Unit 7 - The Unification of Italy and Germany
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The document summarizes the unification of Italy and Germany between 1815-1871. It describes how Italy was initially divided but united through the efforts of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, culminating in the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. It also outlines how Germany was originally divided into 39 states, and how Otto Von Bismark as Prime Minister of Prussia led three successful wars that unified most German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
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Otto von Bismarck helped unify Germany under Prussian rule in the late 19th century through deft diplomacy and warfare. As Chancellor of Prussia, he engineered wars against Denmark, Austria, and France that weakened these powers and increased Prussian influence. His manipulation of the Ems Dispatch helped spark the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in a united German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. Bismarck's policies of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik utilized both military might and political cunning to overcome resistance to unification and establish German dominance in central Europe.
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The Congress of Vienna was an 1815 international conference between Austria, Prussia, Russia, France, and Great Britain that aimed to reorganize Europe after Napoleon's defeat by dividing territories among the allies and establishing a balance of power to preserve peace. They sought to restore absolutism and prevent future French expansion by creating buffer states and abolishing liberalism.
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Bismarck faced opposition from liberal, democratic, and non-Prussian politicians as well as the growing Social Democratic Party and Catholic Centre Party. To address these problems, Bismarck repressed socialism, enacted social reforms, and pursued a Kulturkampf policy against Catholics. However, under the new Kaiser Wilhelm II, Bismarck's authoritarian style was no longer tolerated and his threats to resign were accepted in 1890.
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The documents discuss the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Italy was divided into many small states controlled by Austria and the Papal States. Nationalist figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped lead the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and his forces joined with northern Italian troops led by Cavour to drive out Austrian forces, resulting in a unified Italian state by 1871. Germany was divided until Otto von Bismarck used war and diplomacy to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
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Unit 7 - The Unification of Italy and Germany
- 1. Unit 7 The Unification of Italy and Germany Social Studies – ESO-4
- 2. 2 The Unification of Italy and Germany • Italy • Italy between 1815 and 1848 • Reasons for the revolutions in Italy • The creation of a united Italy (from 1848-1870) • The kingdom of Italy • Germany • Unification of Germany • Otto Von Bismark • Three wars → unification of Germany • The Danish war (1864) • The Austrian war (1864) • The Franco-Prussian war (1870-71)
- 3. 3 The Unification of Italy and Germany • 1848 revolts failed in Italy because: • Help was needed to defeat Austria • Italian revolutionaries were divided • Mazzini wanted a republic • Charles Albert wanted a democracy • Gioberti and others wanted a confederation
- 4. 4 The Unification of Italy and Germany • The creation of a united Italy - 1 • In 1849 → Piedmont → constitutional king → Victor Emmanuel II • Cavour was Prime Minister • He became Napoleon's ally against Austria (Pact of Plombieres) • They defeated the Austrians
- 5. 5 The Unification of Italy and Germany • The creation of a united Italy - 2 • Rebelions in northern Italy → new kingdom • Southern Italy → Garibaldi • Redshirts • Sicily and Naples • He went to Rome
- 6. 6 The Unification of Italy and Germany • The creation of a united Italy - 3 • In 1861 the first parliament met in Turin. • In 1866 Venetia became part of Italy too. • Rome wasn't part of Italy until 1929
- 7. 7 The Unification of Italy and Germany • Germany • In 1815 Germany was divided into 39 states • Bundestag → representatives of theses states • 1848 revolutions → two ideas • Kleindeutschland didn't include Austria • Grossdeutschland included Austria • In 1848 an attempt to unite Germany failed • In 1834 – free trade in Germany (Zolverein)
- 8. 8 The Unification of Italy and Germany • Otto Von Bismark • Elected Prime Minister by King William of Prussia • 3 wars brought about the unification • The Danish War (1864) • The Austrian War (1864) • The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
- 9. 9 The Unification of Italy and Germany • The war was a triumph • Alsace and Lorraine became German • William I became Emperor of Germany