Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR USING POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER ijiert bestjournal
In a modern technology the use of power electronic devices in the control strategies of
electrical drives is increasing. The speed of a DC motor can be varied by controlling the field
flux, the armature resistance or the terminal voltage applied to the armature circuit. The three
most common speed control methods are field resistance control, armature voltage control,
and armature resistance control. But here a technique of drive has been used for DC motor’s
speed control is chopper and some power electronics devices. It has been shown here the use
of chopper and power electronics devices which paves the way of controlling also torque and
speed characteristics of DC motor. Now the simulation of model is done and analysed in
MATLAB (Simulink) under varying speed and torque condition
“Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring system with gsm modem”.Priya Rachakonda
• The system is used for transmitting the message to predefined number about the
status of electrical parameters such as voltage, current, temperature etc., to improve
the quality of power.
• Studied about the protection, monitoring and control of a power system.
Pre Final Year project/ mini project for Electronics and communication engine...Shirshendu Das
Mini project for Electronics and communication engineering (ECE) to build an AC to DC power supply using Full Wave Rectifier having input as 220-240V AC and giving stable filtered output of 5V, -5V & variable 5V DC. Simulation of the circuit was done in Proteus design suite.
Relays classification–Instantaneous– DMT and IDMT types– Applications of relays: Over current and under voltage relays– Directional relays– Differential relays and percentage differential relays
Capacitive compensation for power–factor control
Different types of power capacitors
shunt and series capacitors
Effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and switched)
Power factor correction
Capacitor allocation
Economic justification
Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
Introduction to distribution systems,
Load modeling and characteristics
Coincidence factor
Contribution factor loss factor
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
Voltage drop and power–loss calculations:
Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in lines
Uniformly distributed loads and non-uniformly distributed loads
Numerical problems
Three phase balanced primary lines
EDS Unit 4 (Protection and Coordination).pptxDr. Rohit Babu
Protection:
Objectives of distribution system protection
Types of common faults and procedure for fault calculations
Protective devices: Principle of operation of fuses Circuit reclosures
Line sectionalizes and circuit breakers.
Coordination:
Coordination of protective devices: General coordination procedure
Residual current circuit breaker RCCB (Wikipedia).
Voltage drop and power–loss calculations:
Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in lines
Uniformly distributed loads and non-uniformly distributed loads
Numerical problems
Three phase balanced primary lines
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 2Dr. Rohit Babu
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 1Dr. Rohit Babu
Generation of overvoltages in power systems
Protection against lightning overvoltages
Valve type and zinc oxide lightning arresters
Insulation coordination
BIL
Impulse ratio
Standard impulse test wave
Volt-time characteristics
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDINGDr. Rohit Babu
Generation of overvoltages in power systems
Protection against lightning overvoltages
Valve type and zinc oxide lightning arresters
Insulation coordination
BIL
Impulse ratio
Standard impulse test wave
Volt-time characteristics
Grounded and ungrounded neutral systems
Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance
Methods of neutral grounding
Solid
Resistance
Reactance
Arcing grounds and grounding Practices
Protection of lines
Overcurrent Protection schemes
PSM, TMS
Numerical examples
Carrier current and three-zone distance relay using impedance relays
Protection of bus bars by using Differential protection
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
STATIC AND DIGITAL RELAYS
1. LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Jonnada, Andhra Pradesh- 535005
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
UNIT -V
STATIC AND DIGITAL RELAYS
Presented by,
Dr. Rohit Babu, Associate Professor
2. Syllabus
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
∟Static relays
―Static relay components
―Static over current relays
―Static distance relay
―Micro processor based digital relays
3. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Static Relays
• Static relays contain electronic circuitry which may include transistors, ICs, diodes and other electronic
components.
• Static relays possess the advantages of having low burden on the CT and VT, fast operation, absence of
mechanical inertia and contact trouble, long life and less maintenance.
• Static relays have proved to be superior to electromechanical relays and they are being used for the protection
of important lines, power stations and sub-stations. Yet they have not completely replaced electromechanical
relays.
• Static relays are treated as an addition to the family of relays.
• Electromechanical relays continue to be in use because of their simplicity and low cost.
• Their maintenance can be done by less qualified personnel, whereas the maintenance and repair of static
relays requires personnel trained in solid state devices.
4. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Static relays: These are solid state relays and employ semiconductor diodes, transistors, thyristors, logic
gates, ICs, etc. The measuring circuit is a static circuit and there are no moving parts. In some static relays, a
slave relay which is a dc polarised relay is used as the tripping device.
Definition
5. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
The component of the static relay is shown in the figure below.
6. Static Relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. The input of the current transformer is connected to the transmission line, and their output is given to
the rectifier.
2. The rectifier was rectifying the input signal and pass it to the relaying measuring unit.
3. The rectifying measuring unit has the comparators, level detector and the logic circuit. The output
signal from relaying unit obtains only when the signal reaches the threshold value. The output of the
relaying measuring unit acts as an input to the amplifier.
4. The amplifier amplifies the signal and gives the output to the output devices.
5. The output device activates the trip coil only when the relay operates. The output is obtained from the
output devices only when the measurand has the well-defined value. The output device is activated and
gives the tripping command to the trip circuit.
7. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
6. The static relay only gives the response to the electrical signal. The other physical quantities like heat
temperature etc. is first converted into the analogue and digital electrical signal and then act as an
input for the relay.
8. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ADVANTAGES OF STATIC RELAYS OVER ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
i. Low burden on CTs and VTs. The static relays consume less power and in most of the cases they draw
power from the auxiliary dc supply
ii. Fast response
iii. Long life
iv. High resistance to shock and vibration
v. Less maintenance due to the absence of moving parts and bearings
vi. Frequent operations cause no deterioration
vii. Quick resetting and absence of overshoot
viii. Compact size
ix. Greater sensitivity as amplification can be provided easily
x. Complex relaying characteristics can easily be obtained
xi. Logic circuits can be used for complex protective schemes
9. Static relay components
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. The components used by the static relay are very sensitive to the electrostatic discharges. The
electrostatic discharges mean sudden flows of electrons between the charged objects. Thus special
maintenance is provided to the components so that it does not affect by the electrostatic
discharges.
2. The relay is easily affected by the high voltage surges. Thus, precaution should be taken for
avoiding the damages through voltage spikes.
3. The working of the relay depends on the electrical components.
4. The relay has less overloading capacity.
5. The static relay is more costly as compared to the electromagnetic relay.
6. The construction of the relay is easily affected by the surrounding interference.
LIMITATIONS OF STATIC RELAY
10. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. Static Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
1. The current derived from the main CT is fed to the input transformer which gives a proportional output
voltage.
2. The input transformer has an air gap in the iron core to give linearity in the current/voltage relationship
up to the highest value of current expected, and is provided with tappings on its secondary winding to
obtain different current settings.
3. The output voltage of the transformer is rectified through a rectifier and then filtered at a single stage to
avoid undesirable time delay in filtering so as to ensure high speed of operation.
11. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4. A fixed portion of the rectified and filtered voltage (through a potential divider) is compared against a preset
pick-up value by a level detector and if it exceeds the pick-up value, a signal through an amplifier is given to
the output device which issues the trip signal.
5. The output device may either be a static thyristor circuit or an electromagnetic slave relay.
12. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
2. Static Definite Time Overcurrent Relay
The operating time of a definite time overcurrent relay is constant, irrespective of the level of
the fault current.
13. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. The input current signal derived from the main CT is converted to a proportional voltage signal by
the input transformer and then rectified, filtered and compared with the preset threshold value of
the level detector (1).
2. If the voltage exceeds the preset threshold value, the level detector gives an output voltage, thereby
the charging of the capacitor C of the RC timing circuit starts.
3. As soon as the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the preset threshold value (VT) of level detector
(2), a signal through the amplifier is given to the output device which issues the trip signal.
4. Potentiometers P1 and P2 are used for current setting and time setting, respectively.
14. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
If VT is the threshold value of the level detector, the time TC required to reach this voltage depends
upon the charging time of the capacitor C of the RC timing circuit, given by,
where V is the voltage applied to the capacitor.
If V, R and C are constant, the charging time for a given value of VT will be constant.
The time TC can be varied by varying R-C combinations and VT.
15. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
3. Static Inverse-time Overcurrent Relay
The operating time of the inverse-time overcurrent relay decreases with increasing fault current.
16. Static Overcurrent relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. The current signal is converted to a proportional voltage signal by the input transformer and
then rectified, filtered and compared with a reference voltage of the level detector (1) set by the
potentiometer P1.
2. Under normal conditions, i.e. when the input current is low, switch S1 is ON, short-circuiting the
capacitor C of the RC timing circuit and switch S2 is OFF.
3. As soon as the input voltage exceeds the preset reference voltage of the level detector (1), switch
S1 is switched OFF and switch S2 is switched ON and the charging of capacitor C of the timing
circuit starts from a voltage proportional to the current.
4. Switches S1 and S2 are made of static components.
5. When the voltage across the capacitor C of the timing circuit exceeds the reference voltage of the
level detector (2) as set by potentiometer P3, a signal is given to the output device through an
amplifier. Finally, the output device issues the trip signal.
17. Static Distance relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4. Static Directional Overcurrent Relay
1. The directional overcurrent relay incorporates a directional unit which responds to power flow in
a specified direction.
2. The directional relay senses the direction of power flow by means of a phase difference (f)
between voltage (V) and current (I).
3. When f exceeds a certain predetermined value and the current is above the pick-up value, the
directional overcurrent relay operates.
4. The directional relay is a double actuating quantity relay with one input as current I from CT and
the other input as voltage V from VT.
which can be used either as a directional relay or as a distance relay depending on the input
quantities being fed.
18. Static Distance relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. The inputs V and I are applied to phase comparator.
2. A phase shifter is added in voltage input circuit before applying it to the phase comparator to
achieve the maximum output of the phase comparator under fault conditions.
3. The output of the phase comparator is given to the level detector and then to the output device
through an amplifier.
19. Static Distance relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4. If the output of the phase comparator exceeds the preset reference voltage of the level detector,
the output device issues the trip signal.
5. There are two main types of phase comparators used for the purpose.
6. One of these is the Hall effect types comparator which has been used in USSR, whereas all other
countries have preferred the rectifier bridge type of comparator due to its lower cost and the
higher outputs obtainable as compared to the Hall elements.
20. Microprocessor Based Relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Microprocessor relays provide many functions that were not available in electromechanical or solid-state
designs.
Relay logic is very important to understand the microprocessor-based relay.
The relay can be ON or OFF, that is, it has two stable states.
21. Microprocessor Based Relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
1. Similarly, the output of a logic function is activated, that is, high or deactivated, that is, low.
2. The three basic logical functions are: AND, OR and NOT functions.
3. All of these functions can be achieved using transistors as well. It is called transistor-transistor
logic.
4. The output of the CT line is given to the input receiver block where the signal is processed.
5. Signal processing includes overvoltage protector, rectifier, smoothing filters, auxiliary CT, etc.,
depending on the requirements.
6. This signal is an analog signal. The A / D converter converts this into a digital signal that is accepted
by the microprocessor.
7. The microprocessor is a block of decision making.
8. The received digital signal is compared with the reference to generate the appropriate trigger signal.
22. Microprocessor Based Relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
10. This is a digital signal that is converted back to analog to operate the trip coil.
11. This is achieved by the D / A converter.
12. The data logger captures the data and sends it to the microprocessor when there is a request
from the microprocessor.
13. The information can be displayed with a suitable display device when taking the signal from
the microprocessor.
14. The main advantage of this relay is that it is programmable.
15. The program can handle the online calculations and make the decision accordingly.
16. Another important advantage of the microprocessor-based relay is that a microprocessor unit
can perform the retransmission operation of several systems.
23. Microprocessor Based Relay
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Advantages of microprocesser based relay:
Thus various advantages of microprocessor based relay are:
1. Very efficient and reliable.
2. Highly accurate.
3. Very fast in operation.
4. Programmable in nature.
5. A unit can perform retransmission of several systems.
6. economical for large systems.
7. Useful for centrally coordinated backup protection.