The 19th century brought deep economic and social changes to Spain. The feudal system and estates disappeared as social classes and a capitalist economy emerged. However, industrialization came later than in other European countries, and by the late 19th century Spain remained predominantly agrarian. The population grew significantly during this period but mortality rates decreased less than elsewhere in Europe. Spanish society transitioned from an estate system to one defined by social classes, with a weak bourgeoisie and influential nobility. Overall, Spain experienced significant changes in this period but remained behind other European nations industrially and socially.
This document provides an overview of Spanish colonial policies and events in the 19th century and their effects in the Philippines. It discusses political instability in Spain which led to frequent changes in colonial administrators in the Philippines, negatively impacting policy formulation. It also describes corruption among governor generals and the negative effects of the Spanish political structure, racial discrimination, denial of human rights, maladministration of justice, and limited Philippine representation in Spanish government. The document analyzes how these colonial policies and events undermined good governance and exploited the Filipino people.
The economic situation in the Philippines did not greatly improve under Spanish rule. While some social and cultural changes were made, the economic benefits mainly went to Spanish colonizers rather than Filipinos. New systems like land ownership, tribute payments, and forced labor were introduced but oppressed Filipinos and slowed economic development. This exploitation of resources and people by Spain and the rich landowners contributed to the Philippine revolution for independence.
The political system of the Philippines in the 19th century was organized under one central Spanish government, uniting the country as one nation called "Filipinas" for the first time. The King of Spain was at the top, followed by the Viceroy of Mexico and then the Governor General of the Philippines. Local governments included provincial areas led by Alcalde Mayors, cities governed by city councils, and towns headed by Gobernadorcillos. This Spanish system established centralized rule and administrative divisions across the newly united Philippines.
The document provides an overview of the Philippines under Spanish rule from the 1600s to 1800s. It discusses the political, economic, and social changes introduced by the Spanish including the establishment of central and local governments, propagation of Catholicism, systems of labor like the encomienda and tribute, and the union of church and state. It also summarizes the slow economic development during this period which was hindered by factors like inefficient Spanish officials and internal quarrels.
1. During Spanish colonization of the Philippines, there was a social hierarchy with the Principalia class at the top. They were exempt from forced labor and held political positions.
2. Below them were the Ilustrados class, composed of educated native Filipinos and people of mixed heritage. They were exposed to liberal Spanish ideals.
3. The Chinese made up the lower class, though some worked in retail. They were encouraged to adopt Catholicism and Hispanic customs. Overall social classes underwent transformations as Filipinos adopted Spanish names, architecture, cuisine, dress, and religion.
economic and social conditon during spanish rulekeithy25
During Spanish rule:
1. Society was stratified, with Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) at the top, followed by Insulares (Spanish born in the Philippines who governed), Mestizos, Principalia (educated nobility), and Indios (natives) at the bottom.
2. Economically, the natives paid annual tribute taxes and were subject to the encomienda system of forced labor. Majority of goods were traded through the annual Manila-Acapulco galleon trade.
3. The colony relied on an annual subsidy from Mexico to prevent bankruptcy, until Mexican independence ended this in 1810. Economic organizations like the Royal Society of
The encomienda system assigned Spanish landowners responsibility over indigenous populations in a specific area. They were responsible for collecting tribute in the form of goods, labor, or taxes from the native population to support the Spanish crown and Catholic church. This system led to abuse and exploitation of the native population. It disrupted communities and traditional leadership structures.
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines had three main aims: spreading Catholicism, acquiring wealth through gold and trade, and increasing Spain's glory by building its empire. To govern its colonies, Spain established the Laws of the Indies, which imposed taxes on indigenous peoples and established systems of forced labor. The Spanish built churches, established religious orders, and introduced education to convert Filipinos to Christianity. They developed a political system headed by a Governor-General and including local governors. Overall, the Spanish colonial system aimed to assert control over the Philippines through religious, economic and political domination of indigenous peoples.
This document provides an overview of Spanish colonial policies and events in the 19th century and their effects in the Philippines. It discusses political instability in Spain which led to frequent changes in colonial administrators in the Philippines, negatively impacting policy formulation. It also describes corruption among governor generals and the negative effects of the Spanish political structure, racial discrimination, denial of human rights, maladministration of justice, and limited Philippine representation in Spanish government. The document analyzes how these colonial policies and events undermined good governance and exploited the Filipino people.
The economic situation in the Philippines did not greatly improve under Spanish rule. While some social and cultural changes were made, the economic benefits mainly went to Spanish colonizers rather than Filipinos. New systems like land ownership, tribute payments, and forced labor were introduced but oppressed Filipinos and slowed economic development. This exploitation of resources and people by Spain and the rich landowners contributed to the Philippine revolution for independence.
The political system of the Philippines in the 19th century was organized under one central Spanish government, uniting the country as one nation called "Filipinas" for the first time. The King of Spain was at the top, followed by the Viceroy of Mexico and then the Governor General of the Philippines. Local governments included provincial areas led by Alcalde Mayors, cities governed by city councils, and towns headed by Gobernadorcillos. This Spanish system established centralized rule and administrative divisions across the newly united Philippines.
The document provides an overview of the Philippines under Spanish rule from the 1600s to 1800s. It discusses the political, economic, and social changes introduced by the Spanish including the establishment of central and local governments, propagation of Catholicism, systems of labor like the encomienda and tribute, and the union of church and state. It also summarizes the slow economic development during this period which was hindered by factors like inefficient Spanish officials and internal quarrels.
1. During Spanish colonization of the Philippines, there was a social hierarchy with the Principalia class at the top. They were exempt from forced labor and held political positions.
2. Below them were the Ilustrados class, composed of educated native Filipinos and people of mixed heritage. They were exposed to liberal Spanish ideals.
3. The Chinese made up the lower class, though some worked in retail. They were encouraged to adopt Catholicism and Hispanic customs. Overall social classes underwent transformations as Filipinos adopted Spanish names, architecture, cuisine, dress, and religion.
economic and social conditon during spanish rulekeithy25
During Spanish rule:
1. Society was stratified, with Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) at the top, followed by Insulares (Spanish born in the Philippines who governed), Mestizos, Principalia (educated nobility), and Indios (natives) at the bottom.
2. Economically, the natives paid annual tribute taxes and were subject to the encomienda system of forced labor. Majority of goods were traded through the annual Manila-Acapulco galleon trade.
3. The colony relied on an annual subsidy from Mexico to prevent bankruptcy, until Mexican independence ended this in 1810. Economic organizations like the Royal Society of
The encomienda system assigned Spanish landowners responsibility over indigenous populations in a specific area. They were responsible for collecting tribute in the form of goods, labor, or taxes from the native population to support the Spanish crown and Catholic church. This system led to abuse and exploitation of the native population. It disrupted communities and traditional leadership structures.
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines had three main aims: spreading Catholicism, acquiring wealth through gold and trade, and increasing Spain's glory by building its empire. To govern its colonies, Spain established the Laws of the Indies, which imposed taxes on indigenous peoples and established systems of forced labor. The Spanish built churches, established religious orders, and introduced education to convert Filipinos to Christianity. They developed a political system headed by a Governor-General and including local governors. Overall, the Spanish colonial system aimed to assert control over the Philippines through religious, economic and political domination of indigenous peoples.
The document discusses the major challenges and responses during the 19th century when Jose Rizal lived. It identifies 6 important changes: 1) the struggle for nationalism, 2) the spread of democracy, 3) the Industrial Revolution and modernization, 4) advances in science, 5) the rise of imperialism, and 6) new currents in thought and growing confidence in progress. It provides historical context on these changes and discusses responses to the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution from liberals, socialists, communists, and the Catholic Church. The document emphasizes the growing confidence in scientific and democratic progress during this era.
The document provides context about the 19th century world that Jose Rizal lived in. It describes the growth of nationalism and liberalism in Europe which influenced the Philippines. Spain's colonial rule over the Philippines during this time was characterized by political instability in Spain, an inefficient colonial administration, and a feudal social structure that divided society. Education was limited and controlled by the Catholic friars. This historical context is essential to understanding the forces that shaped Filipino nationalism and Rizal's role in advocating for reforms and Philippine independence.
Under Spanish colonial rule in the 19th century, the Philippines had an inefficient and corrupt centralized administration system with the governor-general wielding absolute powers. The society was feudal and based on racial discrimination, with Peninsulares at the top of the social hierarchy. Education was limited, religion-oriented and aimed at promoting Spanish culture. While the 1863 decree expanded access, schools remained inadequate and under friar control.
The Theory of Nationalism (BROVO) Report Presentation.pdfAliBrovo
Dr. Jose Rizal's theory of nationalism promoted the interests of the nation and achieving self-governance. Nationalism is shaped by national identity including culture, language, and religion. Rizal was one of the Filipino elite who demanded reforms from Spain, including Filipinization of churches and equal rights. His writings emphasized the importance of the Tagalog language and impacted the native people's desire for freedom from Spanish abuses. Rizal imagined and planned for a nation of Filipinos in his writings.
The document discusses the history of agrarian reform in the Philippines over 100 years. It began during Spanish colonization when lands were granted to royal families, ignoring local customs. Under American rule, private land ownership was established through various acts. The 1935 constitution aimed to establish tenant-landlord relationships through profit sharing laws. Subsequent administrations established different land reform laws, with the goal of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law in 1988 to distribute lands to farmers. However, problems have prevented full implementation including lack of political will, funds, and circumvention of the laws.
The philippines under spanish colonial regimeManuel Daria
The Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines aimed to control and exploit its natural resources. It established an onerous system of taxation, forced labor, and trade monopolies that distorted the economy. The Spanish introduced Catholicism and imposed their language and culture on education available primarily to the wealthy elite. While infrastructure and trade improved later, the Spanish rule overall exploited Filipinos for three centuries through policies of extraction, cultural imposition, and limited opportunities for advancement.
Under Spanish colonial rule:
- The Spanish focused on Catholicism and expanding their Asian empire rather than practical economic development. As a result, the Philippines saw slow economic progress.
- Some economic changes introduced by Spain included a new land ownership system, tribute and forced labor policies, abolition of slavery, introduction of new crops and industries, and establishment of banks and trade networks.
- However, many Filipinos remained unhappy with Spanish taxation practices and oppression, which stunted greater economic growth and development under colonial rule.
The document discusses forced labor practices imposed on Filipinos by Spanish colonial officials in the Philippines. While policies were introduced to protect Filipino laborers from exploitation by ensuring payment, limiting work to local areas and seasons, and exempting the physically incapable, in reality Filipinos experienced exploitation through unpaid wages, separation from families, lack of food, and overwork. They were also compelled to pay tribute fees or taxes to the Spanish government.
Rizal's essay "The Indolence of the Filipinos" analyzes the alleged idleness of the Filipino people during the Spanish colonization. Rizal argues that prior to Spanish arrival, Filipinos were industrious. However, Spanish policies led to the decline of Filipino economic activities and industries for several reasons: the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off foreign trade relations; forced labor led Filipinos to abandon agriculture and commerce; lack of protection led to destruction of lands and nomadism; and an exploitative system of high taxes left little incentive to work. Overall, Rizal seeks to demonstrate that indolence in the Philippines was not inherent, but rather imposed by
The Spanish conquest of the Philippines began in 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed the first governor-general by King Philip II of Spain. Legazpi established Manila as the capital and defeated Rajah Suliman, whose forces had previously ruled Manila. Through the use of strategies like the "sword and cross" representing religion and force, establishing central communities called reducciones, and the ritual blood compact, the Spanish were able to begin asserting control over the islands and native populations. Over time they established systems of tribute, taxation, and forced labor to extract resources and consolidate their colonial rule.
Philippine History- Social Status during Spanish Era-last years of Spanish co...anne sarmiento
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish rule established a complex social hierarchy. The principalia class, composed of local leaders, were exempt from forced labor and granted certain political rights. The ilustrados constituted the educated Filipino middle class exposed to liberal Spanish ideals in the late 19th century. Indigenous Filipinos were at the bottom of the social pyramid as indios, while Spaniards held the most power either born in the Philippines or Spain. The Spanish also introduced economic reforms and industries that developed the Philippines' economy and trade, while social changes like education and architecture reflected Spanish colonial influence over three centuries.
The document discusses the history of Chinese people in the Philippines and their influence. It notes that Chinese merchants arrived in the 1300s and the Spanish later established Binondo in 1594 as a settlement for Chinese mestizos near Intramuros. Many Philippine revolutionaries had Chinese ancestry, including Rizal. By the 1800s, Chinese mestizos held significant economic roles and began opposing Spanish rule. The document also discusses agrarian disputes, including over the Hacienda de Calamba that Rizal's family suffered from.
The document summarizes the history of ownership and conflicts over Hacienda de Calamba. It describes the Spanish laymen who originally owned the land, Don Manuel Jauregui and Don Clemente de Azansa. In 1883, tensions arose when Dominican friars began collecting rents without issuing receipts. Farmers, led by Maximo Viola, sought help from Jose Rizal, who had returned from Europe. Rizal investigated and advised farmers to stop payments. He filed a petition against the Dominican friars with several governing bodies, but experienced despair that prompted him to write his novel "El Filibusterismo."
The Manila Galleon trade began in 1565 as a commercial route between Asia and America controlled by Spain for over 300 years. Augustinian friar Andres de Urdaneta discovered an ocean route from the Philippines to Mexico, establishing the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route. Over 110 galleons sailed this route annually, transporting goods and people between Manila and Acapulco until the trade ended in 1815 due to Mexican independence. The galleon trade connected the Philippines to the Spanish empire and drew the islands into the global economy, while also introducing crops, animals and culture between Asia and the Americas.
The document discusses Indian, Chinese, and Japanese influences on early Philippine culture and society prior to Spanish colonization. It describes how Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia through trade networks, colonization, and the travels of Malays. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit empires introduced Indian religion, customs, and language to the region. While Indianized, the Philippines itself was never ruled by these empires. It also discusses cultural exchanges with China beginning in the 10th century, including technology, dress, food, customs, and some loan words. Finally, it notes Japanese settlement in northern Philippines and their introduction of industries like tool-making and fish/duck breeding.
Agrarian land reform program (roxas aquino)Marvin Morales
This document provides details about agrarian reform programs and key events in the Philippines from 1946 to present. It discusses the programs and accomplishments of different presidential administrations in addressing land reform issues such as tenant rights, land distribution, and support services for farmers. While progress was made, many programs faced challenges of limited funding, lack of support facilities for farmers, and noncompliance from landlords that hindered the success of land redistribution efforts.
Under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, the Governor General had executive, legislative, judicial, military, and ecclesiastical powers as the sole representative of the Spanish crown. The Royal Audiencia acted as the Supreme Court and checked the Governor General's power, investigating corrupt officials. Local governance was carried out by encomenderos, alcalde mayores, and gobernadorcillos, who administered provinces, towns, and cities but often abused the native populations. The Spanish imposed heavy taxes on Filipinos and utilized systems like bandala and polo y servicios that amounted to forced labor.
This document discusses basic concepts about weather and climate. It defines weather as the current atmospheric conditions in a place, while climate refers to typical weather patterns over a longer period of 30 years. It describes various elements that affect weather and climate, such as temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, winds, and ocean currents. It provides examples of how these elements are measured and influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea.
Arquitectura y urbanismo de la 2ª mitad del S.XIXpapefons Fons
Este documento resume la arquitectura y urbanismo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Se introdujeron nuevos materiales como el hierro, el vidrio y el cemento, lo que permitió construir infraestructuras como estaciones de tren, puentes y fábricas. Arquitectos como Labrouste y Paxton utilizaron estos materiales de forma innovadora. Además, surgió la Escuela de Chicago como solución intermedia entre ingeniería y arquitectura para la construcción rápida de rascacielos. Finalmente, se propusieron nuevos
The document discusses the major challenges and responses during the 19th century when Jose Rizal lived. It identifies 6 important changes: 1) the struggle for nationalism, 2) the spread of democracy, 3) the Industrial Revolution and modernization, 4) advances in science, 5) the rise of imperialism, and 6) new currents in thought and growing confidence in progress. It provides historical context on these changes and discusses responses to the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution from liberals, socialists, communists, and the Catholic Church. The document emphasizes the growing confidence in scientific and democratic progress during this era.
The document provides context about the 19th century world that Jose Rizal lived in. It describes the growth of nationalism and liberalism in Europe which influenced the Philippines. Spain's colonial rule over the Philippines during this time was characterized by political instability in Spain, an inefficient colonial administration, and a feudal social structure that divided society. Education was limited and controlled by the Catholic friars. This historical context is essential to understanding the forces that shaped Filipino nationalism and Rizal's role in advocating for reforms and Philippine independence.
Under Spanish colonial rule in the 19th century, the Philippines had an inefficient and corrupt centralized administration system with the governor-general wielding absolute powers. The society was feudal and based on racial discrimination, with Peninsulares at the top of the social hierarchy. Education was limited, religion-oriented and aimed at promoting Spanish culture. While the 1863 decree expanded access, schools remained inadequate and under friar control.
The Theory of Nationalism (BROVO) Report Presentation.pdfAliBrovo
Dr. Jose Rizal's theory of nationalism promoted the interests of the nation and achieving self-governance. Nationalism is shaped by national identity including culture, language, and religion. Rizal was one of the Filipino elite who demanded reforms from Spain, including Filipinization of churches and equal rights. His writings emphasized the importance of the Tagalog language and impacted the native people's desire for freedom from Spanish abuses. Rizal imagined and planned for a nation of Filipinos in his writings.
The document discusses the history of agrarian reform in the Philippines over 100 years. It began during Spanish colonization when lands were granted to royal families, ignoring local customs. Under American rule, private land ownership was established through various acts. The 1935 constitution aimed to establish tenant-landlord relationships through profit sharing laws. Subsequent administrations established different land reform laws, with the goal of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law in 1988 to distribute lands to farmers. However, problems have prevented full implementation including lack of political will, funds, and circumvention of the laws.
The philippines under spanish colonial regimeManuel Daria
The Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines aimed to control and exploit its natural resources. It established an onerous system of taxation, forced labor, and trade monopolies that distorted the economy. The Spanish introduced Catholicism and imposed their language and culture on education available primarily to the wealthy elite. While infrastructure and trade improved later, the Spanish rule overall exploited Filipinos for three centuries through policies of extraction, cultural imposition, and limited opportunities for advancement.
Under Spanish colonial rule:
- The Spanish focused on Catholicism and expanding their Asian empire rather than practical economic development. As a result, the Philippines saw slow economic progress.
- Some economic changes introduced by Spain included a new land ownership system, tribute and forced labor policies, abolition of slavery, introduction of new crops and industries, and establishment of banks and trade networks.
- However, many Filipinos remained unhappy with Spanish taxation practices and oppression, which stunted greater economic growth and development under colonial rule.
The document discusses forced labor practices imposed on Filipinos by Spanish colonial officials in the Philippines. While policies were introduced to protect Filipino laborers from exploitation by ensuring payment, limiting work to local areas and seasons, and exempting the physically incapable, in reality Filipinos experienced exploitation through unpaid wages, separation from families, lack of food, and overwork. They were also compelled to pay tribute fees or taxes to the Spanish government.
Rizal's essay "The Indolence of the Filipinos" analyzes the alleged idleness of the Filipino people during the Spanish colonization. Rizal argues that prior to Spanish arrival, Filipinos were industrious. However, Spanish policies led to the decline of Filipino economic activities and industries for several reasons: the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off foreign trade relations; forced labor led Filipinos to abandon agriculture and commerce; lack of protection led to destruction of lands and nomadism; and an exploitative system of high taxes left little incentive to work. Overall, Rizal seeks to demonstrate that indolence in the Philippines was not inherent, but rather imposed by
The Spanish conquest of the Philippines began in 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed the first governor-general by King Philip II of Spain. Legazpi established Manila as the capital and defeated Rajah Suliman, whose forces had previously ruled Manila. Through the use of strategies like the "sword and cross" representing religion and force, establishing central communities called reducciones, and the ritual blood compact, the Spanish were able to begin asserting control over the islands and native populations. Over time they established systems of tribute, taxation, and forced labor to extract resources and consolidate their colonial rule.
Philippine History- Social Status during Spanish Era-last years of Spanish co...anne sarmiento
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish rule established a complex social hierarchy. The principalia class, composed of local leaders, were exempt from forced labor and granted certain political rights. The ilustrados constituted the educated Filipino middle class exposed to liberal Spanish ideals in the late 19th century. Indigenous Filipinos were at the bottom of the social pyramid as indios, while Spaniards held the most power either born in the Philippines or Spain. The Spanish also introduced economic reforms and industries that developed the Philippines' economy and trade, while social changes like education and architecture reflected Spanish colonial influence over three centuries.
The document discusses the history of Chinese people in the Philippines and their influence. It notes that Chinese merchants arrived in the 1300s and the Spanish later established Binondo in 1594 as a settlement for Chinese mestizos near Intramuros. Many Philippine revolutionaries had Chinese ancestry, including Rizal. By the 1800s, Chinese mestizos held significant economic roles and began opposing Spanish rule. The document also discusses agrarian disputes, including over the Hacienda de Calamba that Rizal's family suffered from.
The document summarizes the history of ownership and conflicts over Hacienda de Calamba. It describes the Spanish laymen who originally owned the land, Don Manuel Jauregui and Don Clemente de Azansa. In 1883, tensions arose when Dominican friars began collecting rents without issuing receipts. Farmers, led by Maximo Viola, sought help from Jose Rizal, who had returned from Europe. Rizal investigated and advised farmers to stop payments. He filed a petition against the Dominican friars with several governing bodies, but experienced despair that prompted him to write his novel "El Filibusterismo."
The Manila Galleon trade began in 1565 as a commercial route between Asia and America controlled by Spain for over 300 years. Augustinian friar Andres de Urdaneta discovered an ocean route from the Philippines to Mexico, establishing the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route. Over 110 galleons sailed this route annually, transporting goods and people between Manila and Acapulco until the trade ended in 1815 due to Mexican independence. The galleon trade connected the Philippines to the Spanish empire and drew the islands into the global economy, while also introducing crops, animals and culture between Asia and the Americas.
The document discusses Indian, Chinese, and Japanese influences on early Philippine culture and society prior to Spanish colonization. It describes how Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia through trade networks, colonization, and the travels of Malays. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit empires introduced Indian religion, customs, and language to the region. While Indianized, the Philippines itself was never ruled by these empires. It also discusses cultural exchanges with China beginning in the 10th century, including technology, dress, food, customs, and some loan words. Finally, it notes Japanese settlement in northern Philippines and their introduction of industries like tool-making and fish/duck breeding.
Agrarian land reform program (roxas aquino)Marvin Morales
This document provides details about agrarian reform programs and key events in the Philippines from 1946 to present. It discusses the programs and accomplishments of different presidential administrations in addressing land reform issues such as tenant rights, land distribution, and support services for farmers. While progress was made, many programs faced challenges of limited funding, lack of support facilities for farmers, and noncompliance from landlords that hindered the success of land redistribution efforts.
Under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, the Governor General had executive, legislative, judicial, military, and ecclesiastical powers as the sole representative of the Spanish crown. The Royal Audiencia acted as the Supreme Court and checked the Governor General's power, investigating corrupt officials. Local governance was carried out by encomenderos, alcalde mayores, and gobernadorcillos, who administered provinces, towns, and cities but often abused the native populations. The Spanish imposed heavy taxes on Filipinos and utilized systems like bandala and polo y servicios that amounted to forced labor.
This document discusses basic concepts about weather and climate. It defines weather as the current atmospheric conditions in a place, while climate refers to typical weather patterns over a longer period of 30 years. It describes various elements that affect weather and climate, such as temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, winds, and ocean currents. It provides examples of how these elements are measured and influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea.
Arquitectura y urbanismo de la 2ª mitad del S.XIXpapefons Fons
Este documento resume la arquitectura y urbanismo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Se introdujeron nuevos materiales como el hierro, el vidrio y el cemento, lo que permitió construir infraestructuras como estaciones de tren, puentes y fábricas. Arquitectos como Labrouste y Paxton utilizaron estos materiales de forma innovadora. Además, surgió la Escuela de Chicago como solución intermedia entre ingeniería y arquitectura para la construcción rápida de rascacielos. Finalmente, se propusieron nuevos
La construcción del Estado liberal en España (1833-1868)papefons Fons
El documento describe el periodo entre 1833 y 1868 en España, cuando se disolvió el Antiguo Régimen y se estableció un Estado liberal. Fue un tiempo convulso con la primera guerra carlista, constantes cambios de gobierno por decisión de los monarcas en lugar del Parlamento, y creciente descontento popular. Se produjo la construcción del Estado liberal a través de la regencia de María Cristina, la desamortización eclesiástica y el establecimiento de las primeras instituciones democráticas, aunque el poder real seguía siendo
After the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in the 1860s, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo led the restoration of the monarchy in the 1870s. He established a stable, conservative political system with two main parties - the Conservative and Liberal parties - that accepted the monarchy and alternated in power. However, opposition forces like republicans and workers' organizations grew as well. The late 19th century saw conflicts like the Cuban War of Independence and demands to reform and modernize Spain in response to losses like the Spanish-American War of 1898.
El documento resume las principales características y corrientes artísticas desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Experimentaron con nuevas técnicas y materiales, cuestionaron el cuadro tradicional y valoraron el proceso creativo sobre el resultado. Surgieron movimientos como el expresionismo abstracto, con Pollock y sus dripping paintings, el minimalismo y el arte conceptual, que buscaban la esencia de la forma con elementos geométricos y materiales industriales.
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
The document summarizes the political events in Spain between 1868 and 1874, known as the Democratic Sexennio. Key events include:
- The 1868 Glorious Revolution overthrew Queen Isabella II and established a provisional government.
- A new constitution in 1869 created a constitutional monarchy but the chosen King Amadeo I had little support.
- A republic was proclaimed in 1873 but struggled due to military conspiracies, the ongoing Cuban war, and a Carlist uprising.
- The republic fragmented during 1873-74 as many cities declared independence, until a coup restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII in 1874.
The Industrial Revolution and the Labour Movementpapefons Fons
Causes, stages and consequences of the Industrial Revolution, the origins of the Labour Movement, political ideologies related to workers and the International Workinmens´ Association.
The document discusses several key aspects of the tertiary sector of the economy and trade. It begins by explaining that the tertiary sector includes service-based activities like trade, transportation, tourism, banking, and more. It notes that developed countries have over 70% of their population working in this sector. It then covers different types of trade, including wholesale and retail trade, as well as imports and exports between countries. The document discusses factors like transportation revolutions, free trade agreements, and impacts of globalization on developing countries. It also outlines tourism as an economic activity and its positive and negative impacts on local economies.
Ferdinand VII´s and Isabella II´s reignpapefons Fons
This document summarizes the history of Spain from 1814 to 1868, covering the restoration of absolutism under Ferdinand VII, the liberal triennium, the ominous decade, and the reign of Isabella II. Key events include Ferdinand VII revoking the liberal constitution and restoring absolutism in 1814, Colonel Riego's uprising in 1820 that reestablished the constitution for three years, the French intervention in 1823 that crushed the liberals and restored the king's power, and the carlist wars during the 1830s that opposed supporters of the new queen Isabella II against those who wanted Carlos to be king instead. The document also outlines the political divisions between liberals, moderates, and progressives during
The Origins of Capitalism and its Connection with the Industrial Revolutionlennyambrosini
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe between the 12th-18th centuries. Under feudalism, peasants worked the land in exchange for shelter and were forced to give part of their harvest as rent to lords. The emergence of merchant capitalism and increased trade led to the rise of a new merchant class and the decline of feudal systems. Peasants were evicted from land as it was enclosed for sheep farming. Without land, they became wage laborers in cities and new industries like textiles. This marked the transition to a capitalist system defined by two main social classes - industrial capitalists and the working class.
La ciudad medieval / Medieval towns / Late Middle AgesMencar Car
The document summarizes key developments in medieval towns and society during the late Middle Ages:
1. Towns experienced a revival beginning in the 12th century, spurred by improved farming techniques that reduced the need for peasant labor and increased commerce. This led to population growth and a rise of the bourgeoisie class.
2. Trade flourished with the development of markets, fairs, banking, and new payment methods. Guilds organized artisan work and international trade routes developed.
3. Within towns, the bourgeoisie gained power and independence from feudal control. Royal authority also increased as kings established parliaments and gained support from towns against the nobility in exchange for legal privileges.
The desamortización laws in Spain took land away from the Church and municipalities and sold it at auction, leading to the formation of large estates called latifundios. While some agricultural improvements occurred, the laws did not significantly stimulate the economy as the wealthy invested in land instead of other enterprises. The industrial revolution also had a limited impact in Spain due to a small middle class, lack of initiative, and political instability. The mining industry expanded, but commerce developed slowly due to limited domestic demand and loss of colonial export markets.
The industrial Revolution inSpain took place later than in countries in northern Europe. Spain's Industrialisation was characterised by the excessive importance of agriculture in economy and social dominance of the rural elite in politics.
The document describes developments in Europe during the medieval period from the 11th-15th centuries. It discusses improvements to farming technology that allowed increased food production and population growth. This led to migration to new lands and towns. Trade also recovered which expanded economies. At the same time, monarchies grew more powerful through expanding territories via war and alliances. This weakened their dependence on feudal lords and increased conflicts with the Catholic Church and other kingdoms like the Hundred Years War. In the 14th century, a demographic and economic crisis occurred due to overpopulation, famine from crop failures and plague epidemics, leading to social unrest and peasant revolts. Urban culture continued developing with new Gothic architectural styles used for cathedrals,
This document provides a historical overview of Ruby, Spain from prehistoric times to modern day. It describes early Paleolithic sites from 300,000 years ago showing tools used by hominids. It discusses the Iberian culture in Ruby in the 5th century BC and the Romanization period. The document then outlines the medieval period, the industrial revolution bringing cotton weaving, and immigrants returning from the Americas in the 19th century. It provides details on the local government established in the medieval period and population decline in the 16th-18th centuries. Finally, it notes that in the 21st century Ruby has become a full city with growth and immigration from diverse locations globally and within Spain.
Agricultural improvements led to population growth and the rise of cities in medieval Europe. As cities expanded, trade increased between growing urban centers along major routes like the Mediterranean and Baltic seas. Stronger monarchies also developed as kings gained support from prosperous cities in exchange for autonomy, collecting more taxes to fund royal armies and governments. Guilds organized craftsmen in cities and helped regulate skilled trades that supplied the growing urban markets.
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1) In the early 18th century, King Philip V introduced a new poll tax called the "catastro" to punish Catalonia after the War of Spanish Succession. The tax was disproportionately high and caused fiscal pressure and economic drain for Catalonia over decades.
2) In the 19th century, the debate between protectionism and free trade began affecting relations between Catalonia and Spain. Catalan industrialists favored protectionism while centralist policies opened Spain's borders, threatening Catalonia's cotton industry.
3) By the late 19th century, Catalonia contributed disproportionately to Spanish taxes while receiving little public investment. Barcelona province alone paid more taxes than several other Spanish regions combined. Civil disobed
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This document discusses the rise of agriculture and urbanization in Europe between 1700-1850. Key points include:
- Agricultural innovations like crop rotation and selective breeding increased food production and helped feed Europe's growing population. However, this also displaced many small farmers.
- Displaced farmers and others moved to cities to find work in emerging industries, fueling rapid urban growth. Major cities like London and Paris saw their populations double or triple during this time period.
- New social classes emerged in cities, including wealthy elites, a middle class of merchants and professionals, artisans and craftspeople, and a growing urban poor living in poor conditions. Conflict sometimes arose between these groups.
- Agricultural improvements
Barcelona is the capital and largest city of Catalonia, with a population of 4.7 million people. The document discusses the history of Spain in the 19th century when Antoni Gaudi was born and lived, including periods of civil war, rebellions, World War 1 neutrality, and economic and social changes. It also describes two major international exhibitions held in Barcelona in 1888 and 1929, and the resulting architecture including the National Palace building now housing the National Art Museum of Catalonia.
- Agricultural economy declined in 15th century Europe due to factors like famines, plagues, and wars. This led to a rise in wages and living standards while negatively impacting the ruling class.
- Old trading centers declined as new economic hubs emerged near trade routes. Merchant guilds formed and fought for control of trade routes.
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The Age Of Industrialization Class 10thNehaRohtagi1
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1) The landed aristocracy in Britain declined as an economic force from 1850 to 1914 as industrialists rose to prominence. Some aristocrats invested in industry to remain wealthy.
2) During the industrial era, society stratified into social classes including the bourgeoisie, working proletariat, and landed aristocracy. Living and working conditions improved for workers after 1850 but inequality remained.
3) Rapid urbanization in Europe from 1800-1914 saw populations shift from rural to urban areas, straining infrastructure and living standards until public health reforms in the late 1800s.
This document discusses the history of migration in Spain in two periods: 1) From the 16th-19th centuries when Spain was a source of emigrants leaving for economic reasons, especially to America, and 2) From the 1970s to present day when Spain became a destination for immigrants due to its economic growth. It also describes the internal migration within Spain from rural to urban areas from the 19th century to the 1970s. Currently over 6 million foreigners live in Spain, accounting for 11% of the population. This immigration has boosted Spain's economy but its population is still aging with a negative natural growth rate.
The industrial revolution began in Britain between 1750-1830 due to certain social conditions that were ideal for industrialization. Britain had a large, educated workforce from urbanization, a flexible middle class with political power and money to invest, and a government supportive of commerce. The growth of population and exports increased demand for goods, while technological innovations and new sources of power like steam allowed for factory production. As a result, Britain experienced rapid economic and social changes including the rise of industrial centers, a new class system divided between capitalists and workers, and shifting lifestyles as production moved to factories.
The industrial revolution began in Britain between 1750-1830 due to certain social conditions that were ideal for industrialization. Britain had a large educated workforce from its education system, a population ready to work in cities, and a flexible government and middle class. Britain also had significant coal deposits to fuel industry and a large colonial empire that served as a captive market for its manufactured goods. The industrial revolution transformed Britain's largely rural, agricultural society into an urban, industrial one and greatly increased economic productivity but also led to the rise of new social classes and changes in family life and living standards.
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2. The 19th century was a period of
deep economic and social changes in
Spain. The Ancien Régime, the
estates, privileges and feudalism
disappeared and social classes and a
capitalist economy developed. But
industrialization arrived later than in
the rest of Europe and at the end of
the 19th century Spain continued to
be a predominantly agrarian
country, agriculture had barely
modernized and many peasants had
a miserable life. Social differences
were bigger in Spain than in other
European countries.
Builders and stockholders of the first commercial
railway line, Barcelona-Mataró, in 1848
3. There was a big increase in population in the 19th century, from 11.5 to 18.5 millions, but less
than in other European countries, because mortality rates didn’t decrease as much as in other
countries. The biggest growth took place in Madrid and the coastal regions.
DEMOGRAPHY
4. Evolution of the population in Spain
in the 19th century
Evolution of the population in Spain throughout
time
5. Most affected regions by the 1885 cholera epidemics
Even if mortality decreased in the 19th century,
there were still some episodes of lethal
epidemics, like the cholera (yellow fever)
epidemics in 1885, which killed 120,000 people
mainly in the Mediterranean regions
Spanish population pyramid in
1900 reflects the population
growth in the base , as a
consequence of the decrease in
mortality rates
6. Population growth, the improvements
introduced in the countryside and the
better job opportunities in cities
encouraged the rural exodus
(emigration of many peasants to cities)
and the beginning of the urbanization
process (concentration of the
population in cities)
However, at the end of the 19th
century 70% of the population were
still peasants and the lives of most of
them were very hard.
Urbanization process
7. The main destinations of emigrants
were Latin America and Algeria. The
regions that lost more population were
the ones that offered more opportunities
to migrate, for example, where there
were companies that sold cheap ship
tickets (Asturias, Galicia, Cantabria…)
Regions with a highest percentage of emigrants (1885- 1930)
The economic crisis at the end of the
century and the lack of job opportunities
obliged many people to migrate to
other countries.
Emigrants embarking at La Coruña harbour
8. Spanish emigrants arriving in Cuba at the
beginning of the 20th century
Around 4 million people emigrated to
other countries between the last decades
of the 19th century and 1930. Most of the
emigrants were peasants
9. AGRICULTURE
In the Ancien Régime most of the land
belonged to the privileged:
-Nobles’ lands were entailed
-the lands of the Church and the
municipalities were mortmain (their
owners were barred from transferring or
selling them).
This meant that land couldn’t be
alienated even if its owners accumulated
debts.
In addition, peasants were obliged to pay
rents to their lords in order to be able to
cultivate the lands. In the 18th century the
enlightened thinkers insisted on the
necessity of putting an end to this
situation.
10. With the liberal revolution, feudalism
was abolished: the seigneurial system
disappeared, the entailed lands were
disentailed and the mortmain properties
were eliminated with confiscations. In
Spain this process developed mainly from
1836 onwards and was present during
almost every progressive government:
-Mendizábal Ecclesiastical confiscations
(1836-1837)
-Madoz Civil Confiscations (1855)
Madoz confiscations official bulletin,
announcing the sale of public properties
11. Several religious institutions (the Inquisition, the Society of Jesus, monasteries and convents
with less than 12 members) were dissolved and their properties were nationalized and sold at
public auction in order to reduce the public deficit and get credit to finance the Carlist War
expenses. The lands sold were bought by those who had money to do it and those who owned
State debt titles: bourgeois, businessmen, rich peasants. Peasants without land couldn’t buy
them. The operation was a good business for the State, because it allowed the reduction of
public deficit and provided them with funds to finance the war (500 million reales in cash and a
reduction of 5,000 million reales in public debt. Half of the State deficit was cancelled)
MENDIZÁBAL ECCLESIASTICAL CONFISCATIONS
12. The properties owned by the State, the clergy,
the municipalities (public properties and
communal lands), military orders, hospitals,
hospices and charity houses were nationalized
and sold at public auction to get funds to reduce
the State deficit and promote public works,
mainly the construction of the railway network.
The main difference with respect to Mendizábal’s
confiscation was that the land had to be paid in
cash, although it could be paid in installments.
The State collected around 5,400 million reales,
¼ of which was destined to pay railway
subsidies. Again, the lands were bought by the
bourgeois. These confiscations seriously
damaged the municipalities, because up to then
they got resources from the rental of the lands,
and the poorest peasants, who completed their
incomes with what they got from the communal
lands. The municipalities had to increase the
taxes to their citizens in order to get resources
and many peasants who had survived working in
the communal lands had to become labourers or
migrate to cities (proletarianization process).
MADOZ CIVIL CONFISCATIONS
13. Around half of the cultivable lands in
Spain were involved in the confiscations’
process.
The lands that had been excluded from the
market up to that moment could be sold
and bought by people who had resources
and were interested in getting profits. But
most of the peasants couldn’t buy land
and became labourers (around 54% of
peasants were labourers in 1860 and there
were provinces, like Cádiz or Seville, with
75% of labourers). Social differences
increased, especially in the South. In this
way, the new landowners could have big
amounts of available workforce to
cultivate their lands and they didn’t invest
in machines to modernize the agrarian
tasks. Although the cultivated land
experienced an important growth,
productivity continued to be low. As most
of the peasants continued to be poor, they
didn’t have enough resources to buy
industrial products and this damaged the
industrial development of the country.
14. Summary of all
the laws related
to the land from
the Cortes of
Cádiz to 1868
Number of rural and urban estates
affected by the confiscations
15. Spanish property structure was
uneven:
-Smallholdings were predominant in
the Northern Sub-Plateau and
Galicia, which made mechanization
difficult. Yield was low.
-Large estates (latifundia) were
predominant in Extremadura,
Andalusia and Castile-La Mancha:
they were worked by labourers with
very low salaries.
- Only in some areas like Valencia,
Catalonia, the Cantabrian corniche
and La Rioja the property structure
was more balanced, although many
peasants were not the owners of the
lands, but tenants.
PROPERTY STRUCTURE
16. The main success of the liberal revolution in the
countryside was the growth of the land
cultivated and the increase of production.
Subsistence crises continued to appear cyclically,
but became less and less frequent.
Main crops:
-Wheat was the main crop in the Central Plateau.
As yield was low, its price was higher than
foreign wheat and producers demanded
protectionist measures (higher tariffs) to protect
their products from foreign competition.
-Potatoes and corn were the main crops in the
North
-vineyards in Catalonia and La Rioja
-olive trees in Andalusia
-citrus fruit and vegetables in Valencia and
Murcia.
Some products, like oranges, wine and olive oil
started being exported, which favoured crop
specialization in certain regions.
Women classifying oranges in a warehouse at the
end of the 19th century
Vintagers from Haro (La Rioja) at the end of the 19th
century
17. In the last third of the 19th century
there was a great crisis in the
countryside, due to competition of
cheaper foreign products (cereals
from America) and the phylloxera
plague in vineyards. Many peasants
lost their jobs and increased the
number of emigrants to other
countries. Cereal producers
demanded a protectionist policy from
the State and formed a united front
with the industrialists. This meant a
change in the tariff policy followed by
the governments.
Expansion of the phylloxera in Andalusia
18. Stockbreeding was also affected after
the abolition of the Mesta privileges
and the expansion of the cultivated
land. The big transhumant sheep herds
reduced and so did pastures. In
contrast, other types of stockbreeding
increased: porcine for meat and equine
and mule stockbreeding increased,
related to the replacement of oxen for
mules in agriculture. Cattle fair in Seville, 19th century
The origin of the Fair of Albacete was a cattle fair.
This picture corresponds to the end 19th century
19. Industrialization was delayed with
respect to the rest of Europe. Only
some regions (Catalonia, Basque
Provinces, Asturias and Madrid…) had
industrialized at the end of the 19th
century. There were some natural
obstacles that delayed industrialization,
like the lack of good quality energy
sources, and other factors:
-the absence of a developed
transportation network
-the politicians lack of interest in the
industrialization of the country
-the free-trade tariffs that allowed the
import of foreign products at lower
prices or the weak internal demand
But once the Ancien Régime
disappeared, industry started
developing.
INDUSTRY
Industrialization in Europe (1870-1914). Spain was
delayed with respect to other countries, but in the
same level as other Mediterranean countries, like
Portugal and Italy
20. As in England, the prohibition of importing calicoes
(printed cotton clothes) stimulated the appearance of
textile industry in Catalonia, where there were many
textile manufactories since the 18th century. Around
1830 self-acting machines (selfactinas) started being
introduced, first in spinning and later in weaving. The
first factories were located near Barcelona’s harbor,
where the coal needed to move the steam engines
arrived. Later, many factories were set up near rivers
(textile colonies), in order to take advantage of
hydraulic power.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Calicoes
Textile colonies on the banks of river
LlobregatTextile
factory
21. The weaver (1882)
Cotton industry in Catalonia
Textile factory,
1910
The development of textile industry had to face
some problems due to the lack of energy sources
(bad quality of Asturian coal, with low heating
power, few water courses to produce hydraulic
power), low purchasing power of the population
(most of the population were poor peasants) and
competition of foreign products, which were
cheaper. That’s why Catalan industrialists
demanded a protectionist economic policy.
22. The Spanish subsoil was very rich in minerals, but it wasn’t massively exploited until the 1868 Mining
Law (Ley de Bases de la Minería). Many foreign companies (mainly British and French) received
licenses to exploit the main mines: Riotinto copper (Huelva), Linares and La Carolina (Jaén) lead,
Almadén mercury, Reocín zinc (Cantabria)…, but mainly Asturian coal and Basque iron. The main
problem of Asturian coal was its bad quality and its extraction difficulty. The main advantage of
Basque iron was its great purity, which made it perfect to produce steel and allowed its export to
other European countries (Basque iron was exchanged for Welsh coal).
MINING
23. Asturian miners from Mieres, at the beginning
of the 20th century. Many children worked in the
mines
Iron mine in Biscay at the beginning of the 19th
century
The first Spanish football teams appeared in minig
regions, as a consequence of the influence of the
British workers and managers of the mines: Huelva
Recreation Club (1889), Athletic Club (1898) and Bilbao
Football Club (1900). On this picture, the Athletic Club
roster in 1903, with the first Spanish Cup.Riotinto mine in 1900
24. Iron and steel industry had appeared in Málaga, with the use of charcoal, but was soon replaced by
Asturian industry in the 1830 decade.
In the 1870s the exchange of Basque iron for Welsh coal allowed the creation of an important
centre of iron and steel industry in Biscay. Other industries appeared in that area: metalworking
industries, machinery, mechanical construction, shipyards…
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
La Constancia blast furnace in Málaga,
founded in 1833 Baracaldo (Bilbao), El Carmen Factory, from the
Sociedad de Altos Hornos de Hierro y Acero, end of the
19th century
25. Cast iron production in Spain between 1861 and
1913. Biscay iron and Steel industry took the lead
in the 1880s decade due to their Access to Welsh
coal.
Iron and Steel industry in 1868
26. Construction of railway could have contributed to the development of iron and steel industry, but
when the railway network started being built, Spanish iron and steel industry was very small and
couldn’t satisfy the demand for big amounts of steel.
-The first railway lines in Spain were Barcelona-Mataró (1848) and Madrid- Aranjuez (1850).
-In 1855 the government decided to issue the Railway Law, allowing the import of the necessary
materials tariff-free. In this way, many lines were built in a short period of time, but subsidies
converted the construction of railway into a speculative business and many lines were not
profitable when they started working. Radial network prioritized connections with Madrid, letting
many Spanish regions isolated and the wider rail gauge complicated the communications with the
rest of Europe.
However, the railway facilitated the
exchange for people and goods. The
integration of the national market was
achieved in the 1870s decade, when the big
railway lines got connected and the
construction of roads started.
27. The 2nd Industrial Revolution also arrived
late in Spain, in the last third of the 19th
century:
-new energy sources (electricity and oil)
-new industries developed: metalworking
industry in Seville, Barcelona, Basque
Provinces, Galicia, chemical industry, car
industry (Hispano- Suiza was the first
Spanish car industry, founded in Barcelona
in 1904)
-Madrid became the third industrial region,
because many industries settled down near
the capital city.
Around 1930 the most industrialized
regions were Catalonia, the Basque
Provinces and Madrid and there was a big
imbalance between these regions (the most
populated and where more wealth
concentrated) and the rest of the country.
Hispano-Suiza Factory in 1906
Main industrial regions at the beginning of the 20th century
28. SOCIETY: FROM ESTATES TO CLASSES
During the 19th century the estates disappeared and social classes appeared, but the low
industrial development and the predominance of agriculture conditioned the social structure of
the country: the Spanish bourgeoisie was weak with respect to other countries and nobility
continued to be influential, also more than in the rest of Europe
LOWER CLASS
The new social groups were:
−UPPER CLASS: formed by the big nobility
landowners (they lost their privileges, but
consolidated the property of the lands and
continued to be very influential) and the high
bourgeoisie (bankers, industrialists…Many of them
bought land from the confiscations and became also
landowners).
−MIDDLE CLASS: the middle bourgeoisie was scarce:
small businessmen, merchants, liberal professions,
civil servants…
−LOWER CLASS: formed by the proletariat
(industrial workers. They were not numerous, due to
the late industrialization, and were concentrated in
some regions, like Catalonia, the Basque Provinces,
Asturias and the bigger cities) and peasants (most of
the Spanish population, around 70% at the end of
the 19th century, whose life was miserable).
UPPER CLASS
MIDDLE CLASS
29. Compared with other European countries, the number of
peasants in Spain continued to be very high at the end of
the 19th century.
30. Map of the literate people in Spain at the end of the 19th century
EDUCATION
At the end of the 19th century
alphabetization continued to be very
deficient: only 37%, while in France 70%
of the population had gone to school.
Illiteracy was also very high: 70% of the
population was illiterate (50% in men
and 80% in women) and only 1% of the
population had university studies. The
different education laws of the century
didn’t improve the situation much. With
the Moyano Law, the only free education
was from 6 to 9 years old and only for
those who could prove that they
couldn’t pay it. The rest of the studies
had to be financed by the families who
could afford them (paid education).
31. LABOUR MOVEMENT
The first workers’ protests were related to the destruction of machines (luddism) and took place
in Alcoy (1821) and Barcelona (burning of the Bonaplata Factory in 1835).
In 1840 the Association of Weavers (Asociación de Tejedores de Barcelona), the first mutual
benefit society was created in Barcelona. This city was also the theater of the first general strike
in 1855.
As workers’ awareness (class consciousness) grew up, protests increased, especially when the
1860s crisis hardened the peasants and workers’ lives.
Burning of the Bonaplata Factory in
Barcelona, 1835
Asociación de Tejedores de
Barcelona, first mutual
benefit society created in
Spain
4th July 1855 newspaper from
Barcelona, with the chronicle of
the 1st general strike (2nd-11th
July)
32. The new legislation of the Sexenio allowed the
arrival of propagandists of the 1st International
and the spread of the ideas of the labour
movement. Paul Lafargue, Marx’s son–in-law,
propagandized the ideas of scientific socialism or
Marxism, and Giuseppe Fanelli spread the ideas
of anarchism. In 1870 the first Workers’
Congress took place in Barcelona and the
Spanish Federation of the 1st International was
created (Federación de la Región Española de la
AIT, FRE-AIT).
First Workers’ Congress in Barcelona, 1870
Giuseppe Fanelli (1) with the initial group of
members of the International in Madrid, 1869
Emblem of the FRE-AIT
33. After the Sexenio, all the workers’
associations were forbidden, until the
Law of Associations was passed in
1887.
-Most of the Spanish workers became
anarchists
-A minority of workers were influenced
by Marxism.
In 1890 the celebration of the 1st of
May made the labour movement
visible again.
Call to the demonstration of the 1890
1st of May celebration
Workers’ organizations in
Spain
The 8 hours campaign, according to La Campana de Gràcia,
1890
34. Anarchism attracted mainly Catalonia’s industrial workers and Andalusia’s peasants. In 1881 they
tried to create a national organization, the FTRE (Federación Regional de Trabajadores de la
Región Española), but repression from the government stopped their consolidation and led to its
dissolution in 1888.
ANARCHISM
Workers accused of belonging to the Mano Negra
in Andalusia. Seven of them were executed in 1884.
The Mano Negra was probably a farce of the
government to stop the workers’ organization in
the countryside. Execution of the supposedly involved in
the Mano Negra episode in Jerez
35. - A minority of the anarchists
oriented to violence (propaganda
by the deed), and were involved in
terrorist attacks against politicians,
businessmen, military men (attack
on General Martínez Campos,
assassination of Cánovas de
Castillo, terrorist attack of the Liceu
Theatre in Barcelona…).
- Most of the anarchists preferred
association and focused on
education and the improvement of
their working conditions (anarcho-
syndicalism). This group finally
created the CNT (Confederación
Nacional del Trabajo), an anarchist
union in 1910, which reached 1
million members in the last years of
the 2nd Republic.
Bomb attack at the Liceu
Theatre in Barcelona, 1893
Attack on Martínez Campos,
Barcelona 1893. The terrorist,
Paulino Pallás, was executed
Terrorist attack on the Corpus procession
in Barceloa, attributed to the anarchists,
1896
Anselmo Lorenzo,
considered the father
of anarchism in Spain
36. Marxism extended mainly among Madrid,
the Basque Provinces and Asturias. The
PSOE, a socialist party, was created in 1879
and a socialist trade union, the UGT, in
1888. PSOE started participating in the
elections in 1890, with the approval of the
universal suffrage, but they didn’t get their
first deputy until 1910, when Pablo Iglesias
was elected inside the Republican-Socialist
Conjunction.
MARXISM
Pablo Iglesias
Casa Labra, place where the PSOE was founded