This document contains a research paper summary in Nepali on identifying reasons why students score low in mathematics. Some key findings: - Many students come from families with uneducated or daily wage earning parents, which impacts their studies. - Over half of students find mathematics difficult compared to other subjects and don't practice enough. - Financial, physical and family circumstances limit students' ability to regularly attend school and do homework. The study analyzed test scores and family backgrounds of 37 grade 6 students at a school to understand factors contributing to low mathematics performance. It aims to help improve teaching methods and learning outcomes.

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c+sdfq Nofpg'sf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf
pkfo ;DaGwL ul/Psf] Ps sfo{d'ns
cg';Gwfg
@)^(

2. lzIffsf] k]zfut ljsf;(T P D) tflnd cfjZostf
kl/k'lt{ug{ ul/Psf] sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfgstf{
l/Ë s'df/L If]qL
>L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr
dfWolds ljBfno
l;gfd+un ( sf7df8f}+ .
ljBfno Pp6f ljBfsf] dlGb/ xf] . hxFfaf6 lg/Gt/ lgjf{x ?kdf lzIffsf] Hof]lt
aln/x]sf] x'G5 . dflg; ;xglzntf ljj]s , w}o{tf h:tf u'0fx? ePsf] ;j{>]i7 k|
f0fL xf] dfgljo u'0fnfO{ lgvfg{ lzIffn] 7"nf] ;xof]u ub{5 . lzIff Tof]
Hof]tL xf] h;n] cGwsf/sf] kbf{ x6fO{ dflg;sf] dlitisdf 1fg?lk k|sfzsf]

3. Hof]lt afNb5 . o;/L ljBfnojf6 lg:jfy{ lgjf{x ?kdf 1fgsf] Hof]lt k|bfg ug]
{ JolQm g} lzIfs x'g . o;/L ;dosf] dfu cg';f/sf] lzIff lbg' lzIfssf] st{Jo xf]
. ;do cg';f/ lzIff lbg lzIfs klg ;do cg';f/sf] k'g{tfhuL x'g' clt cfjZos 5 .
o;} s'/fnfO{ cfwf/dflg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug{ lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut bIftf
clej[l4 ug{ / ;do ;fk]Ifsf] lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] z}lIfs
hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|af6 b]ze/ ;~rflnt ;Dk"0f{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
cWofog/t lzIfsx?nfO{ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{s|d cGt{ut lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut
j[lt ljsf;df cfwfl/t eo/ ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnd ;+rfng u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfno
If]q ;'wf/ sfo{s|dn] lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;sf nflu TPD ;~rfng ul/ plgx?
sf]df /x]sf] of]Uotf Pj+ IfdtfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf gljs/0f / ;jlns/0f ub}
{ lzIf0f l;sfO{sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u ug{] ePsf]df
pQm k|fwfg sfo{Gjogsf nflu o;} ljBfnosf ;|f]t JolQM xl/x/ e08f/L Ho" ,
k| lzIfs 7fs'/ l;Ub]n Ho" , k|frfo{ d]3 axfb'/ j~hf/f Ho" , dfntL xdfn
Ho" , k|]d lj=s=Ho" , s[i0f/fh vltj8f Ho" , k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm
ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy} o; sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] k|lt
xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

4. ljifo ;"lr
cWofo !
!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
!=@ cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
!=# ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6
!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo
!=% cWoogsf] dxTj
!=^ cWoogsf] l;df+sg

5. @= cWog ljlw tYofÍ ;+sng ljlw tyf tYofÍsf >f]tx?
cWofo #
#=! tYofÍsf] k|:t'lts/0f tyf ljZn]if0f
#=@ ljBfyL{x?sf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yfsf] ljj/0f
#=# u[xsfo{ ug]{ gug]{sf] ljj/0f
cWofo $ ;f/f+z, lgisz{ , ;'emfj
;f/f+z
lgisz{
;'emfj
!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
Jft{dfg cj:yfdf /x]sf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ k|s[ofnfO{ pNn]Vo ;'wf/
NofO{ ljBfyL{x?sf] l;sfO{ pknAwLdf :ki6 a9f]Q/L b]Vg ;lsg] ck]Ifg /flv

6. TPD sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] o;n] lzIfssf] k]zfut bIftf ljsf; ub{5 . o;n]
lzIfsx?n] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf l;sfO{ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] 5 .
cWoog cWofkgnfO{ l;ldt 3]/fdf g/fvL ljBfyL{xnfO{ ;do;fk]If lzIff lbP/
plgx?sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu lzIfs / ljBfyL
b'j}sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ljBfyL{ / lZfIfs ljrsf] ;DaGw gª / df;' h:t}
x'G5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] cWoog ul/ hfgsf/L /fVg' kg]
{ x'Gffn] . ljBfyL{x? lsg b}lgs ljBfno pkl:yt x'b}gg b}lgs u[xsfo{ ub}
{gg, ljz]if ljifox? Hf:t} ul0ft ufx|f} ljifosf] ?kdf lng' b}lgs cfjZos ;fdu|L
gNofpg' cflb s'/fx? leq k;]/ plgx?sf] uxg hfgsf/L /fVg' clt cfjZos
x'G5 .
o;} lznlznfdf d}n] o; ljBfnodf ljut & aif{ b]lv ul0ft ljifo cWofog u/fpb}
cfPsL 5' / o; ljifodf ljBfyL{x? ul0ftnfO{ Go"g c+s Nofpg] / cGo ljifo
eGbf ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] ljifosf] ?kdf lng Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ?k /x]sf] x'Fbf lsg
ul0ft ljifodf Go"g c+s dfq k|fKt ub{5g eGg] ljifodf cWoog u/]sL 5' .
kfl/jfl/s , ef}lts cfly{s cleefjssf] Jo:ttfkg ljBfyL{df practice sf] sld cflb
sf/0fn] ul0ft ljifodf Go"g c+s k|fKt u/]sf] kfOof] .
!=@ cWoogsf] cf}lrTo

7. ljBfyL{x?df /x]sf] /fd|f g/fd|f kIfx?nfO{ s]nfP/ cfjZos ;'emfj k]z ug'{ g}
cWoogsf] cf}lrTo xf] . ljutsf lbgb]lv lnP/ jt{dfg ;Dd ljBfyL{x? s] s:tf
;d:ofx? / jftfj/0Lfo kl/j]zaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g / To; ;DaGwL ;j{klIfo
cWoogsf ;fy} JolQmut ;d:of, ef}lts ;d:of, cfly{s ;d:of cflb kIfx?df
cWoog ug'{ klg o;sf] cf}lrTo xf] .
!=# ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6
ljBfyL{x?sf] k9fOnfO{ kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns Pj+
;fdflhs tTjsf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . o;} lznlznfdf ljut &
aif{ b]lv d}n] o; u'Xo]Zj/L pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf lgDg dfWolds txdf
ul0ft ljifo cWofkg ub}{ cfPsL 5' . o;} lznlznfdf ul0ft ljifo cWofkg
ubf{ b]lvPsf] d'Vo ;d:of ul0ft ljifo cGo ljifosf] t'ngfdf Go'g c+s k|fKt
ug]{ ;DaGwdf o;} ljBfnosf] sIff ^ A df cWoog/t #& hgf ljBfyL{x?nfO{
sample lnP/ cWoog u/]sL 5' .
!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo
s'g} klg cWoog ubf{ lglZrt p2]Zo jf nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . nIo jf
p2]Zo ljgfsf] cWoog cy{ lxg / lbzf lxg x'g k'Ub5 To;}n] ljBfyL{sf]
cWoog ug]{ lznlznfdf lgDg p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

8.  ljBfyL{sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f kQf nufpg]
 ul0ft ljifosdf Go'g c+s k|fKt ug'{sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg]
!=% cWoogsf] dxTj
s'g} klg ljifosf] cf–cfkmg} p2]Zo x'G5g . Pp6f l;Ëf] /fi6«sf] ljBfnonfO{
o; cWoogn] k|ltj]bg kof{Kt geP/ klg ;fdfGo cj:yf lrq0f ug{ ;Sb5 . o;/L
o; cWoogn] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf jf8 g+= ( cjl:yt >L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr
dfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog/t clwsf+z ljBfyL{sf cleefjs lg/If/ ePsf] /
afn>lds ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 . o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;x ug{ ;xof]u ldNg] 5 .
!=^ cWoogsf] l;df+sg
x/]s cWoogsf] cf–cfkmg} l;dfx? tf]lsPsf x'G5g . To:t} o; cWoogsf
nflu klg lgDg l;df tf]lsPsf] 5 .
 of] cWoog >L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog ug]
{ ljBfyLx?df l;ldt ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] cWoog ul0ft ljifofg Go'g c+sNofpg' sf/0f ;DaGwdf dfq l;ldt
5 .
 of] cWoog sIff ^ A df cWoog/t #& hgf ljBfyL{df l;ldt 5 .
of] cWoog Pp6f sIffnfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnP/ tof/ u/]sf] x'gfn]
g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfnosf] jf:tljs l:yltsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ klg ;S5 .

9. @=cWoog ljlw
cWoogsf] nflu If]q 5gf]6 ul/;s] kl5 sIff ^ A df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?
nfO{ k|ToIo k|Zgsf] dfWodaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/L of] cWoog tof/
kfl/Psf] 5' .
#= tYofÍsf] k|:t'lts/0f tyf ljZn]z0f
o; cWoogn] >L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr dfWolds ljBfno sIff ^ A df cWoog/t #&
hgf ljBfyLnfO{ k|ToIf k|Zgsf] dfWodaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x?n] ul0ft
ljifodf ufx|f] dfGg'sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg ;kmn ePsL 5' .
#=! Ufl0ft s:tf] 5 <
;lhnf] !) #&=)%
Uffx|f] @) %$=)%%
l7s} & !*=(^ %
hDdf #& !))

10. ljBfyL{sf] a;fO{ l:ylt ;DaGwdf
ljBfyL{sf] ;uF a:5 <
cfkmg} cfdf afj' @$ ^$=$^%
c?sf] 3/df !# #%=!$%
hDdf #& !)) %
Dflysf] lrqnfO{ :tDe lrqdf k|:t't ubf{

11. Dflysf] tYofÍ cjnf]sg ubf{ cfkmg} cfdf afj'';uF a:g] @$ cyf{t ^$=$^% /
c?sf] 3/df a:g] !# hgf cyf{t #%=!$% o;/L x]bf{ t'ngfTds ?kdf c?sf]
3/df sfd ug{ a:g]sf] ;+Vof a9L g} dflgG5 .
#=# b}lgs pkl:ytsf] cfwf/df
lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] af/]
lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] !$ #&=*#%
lgoldt pkl:yt gx'g] @# ^@=!&%
hDdf #& !)) %
Dflysf] tflnsfnfO{ :tDe n]vf lrqdf k|:t't ubf{

12. lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] lgoldt pkl:yt gx'g]
Dflysf] :tDe n]vflrq cjnf]sg ubf{ b}lgs pkl:yt x'g] !# hgf #&=*#% /
lgoldt pkl:yt gx'g] @$ hgf ^@=!&% /x]5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ w]/}
dfqfdf ljBfyL{sf] lgoldt pkl:ytL g/x]sf] kfOof] .
#=$b}lgs u[xsfo{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
u[xsfo{ ug]{ jf/]
b}lgs
u[xsfo{ ug]{
!% $)=%$%
b}lgs
u[xsfo{ gug]{
@# %(=$^%
hDdf #& !)) %
Dfflysf] tflnsfnfO{ :tDe n]vf lrqdf k|:t't ubf{

13. Dflysf] j[Qlrq cWoog ubf{ lgoldt b}lgs u[xsfo{ u/L j'emfpg] ;+Vof !%
hgf cyf{t $)=%$% / lgoldt u[xsfo{ gug]{ @# hgf cyf{t %(=$^% /x]sf]
kfO{of] . h;n] ubf{ ;du|?kdf ljBfyL{n] lgoldt ?kdf u[xsfo{ gugf{sf] ;
+Vof a9L kfO{of] .
#=%cleefjssf] ;fIf/tfsf] cfwf/df
cleefjs ;fIf/ !& $%=($%

14. cleefjs lg/If/ @) %$=)^%
hDdf #& !)) %
Dfflysf] tflnsfnfO{ :tDe n]vf lrqdf k|:t't ubf{
Dfflysf] tYofÍnfO{ cWoog ubf{ cleefjs ;fIf/ /x]sf] !& hgf cyf{t $%=($
% / cleefjs lg/If/ /x]sf] @) hgf cyf{t %$=)^% /x]sf] kfO{of] . h;sf]
cWoogaf6 of] :k:6 x'G5sL clwsfz+ ljBfyL{sf cleefjs lg/If/ /x]sf]
kfO{of] .
cWofo $

15. $=! ;f/fz+
of] cWoog k|ToIf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|Zg /flv plgx?af6 cfPsf] k|lts[of ;
+sng u/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnosf s'n !))) hgf ljBfyL{ dWo] sIff ^ A A df
cWoog/t #& hgf ljBfyLx?nfO{ cWoogsf] nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .
tYofÍnfO{ ;/n ?kdf k|ltzt dfWooddf j[t lrq, :tDe lrq dfkm{t k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 . cWoogsf k|To]s v08 j0f{gfTds g} 5g . ljBfyLx?sf] kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f
x]bf{ #& hgf ljBfyL{ dWo] @$ hgf cfkmg} cfdf a'jf;uF a:g] / !# hgf
cyf{t ^$=*^% c?sf] 3/df sfd ug{ a:g] u/]sf] kfO{of] . h;n] ubf{ lgoldt
cWoogdf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] kfO{of]
 cfkmg} cfdf j'jf;uF j;]klg cfdfj'jf dhb'/ ug{ hfg kg]{ / 3/df
efO{ jlxgL 3/sf] sfd cflbn] ubf{ k9g gkfPsf] atfP . km]l/sfd
ug{ a;]sfnfO{ t k9fO{sf] eGbf sfdsf] dxTj lbOsf] kfO{of] ,
 ljBfnodf lgoldt pkl:yflt ;DaGwdf #& hgf ljBfyL dWo] !$ hgf cyf{t
#&=*#% lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] u/]sf] / jfsL @# hgf cyf{t ^@=!&%
lgoldt pkl:yt g/x]sf] kfO{of] h;n] ubf{ s'g} klg kf7 cl3Nnf];uF
;DalGwt x'bf a'emfO{df sl7gfO{ /x]sf] kfO{of]
 ljBfnodf b}lgs u[xsfo{ ug]{ gug]{ ;DaGwdf
ljBfyLnfO{ x]bf{ hDdf ljBfyL #& hgf dEo] !% hgf cyf{t $)=%$%
b}lgs u[xsfo{ u/]sf] / afsL @@ hgf cyf{t %(=$^% n] b}lgs

16. u[xsfo{ gu/]sf] kfO{of] . o; cWoogn] ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfyL{n]
lgoldt u[xsfo{ gu/]sf] kfO{of] . o;n] k9fO{df c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 ,
 cleefjssf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] cfwf/df sIff ^ A sf #& hgf ljBfyL{ dWo] !&
hgf cyf{t $%=($% sf] cleefjs ;fIf/ ePsf] / @) hgf cyf{t %$=)^%
cleefjs lg/If/ /x]sf] kfO{of] . o; sf/0f w]/} h;f] ljBfyL{sf cleefjs
lg/If/ /x]sf] / cfjZos ufx|f] ;fx|f] k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xof]u kfpg g;s]sf] /
ljBfno uPkl5 ;a} k'U5 eGg] wf/0f /x]s]f kfO{of]
$=@ lgisif{
s'g} klg cWoog sfo{sf] ;kmntf eg]sf] g} lgwf{l/t p2]Zoaf6 lgsflnosf]
lgisif{ g} xf] o; ljBfnodf clwsfz+ ljBfyL{ lgDg cfly{s ;|f]t ePsf clzlIft
cleefjs / afn>lds a9L ePsf] sf/0f ljBfyLn] pko'Qm jftfj/0fdf lzIff lng
kfPsf 5}gg . cfwf k]6 vfP/ sfkLsnd glnO{ ljBfno cfpg k/]s]f cj:yf 5 .
To;sf/0f ul0ft ljifo Pp6f k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsf] o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ bf]xf]

17. ¥ofO{ cfkm}n] ug{ kg]{ tflnd cGo ljifo h:tf] ;'g]sf] / k9]sf] e/df /fDf|f]
c+s k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ljifo xf]Og . ul0ft ljifo cfkm}df hl6n ePtf klg lg/Gt/
practice sf] cefjn] cem hl6n / ljBfyLx?nfO{ ufx|f] nfUb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
o;df ljBfyL{sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f cfly{s, ;fdflhs , ef}uf]lns cflb ;Dk"0f{ kIfn]
/ clesfz+ ljBfyL{ afn>lds , ljBfnodf lgoldt x'g g;Sg' /
cleefjsnfO{ lzIffsf] dxTjsf] a'emfO{df sd ePsf] sf/0f of] ljifo hl6n
aGb} uPsf] dflgG5 .
$=# ;'emfj
 ljBfyL{x? hf];uF cjl:yft ePklg plgx?nfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf{
ul/lbg' kg]{
 cleefjsdf hgr]tgfsf] cfjZostf
 ljBfyL{nfO{ lgoldttf jgfpg ljBfnosf lzIfs k|=c= cleefjsn] d'Vo
e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{
 lgoldt u[xsfo{ ug{ pTk]|/0ff lzIfs cleefjsaf6 hufpg] kg]{ / ljz]if
Vofn ug'{ kg]{
 cleefjsn] cfkm' lg/If/ eP klg cfkmgf afnjflnsfn] s] s:tf] k9]sf 5g
lgoldt ljBfodf cfO{ a'‰g' kg]{

18.  lzIfsn] ul0ft ljifo k9]/ xf]Og sL w]/} cEof; u/]/ hflgg] ljifo xf]
lgoldt ljBfnodf pkl:yt x'g' lgoldt u[xsfo{ ;DalGw hfgsf/L ljleGg
dfWodaf6 u/fpg' kg]{
 ul0ft ljifo lzIf0f ug{ lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljBfyLn] a'‰g] efiffdf /f]rs
tl/sfaf6 ljBfyLdfem k|:t't ug{' kg]{
 ljBfno k|zf;gjf6 klg ;DalGWft ljifodf bIf lzIfsnfO{ pQm ljifo lbg'
kg]{
 sdhf]/ ljBfyLnfO{ feedback k'Ug] s'g} lglt Nofpg' kg]{
 ul0ft ljifo 5}6f} 306L eGbf cufl8g} x'g' kg]{
>L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr dfWolds ljBfno
l;gfd+undf sIff * A df cWoog/t 5fq
hf]g u'?Ësf] j}olQms cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)^(

19. lzIffsf] k]zfut ljsf; (T P D) tflnd cfjZostf
kl/k'lt{ug{ ul/Psf] sfo{d'ns cg';Gwfg
k|:t'tstf{
l/Ë s'df/L If]qL
>L u'Xo]Zj/L pRr
dfWolds ljBfno
l;gfd+un ( sf7df8f}+ .
b'O{ zAb
lzIfsx?nfO{ ;dosf] ;fk]If kl/jt{g jf ;dosf] dfu cg';f/sf] lzIf0f ug{ ;do
cg';f/sf] tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| dfkm{t ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWofog/t lzIfsx?

20. nfO{ ljleGg ;sf+odf tflnd k|bfg ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o;} lznlznfdf
lzIfsx?nfO{ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGt{ut lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut j[lQ
ljsf;df cfwfl/t eP/ k|bfg ug]{ t];|f] jif{sf] TPD df]8o"n cGt{u tof/ ug'{kg]
{ ljleGg ls|ofsnfk dWo] dfdnt cWoog klg Ps xf] o:tf] cWoogn]
JolQmsf] ljleGg ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ul/ To:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lg/fs/0f ug]
{ nIo lnPsf] x';G5 . o;} lznlznfdf d}n] sIff * A df cWoog/t 5fq hf]g u?
ËnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfPsL 5' .
o; cWoogn] pgsf] cWoog sfo{df b]lvPsf sldsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ cem
cl3 a9g ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eGg] k"0f{ cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; lnPsL 5' .

21. ljifo ;"lr
!= cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
!=! kl/ro
!=@ cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
!=# ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6
!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo
!=% cWoogsf] dxTj
!=^ cWoogsf] l;df
@= cWog ljlw
#= tYofÍsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f

22. $ ;f/f+z, lgisz{, ;'emfjx?
!= cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
lzIff 1fgsf] d'xfg r]tgfsf] ;+jfxs , JolQm ;dfh / /fi6sf] ljsf;sf] ;f]kfg xf] .
h;n] dflg;sf] dg dlitZsnfO{ ljsl;t lzi6, cfb{z{ rl/qjfg , ;TojfbL cg'zfl;r /
sd{l;n agfpg] sfd ub{5 . o;/L o:tf] k|sf/sf] lzIff cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s b'j}
tj/af6 k|bfg ug]{ dfWod eg]sf] g} lzIfs x'g . lzIfssf] k]Zffut bIftf clej[l4
geP;Dd k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO{ gx'g] ePsfn] oxL s'/fnfO{ Wofg /fvL

23. lzIff If]qdf cu|ufdL ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] Teacher professional
development tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
o;} tflnd cg'?k o; >L u'= p= df= lj >f]ts]Gb|df ;~rflnt t];|f] df]8o"nsf]
TPD tflnddf ug{ kg]{ ljleGg ls|ofsnfk dWo]sf] dfdnf cWoog cGt{ut
o;} u;Xo]Zj/L p=df= lj df sIff * A df cWoog/t hf]g u'?ËnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L
pgsf] dfdnf cWoog tof/ kf/]sL 5' .
!=! kl/ro
hf]g u'?Ë @)%^.!.!( ;fndf g'jfsf]6df hGd ePsf] xf] . pgsf] 3/df a'jf nf]s
axfb'/ u'?Ë xh'/cfdf , bfO{, bLbL / alxgL u/L ^ hgfsf] kl/jf/ /x]5 . pgL
( jif{sf] 5bf pgsf] cfdf Ifo/f]usf] sf/0f ljTg' ePsf] /x]5 . a'jf ls;fgL sfd
ug{'x'bf] /x]5 . bfh' sf7df8f}+dfdf ;fgf]ltgf] sfd ug'{x'bf] /x]5 . k9fO{df
lti0f j'l4ePsf hf]g u'?Ë cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0f jfn>lds eO{ c?sf] 3/df al;
k9g afWo 5g .
o;} lznlznfdf hf]g u'?Ë ufpFsf] bfO{sf] dfkm{t sf7df08f}+ cfO{ o;
u'Xo]Zj/L p=df=lj =df sIff % b]lv cWoog/t 5g . pgL sIffsf k|yd
ljBfyL{ x'g . pgL clt d]xgtL cg'zf;g k|lt efjgf /fVg] ljBfyL{sf] ?kdf
lrlgG5g . sIffdf ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg], b}lgs u[xsfo{ ug]{ lgoldt

24. ljBfnodf pkl:yt x'g] , ldng;f/, ;/;kmfO{df Wofg lbg], xFl;nf] cg'xf/n]
;a}nfO{ dg kg]{ / Ps k|/sf ljBfyL{ klg x'g .
b}lgs u[xsfo{ afx]s $ 30tf k9g] pgnfO{ c+u|hL ul0ft, lj1fg a9L dg kg]
{ ljifo x'g . ljBfno ;do jfx]s cGo ;do sfd ug'{ kg]{ / /ftLsf] ;dodf dfq
u[xsfo{ / cWoog ug]{ atfP . cltl/Q s[ofsnfk nufPt km"6jn v]n clt dg
k/fpg] hf]g 7LSs cUnf] ux'Fuf]/f] xFl;nf] cg'xf/ / ;a}nfO{ dL7f] af]Ng]
ldng;f/ ljBfyL{ x'g .
cfly{s sdhf]/sf] sf/0f zflGtgu/df dfwj l3ld/]sf] 3/df a:g] hf]g lg/Gt/,
ldxg]t u/L k9g] / eljiodf c;n Jofkf/L aGg] nIo /x]sf] atfP .
!=@ cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{ cfwf/ jgfP/ plgx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] cWoog
ug{ afn cWoog xf] . ;Dk"0f{ /fd|f g/fd|f kIfx?nfO{ s]nfP/ cfjZos ;'emfj
k]z ug{ g} jfn cWoogsf] cf}lrTo xf] . ljutb]lv jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd ljBfyL{x?
nfO{ s] s:tf ;d:of kb{5g ;fy} s] s:tf jftfj/0fLo kl/j]zaf6 ljBfyL{ ljut / jt{dfg
jftfj/0fdf u'lh|/x]sf 5g h:t}, cfly{s , ef}lts, ;fdflhs, kIfx?df cWoog ug{'
klg o;sf] cf}lrTo xf] .
 afnssf] kfl/jfl/s, z}lIfs kIfsf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 ,

25.  afnssf cfGtl/s OR5fzlQm, ?lr, hfu?stf tyf ;d'bfodf 3'nldn x'g
;Sg] s|dnfO{ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5
 p;sf] v8s]sf ;d:of klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5
!=# ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6
ljBfy{Lsf] k9fO{nfO{ kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, cfly{s cj:yf,ef}uf]lns Pj+
;fdflhs tTjsf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If?kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . Pp6} sIffdf Pp6}
;d'xsf ljBfyL{x? lar klg af}l4s Ifdtf / bIftfdf km/s km/s x'G5 . o; TPD
tflndsf] lznlznfdf ug'{ case study df d}n] >L u'Xo]Zj/? p=df=lj=df sIff *
A df cWoog/t 5fq hf]g u'?Ësf] af/]df cWoog u/]sL 5' . cWoog
cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lghsf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ x'Fbf klg pgn] c?sf]
3/df afn>lds eO{ cfˆgf] k9fO{nfO{ clt /fd|f] agfO{ eljiodf c;n Jofkf/L
jGg] pgsf] OR5f s;/L phfu/ eof], eGg] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{'
xf] .

26. !=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo
s'g} klg sfo{ p2]Zo ljlxg eof] eg] k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g To;}n] o; case study
df d}n] lgDg p2]Zo /fv]sL 5' .
 ljBfyL{sf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7 e"ld kQf nufpg]
 ljBfyLsf] k9fO{sf] :t/ kQf nufpg]
 ljBfyL{sf] rl/q klxrfg ug]{
 ljBfyL{sf] JolQmut ?lr kQf nufpg]
 ljBfyLdf /x]sf] ;d:of kQfnufpg]
 cleefjssf] nIo kQf nufpg]
!=% cWoogsf] dxTj
s'g} klg cWoogsf] cf cfˆg} lsl;ssf] dxTj /x]sf] x'G5 . dxTj ljgfsf]
cWoogsf] s'g" cy{ x'b}g . ctM 5fq hf]g u'?ËnfO{ cfwf/ dflg tof/
kfl//x]sf] o; JolQmut cWoogn] klg cfˆg} lsl;dsf] dxTj af]s]sf] 5 .
h;nfO{ lgDg cg'zf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .p

27.  p;sf] ?lr, OR5f / rfxgf cg'zf/sf] z}lIfs ls|ofsnfkdf ;'wf/ ug{ k'¥ofpg
5 .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ cem a9L cuf8L a9g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 ,
 ljBfyL{df ePsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k¥ofpg] 5 ,
 cGo afnjflnsfnfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 ,
 eljiodf ul/g] o:t} cWoogx?nfO{ Pp6f lbzf lgb]{z ug]{5 .
!=^ cWoogsf] l;dfx?
 s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{ To;sf l;dfx? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;xh / l56f] dfqfdf
p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] o; JolQmut cWoogsf] klg lgDg
l;df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] cWoog d}n] cWofkg ug]{ u'Xo]Zj/L p= df=lj df sIff * A df
cWoog/t 5fq hf]g u?ËnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/ pgs} af/]df ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] cWoog :jo+ hf]g u'?Ë;uF k|ToIf k|Zg u/L a'lemPsf s'/fdf
cfwfl/t 5 .

28. cWofo @= cWogsf] ljlw
o; cWoogdf 5fq hf]g u'?Ësf ;DaGwdf lgDg ljlwaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sL
5' .
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M– hf]g u'?Ë
sIff M– * A
/f]Ng+ M– @
ljBfnosf] gfd M– u'Xo]Zj/L p=df=lj=
:yfoL 7]ufgf M– g'jfsf]6
c:yfoL 7]ufgf M– zflGtgu/
tf}n M– s]=hL
?lr M– cWoog
@=! ljBfyLsf] 5gf}6
ljBfyL{sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ d}n] o; u'Xo]Zj/L p=df=lj l;gfd+undf cWoog/t 5fq
hf]g u?ËnfO{ 5gf]6 u/]sL 5' . 3/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{ssf sf/0f Pp6f afn>lds
eO{ cWoog ubf{ klg sIffsf] k|yd jf ljBfnosf] klg k|yd 5g plg nuglzntf
d]xgt, ;xof]lu efjgf Pjd k9fO{ ;fy} cGo cltl/Qm ls|ofsnfksf] ?kdf

29. b]lvPsf] k|ltef, j}olQstf ;fy} pgL Pp6f gd'gfsf] kfq ePsf sf/0f d}n]
cWoogsf nflu pgnfO{ g} /f]h]sL 5' .
@=@ tYofÍ ;+sngsf] ;fwg
pgnfO{ pgsf] kfl/jfl/s , cfly{s, ;fdflhs / pgsf JolQmut s'/fx? k|Zgsf]
dfWodaf6 ;f]wL ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
cWofo # tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f xfn u'Xo]Zj/L p=df=lj sIff * df cWoog/t 5fq
h]fg u'?Ësf] hGd lktf nf]s jxfb'/ u'?Ë / :j= dftf /]0f'dfof u'?Ësf] sf]vaf6
lj=;+ @)%^.!.!( ut] ePsf] xf] . pgsf] jfNo cj:yf hGd:yn g'jfsf]6df g}
ljTof] . plg ( jif{sf] 5bfF pgsL cfdfsf] Ifo/f]usf] sf/0f lgwg ePsf] /x]5 .
sIff $ ;Ddsf] k9fO{ pgn] :yflgo ljBfnodf g} u/]sf x'g .
hf]g o; ljBfnodf sIff % b]lv cWoog/t 5g . pgL sIff ! b]lv xfn ;Dd k|yd
>]0fLdf kf; ePsf] atfp5g . clxn] t o; ljBfnosf] k|yd ljBfyL{sf] ?kdf /x]sf
5g . 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf lgs} sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f plg !) jif{sf] pd]/ b]lv
afn>ldssf] ?kdf c?sf] 3/df a:5g . laxfg 3/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;ls d;nf lkwg]
d]l;gdf sfd u5{g / ljBfno ;dodf ljBfno cfpg] / ljBfNfoaf6 kms] km]l/
3/sf] sfd ul/ d]l;gdf j:g] u/]sf] atfPP o;/L sfd u/] klg pgn] /flt / km';
{bsf] ;donfO{ ;b'kof]u ul/ ljxfg $ ah] g} p7L u[xsfo{ afx]s b}lgs $ 306f

30. k9g] atfP o;/L Pp6f ;fgf] pd]/sf] afns eP klg pgn] sfd u/L km';{bs
;dodf cfˆg]f cWoognfO{ lgs} /fd|f] agfPsf 5g . plg ljBfno / ljBfyL{sf
dfemdf Ps pbfx/0fLo kfqsf ?kdf lrlgG5g . 3/df klg ;a}n] /fd|f] Jojxf/
ug]{ atfP . hf]g Pp6f d]x]gtL , k|ltefjfg, nuglzn ldng;f/ , b}lgs ljBfno
pkl:yt x'g], ;dodf g} u[xsfo{ ug]{, cltl/Qm ls|ofsnfkdf efu lng],
;/;kmfO{df Wofg lbg] plg Ps k|/s ljBfyL{ klg x'g .
c+u|hL, ul0ft, lj1fg a9L dg kg]{ ljifo atfpg] hf]gsf] g]kfnL
n]vfO{ klg / ;flxTo klg clt /fd|f] 5 . o; ljBfnojf6 sIff % af6} k|yd pgL
o;/L b'Mv u/]/} ePklg eljiodf c;n Jofkf/L aGg] nIo /fv]sf 5g . o;/L g}
s;}dfkm{t ;xof]u kfPsf] cj:yfdf w]/} cuf8L a9g] OR5f u/]sf 5g .
cWoogdf b]lvPsf] nuglzntf, d]xgt, ;xof]uL efjgf Pjd k9fO{sf] pQd
cGo Jojxf/, lghsf] k|ltef, jf}lbstf ;fy} eljiodf ;xof]u kfP/ Pp6f c;n Jofkfl/
aGg] OR5f h:tf pgsf JolQut u'0fx?n] ubf{ plg lzIfs tyf ;fyLefO{x?sf
lgs} g} lk|o kfq ag]sf 5g .

31. ljBfyL{sf] kl/ro JolQmut ljj/0f
lghsf] kl/jfl/s ljj/0fnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
l;=g+= Gfd y/ lnË Zf}lIfs
of]Uotf
Gftf k]zf
! Nf]fs axfb'/
u'?Ë
Kf'?if a'jf s[lif
@ dlxnf 5}g xh'/cfdf u[lx0fL
# Kf'?if bfh' Dhb'/
$ dlxnf lbbL u[lx0fL
% Kf'?if * cfkm}
^ dlxnf alxgL
lghsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldnfO{ x]bf{ pgsf] kl/jf/df ^ hgf /x]sf] kfOof]
cfdfsf] lgwg eO{;s]sf] / a'jf s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfO{of] .
:jf:Yo cj:yf

32. ;fdfGo ?kdf hf]g u'?Ë /fd|f] :j:Yo ePsf] b]lvG5g =====s]=hL tf}n
ePsf hf]g clxn] !# jif{sf 5g . pgsf] xfO6 l7s dfqfdf 5 . plg;uF j'‰bf
;fdfGo cj:yfdf afx]s pgn] s'g} cf}ifwL k|of]u gu/]sf] kfO{of] .
ljBfyL{sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s kIfx?
ljBfyL{sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s kIfx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] tflnsf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 .
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t Jfflif{s ?kdf vfgf k'Ug]
<
;fdflhs ;+:sf/
s[lif s[lif k'Ug] Gfk'Ug] hftL u'?Ë
Gff]s/L Gfk'Ug] Wfd{
ljBfyL{sf] cfr/0f ;DalGw ljj/0f
5fq hf]g u'?Ësf af/]df lbOP cg'zf/sf k|Zg ul/ / cjnf]s0 ul/ pgsf]
cfr/0fnfO{ lgDg cg'zf/ k|:t't u/]sL 5' .
l;=g+= ljBfyLsf]
cfr/0f
/fd|f] ;fdfGo gePsf]
sfdk|lt ?lr

33. cN5L
Rfv /fVg]
sfd k'/f ug]{
JolQut ljj/0f
cUnf]
xf]rf]
/f]uL
ljBfyL{ ;
+nUgtf
cg'zf;g
cf1fsf/L
lh1;'
cltl/Qm ls|
ofsnfkdf efu
lng]
ljBfyLsf] xflh/L ljj/0f

34. k|To]s lbg pkl:yt hf]g u'?Ë ljif]z kl/l:yltdf afx]s cGo lbgx?df lgoldt
xflh/ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cWofo $
-;f/f+z, lgisz{, ;'emfjx? _
$=! ;f/f+z
o; TPD t];|f] df]8o"n cGt{utsf] tflndnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg s'g} Ps ljifodf ug{'
kg]{ case study d}n] u'Xo]Zj/L p=df=lj=df cWoog/t 5fq hf]g u'?ËnfO{
5fgL pgsf], JolQfut, kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ljleGg kIfsf] cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 .
lgs} sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf] afjh'b lghn] c?sf] 3/df a;L cfˆgf]
k9fO{nfO{ lg/Gt/ clt /fd|f] tj/n] cuf8L a9fPsf 5g . afj'n] k9fpg g;s]kl5
pgn] cfkm} sfd ul/ k95' elg cfh eGbf $ jif{ cuf8L sf7df08f}+ k;L Pp6f
afn>ldssf] ?kdf /xL cfˆg]f cWoognfO{ cuf8L a9fO{/x]sf 5g . o;
cWoogaf6 pgsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;f]r, eljiosf] nIo, ?lr cflbsf] jf/]df /fd|f]
hfgsf/L kfO{of] .
$=@ lgisz{

35. o; ljBfnodf ljleGg ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, efiffeflif
rfnrng l/ltl/jfh cflb ljljw kl/jf/df x's]{sf afnjflnsfx?sf] ynf] xf] . o; dWo]
dft[efif u'?Ë / Ps Go'g kl/jf/sf 5fq hf]g u'?Ë x'g . o;/L x]bf{ / cjnf]sg
o;} ljBfnodf cWofkg lzIfs x'gfn] pgsf] z}lIfs cj:yf clt /fd|f] /x]sf]
kfO{G5 . k9gdf ;w} k|yd x'g] plg k9gdf nuglzn / d]xgtL 5g . eljiodf
olb s'g} If]qsf] ;xof]u kfP pRr lzIff lng] / Pp6f s'zn Jofkf/L agL
kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;f]r /fV5g . ;do / ;xof]u kfPsf] v08df eljiodf plg
lgs} /fd|f] / bIf JolQm aGg ;S5g .
$=# ;'emfjx?
pgsf] of] ;kmntfnfO{ cem pRr lzv/df k'¥ofpg hf]g u'?Ën] lgDg sfo{x?
df cem /fd|f] x'g]5
 cfTdan pRRf /fVg]
 cleefjsn] k9g] ;do lbg' kg]{
 lgoldt cWoog ;do a9fpb} hfg' kg]{
 ljBfnon] hf]g u'?Ë h:tf gd'gf ljBfyL{sf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]{ jf
ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{
 ljBfnon] plgdf ePsf] kltefnfO{ k|:km'6g ug{

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