Spain in the 19th century

 War and liberal revolution (1808-1814).
 Between liberalism and absolutism.
 SpanishAmerican colonies independence
(1808-1826)
 The liberal revolution (1833-1843)
 The reign of Isabella II: the moderate
liberalism (1843-1868)
 Six years of democracy (1868-1874)
 The restoration of the monarchy (1874-1898)

La familia de Carlos IV - Goya

 The just new king Carlos IV (1788-1808) and
his minister Floridablanca tried to prevent
any revolutionary "contagion" from France.
So they establish:
 A tough control at customs, in the borders.
 A strict censorship.

7
 In 1792, Charles IV took a
very important decision in
his reign, he appointed
Manuel Godoy as his main
Minister (valido). This
favorite of the kings
became the key figure for
the rest of Charles IV’s
reign.

 Louis XVI’s execution in January 1793 caused the
breakdown of the traditional alliance with
France (Family Pacts).
 Spain joined an international coalition and
participated in the so-called War of the
Convention.
 The Spanish military defeat was fast and clear.
 Peace of Basel was signed, our country accepted
the loss of the island of Santo Domingo (in La
Española), and the return to the traditional
alliance with France against England.

Godoy presenta “La Paz” a Carlos IV. José Aparicio.
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

 It began a period of Spanish dependency on French
foreign policy, and, consequently, of confrontation
with England.
 Consequences:
Small victory over Portugal in the War of the Oranges.
Naval disaster of the Franco-Spanish fleet (naval army)
against the British Admiral Nelson atTrafalgar in 1805

11
Batalla deTrafalgar, 1805
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAuSXpD
-EvE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muxsFSR
Qgbg

12
 Godoy signed with Napoleón the Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1807. By
this agreement Spain authorized the entry and establishment of
French troops in Spain with the purpose of invading Portugal.
Portugal was going to be divided and Godoy would be the king of the
South of Portugal.
 But , in fact, this agreement had a secret objective for the French,
they wanted to invade Portugal but also Spain.

14
 At that point the figure of
Godoy was increasingly
criticized, due to:
 Trafalgar’s defeat.
 Economic crisis.
 Godoy belonged to the lower
nobility and was accused of
being a lover of the queen.
 The clergy didn’t like him,
because they were
frightened by a timid
proposal confiscation of
church property.

 An opposition group led by
the Prince of Asturias
(future Ferdinand VII) was
formed  La conspiración
de El Escorial.
 Their objective was to
finish with Godoy’s rule
and also with Carlos IV’s
reign.

 The entry (with permission) of Napoleon's
troops had become an occupation of our
country  Godoy planned the royal family’s
escape to Andalusia (and then América) 
the Court moved to Aranjuez.

 On March 19, 1808, in Aranjuez, a popular
uprising began. Organised by Fernando VII’s
supporters  The Mutiny of Aranjuez.
 People attacked Godoy’s palace and they only
stopped when Charles IV abdicated in his son,
FernandoVII.

 In the confrontation between father and son,
Carlos IV and Fernando VII, and with the
troops of General Murat in Madrid. Son and
father wrote to Napoleón asking for help.
 Napoleon called father and son to Bayonne in
France and forced them to abdicate. In the
abdication of Bayonne, the Bourbons ceded
their rights to the throne to Napoleón.
Napoleón gave the throne of Spain to his
brother José Bonaparte.

23
 During José Bonaparte’s reign,
he is known by the nickname
Pepe Botella, referring to an
alleged alcoholism (apparently
false).
 The people from Madrid will
also nicknamed El rey plazuelas,
since it opened many places in
the capital. The most important
was the Plaza de Oriente,
opposite the Royal Palace.

24
 Joseph I approved the
Estatuto de Bayona in
July 1808, a granted
charter (Constitution
not approved by
elected
representatives, but
conceded by a
governor) which
granted lots of rights, it
was a parliamentary
monarchy.

 The Estatuto de Bayona was an attempt to
win the support of the Spanish
Enlightenment, called afrancesados.
 The fact that it was imposed by the invaders
 Their liberal and illustrated measures.
 Popular hostility and without the support of
the Spanish people, even many of the
enlightened themselves.

ESTATUTO DE BAYONA
 Legislative power.- Royal initiative, which proposes and approves laws,
after hearing the Cortes (estates).
 Executive Power.- the King and his ministers.
 Judicial Power.- it is independent, but the King appoints the judges.
 The State would be Catholic.
 Rights were added:
 Suppression of internal customs.
 Inviolability of the home.
 Personal freedom.
 Detainee and prisoner rights.
 Abolition of the torture.

Julia Bonaparte y sus hijas
(Zenaida y Carlota), por Jean-
Baptiste JosephWicar en
1809.

 Bonaparte’s rule and the evidence of a French
invasion, led to a popular revolt in Madrid on
 2nd May 1808.This popular uprising in Madrid
finished with a strong French troops
repression.
 A series of anti-French uprisings throughout
Spain followed, marking the beginning of the
War of Independence - Guerra de la
Independencia (1808-1814).

 El 2 de mayo de Goya.
El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid
de Francisco de Goya

La defensa del parque de Monteleón durante
el Levantamiento del 2 de mayo en Madrid.
Joaquín Sorolla

 Los fusilamientos del 3 de mayo de Goya
Los fusilamientos del 3 de mayo
Francisco de Goya

 To organise the fight against the French
invasors, the Juntas Provinciales are established.
They assume the souvereignity in name of the
absent king (FernandoVII).
 In September 1808, the Juntas Provinciales
gained coordination and it was set the Junta
Central Suprema.
 Despite many members from these Juntas were
conservative and supporters of the Ancien
Régime, they had to take revolutionary
measures, such as to convene the Cortes - la
convocatoria de Cortes.

 After the general uprising against French
Army, the Spanish Army got an unexpected
victory in the Battle of Bailén in July 1808.
 Napoleón, himself, with more than 250.000
men, came in autumn to the Iberian
Peninsule, to solve the situation. He occupied
most of the country, except for Cádiz and
some peripheric and mountain areas.

 Cuadro de la Batalla de Bailén.
La Rendición de Bailén.
José Casado del Alisal

 Spanish people began to resist using the
guerrilla warfare against the French Army.
These guerrillas spread throughout Spain.
 The guerrilla was formed by peasants,
priests, old soldiers… Groups of men that
attacked the French Army, to avoid them to
get supplies of communications. That made
the French to be very disappointed as they
were all the time disturbing.

Juan Martín Díez, el Empecinado, retratado
por Francisco de Goya

 Some cities refused to surrender and long
sieges (SITIOS) took place in Zaragoza and
Girona.
 After a long time, French could conquer the
cities but they thought the conquest of Spain
was going to be a walk and Spanish people
offered a strong resistance in cities, without
means.

 Foto de Agustina de Aragón y sitio de
Zaragoza. Palafox.
Agustina de Aragón

 The British Army
came to the Iberian
Peninsula, from
Portugal to help the
Spanish to get rid of
French Army. They
call this war the
PeninsularWar.
Arthur Wellesley, Duque de Wellington
Pintado por Francisco de Goya

 1812was a decisive year.
 Napoleón remove part of his men in Spain
and sent them to Russia.
 Then British Army, commanded by the Duke
of Wellington, entered Spain and they
defeated the French Army in several battles
(Arapiles, San Marcial). The guerrilleros also
helped in those victories.

51
Wellington in the battle of Los Arapiles in 1812

 After the defeat of the Grande Armée in russia, Napoleón
weakened, gave the Crown of Spain back to Fernando VII
in theTreaty ofValençay (diciembre 1813).
 In 1814 the French troops left the country.
 TheWar of Independence had finished.

 The abdications of Bayonne had left the
occupied Spain with a lack of authority.
 To fill that authority void and organise the
spontaneous uprisings against the French, the
Juntas Provinciales were organized, and they
assumed sovereignty.
 In September 1808, the Junta Central Suprema
assumed all the powers, in absence of the
legitimate king (FernandoVII) .They
established themselves as the maximum
government organism.

 Mapa de Cádiz en época de la Guerra.

 The Junta Central convened a meeting of
extraordinary Cortes in Cádiz.
 That is the beginning of a revolutionary
process in parallel to the war.
 Finally, in January 1810, the Junta ceded its
power to a Regency, but they didn’t stop
the Convene of (Convocatoria de) Cortes.

58
Juramento de los diputados de las Cortes de Cádiz

59
 The meeting of Cortes in a war situation, benefied that in those Cortes there
were lots of cult burghers, coming from the coast and commercial cities (even
from the American colonies).
 The sessions began in September 1810 and there were soon two groups of
deputies:
 Liberals: supporting revolutionary reforms, inspired in the French
Revolution principles and ideas.
 Absolutists or “serviles”: supporters of maintaining the Ancien Régime
(absolute monarchy, unequal and stratified society – estates of the realm,
mercantilist and agrarian economy).

60
 The liberal majority, taking profit of the king’s absence, began a bourgois
liberal revolution in Spain, with two objectives:
 To make reforms to end with the Ancien Régime structures.
 To approve a Constitution.
 Political reforms of the Cortes de Cádiz:
 Freedom of press (1810).
 Abolition of the feudal system: suppression of the señoríos jurisdiccionales
(manor houses). Nevertheless, the nobility maintained the property of
almost all their lands.
 Banning of the Inquisition (1813).
 Abolition of the guilds. Freedom in trade and industry (1813).
 Shy desamortización of some Church goods (lands).

61
 Approved on 19th March 1812. Known as “La Pepa”, this legal document was
the first Constitution in Spain.
 The liberal deputies Agustín Argüelles, Diego Muñoz Torrero and Pérez de Castro are
the most outstanding people in its preparation.

62
 National sovereignty.The power is in the nation, not in the king.
 Division of Powers:
 Legislative power: Unicameral Cortes.
 Judicial power:Tribunals
 Executive power: the king + Ministers, with limitations:
▪ He cannot dissolve the Cortes.
▪ He had a transitive veto during 2 years, after that the decision of the Cortes became law.
▪ He could name his ministers, but they had to be approved by the Cortes (“doble confianza”).
 Male universal suffrage. All man older than 25 years old could vote, indirectely, they chose some
representatives (compromisarios ) that could choose their deputies.
 Equality of all citizens.
 Individual rights: education, freedom of press, inviolability of home, freedom, association and
property.
 The Catholicism would be the only allowed religion. They had to count with the clergy support to
fight against French, this explains that only intolerant feature in such an advance Constitution.

 After the Treaty of
Valençay in 1813,
Ferdinand VII was
prepared to return to a
country with a new
political system,
complety contraries to
his absolutist feelings.
 Ferdinand VII retuned
to Spain in March 1814,
he was received with
continuous popular
acclamations.

67
 In April 1814, a group of absolutist deputies
gave Fernando VII a document known as
Manifiesto de los Persas in which they asked
him the return to the absolutism.
 En el afirmaban: “Señor, era costumbre
entre los antiguos persas pasar cinco días de
anarquía después del fallecimiento de su
rey, a fin de que la experiencia de los
asesinatos, robos y otras desgracias, les
obligase a ser más fieles a su sucesor..., para
mejor apreciar después los rigores de un
gobierno firme y de poder.”

68
 Fernando VII, on 4th May
1814 approve a decree in
Valencia, he dissolved the
Cortes, abolished the
Constitution and all the
legislative laws made by
the Cortes de Cádiz.
 He returned to the
absolutism and the
Ancien Régime.

 Sexenio absolutista (1814-1820).
 Trienio liberal (1820-1823).
 Década ominosa (1823-1833).

 It began in May 1814 with the return to the Ancien Régime and the
absolutism.
 It was a very important period in the history of Europe.
 FerdinandVII was uninterested in the European matters.
 Spain, in spite of being one of the countries that had fight from the very
beginning against Naopleón, didn’t gain any of the benefits of the Congress
ofViena.
 Our country finished destroyed with the War of Indenpendence and it had a
secondary role in Europe.

 Liberals (i.e. Espronceda) and Afrancesados
(i.e. Goya) were persecuted and forced to
exile.
 Groups of liberals organised
pronunciamientos (Espoz y Mina in 1814,
Porlier in 1815 andTorrijos in 1817),
demanding that the Constitution be
reinstated.
 FerdinandVII harshly repressed these revolts.

Francisco de Goya
DeVicente LópezGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos- Goya
AFRANCESADOS
Francisco de Goya porVicente López

Espoz y Mina saliendo al exilio

 Foto de Espronceda y Goya.
 Foto de algún pronunciamiento.

 In 1820, a
pronunciamiento led by
Colonel Riego in
Cabezas de San Juan
(sevilla) succeeded.
 This was the beginning
of the so-called Liberal
Triennium (1820-1823).
 They reinstated the
Constitution of 1812. Rafael delRiego

 They reinstated the Constitution of 1812 and
allow exiled liberals to return and to hold
elections.
 Liberal representatives reintroduced the Cádiz
laws and created the National Militia, an
army of volunteers who defended liberalism.
 Ferdinand VII appealed to the Holy Alliance to
return to the Absolutism  Hundred
Thousand Sons of Saint Louis.

 Ferdinand VII approved a decree to cancel all
the legislation during theTriennium.
 The king returned again to the absolutism
and theAncien Régime.
 Inmediately, a repression against liberals
began. Riego was hung in November 1823 in
Madrid.

78
 In spite of repression, the liberal pronunciamientos
continued.
 One of the few positive factors during this ominous
decade was the reform of the Hacienda began by
the minister López Ballesteros. The reform got a
certain budget balance, maybe because of having
less military expenses after the independence of
the colonies.

79
Fusilamiento deTorrijos.Fusilamiento deTorrijos, tras su pronunciamiento

80
Exilio de Espoz y Mina en 1833.

 FerdinandVII had only
daughters.
 According to the Ley
Sálica (approved by
FelipeV), only men could
reign.
 In order to ensure his daughter Isabella’s reign after
his death, he issued the Pragmática Sanción, with
repealed Salic Law.
 Upon FerdinandVII’s death in 1833, a civil war
broke out, the CarlistWar.

85
 Several factors explain the beginning of the independent movements:
 The increasing unhappiness of the criollos, descendants of Spanish born in América,
who despite their weathness and culture didn’t have access to the most important
political positions in the colonies, reserved for peninsular men.
 The limitations of the freedom of trade in the colonies. These limitations prejudiced
the criolla bourgeoisie.
 The influence of the Illustration ideas and the example of the independence of the
United States of América.
 The political crisis produced by the Napoleonic invasion. The American citizens
didn’t want to recognise José I’s rule.

86
Two important phases:
 1808-1814
 The American territories declared independent from the Napoleonic
Spain, but they maintained their links with the authorities of Cádiz,
even sending representatives to the Cortes.
 When Ferdinand VII returned to the throne, all the colonies, except for
Argentina and Paraguay, returned to join to the Spanish Crown.
 1814-1824
 The return to the absolutism made that the criollos began to make
pronunciamientos and nationalist and independent movements. These
movements were helped by England and the United States.

87
 Between the liberal military leaders who led resistence movements in the
colonies were José de San Martín (Argentina-Chile),Antonio José de Sucre
(Venezuela,Colombia , Ecuador) and Simón Bolívar (Venezuela, Colombia
, Ecuador).
 They organised an army to lead the territories to independence.
 The Wars of Independence continued and they finished with the Spanish
defeat in Ayacucho in 1824.
 Cuba, Filipinas and Puerto Rico continued under the Spanish government.

89
Simón Bolívar
José de San Martín

90
 In 1821 Venezuela gained independence
after Bolivar’s victory in Carabobo (1821).
 So did México, where Agustín de Iturbide
named himself as an emperor (1822).
 In 1822, Ecuador joined to the Great
Colombia in the battle of Pichincha.
 The separation process finished with the
independence of Perú and Bolivia after the
battle of Ayacucho (1824) .

Spain in the 19th century

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