The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
The universe is the totality of all matter and energy, originating with the big bang and expanding outwards. There is no outside to it, although there may
Power Point notes that I use in class. I did not make this presentation. I got it from the internet, the reference is on the first page. I may have altered it from it\'s origninal state though.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
The universe is the totality of all matter and energy, originating with the big bang and expanding outwards. There is no outside to it, although there may
Power Point notes that I use in class. I did not make this presentation. I got it from the internet, the reference is on the first page. I may have altered it from it\'s origninal state though.
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
What’s Your CQ (Curiosity Quotient) and Why Does it Matter?Angela Maiers
How ‘curious’ are you? How aware are you of the questions your ask and pursue? How well do you listen and react to the questions of others? What do you do to honor, nurture, and sustain your question-asking capabilities?
All of these metrics are becoming increasingly important in the work and workforce. This session will explore how we can begin to prepare students for this growing demand. I promise you will leave with more questions that you came with.
Where it All Began: The History of Music FestivalsUniverse
A quick lesson in music history to kick off the start of festival season. We're taking a look at where these popular gatherings of music, art and culture began in Part I of this two Part series.
the Life Cycle of the Stars powerpoint presentationronnajanemanuel2
Blue Brown Watercolour Style Water Cycle Presentation
Title Slide:
Title: "The Water Cycle: A Blue Brown Watercolour Journey"
Subtitle: "Exploring the Earth's Natural Water Process"
Background: Watercolor-style illustration blending blue and brown hues, depicting a stylized representation of the water cycle.
Slide 1: Introduction
Welcome message: "Welcome to our presentation on the water cycle!"
Brief overview: "Today, we'll be diving into the fascinating world of the water cycle, exploring how water moves through the environment in a continuous process."
Slide 2: What is the Water Cycle?
Definition: "The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth."
Visual: Diagram of the water cycle, with labels for evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
Slide 3: Key Processes of the Water Cycle
Evaporation: Explanation of how water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers, driven by solar energy.
Condensation: Description of how water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses into clouds.
Precipitation: Explanation of how condensed water droplets fall to the Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Collection: Overview of how water collects in bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, before repeating the cycle.
Slide 4: Importance of the Water Cycle
Environmental balance: Discussion on how the water cycle maintains ecological balance by distributing water across different ecosystems.
Human impact: Explanation of how human activities, such as deforestation and urbanization, can disrupt the water cycle and lead to water scarcity.
Slide 5: Water Cycle in Action
Real-world examples: Showcase of how the water cycle impacts different regions, such as arid deserts and tropical rainforests.
Case study: Detailed analysis of a specific location or event where the water cycle plays a crucial role, such as a drought or flood.
Slide 6: Conservation and Management
Conservation practices: Overview of strategies for conserving water, such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation techniques.
Management approaches: Discussion on how governments and organizations can manage water resources sustainably to ensure long-term availability.
Slide 7: Conclusion
Recap: Summary of key points discussed in the presentation.
Call to action: Encouragement for viewers to learn more about the water cycle and take steps to protect water resources.
Slide 8: Additional Resources
Links to further reading: References to books, articles, or websites for more information on the water cycle and water conservation.
Slide 9: Thank You
Thank you message: "Thank you for joining us on this journey through the water cycle!"
Contact information: Optional contact details for the presenter or organization hosting the presentation.
Slide 10: Questions and Answers
Q&A session: Invite viewers to ask questions or share their thoughts on the presentation.
Feel free to add more de
I made this because this was a project in one of my subjects. I created this one a long time ago. It's all based from what I have learned and researched.
If there are any mistakes, please consider them because I don't know if some facts are correct.
If you want other topics, just comment.
(Picture credits to Encarta)
ICSE Class VIII Physics The Universe - TopperLearningAlok Singh
The universe is defined as the vast surrounding space which includes everything that exists from the earth to the most distant parts of space that one can see.
Detailed Desription of Stars. What is a Star? , Classification of stars, Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, Spectral Classes, Luminosity, Variable Stars, Composite Stars, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, Star Clusters, Supernovae, Binary Star, Chandrashekhar Limit, Limit Value Calculation Formulae, Applications of the limit, Tolman-Openheimer Volkoff Limit, About Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. "It must be a strange world
not being a scientist, going
through life not knowing - or
maybe not caring - about
where the air came from, and
where the stars at night came
from, or how far they are
from us. I want to know."
Michio Kaku
6. Ancient astronomers believed the
universe was made up of about
3000 stars, the moon and the sun
and these objects revolved around
the earth. We now know that the
earth is not the centre of the
universe and that the sun is only
one of millions and millions of
stars.
www.kidsastronomy.com
8. Constellations
Many stars that we can see form recognisable
patterns. The stars in a constellation keep the
same shape but may only appear on summer or
winter nights due to the Earth’s revolution.
http://s-wilson1013-dp.blogspot.com.au
11. Star Distances
The distances to the stars are enormous with
vast spaces between them. Our sun is the
closest star being 150 000 000 km away. The
next closest star is 41 000 000 000 000 km away
or 270 000 times the distance of the sun.
www.nasa.gov
12. The distances to the stars are far too large to
measure in kilometres. Instead we use the
astronomical unit of distance called the light-
year. This is the distance light travels in one
year. Light travels at about 300 000 000 metres
per second (3×108 m/s). So in one year light
travels about 9 500 000 000 000 km.
13. • A parsec (pc) is another commonly used
astronomical unit of length – it is equivalent of
3.26 light-years.
• The parsec is based on the phenomenon
known as parallax.
www.atnf.csiro.au
14. When you look at the stars you are actually
looking back in time. The closest star in the
Southern Cross is 220 light years away. This
means the light left this star 220 years ago (i.e.
as the star was in 1788).
Science World 10
15. Naming Stars
The stars in the sky have been given names
according to their brightness. The brightest star
is called the alpha star (α-star), the second
brightest the beta star (β-star), then gamma (γ-
star), delta (δ-star) and so on.
commons.wikimedia.org
16. In the Southern Cross, the brightest star is called
the α-Crucis. The Pointers are located nearby
and this constellation is known as Centaurus.
The brighter of the 2 stars is known as α-
Centauri (closest star to Earth apart from the
Sun) and the second star is known as β-Centauri.
en.wikipedia.org
17. Movement of Stars
The stars appear to move across the sky. This
movement is caused by the west to east rotation
of the earth.
Science World 10
18. Stars are made of …?
Stars are gaseous objects in space that give off
light and heat.
Our sun is composed of: 80% H
19% He
1% trace elements
en.wikipedia.org
19. The enormous size of a star creates huge
gravitational forces which squeeze the atoms of
the gases together and creates immense
pressure and heat. At this temperature,
electrons are stripped from the atoms, leaving
positively charged nuclei which are in constant
rapid motion.
21. Plasma a state of matter, different from solids,
liquids and gases, which exist in the extreme
heat in the interior of stars (conducts electricity
and generates a magnetic field).
Nuclear Fusion is when H nuclei fuse together to
form He and release large amounts of energy
(occurs in the core of the sun).
22. Einstein proposed:
In the fusion reaction in the sun, 655 million
tons of H is converted to 650 million tons of He
every second. The 5 million tons of H used up
releases 4.5 x 1026 J/s. This is the same amount
of energy that all power stations in Australia
could produce in 7 billion years.
24. Light From Stars
• Brightness and colour of a star are important
in determining its size and life expectancy.
• Astronomers refer to a stars brightness as its
magnitude.
• The colour of a star is due to its temperature.
26. Apparent Magnitude
• The brightness of a star when viewed from
Earth.
• As the brightness of a star decreases the
apparent magnitude becomes more positive.
i.e. Stars just visible with the naked eye have a
magnitude of about 6. Sirius, the brightest star
in the sky, has a magnitude of – 1.4.
astronomy.swin.edu.au
27. Apparent magnitude is not a measure of the
star’s actual brightness because a very bright
star could be so far away from earth that it
appears dim.
mrscreath.edublogs.org
28. Absolute Magnitude
• Measures the actual brightness of a star by
comparing the amount of light given off by
that star if it was a set distance from earth.
• The amount of light given off is determined by
its size (amount of matter).
www.skyandtelescope.com
30. Colour
• Hottest stars (e.g. Rigel) – white to blue light
• Coolest stars – red light
• Very hot stars (Rigel) give off large amounts of
UV (ultraviolet) light which our eyes cannot
detect. Appears as blue.
• Astronomers are able to calculate the surface
temperature of stars by measuring the
wavelength (λ) of light given off.
en.wikipedia.org
31. Relationship – Brightness and Colour
• If two stars are the same colour, they must have
the same surface temperature.
• If the absolute brightness is larger, then star is
larger.
• If a red and a blue star are the same size they will
have the same brightness, but the blue star will
radiate more energy/second because it is hotter.
32. Binary Stars
• Two stars that revolve around each other.
• There have been nearly 700 000 binaries
observed by astronomers.
• Two famous binaries in the Southern
Hemisphere are Alpha-Centauri (brightest star
of the Pointers) and Alpha-Crucis (star at the
foot of the Cross).
www.space.com
33. Star Life Cycles
• Stars are born in clouds of gas (mainly hydrogen)
and dust that occur throughout the universe.
Occasionally one of these clouds collapses on
itself, becoming hotter and denser as the
gravitational force increases. This is the
embryonic stage in the life of a star – Protostar.
• Eventually the gas becomes hot enough to start
nuclear fusion reactions and the star begins to
grow.
35. Supernova – a spectacular explosion which ends
the life of a star.
en.wikipedia.org
36. Birth and Death of Stars
• The life cycle of a star depends entirely on its
mass.
• A protostar with a mass less than 0.1 of the
mass of the sun will continue to shrink but will
never get hot enough for nuclear reactions to
begin. It will fade to form a small red star
before turning cold and dying.
37. A star about the size of our sun initially glows
very brightly. It then settles down to a long
stable middle-life period of about 10 billion
years. As the star ages and its hydrogen is used
up, its surface temperature decreases. Finally,
when little hydrogen remains, the stars core
shrinks, the outer layers expand and cool and
the star forms a red giant.
kepler.nasa.gov
38. Gases in the outer regions then drift into space
and the remaining gases collapse into a small,
very dense object known as a white dwarf.
These stars are very small. Eventually the white
dwarf cools down and fades away.
ircamera.as.arizona.edu
39. Stars 2-6 times the size of the sun have much
shorter but spectacular lives. These stars only live
for about 1 million years. The mass in large stars
create enormous gravitational forces in the core of
the star. The nuclear reactions use fuel very rapidly,
creating very bright stars (blue). When the fuel runs
out there is a tremendous outburst of energy –
Supernova. The star’s matter is blown into space,
leaving a nebula.
When this explosion occurs the brightness of the
star increases a billion times.
41. HR Diagram
One of the most useful and powerful plots in
astrophysics is the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
(H-R diagram). It originated in 1911 when the
Danish astronomer, Ejnar Hertzsprung, plotted
the absolute magnitude of stars against their
colour (hence effective temperature).
43. Nebulas and Neutron Stars
• A supernova occurs about once every 75 years in our
galaxy.
• Some nebulas emit their own light and glow like stars.
They can glow pink, blue green or yellow depending on
the type of gas in the cloud. E.g. Great Nebula of Orion.
• Other nebulas do not glow and black out the light from
the stars behind them. E.g. The Horsehead Nebula. This
is a dark nebula which can be seen against the glow of
stars in the background.
45. A Neutron star is an incredibly dense star less
than 20km in diameter formed during a
supernova explosion. The remainder of the
star’s core is pulled inwards by immense
gravitational forces. They are so small that they
do not glow very brightly but send out pulsating
radio signals. They can be called pulsars.
www.dailygalaxy.com
46. Black Holes
• Invisible objects in space that emit X-rays and
that are thought to form when the most massive
stars explode.
• After the supernova explosion the core collapses
on itself, and unlike a neutron star, these massive
stars (10 times size of sun) keep on collapsing.
• The gravitational force that is created is so strong
it will not even allow light to escape.
www.nasa.gov
47. Galaxies
• The Milky Way is just one of billions of galaxies
in the observable universe.
• It is estimated to contain between 200 and
400 billion star.
news.nationalgeographic.com
48. Edwin Hubble
Astronomer Edwin Hubble revolutionised the
field of astrophysics. His research helped prove
that the universe is expanding, and he created a
classification system for galaxies that has been
used for several decades. http://www.biography.com/people/edwin-hubble
asd.gsfc.nasa.gov
54. Origin of the Universe
• Cosmology is the study of the origin and
structure of the universe.
• Two models describing the origin of the
universe:
www.crystalinks.com
55. The Steady State Model
• This model proposes that the universe has always
existed. The universe is infinitely old, it has no
birth date and will never end. The universe is
endless in time and space. This model accounts
for the fact that stars and galaxies die and re-
form.
• This model avoids the difficult question of how
the universe was created. There are few
supporters of this model because recent
astronomical evidence does not fit it at all.
56. The Big Bang Model
This model suggests that the universe began as a massive
explosion; it is based on evidence that the universe is
expanding.
About 10 billion years ago all matter in the universe was
contained in a hot, dense ball of radiation and sub-atomic
particles. An explosion took place and the matter
expanded. As it expanded it cooled and electrons,
protons and neutrons formed. On further expansion and
cooling, small gaseous atoms like hydrogen and helium
formed, then larger ones. Where the exploded matter
was denser, gravitational forces squeezed particles of
matter together to from galaxies containing stars.
58. Red Shift
Astronomers have found that the wavelength of
the light (measured with a spectrometer)
coming from most stars has shifted towards the
red end of the spectrum. This occurs when stars
are moving rapidly away from earth. This is
considered evidence that the universe is
expanding.
61. The Future of the Universe
• What will happen to the expanding universe?
There are two theories.
www.nasa.gov
62. The universe will go on expanding forever. The
universe will eventually die as the stars and
galaxies are reduced to clouds of gas and dust.
www.jpl.nasa.gov
63. The ‘Big Crunch’ suggests that the universe will
expand to a certain point and then collapse back
on itself in a reversal of the Big Bang. This will
once again form a hot, dense ball of matter that
will start a second Big Bang and a new universe
will be born containing all the matter that was in
the previous universe.