Standards define what students should know and be able to do, including content standards that specify knowledge and performance standards that explain how students demonstrate proficiency. Goals describe broad learning outcomes and are difficult to measure, helping to focus on overall objectives. Curriculum encompasses all planned learning according to academic institutions and includes knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior through experience and training.

2. Standard
 Standards are goals for what students
should learn and thus establish what
teachers should teach. The word standard
is used in several ways.
 "Content standards" define what every
student should know and be able to do.
 "Performance standards" explain how
students will demonstrate their proficiency
in order to establish that a standard has
been achieved.
 According to Cambridge Dictionary, a level
of quality.

3. Goals
 A statement that describe in broad terms
what the learner will gain from
instruction.
 Goals are long term and difficult to
measure.
 They help us focus on the big picture.
 They are general guidelines that
explains what you want to achieve.

4. Curriculum
 According to Ronald Doll, “curriculum is
the formal and informal content and
process by which learners gain knowledge
and understanding, develop skills, and alter
attitude, appreciations, and values under
the auspices of an academic institution.
 Kerr(1962) defines curriculum as all the
learning, which is planned and guided by
the school, whether it is carried on in
groups or individually inside or outside the
school.

5. Learning
 Learning is the modification of behaviour
through experiences and training. Gates
 Learning is the acquisition of habits,
knowledge and attitudes. Crow and
Crow
 Learning is relatively permanent change
in behaviour brought about by
experience. Rod Plotnik 1989.

6. Principles of Learning
 Students’ prior knowledge can help or
hinder learning.
 How students organize knowledge
influences how they learn and apply what
they know.
 Students’ motivation determines, directs,
and sustains what they do to learn.
 To develop mastery, students must acquire
component skills, practice integrating them,
and know when to apply what they have
learned.

7. Cont…
 Goal-directed practice coupled with
targeted feedback enhances the quality
of students’ learning.
 Students’ current level of development
interacts with the social, emotional, and
intellectual climate of the course to
impact learning.
 To become self-directed learners,
students must learn to monitor and
adjust their approaches to learning.

8. Pakistan’s Curriculum
 http://bisep.com.pk/downloads/curriculu
m/Grades-I-
XII/pk_al_eng_2006_eng.pdf