Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. The document discusses key topics in space exploration including the universe, galaxies, the Big Bang theory, black holes, the solar system, space stations, landmarks in space exploration such as early missions and the moon landing, NASA missions, India's achievements in space science, the space race during the Cold War, and exploring new horizons and challenges of space exploration.

1. SPACE EXPLORATION
The big picture
Boundless three dimensional extent in which
objects and events have relative position and
direction .It is the void that exist between
celestial bodies.Not completely empty but
consists of a hard vacuum.

2. CONTENT
 Universe
 Galaxy
 The Big Bang theory
 Black Hole
 Solar system
 Space station
 How it all started
 Some landmarks of space exploration
 Expedition to the Moon
 List of NASA missions
 Achievement in space science by India
 The space race and cold war
 Exploring new Horizon
 Some difficulties include

3. UNIVERSE
What is universe?
The Universe is all space and time and its contents,which includes
planets,moons,minor planets,stars,galaxies,the contents of
intergalactic space and all matter and energy.
 The size of Universe is unknown,but if one could travel at the
speed of light,it would take at least 15 billion years to cross it.
 The Universe>Local super group of galaxies>local group of
galaxies>our galaxy>local stars>our solar system.
 The Universe is created by huge explosion named The BIG BANG.

4. What is Galaxy?
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars,stellar
remnants ,intersteller gas,dust and dark matter.
 Our solar system is in milky way galaxy.
 Galaxies are mainly of 3 types-spiral,elliptical,irregular.
 Milky way is a spiral galaxy.
 GN-z11 is the oldest and most distant observed galaxy with a
distance of 32 billion light years from Earth.
 This is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong
gravitational effects that nothing,not even particles and
electromagnetic radiation such as light,can escape from
inside it. But Quantum field theory in curved space time
predicts that edge emits Hawkins radiation.
 The milky way’s central black hole is-SAGITTARIUS A.

5. The Big Bang Theory
George Gamow(1948) suggested that if the universe was created with a “hot Big
Bang”,then-
• Various elements,such as H and He,would be produced for a few minutes immidiately
after the Big Bang due to the extremely high temperatures and density of the universe
at this time.
• The high density would cause rapid expansion.
• As the universe expanded,H and He would cool and condense into stars and galaxies.
• Today,due to continued cooling,radiation left over from the each of
recombination,when neutral atoms formed (almost 380,000 years after Big Bang)
should be about 3k.
• Production of H and He during this time instead of just in H-burning in stars would
explain why the H:He ratio of the universe is higher than what could’ve been produced
by stars alone.

6. BLACK HOLE
What is black hole?
A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that
nothing,not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light,canescape from
inside it.
 Quantum field theory in curved space time predicts that edge emits Hawkins radiation.
 On 1972 astronomers designated CYGNUS X-1 as the first probable black hole.
 The milky way’s central black hole is-SAGITTARIUS A
 A0620-00…………………………2800 LY
 CYGNUS X-1…………………….6000 LY
 V404 CYGNI…………………….7800 LY

7. SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system is the gravitationally bound
system comprising the Sun and the objects
that orbit it, directly or indirectly.
It consists of Sun at the centre and all bodies
revolving around it.
There are 8 known planets and 1 star.
About 4 billion years ago,the Solar system
formed out of a huge,rapidly rotating cloud of
gas & dust particles,called Nebula

8. SPACE STATION
Astronauts live in space station to do experiments and find out more about
space.
 The first manned space station was Salyut 1,launched in 1971,which
had room for three crew.
 The International Space Station(ISS) is the biggest ever space
station.The first module was launched in 1998 and the space station’s
parts are being built by 16 countries.
 Astronauts either add water to waterless fod,or they eat ready meals
such as stew or pasta,canned fruit,puddings,biscuits,sweets and
gum.And meals are eaten from trays stuck to astronaut’s clothes.drink
come in a cup with a lid and are sucked up with straw.

9. HOW IT ALL STARTED
• In 350 B.C. ,Greek philosopher Aristotle
suggested that “Nature abhros a vaccum”.
• Galileo Galilei was the first to discover the
individual bodies of the Solar System.
• Christiaan Huygens discovered Saturn's
moon Titan and the shape of the rings of
Saturn.

10. SOME LANDMARKS OF SPACE EXPLORATION
(before 1970)
1687
Publication of PRINCIPIA written by Newton
1926
Launching of first fuel rocket
by Robert Goddard
1957
soviet launched first artificial satellite-SPUTNIK 1
First animal in space- LAIKA
1958
Foundation of
NASA
1961:First human in space
Yuri Alekseyevich
1969
First human on Moon
Neil Armstrong

11. EXPEDITION TO THE MOON
Apollo 8 orbited the
moon 10 times and
returned to Earth
safely on December
21, 1968
Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin landed Apollo 11
on the moon on July 20,
1969.
Neil Armstrong was the
first person to set foot on
the moon.

12. Program Start date End date No. of launched
crewed missions
Notes
Mercury program 1959 1963 6 First U.S. crewed program
Gemini program 1963 1966 10 Program used to practice space
rendezvous and EVAs
Apollo program 1961 1972 11 Brought first human to the
Moon
Skylab 1973 1974 3 first American space station
Apollo-Soyuz 1975 1975 1 Joint with Soviet Union
Shuttle-Mir
program
1995 1998 9
Russia partnership
Project
Constellation
2003 2010 0 Cancelled program to bring
humans to the Moon again, to
Mars and beyond
Space shuttle 1981 2011 135 First missions in which a
spacecraft was reused
International
Space Station
1998 ongoing 44 Joint
with Russia, Canada, ESA,
List of NASA misssions

13. Achievement in Space science by INDIA
The Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) is the
space agency of the Government of India.Its vision is to
“harness space technology for national development while persuing
space science research.
• Formed in 1969,ISRO superseded therstwhile Indian National
Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) established in 1962 by
the efforts of Jawaharlal Neheru & scientist Vikram Sarabhai.
• Isro built first satelite ARYABHATTA on 1975.
• Isro sent lunar orbitar,CHANDRAYAN-1 on 2008.
• Isro sent mars orbiter,MANGALAYAAN,which successfully entered
mars orbit on 24 sep,2014.
• Isro created a record by launching 104 satellites in a single rocket
PSLV-C37 on 15 Feb,2017.
• Isro launched heaviest rocket Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle-Mark III(GSLV-MK III) on 5 june,2017.

14. The Space Race and Cold War
•Our ability to achieve our
space goals became an
indicator of our status as a
great nation, and the Soviets
were our top competitors.
•This occurred during a time in
our history known as the Cold
War.
•This was a time when our
relationship with the Soviets
was, well, cold.
•The intense rivalry between
our two countries led us to
some amazing
accomplishments.
Khrushchev & Kennedy

15. EXPLORING NEW HORIZONS
• A PLANET AROUND THE NEAREST STAR TO
EARTH’S SUN.
• ICE DEPOSIT ON MARS IS BIGGER THAN LAKE
SUPERIOR.
• JUNO ARRIVES AT JUPITER.
• THE SATTELITE NEW HORIZONS IS RACING
TOWARDS KEPLER BELT.

16. Some Difficulties Include
•Radiation exposure
•Food and Nutrition
•Differing levels of pressure, atmosphere
composition, and gravity
•Sleep loss
•Risk of bone fracture
•Reduced aerobic capacity
•Mental disorders arising from extreme, confined,
and isolated conditions

18. THANKING YOU
• Sayan Sarkar 13001616049
• Saurabh Basak 13001616051
• Saurav Kumar Nayek 13001616050
• Sayantan Kumar Chattopadhyay 13001616047
• Sanchari Bhattacharji 13001616056
• Sandip Kumar Chatterjee 13001616055
• Sayani Ghosh 13001616048
• Samyak Biswas 13001616057
• Saptarshi Das 13001616052
• Sandip Roychowdhury 13001616054