The document discusses the structure and composition of the Sun. It describes the three main layers of the Sun - the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The photosphere is the visible surface and is about 400km thick with a temperature of 6000°C. The chromosphere is about 9600km thick and has a temperature of 15,000°C. The corona has a temperature of over 2,000,000°C. The core of the Sun is over 15,000,000°C and is where hydrogen is fused into helium, releasing energy that powers the Sun.

1. Form 3 Science
Chapter 9

2. The Sun
Is a main source of
energy for Earth
Is a giant ball of
hot glowing gases
and spins around
in space
Closest star to Earth
This is why we can
see the sun during
day time

3. Structure of the Sun
It has an atmosphere just like Earth
Is divided into three
Outermost layer - Corona
Middle layer - Chromosphere
Innermost layer - Photosphere

5. Structure of the Sun
Chromosphere
- About 9600 km thick
- 15 000˚C
- Appear reddish during solar
eclipse
Core
- Centre of the Sun
- 15 000 000˚C
- Hydrogen changes into Helium, this
process releases energy.
- This energy keeps the sun shining
Corona
- Made up of a thin layer of gas
- Visible during total solar eclipse.
- Appear as a bluish white layer
- 2 000 000˚C
Photosphere
- About 400 km thick
- Is blazing mass of gas
- give off most of the light w
get from sun
- 6 000˚C

10. Magnetosphere
The area of space around the planet which is affected
by the magnetic field is called the magnetosphere.
Function and how
it forms?

11. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
• Large expulsions of plasma and magnetic
field from the Sun's corona

12. Effect of space weather
• can penetrate deep into satellites, sometimes destroying their
electronics and permanently disabling operation.
• surges in power lines large enough to burn out transformers and
cause major power outages
• reduce the accuracy of GPS-derived positions
• expose astronauts, passengers in high-flying airplanes, and even
people on the surface of Earth to increased amounts of radiation.

13. How to detect?
• Scientists are now trying to
• find ways to predict where and when flares and CMEs will
occur, and
• whether they will be big, fast events or small, slow ones
with little consequence for Earth.
• Predictive capability is still poor, since a CME travels outward
at about 500 kilometers per second, an observation of an
eruption provides several days warning at the distance of
Earth

14. Space
EXPLORATION
Chapter 10

15. Developments in the field of astronomy
Astronomy is a branch of science that studies the motions and
natures of planets, stars and galaxies.
The early civilisations of China, Egypt, Greece and Middle East
divided the stars into groups or constellations and recorded
spectacular phenomena such as comets and eclipse.
One of the earliest reasonably good calendars was drawn up
by the Egyptians. They paid great attention to the star
Sirius which gave a reliable clue to annual flooding of the
Nile
The Sirius Star

16. Aristotle (384- 322BC) gave the
first practical proof that the earth is
a globe
In 200AD, the Greek astronomer Ptolemy who lived in Alexandria
of Egypt suggested that the Earth was the centre of the
universe(Introduced the geocentric model) . heavenly bodies,
including the Moon and the Sun, move with uniform circular
motion around the Earth. At that time, most people believe him.
The first serious challenge to Ptolemy’s theory came in 1543 when Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1543) from Poland claimed that the Sun is the centre of the Solar
System and the Earth orbits the Sun. Introduced the heliocentric model.

17. The 17th century produced major developments in astronomy when Hans
Lippershey (1571-1619) invented the first telescope in 1608.
Hans
Lippershey
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) postulated that the planets move about the Sun
in ellipses and not perfect circles. Adapted the heliocentric model.
State that the Sun is located at the centre of the Solar System and all planets
are orbiting around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
Johannes
Kepler

18. History of space exploration in terms of
technology development and missions in space
exploration.
First telescope used in the field of astronomy by Galileo Galilei-1609.
First satellite – USSR Sputnik 1 - 1957.
First human to orbit Earth – Yuri Gagarin, aboard USSR Vostok 1 - 1961.
First human on the Moon – Neil Armstrong, US Apollo 11 - 1969.
First Neptune flyby – US Voyager 2 - 1989.
US launched Hubble Space Telescope from space shuttle Discovery - 1990.
Malaysian satellites MEASAT 1 and 2 launched -1996.
Malaysia’s first microsatellite TiungSAT-1 launched -2000
National Space Agency (Agensi Angkasa Negara) established -2002.
Construction of International Space Station (ISS) completed -2011.

19. Galileo Galilei (1562-1642) was the first person to use a
telescope to make systematic observations and
spectacular discoveries.
He saw the mountains and craters of the Moon, the
phases of Venus, the satellites of Jupiter, the spots
of the Sun and the countless stars of the Milky Way.
Isaac Newton used a mirror instead of lenses to
collect light in a telescope.
It is so sensitive that it can detect a single
candle 24 000 km away.
In 1932, the American engineer Karls Jansky invented
the radio telescope that heralded the beginning of radio
astronomy.

20. The most famous orbiting space telescope is
the Hubble Space Telescope. Since then, there
have been other orbiting space telescopes
and observatories launched into space. They
provide a window to the Universe for Earth-
bound astronomers.
The 20th century had many other astronomical events. The
number of planets was increased to nine 1930 and Wernher Von
Braun experimented with rockets two years later

21. Developments in space exploration
The launching of the first artificial sattelite,
Sputnik 1, on the 4th october 1957 by the
Russians marked the opening of the space age
Manned space flight began on 1961 when Major Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Air Force was
launched in the spacecraft Vostok 1 and made a full circuit of the earth before landing
safely.
SPUTNIK 1

22. On 20 July 1969, Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin
from the United States landed on the moon in the
lunar module, Apollo 11
Neil A. Armstrong Apollo 11 Edwin E. Aldrin

23. Space station Skylab was set up by the Americans in 1973 and the Russians
space Station Mir was launched in 1986. Both space stations are not in
operation now.
It was a space shuttle that put the Hubble Space Telescope
in orbit.
The most spectacular space probes were the two Voyagers launched in
1977. They were sent on a grand tour of the outer Solar System and its
great gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

24. The International Space Station was launched in 1998. It
provides a platform for scientists to carry out researches
in various fields, such as medicine and meteorology

25. Applications of
technology related
to space
exploration and
astronomy

26. - Satellites are used in areas such as
communication weather monitoring,
defense, navigation and environmental
monitoring .
What are satellites ?

27. Allow us to have instant radio and telephone
communication, receive live telecast over
television, and exchange information via internet
These satellites orbit between 200km and 3000km
above the Earth .
Communication
Satellites

28. Weather Satellites
- These satellites monitor the world’s weather,
enabling forecasters to predict weather hazards like
typhoons and floods more accurately .

29. NAVIGATION SATELLITES
Guide ships and aircraft
and also help in airlines
in air traffic control

30. Military Satellites
Military satellites help nations improve their their security
and defence. For example , the technology can be used to
guide a missile to its target .

31. Positioning System
(GPS)
- GPS is very important for search and
rescue. The GPS on satellite continually
transmits position and the exact time of
its transmission .

32. Environmental Satellite
- This satellite can be used to determine location of
forests.

33. Remote
Sensing
- Means studying conditions on Earth from
space
a) Active Remote Sensing
- The satellite sends signals to Earth and the amount
of reflection is measured .
b) Passive Remote Sensing
- The satellite records the reflection of the sun’s
radiation by various surfaces on Earth .

34. Other Applications of Technology Related to Space
Exploration
1. The outer space is a vacuum. This condition
is suitable for producing a lot of new and pure
substance .
2. Probes which are very sophisticated and
small can be produced by using space
technology .
3. The space station is used to produce
alloys which are strong and light as well as
to produce special microchips.