2. INCLUSION
in education is an approach to educating students with special
educational needs. Under the inclusion model, students with special
needs spend most or all of their time with non-disabled students.
Implementation of these practices varies. Schools most frequently use
them for selected students with mild to severe special needs.
3. INFORMAL ASSESSMENT
An assessment usually occurs in a more casual manner and may
include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics,
performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self-
evaluation, and discussion.
4. MENTORING
the Greek word meaning enduring--is defined as a sustained
relationship between a youth and an adult. Through continued
involvement, the adult offers support, guidance, and assistance as the
younger person goes through a difficult period, faces new challenges,
or works to correct earlier problems.
5. COOPERATIVE LEARNING
is a form of active learning where students work together to
perform specific tasks in a small group. Each cooperative learning
group should be carefully selected by the teacher so that a
heterogeneous structure allows each student to bring his or her
strengths to the group effort.
6. CHARTER SCHOOLS
a tax-supported school established by a charter between a granting
body (as a school board) and an outside group (as of teachers and
parents) which operates the school without most local and state
educational regulations so as to achieve set goals
7. STANDARDS
Standards can be defined as the minimal material within a
curriculum that must be taught to students. State standards drive
standardized testing. Standards can be thought of as the blue print for
state testing. All students in the state will be assessed solely on that
state’s standards. Many states have chosen to adopt the Common
Core State Standards. These are group of internationally bench-
marked standards that will replace traditional state standards.
8. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
a classification system used to define and distinguish different
levels of human cognition—i.e., thinking, learning, and
understanding. Cognitive model, which includes six different
classification levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis,
Synthesis, and Evaluation.
9. INQUIRY-BASED
INSTRUCTION
is a student-centered and teacher-guided instructional approach
that engages students in investigating real world questions that they
choose within a broad thematic framework.. Students acquire and
analyze information, develop and support propositions, provide
solutions, and design technology and arts products that demonstrate
their thinking and make their learning visible.
10. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
is an evaluation tool used to document student learning through a
series of student-developed artifacts. portfolios are a collection of
student work that allows assessment by providing evidence of effort
and accomplishments in relation to specific instructional goals
(Jardine, 1996).
11. LESSON PLAN
A detailed description of the individual lessons that a teacher plans
to teach on a given day. A lesson plan is developed by a teacher to
guide instruction throughout the day. It is a method of planning and
preparation. A lesson plan traditionally includes the name of the
lesson, the date of the lesson, the objective the lesson focuses on, the
materials that will be used, and a summary of all the activities that will
be used.
12. SCORING RUBRIC
A rubric is a scoring tool that teachers use to assess student
learning after a lesson. Using a set of criteria and standards (directly
tied to the stated learning objectives), educators can assess each
student's performance on a wide variety of work, ranging from
written essays to class projects.
13. TENURE
refers to an employment status that teachers earn after successful
fulfilling the requirements of a probationary period. Once an
educator has earned tenure status, he or she has increased job security
in the district that granted the tenure.
14. ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
means any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether
acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is
used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a
child with a disability.
15. VOUCHER
a government cash grant or tax credit for parents, equal to all or
part of the cost of educating their child at an elementary or
secondary school of their choice.
16. ELL
English-language learners, are students who are unable to
communicate fluently or learn effectively in English, who often come
from non-English-speaking homes and backgrounds, and who
typically require specialized or modified instruction in both the
English language and in their academic courses.
17. NORMAL SCHOOL
is a school that is created specifically to train teachers. Typically,
this terms is used to describe a school that trains teachers out of high
school.
18. STANDARDIZED TEST
is any form of test that (1) requires all test takers to answer the same
questions, or a selection of questions from common bank of questions, in
the same way, and that (2) is scored in a “standard” or consistent manner,
which makes it possible to compare the relative performance of individual
students or groups of students. the term is primarily associated with large-
scale tests administered to sizeable populations of students, such as a
multiple-choice test given to all the eighth-grade public-school students in
a particular state.
19. MASTER TEACHERS
leaders who have mastered the management of their classrooms and
found a way to accelerate learning for all their students. These educators
are exceptional communicators who have a strong connection with their
students. Create an atmosphere, an environment, and an attitude for
learning Establish a reason to learn, Train students how to learn Inspire
students to achieve, Establish accountability for learning, Continually
check learning gains Celebrate new learning
20. NULL CURRICULUM
That which we do not teach, thus giving students the message that
these elements are not important in their educational experiences or
in our society
21. DIRECT INSTRUCTION
is a general term for the explicit teaching of a skill-set using
lectures or demonstrations of the material, rather than exploratory
models such as inquiry-based learning.
. Usually it involves explication of the skill or subject matter to be
taught and may or may not include an opportunity for student
participation or individual practice.
22. EMERGENCY
CERTIFICATE”
means a temporary credential issued to an individual who has
obtained employment or an offer of employment with an employing
authority and holds a valid Initial, Continuing, or Advanced License,
but lacks necessary skills and knowledge to immediately meet
certification requirements in a specific content area. The temporary
credential provides the individual with a limited time to meet the
requirements for certification in the specific content area.
23. PEDAGOGY
is the science and art of education, specifically instructional theory.
An instructor develops conceptual knowledge and manages the
content of learning activities in pedagogical settings. This is
significant in education because pedagogy is “how” something is
taught
24. ASSESSMENT
Educational assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable
terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs. Assessment can focus on the
individual learner, the learning community (class, workshop, or other organized
group of learners), the institution, or the educational system as a whole (also known
as granularity).[citation needed]
The final purpose of assessment practices in education depends on the theoretical
framework of the practitioners and researchers, their assumptions and beliefs about
the nature of human mind, the origin of knowledge, and the process of learning.
25. REFERENCES
Allen, K. E.; Schwartz, I. (2000). The Exceptional Child: Inclusion in Early Childhood
Education (4 ed.). Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 0-7668-0249-3.
Eric Parsloe, The Oxford School of Coaching & Mentoring
Jardine, A. S. (1996). Key points of the authentic assessment portfolio.
Intervention in School and Clinic, 31(4), 252–253
^ "pedagogy noun – definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus –
Cambridge Dictionary Online". Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2012-10-10. Retrieved
2012-10-29.
