Hey I'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here with my new presentation on Black Hole. I'm sure you'll find it interesting. well first thing what is black hole- "Black hole, cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star. When such a star has exhausted the internal thermonuclear fuels in its core at the end of its life, the core becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity." wanna know more about it then come with me. :)
It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is this more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamt up by science fiction writers, but they are firmly matters of science ~fact.
It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is this more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamt up by science fiction writers, but they are firmly matters of science ~fact.
"Black holes are where God divided by zero" - Albert Einstein
Black hole – A region in the space where the gravitational pull is so strong that neither substance nor light can leave this area.
This is a presentation on Black Holes.
This covers following data about Black Hole->
>>What is Black Hole.
>>History.
>>Parts of Black Hole.
>>Classification.
>>Closest Black Hole.
>>Largest Black Hole.
A presentation I gave to the Brighton Astronomy Society in Jan 2016 - http://brightonastro.com/ , https://www.facebook.com/brightonastro/
Annoyingly that's removed the videos from the slides, so here are links to those:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-P5IFTqB98&t=18s
(This Youtube channel "In a nutshell" is absolutely fantastic by the way and I highly recommend a look through their other videos!)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duoHtJpo4GY
https://vimeo.com/8723702
I've also made my notes from preparing the slides available here as well:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gqgsAbvoCB_7-_gPToqOuSixc02YnU-ajf-uT60R1vc/edit?usp=sharing
-- there are LOTS of further links to interesting videos in there as well, that I didn't use on the night so worth a scan through.
Any further questions, feel free to ask in comments on here
Detail about Black holes. It's definition, components and then history of black hole and General theory of relativity.
Life cycle of a star and formation of black hole in space.
Different types of choice after star's life end.
Different types of Black hole on basis on mass of Parent star. and classification of black holes on basis of charge and rotational motion of black holes. Quantum theory of physics.
Study of Black holes using Quantum mechanics by Steaphen Hawking.
Current research on black holes.
search on NASA site also go through the latest news related to black holes before presenting your seminar.
many queries are asked related to black holes.
present the astronomical data's for Good delivery of seminar.In the 18th century John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace first mentioned about the objects with a huge gravitation, from which even light cannot escape.
In 1915 Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity.
Karl Schwarzschild finds black holes as a solution to Einstein’s equations (1916)
Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder predict that massive stars can collapse into black holes (1939)
A black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull.”
Black holes are exotic structures whose gravitational fields are so powerful that they trap everything, even light. They were first postulated by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.”
This can happen when a star is dying.
Though they are black they are invisible to us.
The density of a black hole is so great it would be like taking the whole Earth and crushing into a volume smaller than a 1” marble!.
Stellar-mass: 3 to 20 times the mass of our Sun
Supermassive: Black holes with millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun
Mid-mass: In between stellar-mass and supermassive.
"Black holes are where God divided by zero" - Albert Einstein
Black hole – A region in the space where the gravitational pull is so strong that neither substance nor light can leave this area.
This is a presentation on Black Holes.
This covers following data about Black Hole->
>>What is Black Hole.
>>History.
>>Parts of Black Hole.
>>Classification.
>>Closest Black Hole.
>>Largest Black Hole.
A presentation I gave to the Brighton Astronomy Society in Jan 2016 - http://brightonastro.com/ , https://www.facebook.com/brightonastro/
Annoyingly that's removed the videos from the slides, so here are links to those:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-P5IFTqB98&t=18s
(This Youtube channel "In a nutshell" is absolutely fantastic by the way and I highly recommend a look through their other videos!)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duoHtJpo4GY
https://vimeo.com/8723702
I've also made my notes from preparing the slides available here as well:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gqgsAbvoCB_7-_gPToqOuSixc02YnU-ajf-uT60R1vc/edit?usp=sharing
-- there are LOTS of further links to interesting videos in there as well, that I didn't use on the night so worth a scan through.
Any further questions, feel free to ask in comments on here
Detail about Black holes. It's definition, components and then history of black hole and General theory of relativity.
Life cycle of a star and formation of black hole in space.
Different types of choice after star's life end.
Different types of Black hole on basis on mass of Parent star. and classification of black holes on basis of charge and rotational motion of black holes. Quantum theory of physics.
Study of Black holes using Quantum mechanics by Steaphen Hawking.
Current research on black holes.
search on NASA site also go through the latest news related to black holes before presenting your seminar.
many queries are asked related to black holes.
present the astronomical data's for Good delivery of seminar.In the 18th century John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace first mentioned about the objects with a huge gravitation, from which even light cannot escape.
In 1915 Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity.
Karl Schwarzschild finds black holes as a solution to Einstein’s equations (1916)
Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder predict that massive stars can collapse into black holes (1939)
A black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull.”
Black holes are exotic structures whose gravitational fields are so powerful that they trap everything, even light. They were first postulated by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.”
This can happen when a star is dying.
Though they are black they are invisible to us.
The density of a black hole is so great it would be like taking the whole Earth and crushing into a volume smaller than a 1” marble!.
Stellar-mass: 3 to 20 times the mass of our Sun
Supermassive: Black holes with millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun
Mid-mass: In between stellar-mass and supermassive.
Journey Through the Cosmos: Exploring Black Holes & Dr. Stephen Hawking's Leg...TUHIN SAHA
Title: Journey Through the Cosmos: Exploring Black Holes & Dr. Stephen Hawking's Legacy
Embark on a captivating journey through the depths of space and the brilliant mind of one of history's most renowned scientists, Dr. Stephen Hawking. In this enlightening presentation, we delve into the enigmatic phenomenon of Black Holes, their mysterious nature, and the groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped our understanding of the universe.
Unlock the secrets of these celestial wonders as we explore topics such as the fundamental question: What is a Black Hole? Delve into the gripping tale of their discovery and unravel the intricate process of their formation. From the mind-bending structure of Black Holes to the various types that exist across the cosmos, each slide unveils a new layer of cosmic intrigue.
But what happens if someone were to venture too close, falling into the gravitational abyss of a Black Hole? Discover the scientific speculation and theories that surround this captivating scenario, offering insight into the ultimate fate of such an intrepid explorer.
Moreover, journey through the extraordinary life and groundbreaking research of Dr. Stephen Hawking, a visionary whose contributions to theoretical physics revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. Explore the trials and triumphs of his remarkable journey, from his early years to his groundbreaking work on Black Holes and beyond.
If you face any problem regarding the research then you can communicate with me and I would appreciate your comments.
E-mail: devendrasrivastava36@gmail.com
divyashreenandini@gmail.com
Hey i'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here to present my topic on INDUCTION MOTOR. An INDUCTION MOTOR is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction. Wanna know more about it then check it out. If you've any queries about it then you can ask me. Thank You! :)
Hey I'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI and I'm here going to present my topic on OXYGEN. Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O
2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. As compounds including oxides, the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.
Wanna know more about oxygen lets go with me
Enjoy the ride - sea sai
Hey DIVYA SHREE NANDINI is here. I'm going to present my topic on Kermack and Mckendrik epidemic model. Want to know more about epidemic model. Then come with me✌
Hello guys DIVYA SHREE NANDINI is here and I'm going to present my topic on HARMONY PROBLEM IN FAMILY. Hope you like it pls like and share it and also pls upload this presentation.
THANK YOU.
Hey i'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here going to present my topic on Correlation and Regression. Wanna know more about Correlation and Regression.
Here i provide you easy way to know how correlation and regression works.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. A LITTLE BIT ABOUT MYSELF
Hi my name is Divya Shree
Nandini.
Today I hope will be useful for
both you and me.
Don’t afraid to ask me about
something you’re unsure of.
You’ll have the opportunity to ask
me questions at the end of the
presentation.
Enjoy the ride! (she sai -
3. What is BLACK HOLE
“A black hole is a great amount of matter
packed in a very small area. It is a place in
space which has such a big gravitational
field,that nothing,not even light can escape.
scientists can’t directly observe black holes,and
the only way to percieve them is by detecting
their effect on other matter nearby.”
Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of
stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the
Sun.
4. Types of BLACK HOLE
“According to theory, there might be
three types of black holes: Stellar,
super massive, and miniature black
holes-depending on their mass.
These black holes would have
formed in different ways.”
Stellar black holes: “Stellar
black holes form when the
center of a very massive star
collapses in upon itself. This
collapse also causes a
supernova, or an exploding star.
That blasts part of the star into
space.”
5. Super massive black holes: “These type of
black holes have event horizons as small as
atomic particles. These were created during
the Big bang. Miniature black holes were
created more than 10 billion years ago, and
they compressed into a really small point,
which later exploded and created a massive
explosion. We don’t know exactly how
super massive black holes form, but it’s
likely that they’re a by product of galaxy
formation.”
Miniature black holes: “No one has ever
discovered a miniature black holes,
which would have a mass much smaller
than that of our sun. But it’s possible
that miniature black holes could have
formed shortly after the “Big Bang”,
which is thought to have started the
universe 13.7 billion years ago.”
6. Parts of a BLACK HOLE
Event Horizon- The event horizon of a black
hole is a boundary in space-time where light
and matter can only enter the black hole.
Matter and light falling inwards pass the
event horizon and can only move towards the
center of black hole.
Ergosphere- The ergosphere is an ellipsoidal region
located just outside the black hole, such as the poles
which touch the event horizon. The ergosphere is a
region in which an effect known as frame-dragging
occurs, making it impossible for someone to stand still
within.
7. Accretion Disk- An accretion disk forms around
the black hole consisting of matter that forms an
Omni-directional cloud around the black hole.
Matter in the disk gradually falls into the black
hole and the accretion disk is visible as long as the
black hole has a continual source of matter.
Photon sphere- A photon sphere is a region where
photons are forced to travel in orbits around the
black hole due to the gravitational influence of the
black hole.
Singularity- The singularity is the center of the
black hole where space-time becomes infinitely
curved. The singularity is infinitely dense and
the laws of physics break down here as matter
reaches its presence.
8. Existence of BLACK HOLES?
Astronomers have found convincing
evidence for a super massive black
hole in the center of our own Milky
Way galaxy, the galaxy NGC 4258, the
giant elliptical galaxy M87, and several
others. Scientists verified the existence
of black holes by studying the speed of
the clouds of gas orbiting those
regions. In 1994, Hubble Space
Telescope measured the mass of an
unseen object at the center of M87.
Based on the motion of the material
whirling about the center, the object is
estimated to be about 3 billion times
the mass of our Sun and appears to be
concentrated into a space smaller than
our solar system.
9. When were BLACK HOLES first theorized?
Using Newton’s Laws in the late 1790s, John
Michell of England and Pierre-Simon Laplace of
France independently suggested the existence of an
“invisible star”. Michell and Laplace calculated the
mass and size - which is now called the “event
horizon” – that an object needs in order to have an
escape velocity greater than the speed of light. In
1915, Einstein’s theory of general relativity
predicted the existence of black holes. In 1967 John
Wheeler, an American theoretical physicist, applied
the term “black hole” to these collapsed objects.
10. How does a star become a BLACK
HOLE?
“Only stars with very large masses can become black
holes. Our Sun, for example, is not massive enough to
become a black hole. Four billion years from now when
the Sun runs out of the available nuclear fuel in its core,
our Sun will die a quiet death. Stars of this type and their
history as white dwarf stars.”
“If a star is even more massive than the one that forms a
neutron star, it goes through the same process of creating
a supernova ,but the force of gravity is so great because of
the amount of mass involved, that the neutrons cannot halt
the collapse of the star which continues to be squeezed
into a smaller and smaller ”
11. What would happen if you fell into a
BLACK HOLE?
“ After that, gravity will drag you toward
the singularity at the speed of light and
ultimately spaghettify you. No one
knows what happens beyond the event
horizon, and astrophysicists suspects
that the physics we understand here on
Earth breaks down inside of a black
hole.”
“ If you find yourself stuck inside a
black hole, Stephen Hawking says not to
panic: You may die, but all traces of
your existence may not be lost forever.
Current science suggests that a black
hole’s gravity is so strong that absolutely
nothing – not even light - can escape
once inside.”
12. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The Schwarzschild black hole, which has no
charge, or rotation, the simplest type of
black hole that exists.
The Reissner – Nordstrom black hole, which
does not rotate, but which has electrical
charge.
The Kerr – Newman black hole, which has
charge and rotates.
The Kerr black hole, which rotates and does
not have charge inside.
13. WHITE HOLES AND WARM HOLES
White holes are not proved to exist. A black hole
is considered to be the exact opposite of a black
hole. It cannot absorb matter, It can only expulse
it. It is considered by some physicists to be the
mathematical answer to the general equations of
relativity.
If white holes actually existed, then, we
would also see the appearance of a
wormhole. A wormhole is the combination
of a black hole and a wormhole.
Wormholes would make matter enter
through the white hole, because as they are
too close to each other, spaghettification
would not happen.
14. How can we study BLACK HOLES?
“ Scientists can’t directly observe black
holes with telescopes that detect x-rays,
light, or other forms of electromagnetic
radiation. We can, however, infer the
presence of black holes and study them by
detecting their effect on other matter nearby.
”
15. Can BLACK HOLE die?
“ This is because the escape
velocity of a black hole is
greater than the speed of light.
… What follows is a discussion
on how black holes “die.”
Perhaps “evaporate” is a more
suitable word in this case. The
process by which black holes
evaporate is called Hawking
radiation, or sometimes,
Bekenstein-Hawking
radiation.”
16. THANK YOU
Hit me up on
GOOGLE & FACEBOOK- DIVYA
SHREE NANDINI On both or on Google
you can find me as NANDINI
SRIVASTAVA too.
INSTAGRAM- DIVYASHREENANDINI
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devendrasrivastava36@gmail.com
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