learn the significance of space exploration, interesting facts about space, Galaxies, blackholes and wormholes. views on aliens and space/time travel through wormholes. with significant contributions of space shuttles and equipments in the healthcare and telecom industry.

1. Space Exploration
By Shimpi
BBA LLB
8th semester

2. Key takeaways
✩ What is space?
✩ What is space Exploration?
✩ Significance of space exploration.
✩ Facts about different Galaxies.
✩ Space & Time travel through
wormholes.
✩ Are we alone in this vastness of
universe?
✩ Space exploration contributions.
✩ Conclusion.

3. What is Space?
Enourmus and limitless:-
Space is unimaginably big
continuum of void matter. It
contains gas, dust and
other matters which floats
around emptier areas of
universe, while more
crowded regions can host
planets, stars and galaxies.
Karman line:- From our earth
bound-perspective, outer space
is most often thought to begin
about 100 kilometers (62 miles)
above sea level. Which is known
as karman line. This is the
boundary between earth’s
atmosphere and outer space. At
this altitude there is no air to
breath and blue sky becomes
black.
Vacuum:- Space is imperfect
vacuum, as there are clouds of
interstellar dust and tiny
particles that make up the
solar winds. There are many
isolated particles and
hydrogen atoms, which
sometimes form clouds over a
billion kilometer wide called
“nebulae”.
Contents:- of space
includes stars, planets,
asteroids comets &
meteorites, galaxies &
quasars, dark matter
and energy, space
radiations invisibles to
human to eyes.

4. What is space exploration?
✩ Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space
technology to explore outer space. It encompasses a wide
range of activities conducted by space agencies, private
companies and international collaborations with the aim of
advancing our understanding of the cosmos and expanding
human presence beyond earth.
✩ Mainly space exploration takes place through various
telescopes (such as James web telescope, Hubble space
telescope).
✩ And physical exploration of space is conducted by both
uncrewed robotic space probes (such as opportunity and
curiosity mars rovers) and crewed spaceflights (Apollo 11
and Voskhod 2) and crewed mission to space like the
international space station (ISS).
✩ Space explorations includes missions such as satellite
launches for communication, navigation, weather
forecasting, and earth observation as well as robotic
exploration of other celestial bodies using probes, rovers
and landers.

5. Significance of space exploration.
Curiosity:- It’s our intangibles desire to
explore and challenge the boundaries. To
find our place in the universe and the history
and future of our solar system.
Expansion:- Man has always aspired to explore the
unexplored, and to understand what is not understood. And
since the dawn of humanity people have explored to learn
more about the world, to find more resources, and to
improve their existence.
Risk detection:- While space may hold many wonders and
explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also
holds danger. And the chance of a large asteroid or comet hitting the
earth is less but not zero. With latest technology we can be able to
divert such comet or asteroid.
Togetherness:- An international partnership of 5 space agencies from 15 countries operates
the international space station, and two dozen countries have signed the Artemis accords,
signing their commitment to shared values for long-term human exploration and research at
moon.

6. Facts about different galaxies
Black holes lie at the center of most of the galaxies. And it can have a mass of over 4
billion of our sun.
All the stars and their respective solar system revolves around its center of the galaxy,
through the high gravitational force of its blackhole.
We are moving at an average velocity of 8.2 lakhs km/hr. But even at that high rate, it
still takes us about 230 million years to make one complete orbit around the Milky
way.
Blackhole situated at the center of the Milky way galaxy is named as Sagittarius A.
Due to expansion of universe all other galaxies are receding from our own. Galaxies
farther from Milky way are speeding away faster than those nearby.
It is often noticed that most of the times dwarf galaxies are clustered around larger galaxies and
the frequently lose their stars to larger galaxies because of super high gravitational force.

7. Space & Time travel through Wormholes
✩ A wormhole is like a tunnel between two distant points in our universe that cuts the
travel time from one point to the other.
✩ Instead of travelling for many billion years from one galaxy to another, under the
right conditions one could theoretically use a wormhole to cut the travel time down
to hours or minutes.
✩ Because wormholes represent shortcuts through space-time, they could even act
like time machine. But wormholes bring with them the dangers of sudden collapse,
high radiation and dangerous contact with exotic matter.
✩ While wormholes are interesting objects to think about. They still aren’t accepted in
mainstream science. But that doesn’t mean they are not real. As today we are
evident about black hole’s existence. But its practicality was quiet weird for then
scientists in 1900s.
✩ Einstein first formulated his famous field equation in year 1915, and German
scientists Karl Schwarzchild found a way to mathematically describe black holes
after only one year. However, this description was so peculiar that the leading
scientists of that era refused to believe black holes could actually exist in nature.
✩ It took people around 50 year to start taking black holes seriously and the term
“black hole” wasn’t even coined until 1967.
✩ The same could happen with wormholes. Scientists and other scholars may take a
little while to come up with a consensus about whether or not they can exist. But if
they do find strong evidence pointing to the existence of wormholes (which they
may be able to do by looking at odd movements in star orbits) the discovery will
shape how scientists see and understand the universe.

8. Physics behind wormholes
✩ While researchers have never found a wormhole in our universe,
scientists often see wormholes described in the solutions to important
physics equations. Most prominently, the solution to the equations
behind Einstein’s theory of space-time and general relativity include
wormholes.
✩ This theory describes the shape of the universe and how stars, planets
and other objects move throughout it. Because Einstein’s theory has
been tested many times and found to be correct every time.
✩ Therefore, some scientists do expect wormholes to exist somewhere
out in the universe. While some also believe that wormholes are too
unstable to exist.
✩ The constant pull of gravity affects every object in the Universe. And
scientists who are skeptical about wormholes believe that the middle
of the wormhole may collapse under its own gravity.
✩ unless it has some force pushing outward from inside the wormhole to
counteract that force. The most likely way it would do that is using
what’s called “negative energy”, which would oppose gravity and
stabilize the wormhole.

9. Are we alone in this vastness?
✩ Vastness :- To contemplate the possibility of extraterrestrial life, we
must first grasp the immense scale of the universe. Our Milky Way
galaxy alone contains billions of stars, and there are billions of galaxies
in the observable universe.
✩ Goldilocks Zones :- The building blocks of life and Goldilocks Zone
(region around a star where conditions are habitable) are so abundant
in the cosmos. The number of planets in the cosmos is so large that it’s
very unlikely that life on Earth is the only form of life that exists out
there.
✩ Exoplanets :- There are thousands of promising candidates for hosting
life. Notable examples include Proxima Centauri b and the TRAPPIST-1
system.
✩ SETI :- A new initiative by the UCLA, search for extraterrestrial
intelligence (SETI) program is also collaboration between scientific
researchers and outer space enthusiasts to try and find the answer. It
involves scanning the space for artificial signals or patterns that might
indicate the presence of intelligent beings. Its like trying to tune into the
cosmic radio stations.
✩ Alien life :- when we think of extraterrestrial life, we often picture green,
humanoid creatures. However, life on other planets could take forms
entirely different from what we can imagine, depending on their
environments and the chemistry of their words (beyond stereotypes).

10. Space Exploration contributions
• Enhanced
communications
, television
channels and
internet service.
• Kidney dialysis
and the new
artificial heart
have been
based on
technology
found in space
shuttle.
K
• Image processing
used in MRI & CET
scan technology
came from
technology
developed for high
resolution picture
of the moon in the
Apollo programs.
• Joysticks evolved
form Apollo Lunar
Rover used for
computer games,
cranes, Mining
trucks and
underwater
unmanned
vehicles.

11. Conlusion
✩ Space exploration is the key to the future and we will reap the rewards of
this necessary investment of money and resources.
✩ Researches and technologies about space exploration are very
important for humanity.
✩ Without risk, we remain in our caves, never daring to see what lies
beyond our immediate sight.
✩ The money we are spending now on space program will help in long run.
✩ It is the main thrust of humanity’s future dream which expands their
limits as new projects are accomplished.
✩ Despite the fact that space exploration projects need huge amount of
money and labour and also time, it can not be totally halted.