx¿nfO{ k/f:t
ug{;Sg] ;an gful/s aGg pmhf{ k|bfg ug{' xf] . o:tf] pmhf{sf] Psdfq k|efjsf/L
dfWod eg]sf] ;flxTo / snf g} xf] . ;flxTo leq syf, sljtf, gf6s, pkGof; cflb
kb{5g eg] snf leq d'VotM ufog, jfbg, clego, g[To, lrqsf/L cflb kb{5g .
k|Zg g+= & ;flxTo / snf ;+:s[ltn] afn k|ltefsf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5g t <

;flxTo snf / ;+:s[ltn] hLjgnfO{ phf{jfg agfpg, hLjg hLpg] snfsf] af]w u/fpg
/ hLjg k|ltsf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;f/df eGbf ;flxTo
tyf snf ;+:s[ltn] hLjgnfO{ pmhf{zLn / ;Ifd agfpg ;3fpF5 . cem snf If]q t
hLjgsf] cfgGbbfoL / 1fgjw{s cgf}krfl/s kf7zfnf klg xf], h;n] hLjg a'‰g] /
u'hfg]{ dfq xf]Og, r'gf}tLk"0f{ hLjgofqfnfO{ ;fy{s 9Ën] cufl8 a9g ;d]t l;sfpF5 .
uLt ;+uLtaf6 ;k{ 8f]lnG5, efn' / afFb/ nufotsf hGt'x¿ g[To u5{g, elgG5, uLt
;'g]/ ¿vx¿ klg em'N5g . To;}n] ;'Gb/tfsf] vf]hL dflg;n] dfq xf]Og h'g;'s}
hLjgn] ubf]{/x]5 . o;sf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] hLjgnfO{ ;f}Gbo{ cg'e"ltsf] rfxgf x'Fbf]
/x]5 . cg'e"lt ug]{n] :jtM cfgGbsf ;fy;fy} 1fg klg k|fKt ub{5 .
;flxTo, snf / ;+uLt /lxt dflg; k'R5/ / l;ªlagfsf] kz' h:tf] xf] . cyf{t oL
lagfsf] hLjg k"0f{ aGg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;flxTo, snf / ;+uLtnfO{ hLjgsf] x/]s If]qdf
k|j]z u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;flxTo / snf eg]sf] oyfy{df r]tgfsf] clgjfo{ dfWod
klg xf] . ;flxTo / snfnfO{ hg?lrsf] ljifo agfP/, cfˆgf b'Mv, ;'vsf cleJolQm
cg'e"t u/fpFb} o;nfO{ hgtf;Fu ufF:g;s] dfq ;flxlTos jf ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx¿
;fy{s aGg ;S5g . snf hLjgsf] nflu xf] . hLjgnfO{ a'‰g] / hLjgnfO{ km]g{ k|]l/t
ug]{ ;aeGbf k|efjzfnL / ;zQm ;fwg xf] of] . To;}n] x/]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cf}krfl/s
lzIffsf] ;fy;fy} ;flxTo / snf;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwdf ;l/s u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 .
t/ o;nfO{ lSni6 ¿kdf xf]Og ;/n, ;xh / ;/; lsl;dn] pgLx¿ ;dIf k'¥ofpg'
k5{ . o;sf nflu k|efjsf/L dfWod eg]sf] gf6s, syf, uLt–;+uLt, rnlrq cflb g}
x'g;S5g .
k|Zg g+= * ;flxTo tyf snf ;+:s[ltaf6 afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
u/fpg s] s:tf dfWod pko'Qm x'g;S5g <
afnaflnsf / afndl:tisdf caf]wkgf, r~rntf / pT;'stf el/Psf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n]
o'jf jf k|f}9sf] t'ngfdf c¿sf] s'/f l56f] l;sf] u5{g . pgLx¿nfO{ cleefjs, lzIfs
jf 7"nf pd]/sf dflg;x¿n] h:tf] v'/fs -kf7o ;fdu|L_ lbG5g To:t} u|x0f u5{g .
oBlk Tof] vfg]–lkpg] ;fdu|L xf]; jf x]g]{ gf6s, 6]lnlehg jf lkmNd g} lsg gxf]; .
afnaflnsfdf ;fgf] 5Fbf h:tf] ?lrsf] ljsf; u/fOG5, To;n] ef]lnsf lbgdf pgLx¿df
To:t} lsl;dsf cle?lrn] cfsf/ lng yfN5 . afnaflnsfdf …;'Gg] ;+:sf/Ú -/]l8of],
uLt–;ËLt, syf–sljtf ;L8L_ / Úk7g ;+:s[ltÚ -kqklqsf, afnk':ts, lrqk':ts_ n]
klg pgLx¿sf] JolQmTj ljsf;df k|ToIf–ck|ToIf k|efj kfl//x]s} x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf]
JolQmTjsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; tyf pgLx¿df g}lts, ;fdflhs jf s'g} klg lsl;dsf lzIff
lbgsf nflu afn;flxTo cfsif{s / k|efjzfnL dfWod x'g;S5 . afn;flxTocGtu{t
afnsyf, afnhLjgL, afnpkGof;, afnf]kof]uL hLjgL, afnuLt cflb kb{5g .

n]vs kl/ro

8f= cgf]hf
;g !(^) df ag]kfdf hGdg'ePsL leIf'0fL 8f= cgf]hf
u'?dfsf] afNosfnLg u[x:yL gfd zf/bf dfgGw/ lyof] . !!
jif{sf] pd]/df u[xTofu u/L af}4 leIf'0fL aGg'ePsL u'?dfn]
@)%$ ;fndf af}4 bz{gdf ljBfjfl/lw ug{'ePsf] 5 . cWoog,
n]vg / lrGtg dggdf lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn u'?dfn] af}4Wofg,
af}4 k|jrg dfnf, zflGt clek|]/0ff efu ! / @, lgofqfsf
kbrfkx¿, zLn ;Gb]z, adf{ M cg'ej cg'e"lt, dªun pkb]z
/ ;'nIf0f sLlt{ laxf/ Ps kl/ro gfds lslt{x¿sf] n]vg
/ k|sfzg ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ;'nIf0f sLlt{ laxf/, rf]ef/sf]
;+:yfks /xg'ePsL 8f= cgf]hf af}4 Hof]lt cGt/f{li6«o ;+3
g]kfn zfvfsf cWoIf, ;'ut ;Gb]z, af}4 klqsfsf] k|sflzsf
tyf ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]t /xg'ePsf] 5 .
c~hgf Gof}kfg]
lj/f6gu/df :yfoL a;f]af; ePsL c~hgf Gof}kfg] xfn
k"0f{ /fli6«o dfl;ssf] ;Dkfbs x'g'x'G5 . …cfVofoLsfÚ /
…;kgfsf dxnx¿Ú ljifos k':tssf] n]vg / ;Dkfbg
ul/;Sg'ePsL c~hgf ;g @))% b]lv kqsfl/tfdf lqmofzLn
xF'b} cfpg'ePsf] xf] . jxfFn] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgåf/f k|sflzt
o"jfd~rnufot ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df :tDesf/sf ¿kdf
;flxlTos, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljifox¿df n]Vb}cfpg'ePsf]
5 . u|fdL0f ljsf;df :gftsf]Q/ c~hgf nfu' kbfy{
lgoGq0f Pj+ ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4;DaGwL ultljlwdf
klg lqmoffzLn x'g'x'G5 .
cz]if dNn
;j{gfd gf6o ;d"x;Fu cfj4 g]kfnL ;flxTo / /Ësd{sf
;fws cz]if dNn wgs'6fdf @)!! ;ndf hGdg'ePsf]
xf] . ;8sgf6ssf sNkgfsf/ Pj+ pTs[i7 k|:tf]tfsf ¿kdf
kl/lrt dNn Pshgf s'zn ;h{s klg x'g'x'g5 . ;'gs];|f
afnklqsfsf k|wfg ;Dkfbs /xg''ePsf dNnsf t'jfFnf]n]
9fs]sf] a:tL, ANofs :sfO, ;8sb]lv ;8s;Dd, cgflbqmd,
gf6o l;4fGt cflb gf6sx¿, c1ft k|b]z gfds d'Qms
;+u|x, cg';GwgfTds ;[hgf t];|f] cfofd ;}4flGts lrGtg

/ ljj]rgfnufotsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt e};s]sf 5g . g]kfn
k|1f k|lti7fgsf cfhLjg ;b:o dNn ljleGg k'/:sf/x¿af6
k'/:s[t / ;Ddflgt klg x'g'ePsf] 5 .
czf]s laqmd h}?
g]kfn /fli6«o ;dfh sNof0f ;+3 (NNSWA) s~rgk'/sf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs czf]s laqmd h}? Ps ;fdflhs cleoGtf
tyf blnt clwsf/sdL{ x'g'x'G5 . s~rgk'/sf] dx]Gb|gu/df
;g !(() df :yfkgf ePsf] PgPgP;8An'Psf ;+:yfks
cWoIf h}?n] s]xL ;do klxn]dfq} t'n;L d]o/ ;]jf kbs
k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{'ePsf] 5 . jxfFnfO{ ef/tLo blnt ;flxTo
Ps]8]dLn] 8fS6/ cDa]8s/ ljlzi6 ;]jf k'/isf/af6 klg
k'/:s[t u/]sf] lyof] .
czf]s yf¿
bfª lhNnfsf] x]s'nLdf hGdg'ePsf czf]s yf¿ Ps s'zn
;+:s[ltljb x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] g]kfndf ;befj ljsf;sf
nflu :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;anLs/0f, yf¿ nf]suLtdf /;sf]
k|of]u, yf¿ nf]ssnfM zf:qLo cWoog hftLo klxrfgsf]
nf]ssnf, yf¿ nf]s;fF:s[lts cg'i7fgM xf¥of u'/}, yf¿
nf]s;+:s[ltdf k|mfol8Hd, yf¿ ;flxlTos dxfsfJo asL{df/–
Ps ;+lIfKt t'ngfTds cWoog -yf¿ efiffdf_, ;flxlTos
dxfsfJo asL{df/–Ps ;+lIfKt t'ngfTds cWoognufot
yf¿ nf]s;+:s[lt tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfsf af/]df bh{gf}+
s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . bfª x:tsnf ;+3,
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, ko{6g ljsf; ;ldltnufot ljleGg
;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx¿df cfa4 yf¿n] yf¿ ;d'bfoleqsf]
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf af/]df cWoog–
cg';Gwfg klg ub{}cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

p4j/fh kf}8ofn
p4j/fh kf}8ofn ljut @ bzsb]lv afn>d, afn;+/If0f
tyf >ldsx¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfgdf
;+nUg x'g'x'G5 . ;]e b lrN8«]g, cfOPncf], o'lg;]km nufot
ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx? tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >d
tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnodf afnclwsf/ tyf >lds clwsf/
;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftf /lx;Sg'ePsf kf}8ofnn] d""ntM
afn>dddf s]lGb|t /xL ljleGg cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bgx?
klg k|sflzt u/L;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfOPncf]_, g]kfndf /fli6«o
sfo{qmd Joj:yfks tyf d'Vo k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]tsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'ePsf >L kf}8ofn g]kfnsf] Pshgf
afnclwsf/ lj1sf x}l;otdf klg kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . xfn
pxfF Winrock International sf] Clear II kl/of]hgfsf
Country coordinator x'g'x'G5 .
s[i0f k|;fb ;'j]bL
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 hg;+Vof ljifodf :gftsf]Q/
ug'{ePsf s[i0f k|;fb ;'j]bL dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/sf]
If]qdf ;g !((% b]lv lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
dfgjclwsf/sdL{sf] ¿kdf o"lg;]km g]kfnnufot ljleGg
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf lhDd]jf/L
;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf pxfF xfn l;lj;df l6d ln8/sf ¿kdf
sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . OG;]såf/f k|sflzt g]kfn dfgj clwsf/
jif{ k':tsdf pxfFsf ljleGg n]vx¿ k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g .
dfgj clwsf/, afnclwsf/;Fu ;Da4 k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfsf
;fy} dfgjclwsf/ / afnclwsf/ lzIffnufotsf k':tssf]
n]vg tyf ;+of]hg sfo{ ug{' ePsf pxfFn] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf
hg{nx?df dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cg';Gwfgd'ns /rgfx?
klg n]Vb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

s'df/ e§/fO{
l;ljg–g]kfndf sfo{qmd ;+of]hssf ¿kdf lqmofzLn
s'df/ e§/fO{ l;ljgsf k|jQmf klg x'g'x'G5 . ;fy} pxfF
afn ;xeflutfsf If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx?sf] ;femf ;d"x
-sG;f]{l6od–g]kfn_ tyf afnlx+;f lj?4sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn
-PgPl;lh–g]kfn_ sf cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . b'O{ bzsb]lv
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofl;n e§/fO{sf o;;DaGwdf
ljleGg n]v/rgfx? klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g .
8f= v]daxfb'/ sfsL{
8f= v]daxfb'/ sfsL{ lrlsT;s dfq} geP/, afn:jf:Yo
/ clwsf/sf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfo{/t hg:jf:Yo lj1,
cg';Gwfgstf{ / :jf:Yokqsf/ klg x'g'x'G5 . lrlsT;fzf:qdf
:gfts, hg:jf:Yo, cªu|]hL / kqsfl/tfdf :gftsf]Q/ 8f=
sfsL{ xfn g]kfn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] sfo{sf/L
;b:o ;lrj x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu
of}g tyf k|hgg:jf:Yo, g;g]{ /f]u /f]syfd / hLjgf]kof]uL
;Lkdf cfwfl/t y'k}| :jcWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ n]Vg'ePsf] 5 .
:jf:Yoclwsf/nufot clwsf/sf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ lqmoflzn
eO/xg'nfO{ 8f= sfsL{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nIo atfpg'x'G5 .
uf}/L k|wfg
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] rf}tf/fdf ;g !(^@ df hGdg' ePsf uf}/L
k|wfg g]kfndf dfq geO{ l;Ëf] blIf0f Pl;ofd} dfgj clwsf/
/Ifs tyf ;fdflhs cleoGtfsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt JolQmTj
x'g'x'G5 . afnclwsf/sf nflu cu'jf ;+:yf afn dhb'/
;/f]sf/ s]Gb| -l;ljg_ sf ;+:yfks cWoIf k|wfg /fli6«o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;b:o Pj+ k|jQmf ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;b:o Pj+ dfgj
clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo d~rdf /fli6«o cWoIfsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] !)
jif]{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu /fli6«o ;+of]hssf] lhDd]jf/L
;Dxfln ;Sg'ePsf k|wfgn] dfgj clwsf/, afnclwsf/sf,
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|jw{gsf nflu klg
pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofFpg' ePsf]5 .

rlGb|sf vltj8f
afnclwsf/ tyf dfgjclwsf/ cleofgdf nfdf] ;dob]lv
lqmofzLn vltj8f clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cWoog–cg';Gwfg,
k|lzIf0f Pj+ gLlt lgdf{0fdf klg ;l/s x'Fb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
;g @)!) df s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt tyf afnclwsf/
cWoog k|lti7fgaf6 k|sflzt …afn;+/If0fM lzIf0f–k|lzIf0f
tyf :j–cWoog k':tsÚsfn]vs ;d]t /xg'ePsf vltj8f
;]e b lrN8«]g cnfoG;åf/f ;g !((* df k|sflzt
'Children's Club of Nepal: A Democratic Experiment'
tyf ;]e b lrN8«]g cnfoG; / o'lg;]km g]kfnåf/f ;g
@))) df ;+o'Qm ¿kdfk|sflzt 'Bringing up Children in
Changing World: Who's Right? Whose Rights' k':tssf
;xn]vs klg x'g'x'G5 . ;fy}, jxfFn] ;g @)!! Dffk|sflzt
'10 Steps Forward to Deinstitutionalization: Building
Communities to Support Children's Rights' df ;d]t
;xn]vg ug{'ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] /fli6«o
k|ltj]bgx¿sf] tof/L k|lqmofdf ;d]t vltj8f lg/Gt/ ;+nUg
/xFb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ckmuflg:tfgsf] Ministry of Labour,
SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisableddf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/
/lx;Sg'ePsf vltj8fn] ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
kqklqsfdf n]v/rgfx¿ klg n]Vb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
lr/~hLjL e08f/L
lr/~hLjL e08f/L g]kfn afn ;+u7gsf] lgb{]zssf ¿kdf
sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} e08f/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
cGt{utsf] åGå, zflGt / ljsf; ljefu sf ;fy} ;fdflhs
sfo{ ljefu tyf sf7df08f} sn]h ckm Dofg]hd]G6df
k|fWofkg klg ub}{ cfpg' ePsf]5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
åGå zflGt / ljsf; ljefuaf6 :gfsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf e08f/L
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs"x?sf] ;dfof]hg,
/]vb]v / k'g:yf{kg;DaGwL ljz]if ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf
klg sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . o;sf ;fy} e08f/Ln] ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sfl:yt Plzof Kofl;lkms ;]G6/ km/ ;]So'l/6L
:6l8haf6 a[xt ljkt Joj:yfkg tyf a|fpg ljZjljBfno
cGtu{t dfgjLo ;xfotf / åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f ljifodf ;d]t
cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5 .

Hof]ltnfn ag
uf]/vf lhNnfsf] d;]ndf hGdg' eO{ @)#) sf] bzsb]lv
;fdflhs If]qsf] cWoogdf ;l/s Hof]ltnfn ag dfgjclwsf/
tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf If]qdf;d]t lqmofzLn /xFb}cfpg'ePsf]
5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs d'2fx¿sf] vf]h tyf cWoogdf
ljz]if ?lr /fVg] agsf tt;DaGwL cg]sf}+ /rgfx¿
k|sflzt e};s]sf 5g . @)#& ;fnb]lv :jtGq kqsf/sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{}cfpg'ePsf agn] g]kfn oftfot :jtGq
dhb'/ ;+u7gsf tkm{af6 k|sflzt …ofqfÚ sf] klxnf] cÍ,
dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn lu|G;f] g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt
d'lQmofqfsf] ljleGg cÍ tyf ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL ljleGg
d'2f Pj+ :yfgLo zf;g;DaGwL ultljlwdf lqmofzLn ld/]i6
g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt ljleGg k|sfzgx¿df ;d]t ;Dkfbg
tyf n]vg sfo{ ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . cg]sf}+ cg';Gwfgd"ns
n]v÷/rgf k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf agsf …cys klysÚ /
…tLgxfFu] nf]stfÚ k':ts k|sflzt 5g . ;fy} jxfFn] n]vs
Pj+ /fhgLlt ljZn]ifs /fh]Gb| dxh{g;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf …sd{Ú
gfds k':tssf] n]vg / ;Dkfbg;d]t ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
8f= 8Da/axfb'/ g]kfnL
eQmk'/sf] hufltdf lj=;+= @))* df hGdg' ePsf 8Da/axfb'/
g]kfnLn] Experimrntal study on free rotar river turbine
df ljBfjfl/lw ug{'ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf Ps jl/i7 hn;|f]t
lj1 g]kfnL k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] cfhLjg ;b:o tyf jt{dfg
sf]iffWoIf x'g'sf;fy} a'l9u08sL hnljB't of]hgfsf] ;b:o
;d]t x'g'x'G5 . ;fy} jxfF Child Network sf] pkfWoIf,
d}n'ª vf]nf hnljB't sDkgLsf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t,
OlGhgLol/Ë P;f]l;o;gsf] cfhLjg ;b:onufot cGo
ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx¿df klg cfa4 /xg'ePsf]
5 .
Ps cgfy afns 8Da/sf] nfng–kfng / lzIff–lbIffsf]
;'?jft k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnoaf6} ePsf] xf] . jxfFn] o;}
cgfyfnoaf6 @)@$ ;fndf af]8{ k|yd NofP/ P;Pn;L
kf; ug{'ePsf] lyof] . jxfF k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnoaf6 P;Pn;L
k/LIff lbg]df bf];|f] n6 / af]8{ k|yd Nofpg]df klxnf] ljBfyL{
x'g'x'G5 . k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnodf cfOk'u]sf] cgfy afns
h'g;'s} hflt ;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf] eP klg p;sf] y/

jf hfltsf] ;66f g]kfnL /fVg] ;+:yfsf] tTsfnLg lgod
cg';f/ jxfFsf] gfd 8Da/ axfb'/ g]kfnL /xg uPsf] lyof] .
l8NnL u'/fufO{F
wgs'6fsf] le/ufpFdf @)#$ ;fndf hGdg' ePsf l8NnL
u'/fufO{F ljut ( jif{b]lv afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t
x'g'x'G5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 lzIff zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/
tyf n08g :s"n ckm Osf]gf]ldS;af6 dfgj clwsf/
ljifodf PdP:;L ug'{ ePsf pxfF xfn ;]e b lrN8«]gdf
afnclwsf/ zf;g tyf afn;+/If0fsf jl/i7 ljz]if1sf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
tf/s lwtfn
afnclwsf/ /Ifs Pj+ ;fdflhs cleoGtf tf/s lwtfn ljut
b'O{ bzsb]lv afnclwsf/ cleofgdf lqmofl;n x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t cu|h ;+:yf l;ljgsf]
k|jQmf Pj+ dxf;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfln;Sg' ePsf pxfF
s'zn k|lzIfs, ;xhstf{ tyf afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf ;|f]t
JolQm klg x'g'x''G5 . d'n'sdf rn]sf] !) jif]{ ;z:q åGåsf]
bf}/fgdf afnaflnsf zflGt If]qsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :yflkt ug{
cu|0fL e"ldsf lgefpg' ePsf lwtfn afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw /fli6«o cfjlws k|ltj]bg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] ;b:o
x'g'x'GYof] . o;}u/L pxfFn] ;z:q åGå k|efljt afnaflnsfsf]
k':yf{kgfsfnflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] d:of}bf ;ldlt
;b:osf] lhDd]jf/L klg lgefO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3 tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] k/fdz{bftf /xL sfd
ul/;Sg' ePsf lwtfn xfn s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw cg'df]bgsf] bzsM k|ltj4tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog /
pknlAwx¿, afnclwsf/ / st{Jo, afnd}qL ljBfno, åGå /
afnaflnsfM afn;+/If0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf, afnaflnsf zflGt
If]qM tflnd lgb]{lzsf, gofF g]kfn / afnclwsf/nufotsf
k':tsx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g .

ltnf]Qd kf}8]n
ef]lS;ª, kj{tdf @)#( ;fndf hlGdg'ePsf ltnf]Qd
kf}8]n ljut @)$* ;fnb]lv afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf ;l/s
x'Fb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . xfn pxfF afnclwsf/sf] ;fy;fy}
o'jf clwsf/sf] If]qdf klg sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . !@ j6f
ljleGg /fli6«o k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfgaf6 ;Ddflgt ltnf]Qd
o'jf;Fu ;Da4 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfnx¿df cfa4
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF xfn hfu[lt afno'jf ;/f]sf/ g]kfn;Fu cfa4
x'g'x'G5 .
Wf|'a nfld5fg]
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sLlt{k'/af6 u|fdL0f ljsf;df :gftsf]Q/
ug'{ ePsf w|a nfld5fg] ;g @))! b]lv ;xsf/L tyf
u|fdL0f pBd ljsf;sf] If]qdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . o;sf]
cltl/Qm pxfFn] tflnd lgb]{lzsf, ;+:yfn] rfx] cg';f/sf]
sfo{qmlds b:tfj]hx¿ tof/ ug{ tyf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg,
k|lzIf0f Pj+ ;xhLs/0fsf] If]qdf ljz]if cg'ej k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;g @)!! b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf dfgj
clwsf/ / ;dfh ;]jfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf -l;lj;_
df nfld5fg]n] kl/jf/ ;zQmLs/0fsf] ljifout ;+of]hssf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF;d]tsf] ;xn]vg
/ l;lj;sf] k|sfzgdf pxfFsf afn;+/If0f xft] k'l:tsf
@)^(, afnaflnsfsf] cleefjsTjsf] clwsf/sf nflu
:yfgLo ;/sf/, ;r]tgf k'l:tsf @)!@, afn;+/If0fsf nflu
afn;xeflutf ;xof]uL k'l:tsf @)!@, afn;+/If0fsf s'/f,
@)!$ / afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/
kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts, @)!%
k|sflzt ePsf 5g .
lggf dxh{g
Joj;flos ;fdflhs sfo{df :gftsf]Q/ ug{'ePsf] lggf
dxh{gn] g]kfn tyf ef/tdf afnaflnsf, ;d'bfo / dlxnfsf]
If]qdf sfof{g'ej xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 . jxfFn] ;g @)!)
b]lv ;g @)!# ;Dd All India Institute of Local Self
Government tyf Pathfinder International k'g], ef/tdf

ljleGg lhDd]jf/Ldf sfo{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . afnaflnsf tyf
lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿;Fusf] ;xhLs/0fdf ljz]if bIftf /fVg'x'g]
dxh{g n OlG:66o'6 km/ lnun l/;r{ P08 sG;N6]G;L
-cfO{=Pn=cf/=;L_, sf7df08f}df cg';Gwfg clws[tsf¿kdf
sfo{/t xg'x'G5 .
g'k'/ e§frfo{
:qL/f]u ljz]if1 8f= zfGtL aghL{ / g]kfnsf klxnf] g]q
lrlsT;s 8f= ;'lzn aghL{sL ;'k'qL g'k"/ e§frfo{sf] hGd
lj=;+= @))% ;fndf lj/f6gu/df ePsf] lyof] .
dfgl;s tyf g}lts bz{gzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/
ug{'ePsL e§frfo{n] @)#) ;fnb]lv @)$^ ;fn;Dd
/]l8of] g]kfnaf6 afn tyf dlxnf clwsf/ / r]tgf
ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{'eof] . xft]dfnf]
;~rf/sf] cWoIf;d]t /xg'ePsL e§frfo{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
afnclwsf/;DaGwL cleofgx¿df lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg'
ePsf] 5 . ;fy} jxfF ehg;fd|f1L tyf jl/i7 nf]suLt
uflosfsf ¿kdf klg ;Ddflgt JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 .
Kf|sfz sf]O/fnf
kfNkfsf] tfg;]gdf hGdg'eO{ xfn sf7df08f}sf] skgdf
a;f]jf; ug{'x'g] k|sfzsf]O/fnf afn;+/If0f, afn;xeflutf,
Joj:yfkg Pj+ o'jf tyf afnaflnsfsfnflu hLjgpkof]uL
;Lk ljifosf] k|lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
;d]t jxg ub{}cfpg'ePsf sf]O/fnfn]] oL ljifox¿df
;xhLs/0f, ;dflhs kl/rfng, cg'udg d"NofÍg,
tflndk'l:tsf n]vgnufotsf sfdx¿ klg ub{}cfpg'ePsf]
5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg tyf jfl0fHodf
:gftsf]Q/ sf]O/fnfn] ;+o'Qm /fHoaf6 k|fylds :jf:Yo
;]jf k|lzIf0f / dfgj;|f]t ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt th{'df;DaGwL
cWoog klg k"/f ug'{ePsf] 5 .

lzIffdGqfno, cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd, ;]e b
lrN8]«g -o's]_ tyf PSzgP8 g]kfndf k|lzIf0f tyf
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgnufotsf lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf
sf]O/fnfn]] yfONof08, >LnÍf, a+unfb]z, tflhls:tfg,
s[lu:tfg, pHa]ls:tfg, ef/t, sfhfsf:tfg, ;f]nf]dg
cfONof08nufotsf d'n'sx¿df ;d]t tt;DaGwL ljifox¿df
;xhstf{sfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
xft]dfnf]df pkfWoIf / sG;f]l6{od g]kfnsf] ;Nnfxsf/
sf]O/fnfsf afns]lGb|t ;xeflud"ns zf]wsf] k|ltj]bg,
afnax;sf nflu k'l:tsf, o'jf jrt sfo{qmd tflnd k'l:tsf,
afn;xeflutf gLltnufot tflnd;DaGwL ljleGg k'l:tsfx¿
k|sflzt /x]sf 5g .
k|Nxfn 9sfn
g'jfsf]6sf] vfgL ufpFdf @)@^ df hGd eO{ ;]e b lrN8«]g,
/]8qm;, le=P;=cf]= nufot ljleGg ;+:yfdf sfo{/t /xFb}
cfpg' ePsf 9sfn ;fdflhs cleofgsf] If]qdf ;f9] b'O{
bzsb]lv lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . o; aLrdf sl/a & jif{ ;8s
afnaflnsf;Fu glhs /x]/ sfd ug'{ eof] . o; bf}/fgdf
;]e b lrN8«]gsf] k|sfzgdf ;8s afnaflnsfs} ljifoj:t'df
s]lGb|t /xL n]lvPsf pxfFsf b'O{j6f cg';Gwfgd"ns
k':tsx¿ Street Diary / A life without basic services
aflx/ cfPsf 5g . xfn pxfF Adard Developmet Nepal
sf] Country Representative x'g'x'G5 .
afnf/fd e§/fO{
Ko'7fg, tf]/af+u uf=la=;=df hGdg'ePsf afnf/fd e§/fO{
k];fn] clwjQmf x'g'x'G5 . sfg'gdf :gfts / ;dfhzf:qdf
:gftsf]Q/ e§/fO{ sd}of, xlnof, blnt tyf afbL
cfGbf]ngnufot ljleGg ;fdflhs cleofgsf cleoGtf tyf
cg';Gwfgstf{ klg x'g'x'G5 . ;'b"/klZrdsf] kxf8L If]qdf
ljBdfg k|yf k/Dk/fx¿sf af/]df cWoog ub{} cfpg'ePsf
e§/fO{n] oL ljifox¿df cfwfl/t ljleGg cg';Gwfgd"ns
n]vx¿ klg n]lv;Sg'ePsf] 5 .

eujtL kf08]
lj=lj=P;=, Pn=Pn=lj÷Joj:yfkg ;+sfo tyf sfg'g
;+sfodf :gfts;Ddsf] cWoog k"/f u/L /fhgLlt zf:qdf
:gftsf]Q/ bf];|f] jif{df cWoog/t eujtL kf08] ljut #
jif{b]lv sfg'g Joj;fo If]qdf nfUg'ePsf]5 . l;lj;df
sfg'g clws[tsf] ¿kdf ljut h'nfO{ !, @)!% b]lv sfo{/t
/xg'ePsL eujtLn] sljtf, uLt uhn ;d]tdf snd
rnfpg] ug'{ePsf]5 . pxfFsf] æzLtnÆ gfds cfw'lgs uLtL
PNad;d]t ahf/df pknAw 5 .
e'jg b]jsf]6f
g]kfnL O;fO{ efiff ;flxTosf ;Dkfbs tyf n]vs b]jsf]6fsf
rf/j6f s[ltx¿ tyf @)) eGbf a9L km'6s/ /rgfx¿
k|sflzt 5g . !)) j6feGbf a9L k':tsx¿ cg'jfb
ug{'ePsf tyf !%) eGbf a9L k:tsx¿ ;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf
b]jsf]6fn] g]kfnsf em08} ^& j6f lhNnfdf k'u]/ @%) eGbf
w]/} o'jf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xhLs/0f ug{'ePsf] 5 .
8f= ldgf kf}8]n
8f= ldgf kf}8]n a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL cGt//f{li6«o ;+:yf
-cfO=cf]=Pd=_ sf7df08f}df ljut @)!# sf] gf]e]Da/b]lv
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;Nnfxsf/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfpg'
ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] ;g @))* b]lv @))( df ch/a}hfgdf
sfo{qmd Joj:yfks, ;g @))( b]lv @)!@ ;Dd cfO= cf]=
Pd=, sf7df08f}df sfo{qmd ;Nnfxsf/ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{ /
t's{d]lg:tfgdf n}lËs k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFn] a]nfotsf] Go"Sof;n ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;dfhzf:q
tyf ;fdflhs gLlt ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf]
ljBfjfl/lw …cfk|jf;gsf] kl/k|]Ifdf dfgj a]rlavgkZrft
cfhLljsf, n}lËstf, of}lgstf tyf gful/stfÚ ljifodf s]lGb|t
5 .

d':tfs cnL /fO{
Gf]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf hlGdg' ePsf d':tfs cnL
/fO{ ljut !% jif{b]lv d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu
cfjfh p7fpFb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF d'l:nd afnaflnsfsf]
xs clwsf/sf nflu sfd ug]{ g]kfn ;+uLt tyf gf6o
k|lti7fgaf6 ;Ddflgt x'g' ePsf d':tfsn] d'l:nd ;d'bfodf
lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ lhNnf d'l:nd lszf]/L Sna
;~hfn lgdf{0fdf k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng' ePsf] 5 . pxfF ?;'km
g]kfnsf] ;+:yfks cWoIf x'g'x'G5 .
df]xg bFufn
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] Orf]sdf hlGdg' ePsf df]xg bFufn
afnclwsfsf] If]qdf !! jif{b]lv sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . xfn pxfF
rfON6 g]kfn -l;Pg_ sf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 .
o'j/fh l3ld/]
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf ;g !((& b]lv lqmofzLn o'j/fh
l3ld/] dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dfh ;]jfdf dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ df sfo{/t /xFb} cfpg'ePsf]5 . afnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/lj?4sf] ;r]tgf cleofgsf cleoGtf o'j/fh
afnSna lgdf{0f, k|lzIf0f, hgjsfnt, sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg,
;+of]hg ug]{ sfo{df lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . afnclwsf/df
sfo{/t ;+:yfx?sf] ;~hfn æsG;f]l6{odÆ sf] cWoIfsf]
lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ cfpg' ePsf jxfF xfn l;lj;sf]
afn;+/If0f ljifos ;+of]hs x'g'x'G5 . l;lj;sf] k|sfzg tyf
pxfFsf] n]vgdf æafn;+/If0fsf s'/fÆ / æafn;+/If0fsf nflu
afn;xeflutfÆ ljifos k':ts k|sflzt ePsf 5g . ;fy}
EjfO; ckm lrN8«]gsf] k|sfzgdf pxfFaf6 lnlvt æafnof}g
b'Jo{jxf/lj?4 lzIfs tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿sf nflu
ufO8 a'sÆ Pj+ l;lj; / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;x
k|sfzgdf æ3/]n' >d cGTosf nflu x:tIf]kÆ k':ts klg
k|sflzt ePsf 5g .

/d]zs'df/ kf}8]n
/d]zs'df/ kf}8]n ;g !((& b]lv dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf
lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg'ePsf]5 . o; bf}/fgdf cgf}krfl/s If]q
;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_ tyf lxdfnog xo'dg /fO6; df]lg6;{
-lxd/fO6;_ df tflnd ;+of]hsdf sfo{/t jxfFsf] k|lzIf0f,
tflnd lgb]{lzsf n]vg, tflnd Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if cg'ej
;FufNg' ePsf]5 . xfn pxfF dfgj clwsf/ / ;dfh ;]jfdf
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ sf] lzIff ljifos ;+of]hs
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf lxd/fO6;af6 k|sflzt / pxfF;d]tsf]
;xn]vgdf æljb]zÆ -j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x¿sf nflu
lgb]{lzsf_ @))%, ædfgj clwsf/sdL{ gePdfÆ @))#,
l;lj;af6 k|sflzt æ3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f pGd"ngsf
pkfox¿Æ @))$, / cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_
af6 k|sflzt æs[lifdf afn>d lgb]{lzsfÆ /x]sf 5g .
/fds[i0f sfˆn]
sfe|] d]lygsf]6df hlGdg'ePsf /fds[i0f sfˆn] ljut nfdf]
;dob]lv sfg'g Joj;foLsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . ;flxTo
tkm{ lgaGw, sljtf / uhndf snd rnfpg' x'g] /fds[i0f
xfn ;jf]{Rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .
8f ljho ;}+h"
blIf0f Plzofdf ;j{k|yd afn>d ljwfdf ljBfjfl/lw
ug{'ePsf 8f= ljho ;}+h" ljut # bzsb]lv afnclwsf/
tyf dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg'ePsf]
5 . ;j]{If0f cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if ?lr /fVg] ;}+h" xfn sG;g{
g]kfnsf cWoIf tyf afnclwsf/jfbL ;xsdL{ ;+:yfx¿sf]
/fli6«o d~r NACRO sf] klg cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . eQmk'/df
hGdg' e} ljZjsf sl/a #) /fi6«x¿sf] cWoog e|d0f u/L
;Sg'ePsf] 8f= ;}+h" afnclwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/;Fu
;Da4 s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltx¿df klg cfa4 x'g'x'G5 .
OG6/g]zgn ;f];fO6L km/ lk|e]G;g ckm rfON8 cAo'H8 P08
g]Un]S6, Plzofsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o tyf ;f] ;ldltsf]
xfn} -@)!%_ dn]lzof SjfnfnDk'/df ;DkGg bzf}+ PlzofnL

If]qLo ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t blIf0f Plzofsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf
g]kfnsf tkm{af6 k|ltlglw /xg'ePsf 8f= ;}+h' Plzof hfkfg
kf6{g/lzk g]6js{ km/ kf]e6L{ l/8S;g sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o
;d]t x'g'x'G5 . afn jftfj/0f / Concern Nepal klqsfsf]
k|wfg;Dkfbs /xFb} cfpg'ePsf] jxfFn] afnclwsf/ tyf
afn>d ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t/xL n]Vg'ePsf s[ltx¿df Child
labour in Nepal: socio-economic implications, National
research study on child labour in stone quarry in Nepal,
National research study on child labour in brick kilns
in Nepal, National research study on child labour in
restarant and teashops in Nepal, National research
study on child labour in mechanics sector in Nepal,
National research study on high way hawker children
in Nepal pNn]vgLo /x]sf 5g .
ljgf]b lj=s=
lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf ;Kt/Lsf] t/xL uflj;–! df hGdg'ePsf
ljgf]b s'df/ ljZjsdf{n] dfgj clwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo
tyf ;f+:s[lts d'2fx¿df ljleGg cg';Gwfgd"ns n]vx¿
n]Vb}cfpg'ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L blnt tyf dw]zL d'2fx¿df
bh{gf}+ sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't ul/Sg'ePsf ljZsdf{sf ;fdflhs
tyf ;f:s[lt ;jfnx¿df cg]sf}+ n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt
e};s]sf 5g . k|fWofkg k]zfdf ;+nUg ljZsdf{n] /fli6«o blnt
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfks cWoIf tyf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs,
;dfh sNof0f;+3sf] ;Nnfxsf/, PDg]:6L OG6/g]zgn
;d"x–@) sf] pk;+of]hs tyf ;lrjsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L
;Dxfln;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ljleGg /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o
;Ddfgx¿af6 ;Ddflgt / k'/:s[t ljZjsdf{ Pshgf
lqmofzLn dfgj clwsf/sdL{ tyf ;fdflhs cleoGtfsf
x}l;otdf klg kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 .

a[hdf]xg s'zjfxf
!@ jif{s} pd]/df afnSnadf ;+ul7t eO{ afnclwsf/sf]
kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg' x'g] j[hdf]xg s'zjfxf kl5Nnf]
;dodf o'jf tyf dlxnf clwsf/sf] kIfdf;d]t k}/jL ub}{
cfpg'ePsf] 5 . /Iff ;flKtflxssf k|sfzs / k|aGws;d]t
/xg'ePsf s'zjfxfn] …kfOnfÚ …cfjfhÚ nufotsf dfl;s
klqsf k|sfzgdf k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
/fli6«o afn;+/If0f ;ldlt tyf P6ljgsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf]
;b:o, cfof]gsf] pkfWoIf, sG;f]l6{od g]kfnsf] ;lrjsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfpg'ePsf pxfF xfn ;+/If0f g]kfn,
af/fsf cWoIf x'g'x'G5 .
zfSo ;'/]g
g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] lqz'nL ahf/df lj=;+= @)!! df
hGdg'ePsf zfSo ;'/]gsf] s"n 3/ eg] nlntk'/– !@,
cMvfdf /x]sf] 5 . jxfF a'4 wd{, g]kfn efiff tyf ;flxTo
/ ;+:s[ltsf 1ftf x'g'x'G5 . g]kfn efiffsf slj;d]t
/xg'ePsf zfSo ;'/]gsf g]kfn efiffdf …5Dx'Ú sljtf ;+u|x,
…;fdof ;]jfÚ gf6s, …g]kfn efiff ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltÚ, …zx/L
/ u|fld0f ljsf;Ú, …a'4 wd{ / ljsf;Ú nufotsf s[ltx¿
k|sflzt 5g .

zflGt clwsf/L
;g !((& df :yfkgf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dfh
;]jfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ sf] ;+:yfks cWoIf
tyf ;g !((& b]lv ;g @))% ;Dd sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf]
;d]t lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg' ePsL zflGt clwsf/L dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ cem ljz]if u/L 3/]n' afn>dlj?4sf]
cleofgsL Ps cleoGtf x'g'x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf]
clwsf/sf] kIfdf ;d]t hgjsfnt ub}{ cfpg' ePsL clwsf/L
World Youth International Organization sf] dxf;lrj,
-!((#–@))&_, Finland Nepal Friendship Society, sf]
sf]iffWoIf !((*–@))% / sfo{sf/L ;b:o 2006, dfgj
clwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofo d~r -PnfoG;_ sf] dxf;lrj
-@))$–@))^_ tyf cWoIf -@))^–@))*_, Institute of
Crisis Management Studies sf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt ;b:o
-@)!#–xfn;Dd_, /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3, dlxnf
;'/Iff bafa ;d"x / g]kfndf dlxnfx¿sf] a]rlavglj?4sf]
;~hfn -P6ljg_ ;d]tsf] ;b:o x'g'ePsf] lyof] . xfn pxfF
l;lj;sf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .
zf/bf /d0f g]kfn
lj=;+= @))# df g'jfsf]6sf] ghf{ 8f]6]ndf hGdg'ePsf
zf/bf/d0f g]kfn ;'kl/lrt afn;flxTosf/ x'g'x'G5 . jxfFn]
@)@! df agf/;af6 k|sflzt ePsf]] gofF kfOnf]af6 ;'?
u/]/ xfn;Dd ljleGg ;flxlTos kq klqsfx¿df n]vg
tyf ;Dkfbg ub{}cfpg'eof] / clxn] klg ;flxTon]vgdf
lqmofzLn e} /xg'ePsf] 5 . aL=P8=, aL= Pn= / Pd=P=
;Ddsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ug{'ePsf g]kfnn] nueu
$$ jif{ cWofkg sfo{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
lzj kf}8]n
afnclwsf/ / afn Gofosf] :yfkgfsf nflu ljut !^
jif{b]lv ;lqmo of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf lzj kf}8]n ;]e
b lrN8«]g o's] tyf :jL8]g, 6«fGk/]G;L OG6/g]zgn sfd ub}{
cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . xfn pxfF g]b/Nof08af6 afnclwsf/
ljifodf ljBfjfl/wL ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .

Zofd >]i7
lrGts Pj+ bz{g / ;dfh lj1fgsf 1ftf Zofd >]i7
k|ultzLn ¿kfGt/0f cfGbf]ngsf ;+of]hs tyf k|ultzLn
¿kfGt/0f kmfp08];gsf cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . d"NofÍg dfl;ssf
;+:yfks cWoIf tyf k|wfg ;Dkfbs /lx;Sg'ePsf
>]i7n] jt{dfg g]kfn ef/t ljjfb lsg / s]sf nflu !(&(,
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg M gofF /fHo ;+/rgf @))(, g]kfndf
;jf{ËL0f ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, g]kfndf klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efM
pknlAw, cj;fg / casf] af6f], d'lQmkl5sf] aGwg M d'Qm
xlnofx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnufot bh{gf}+ s[ltx¿ k|sflzt
ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf Ps /fhgLlts ljZn]ifssf]
¿kdf ;d]t ;'kl/lrt >]i7n] ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts ;jfnx¿df
cg';Gwfgd"ns /rgfx¿ klg n]Vb}cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
zfGtbf; dfgGw/
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf klxnf] ;d"xsf :gfts zfGtbfz
dfgGw/ g]kfnsf] Pshgf jl/i7 afn;flxTosf/ x'g'x'G5 .
sf7df08f}sf] emf]5]df lj=;+= !((! df hGdg'ePsf dfgGw/n]
@)@@ ;fn lt/ …tf/fÚ gfds leQ] klqsfaf6 afn;flxTosf]
ofqf yfngL ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To;otf lg/Gt/ afn;flxTo
;[hgfdf ;dlk{t >L dfgGw/n] afn;flxlTos dfl;s
klqsf g]kfnL efiffdf …afnsf];]nLÚ / g]kfn efiffdf …
drfSoaÚ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|sflztub{} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;fy}
jxfFn] syfsf];]nL !, kfgLsf] syf, d';fsf b'nfsf] syf,
syf–n]vgaf/], xfd|f afnaflnsf / afn;flxTo, lstfk3/sf]
nfdk'R5«]nufot afn;flxTo;DaGwL cg]sf}+ k':ts / km'6s/
/rgfx¿ n]lv;Sg' ePsf] 5 . pd]/n] *@ jif{ k"/f ug{'ePsf
zfGtbfz dfgGw/ clxn] klg afn;flxTo l;h{gdf lg/Gt/
lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 .

;Ghf]u 7s'/L
afnaflnsf / o'jfsf ;jfnx¿ cem ljz]iftM pgLx¿sf]
;xeflutfsf] ljifodf ljz]if bvn /fVg] ;Ghf]u 7s'/L
afnSnasf] ;b:o -;g !((% af6_ ePb]lv g} o; If]qdf
lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . afnSnasf k"j{ ;b:ox¿åf/f ul7t
o'jfnosf ;+:yfks ;b:o >L 7s'/Ln] ljut Ps bzs eGbf
nfdf] ;dob]lv afnaflnsf, o'jf, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{, /fhgLltssdL{ nufotsf JolQmTjx?nfO{ ljleGg
ljifodf cled'vLs/0f sIff ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/xg' ePsf] 5 .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt @)^(, afnaflnsf;DaGwL !)
jif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -;g @))$÷%–@)!$÷!%_ nufotsf
/fli6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] n]vgdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf
7s'/Lsf] ljBfnodf x'g] zf/Ll/s ;hfo ;g @))$, sf7df08f}
pkTosfsf afnSnadf afn;xeflutfsf] cj:yf ;g @)!),
slknj:t' / Ko'7fg lhNnfdf afnSnadf afn;xeflutf cWoog
;g @)!$, g]kfndf afnclwsf/sf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ;g
@)!% h:tf cg';GwgfTds k|ltj]bgx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g .
;/f]h s];L
;fdflhs sfo{sf] cWoog ug'{ePsf ;/f]h s]=;L ;fdflhs
If]q ljz]ifu/L afnclwsf/ k|jw{gdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 . xfn
l;lj;df sfo{qmd Joj:yfkssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t s]=;L= n]
afn>d, afn a]rlavgnufot afn;+/If0f / afnljsf;sf
;DaGwdf ljleGg n]vx¿ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf] 5 .
;ld{nf u'?ª
d':tfª lhNnfsf] hf]d;f]d uflj;–^ df @)#@ ;fndf
hGdg'ePsL ;ld{nf u'?ª k]zfn] lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . a'4 wd{
tyf g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f:s[lts cWoog
;d]t ug{'ePsL u'?ª :yfgLo ;'zf;g ;DalGw ultljlwdf klg
s[ofzLn /xb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
;"o{eQm k|hfklt

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf nflu ljut #)
jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfo{/t /xFb} cfpg' ePsf ;"o{eQm
k|hfklt ckfËtfsf] If]qdf Ps cleoGtfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
x'g'ePsf] 5 . l;ljcf/ ;~hfnsf ;+:yfks cWoIf;d]t
/xL;Sg'ePsf ;"o{eQm eQmk'/ SofDk;df k|fWofkg -!(*%–
!(*^_ k]zfdf ;DnUg x'g'x'GYof] . ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf
nflu ;xeflutf lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{, Feasibility Study
of Community Based Inclusive Development in Nepal
for National Association of Disabled in Norway 2015,
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;g @)!!, @)!@ / @)!# df k|sflzt
u/]sf] ckfËtf ;|f]t k'l:tsf lgdf{0f 6f]nL / ;g @)!% sf]
/fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfsf] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] ;b:o sf]
cu'jf 6f]nL ;b:osf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] 5 . o;sf]
;fy} pxfFn] ljleGg /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf
;Da4 /xL cg';GwfgfTds sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] 5 .
;g !((& df k'g:yf{kgf tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t s]Gb|
:yfkgf ePotf pxfF o; ;+:yfsf] lgb]{zssf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb}
cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
afns[i0f 8+uf]n
afns[i0f 8+uf]n ljut !! aif{b]lv g]kfn afn ;+u7gsf]
pklgb{]zssf ¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . lrlng lru+sf
k|lzIfs Pj+ lxn/ 8+uf]n zfsfxf/L eO{ cfxf/, ljxf/ /
ljrf/df ;Gt'ng ug{ u/fpg lg/f]uL wfddf :jod ;]js eO{
sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm jxfF sf/fuf/df cfl>t
afnaflnsf;Fu sfd ug{] ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn NCPD
(Network for Children, Prisoners and Dependent) sf
pkfWofIf x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] ;]G6 h]leo;{ sn]haf6 The
specialization Course for Child Rights managers in
Child Rights & Child Protection with the perspective
of Social Work ljifodf cWoog ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

Child Rights in Nepal

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