Classical Greece refers to the period in ancient Greek history from the 8th to 4th centuries BC. Some key developments from this period include: - The establishment of independent city-states called poleis such as Athens and Sparta. These poleis were centered around important coastal cities and their surrounding territories. - Greece experienced a period of colonization where Greek city-states established colonies around the Mediterranean coast and Black Sea to promote trade and address issues of overpopulation and land ownership. - Greece engaged in the Greco-Persian Wars in the 5th century BC where the Greek city-states resisted invasion from the Persian Empire, demonstrating Greek naval and military superiority. This marked the rise of Athens and Sparta

2. CLASSICAL GREECE
WHAT DOES “CLASSIC”MEANS?
The word “classics” derives from the Latin
adjective “classicus”: “belonging to the highest
class”, connoting superiority, authority and
perfection”. It isn’t something that goes out of
“fashion” and it continues being a model for the
present day.

7.  Ancient Greece is the birthplace of:
 Western philosophy (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle).
 Literature (Homer and Hesiod)
 Mathematics (Pythagoras and Euclid).
 History (Herodotus).
 Drama – Tragedy – Theatre (Sophocles, Euripedes, and
Aristophanes).
 The Olympic Games
 Democracy.

9.  Ancient Greek civilisation began in south-eastern
Europe, along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea,
between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea.
 The Ancient Greeks referred to this area as Hellas
(Hélade in Spanish).
 Greek were known as Hellenic.

11. Regions and cities of the Ancient Greece

14.  The Greek civilisation
was born on the coasts
of the Balkan Peninsula
and on the islands of
the Aegean Sea, and
spread over a good
part of the
Mediterranean coast.

16.  The relief of the
Hellas was abrupt
(mountainous, with
narrow valleys).
 It had an important
surface of coastline.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOPjQ22
wKww (artehistoria)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11aZUam
l6Is (artehistoria)

17. INITIALTERRITORY
GEOGRAPHICAL
FACTORS
ANCIENT
GREECE
South of
the
Balkan
Peninsula
Islands in
the
Aegean
Sea
Mountainous
relief
Isolation of
populations
POLIS
Abrupt coasts
Fishing Trade
Mediterranean
climate
Rainfed
agriculture
Mediterranean
trilogy
Oil
Wine
Cereals

18.  The Greeks organized themselves into small
independent city-states: the poleis (polis in
Spanish).
 The most important polis were: Athens, Sparta,
Corinth.
 The polis were the cities with their closest
territories.
 Culturally they had ties in common (language,
religion ...), they felt belonging to Hellas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5-Zv6CdP2I

20.  They lived on agriculture, livestock farming,
fishing and trade along the Mediterranean.

21. NATURAL REGIONS IN GREECE
 Peloponnese Peninsula.
 Central Greece.
 Northern Greece, with three major regions
including Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia.
Mount Olympus is located in Northern
Greece.
 Islands . The largest island in Greece was
Crete.

23. The Greeks did not form a common state, they lived
in polis (independent city-states), although all were
part of Hellas, a territory in which a common
culture was developed that shared the language,
religion and ways of life and thought.

24. La polis de Atenas.

25. D.5
Las Polis eran ciudades
independientes. Polis de Atenas.
Acrópolis de Atenas.

27.  The Greek world was
organized in poleis:
 It was formed by an
independent main city and
the surrounding fields.
 They had their laws,
currency, government and
army.
 They were integrated by a
lower part (houses, agora
...) and a higher part or
acropolis with religious
buildings.

28. El ágora Plaza central donde se celebraban las
actividades políticas y ciudadanas

30.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94nVO4
3HNMI&feature=related
 (Esparta)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7V1a1I
5BL0 (Sparta)

34.  The Greeks were
a mixture of
different peoples
(Achaeans,
Dorians ...) who
settled in Greece
in successive
waves.

35.  The immediate antecedents of the Greek
civilization are two cultures that already know the
writing:
 Minoan civilisation / La cultura minoica
 Mycenaean civilisation / La cultura micénica

36. MINOAN CIVILISATION

37.  It was developed on the island of Crete from the year
2600 BC.
 It ended around 1450 BC, due to natural catastrophes
(earthquakes) and the invasion of the Achaeans.

38.  They formed a thalassocracy (form of State
that bases its force on the domain and control
of the sea), for its commercial and war fleet.
 They traded with their agricultural products and
artisans.

39.  Most famous King: Minos (who had the
famous Labyrinth of the Minotaur built).
 The palaces were the center of power. The
most important palace: Knossos. Decoration
with frescoes
 The symbol of the Minoan culture will be the
bull and it will be represented in the frescoes of
its palaces.

40. Palace of Knossos in Crete

41. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBQqDntQbNU Spanish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3M5dhMSK3A English

44.  https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-
history/ancient-greece/videos/labyrinth-of-
the-minotaur

45. LEYENDA DEL MINOTAURO
 El minotauro era hijo de Pasifae, esposa
del rey Minos de Creta y de un toro blanco
enviado por Poseidón, dios del mar.
 Minos había ofendido gravemente a
Poseidón quien como venganza hizo que
Pasifae se enamorase del animal.
 Fruto de dicha unión nació el Minotauro,
un ser violento, mitad hombre, mitad
toro. Se alimentaba de carne humana.
 Para esconder su vergüenza y proteger a
su pueblo, el rey Minos rogó al inventor
Dédalo que le construyera un laberinto
del que el monstruo nunca pudiera salir.
 Cada 9 años, Minos le ofrecía la bestia,
siete mujeres y siete jóvenes que imponía
como tributo a la ciudad de Atenas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjoOoGvlDmA

46.  En una ocasión, Teseo se ofreció
voluntario como víctima, con la
intención de matar al Minotauro y
liberar a Atenas de un cruel destino.
Con la ayuda de Ariadna, la hija del
rey, que se había enamorado de él,
logro su propósito: Ariadna le ofrece
a Teseo un ovillo de hilo que le ha
dado Dédalo, el arquitecto del
laberinto. Habiendo atado uno de
sus extremos en la entrada y
siguiendo el hilo por los intrincados
vericuetos del laberinto, Teseo
puede, efectivamente, encontrar la
salida

47. MYCENAEAN CIVILISATION

48.  Location: in mainland Greece, especially in the
Peloponnese Peninsula.

49.  The Achaeans developed the Mycenaean
civilisation.
 It was developed in the Peloponnese Peninsula
between the years 1600 BC and 1150 BC.
 Small kingdoms led by kings. Aided by small
groups of warriors.
 With walled cities like Mycenae. Cyclopean walls
(formed by large stones).

50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYBRLcJKeaU CIUDAD
DE MICENAS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc9cLmgXp_A

52. Cyclopean
walls of
Mycenae

53.  Most important king: Agamemnon (he led the
Greeks in theTrojan War).
 Important grave goods, with jewels and weapons.
Agamemnon’s Mask

55.  The Trojan War was a historical event
that took place during the Mycenaean
period. The Achaeans seized and
plundered the city of Troy, on the
shores of Asia Minor.

58.  Between 1150 and 800 BC.
 The Mycenaean civilisation disappears due to the
invasion of the Dorian, Ionian and Aeolian peoples.
 Decadence period.
 At the end of this period the polis arose.

59.  In the first polis there
was an oligarchic
government composed
of a small group of
aristocrats (rich
landowners).

62.  From theVIII century a. C. the Archaic Period
begins.
 The poleis expand in the Mediterranean
(colonization).
 A partir del sigloVIII a. C. se inicia la Época arcaica.
 Las polis se expanden por el Mediterráneo
(colonización).

63. CAUSES OF THE COLONISATION
 Limited agricultural resources.
 The lands  property of the military aristocracy
(they have the power = oligarchy).
 Shortage of agricultural products  Social conflicts.
 SOLUTION  COLONIZATION OF NEW REGIONS
to promote trade.

64.  Each colony was an independent polis, although
they maintained commercial and cultural contacts
with the city of origin (metropolis).
Greek polis

65. The colonies provided great economic growth to the
polis of origin (metropolis) and promoted the
development of crafts and trade.

66. The colonies were cities founded on the Mediterranean
coast, far from Greece. They had the same laws as the
polis of the inhabitants who founded them. The most
important: Syracuse (Italy), Marseille (France),
Ampurias, Rosas, Sagunto, Hemeroskopeion (Denia),
Adra, these last four cities were in Spain
WHAT WERETHE GREEK COLONIES?

68. GREEK COLONISATION AREAS
 Magna Greece:
 Colonies in Sicily and the South of the Italian
Peninsula.
 Coasts of the Black Sea.
 Western end of the Mediterranean:
 Emporion (Ampurias).
 Hemeroskopeion (Denia).
 Rhode (Roses).
 Massalia (Marseille).

70.  They arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 700 BC.
 They called Iber to the river Ebro and Iberia to the
Peninsula.
 Its oldest colony was Mainake (near the current
Malaga).
 The most important colonies were
Hemeroskopeion, Rhode (Roses) and Emporion
(Ampurias).

73.  Increase in trade new products and merchandise
are obtained.
 Import of metals and food.
 Export of manufactured products.
 Greece becomes a maritime power of the
Mediterranean.
 Social revolts descend, although social
instability does not end (few owners).
 Greek culture spread throughout the
Mediterranean. This process is called
hellenisation.

76.  During the 5th century BC and the first half of the
4th century BC.
 Stage of splendor of Greece.
 It begins after the victory of the Greeks over the
Persians in the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greeks
were led by the cities of Sparta and Athens.

78.  They are the wars that confronted the Greeks
with the Persians (called Medes).
 I Greco-PersianWar (490 a.C.).
 II Greco-PersianWar (480-479 BC).
 They highlighted the battles of Marathon,
Thermopylae and Salamis.
 Athens demonstrated its maritime
supremacy, thanks to the warships with three
rows of rowers (the trirremes).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_hQAClmGpA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMi47vupNj0 (artehistoria)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZClrvGeOJLU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4xMraRE8zg (Termópilas -300)

79. Persian Empire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhdT-
ESx4Ws

80. GRECO-PERSIANWARS

82. Hoplita griego

83. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHS8z4no7Bk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze0HYOqpE9U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MILIw0KAZbI

86. La Batalla de Las Termópilas:
Documento:
En el año 480 A.C.. Siguiendo con la política expansionista del Imperio Jerjes I,
emperador persa, se propuso conquistar Grecia. Tras reunir un ingente ejército de
centenares de miles de hombres, invadió Grecia. Los griegos, reunidos en confederación,
planearon enviar un limitado contingente de tropas a algún puesto avanzado, fácil de
defender, para detener el avance persa, mientras se organizaba la defensa de las ciudades.
Atenas quería detener la invasión como fuese y consiguió convencer a Leónidas I, rey de
Esparta, para que participase en la primera defensa de Grecia.
La batalla más importante se celebró en un lugar llamado valle de las Termópilas. Allí
esperó a los persas un ejército compuesto por 300 espartanos (a los que hay que sumar
otros 600 ilotas, pues cada espartano llevaba dos siervos a su servicio), 500 de Tegea,
otros 500 de Mantinea, 120 de Orcómeno y 1.000 soldados del resto de Grecia: 400 de
Corinto, 200 de Fliunte, 80 de Micenas, 700 tespios y 400 tebanos, además de 1.000
focenses. Los soldados persas conformaban un ejército que oscilaba entre los 250.000 y el
millón de efectivos.
El rey espartano Leónidas fue advertido sobre el gran número de arqueros que poseía Jerjes
,este le dijo que con sus flechas cubrirían el sol, a lo que Leonidas le respondió que
eso le gustaba pues lucharían a la sombra. Fila tras fila los persas se estrellaron contra
las lanzas y escudos espartanos sin que éstos cedieran. Pero Un habitante griego de la
zona, llamado Efialtes, ofreció mostrarle a Jerjes un paso alternativo que rodeaba el lugar
donde estaba Leónidas para acabar con su resistencia de una vez por todas. La batalla duró
3 días y los persas consiguieron derrotar a los temidos espartanos, pero éstos ya habían
retrasado notablemente el avance persa desmoralizando a su ejercito y matado a miles de
soldados.

87. La batalla de lasTermópilas 480.A.C.

90. ATHENS
It reached a great
splendor and power
Based on
Control and lead
the Delos League
Alliance
between
poleis
A thriving commercial
economy
Thanks to
its naval
superiority
A democratic
political
organization
The
government
of the
people

91.  Athens was the most
prosperous city of the
Hellas in the Classic
Age, thanks to its
maritime trade.
 It dominated the
League of Delos
(alliance of Greek
polis).
 His treasure was kept
in Delfos, guarded by
the Athenians.

93.  The political system in the League of Delos
was the democracy (political system in which
the government belongs to the people).

94.  The concept "democracy" means government of
the people.
 BUT NOT all the Athenians had political rights.
 Only the citizens could vote and decide in the
government of the city. Foreigners, women and,
of course, slaves did not vote.

103. Pericles
 Pericles strengthened
democracy in Athens and
took the city to its
maximum splendor,
rebuilding the acropolis.
 The 5th century is known a.
C. as the Century of
Pericles, where the arts, the
sciences, philosophy,
literature flourished

104. The Acrópolis of Athens

106.  http://www.worldtour360.com/360.php?coun
try=Greece&swf=Parthenon20110118&lang=
es
 Visita virtual al Partenón

108.  Located in the south of the Peloponnese Peninsula.
 The Spartans were a military power and a very warlike
people.
 Sparta led a group of poleis called the Peloponnesian
League.

109.  Sparta lived on
agriculture.
 The land belonged to the
State, who distributed it in
parts to the citizens.
 The State granted slaves
(called helots – ilotas in
Spanish) to work the land
to each citizen.
 Spartans (espartiatas).
 Perioicoi (periecos)
 Helots (ilotas)

111.  The Spartans were being trained to be warriors
since they were children.
 The children, when they were 7 years old, were
taken from the family and handed over to a
tutor who exercised them in physical work to
strengthen the body and endure the suffering.
 They also taught them to read, music and
respect for the homeland and the elderly.
 At the age of 20, they joined the army from
which they left at 60. A Spartan could never
marry before he was 30 years old.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r66pSVRWoo4
(Educación en Esparta)

112. La educación de los niños Espartanos
 Documento:
“Un padre no era dueño de criar a su hijo. Desde que nacía, se llevaba a un
lugar llamado Lerché, donde se reunían los más ancianos de cada tribu. Allí
era examinado; si estaba bien conformado y veían que podía ser fuerte
ordenaban que se le criase.Si tenia alguna minusvalía o era débil lo
enviaban para ser arrojado de una sima inmediata al monteTaigeto.
Pensaban que, estando destinado desde su nacimiento a no tener ni fuerza
ni salud, no era ventajoso ni para él ni para el Estado dejarlo vivir".
Plutarco, "Vidas Paralelas: Licurgo". Citado en "Historia 1", Bustinza y Ribas, Editorial A-Zeta, página 95.

114.  The free inhabitants and with rights in Sparta were
called Spartans. And they were, above all, soldiers.
 Government system:
 Two kings (DIARCHY)
 Council of elders called Gerousia.
 Ephors (elected among the Council of elders, to control the
administration).

119.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7V1a1I
5BL0&t=168s (This is Sparta)

121. • Athenian cultural
splendor (5th century)
• Century of Pericles
CLASSICAL
PERIOD
5th-4th BC
• Athens
• Sparta
Most important
poleis
• Greco-Persian Wars
• The Peloponnesian War
Conflicts

122. SPARTA ATHENS
• Citizens, just men who were
more than 30 years old.
• The kings were hereditary and
for life.
• The Gerousia had 28 members
of more than 60 years and for
life.
• The Apella did not discuss the
projects of the Gerousia and
approved or rejected them.
• If a citizen lost his lands, he also
lost his political rights.
• Just citizens (men fromAthens)
who were more than 20 years
old.
• The archons were raffled and
lasted a year.
• The Boulé was composed of 500
members. As each one lasted a
year in his position and could
only be drawn twice, many
citizens could participate.
• The Ecclesia discussed the bills
(proyectos de ley) of the Boulé.
• All the citizens could participate
in the Ecclesia and the courts.

125.  It took place between 431 and 404 BC.
 Athens and Sparta dispute the control of
Hellas and theTreasury of Delos.
 Some poleis helped Athens (and the League of
Delos) and others Sparta (and the
Peloponnesian League).
 Sparta wins.
 The Greek cities were weakened.

130.  It is called Hellenistic period
to the stage in which
Alexander the Great and his
successors controlled Greece.
 Philip II (Filipo II), king of
Macedonia, conquered the
Greek poleis (taking
advantage of that the
weakness after the war of the
Peloponnese)  Battle of
Queronea (338 BC).

131. Filipo II of Macedonia’s Tomb
FILIPO II DE MACEDONIA

132. OBJECTS OF THE TOMB OF PHILIP II

133. OBJECTS OF THE TOMB OF PHILIP II

134.  When Philip dies, he is
succeeded by his son
Alexander the Great.
 The Hellenistic period
comprises from the year
336 BC to 30 BC (when
Rome conquers Hellas).

135.  Alejandro was only 20 years old when he
began to govern.
 Cultured, educated by Aristotle.
 Great political and military ability.

136.  Objectives of Alexander the Great:
 Centralized political model. Hereditary monarchy.
 Cultural unification of the territories:
Greek was the official language of the Empire.
He founded new cities that helped spread the culture.
He imposed a common currency (drachma) that
promote trade.

137.  Alexander the Great gets
an immense empire:
Greece, Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Persia and
even India.
 https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=DMpBvZ7mNoo

138.  Alexander the Great defeated the
Persians in several battles (Issos,
Gaugamela), until taking the Persian
capitals of Susa (331) and Persepolis
(330.A.C).
 Owner of Central Asia and present-day
Afghanistan, he conquered India.
 After several years of war where he
managed to reach the banks of the River
Indus he returned to Babylon.

141.  Hellenistic cities achieved a great economic
and cultural development.
 Example: Alexandria (largest library in the
ancient world).
 Very prosperous economy, thanks to trade.
 Cultural splendor: Greek thought and
knowledge extended all over the Empire.

142.  The city of Alexandria, in the delta of the
Nile, became the symbol of the Hellenistic
civilization.

144. La falange Macedonia.
Alejandro Magno.
La infantería Macedónica se conocía como
la Falange.

145. Alejandro Magno in the battle of Gaugamela.
Alejandro M.
Darío III

147.  Alexander the Great dies in the year 323 a. C.
(almost 33 years).
 It is divided into Hellenistic kingdoms
maintaining the Greek culture.
 The Empire is divided among its generals.

150.  In the 1st century BC Rome conquered the
Hellenistic kingdoms.
 They became Roman provinces.