Presented at the World Conference on Educational Sciences http://www.wces2009.org/
February 04-07, Nicosia, Cyprus
Abstract: http://spuzic.synthasite.com/knowledge_-basics.php
Live presentation (Youtube): http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYwYGXuVhqo
in this ppt, we will discuss subject centred curriculum, it's characteristics, approach, assumptions, merits and demerits of subject centred curriculum
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. It is derived from the Greek words "episteme" meaning knowledge and "logy" meaning study. Epistemology seeks to understand what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. Various philosophers have different views on the concept of knowledge, such as Swami Vivekananda believing knowledge is inherent in every soul, and William James viewing knowledge as practical success. The key difference between information and knowledge is that information is processed data while knowledge represents useful patterns within information. Wisdom is the ability to apply knowledge and make good judgments.
The document discusses several educational philosophies and their implications for curriculum development. It outlines four main philosophies: perennialism, rooted in realism, focuses on classical subjects, literacy analysis, and a constant curriculum. Essentialism, rooted in pragmatism, emphasizes mastery of basic skills and essential subjects. Progressivism, rooted in idealism and realism, uses interdisciplinary and interactive subjects based on student interests. Reconstructionism, also from pragmatism, concentrates on current issues of national and global importance. Each philosophy guides curriculum content, teaching methods, and goals in different ways.
This presentation provides information about the education systems of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. It discusses the history and policies of each country's education system, key facts about the systems such as enrollment rates and types of educational institutions, and some common problems faced across the three countries like outdated curricula, lack of resources, and high dropout rates. The presentation was given by Fatima Batool for a course on education policy.
The document discusses the importance and types of textbooks in education. There are three main types of textbooks: reference books, main textbooks, and supplementary books. A good social science textbook provides utility for teachers, students, and maintaining uniform standards. It presents material according to the latest syllabus, is written by experienced teachers, and contains revision problems. Overall, textbooks should serve as tools for teachers to impart education to students on various topics, themes, and problems.
The document outlines the aims of education in a democratic setup. It lists 12 goals including making students aware of individual dignity and rights, enabling them to freely express views and respect others, providing knowledge on political issues to create future leaders with vision, enriching logical thinking and creating a service mentality, ensuring social justice, inculcating patriotism, and promoting secularism. The document was prepared by Zainudheen Cholayil.
Constructivism is a theory of learning that states that individuals create or construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Key scholars who contributed to constructivism include Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner. There are two main views: individual constructivism which emphasizes individual construction of knowledge, and social constructivism which sees knowledge as constructed through social interactions. A constructivist classroom is learner-centered, uses open-ended learning activities, and positions the teacher as a facilitator rather than lecturer.
in this ppt, we will discuss subject centred curriculum, it's characteristics, approach, assumptions, merits and demerits of subject centred curriculum
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. It is derived from the Greek words "episteme" meaning knowledge and "logy" meaning study. Epistemology seeks to understand what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. Various philosophers have different views on the concept of knowledge, such as Swami Vivekananda believing knowledge is inherent in every soul, and William James viewing knowledge as practical success. The key difference between information and knowledge is that information is processed data while knowledge represents useful patterns within information. Wisdom is the ability to apply knowledge and make good judgments.
The document discusses several educational philosophies and their implications for curriculum development. It outlines four main philosophies: perennialism, rooted in realism, focuses on classical subjects, literacy analysis, and a constant curriculum. Essentialism, rooted in pragmatism, emphasizes mastery of basic skills and essential subjects. Progressivism, rooted in idealism and realism, uses interdisciplinary and interactive subjects based on student interests. Reconstructionism, also from pragmatism, concentrates on current issues of national and global importance. Each philosophy guides curriculum content, teaching methods, and goals in different ways.
This presentation provides information about the education systems of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. It discusses the history and policies of each country's education system, key facts about the systems such as enrollment rates and types of educational institutions, and some common problems faced across the three countries like outdated curricula, lack of resources, and high dropout rates. The presentation was given by Fatima Batool for a course on education policy.
The document discusses the importance and types of textbooks in education. There are three main types of textbooks: reference books, main textbooks, and supplementary books. A good social science textbook provides utility for teachers, students, and maintaining uniform standards. It presents material according to the latest syllabus, is written by experienced teachers, and contains revision problems. Overall, textbooks should serve as tools for teachers to impart education to students on various topics, themes, and problems.
The document outlines the aims of education in a democratic setup. It lists 12 goals including making students aware of individual dignity and rights, enabling them to freely express views and respect others, providing knowledge on political issues to create future leaders with vision, enriching logical thinking and creating a service mentality, ensuring social justice, inculcating patriotism, and promoting secularism. The document was prepared by Zainudheen Cholayil.
Constructivism is a theory of learning that states that individuals create or construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Key scholars who contributed to constructivism include Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner. There are two main views: individual constructivism which emphasizes individual construction of knowledge, and social constructivism which sees knowledge as constructed through social interactions. A constructivist classroom is learner-centered, uses open-ended learning activities, and positions the teacher as a facilitator rather than lecturer.
India & Pakistan's education systems comparisonsobia sultan
This document compares various factors between India and Pakistan. It outlines the background histories of each country, noting the Indus Valley civilization in both. It then summarizes key differences in geography, languages, religions, economies, education systems, and teaching methods between India and Pakistan. The document provides overviews and statistics on population sizes, GDPs, literacy rates, school enrollment, and curriculum approaches in each country.
Curriculum Development Process in Pakistannaimaumer
The Federal Ministry of Education is responsible for curriculum development in Pakistan. The process begins with the formation of a national curriculum committee by the Federal Curriculum Wing. This committee prepares a preliminary national curriculum draft which is then sent to provincial bureaus of curriculum and other agencies. The provincial bureaus then form their own provincial curriculums. The Federal Curriculum Wing consolidates feedback and finalizes the National Curricula. Textbooks are then published by provincial textbook boards and the curriculum is implemented nationwide.
A virtual learning environment (VLE) is an online platform for providing educational content and courses. A VLE allows students to access learning materials and tools anywhere with an internet connection. Key features of a VLE include online assessments, student tracking, communication tools, and collaboration features. VLEs aim to model real-world classroom experiences in an online format.
Interactive role of education and society.. PPTAncyAS3
Education and society are interdependent and influence each other. Education helps individuals learn how to behave and act as agents of social change. Society influences education through its social, political, economic, religious, and cultural conditions. As society changes over time, so does its education system. Education also influences society by preserving cultural values, developing civic responsibility and political leadership, furthering economic development, providing social control, enabling social reform, and socializing children.
Plato had a two-part scheme of education consisting of elementary and higher education. He believed the highest goal is knowledge of good and nurturing better humans. Plato wanted education to be engaging rather than forced, and for learning to take hold willingly. He saw nursery education as vital for building character. Plato's method involved dialectic teaching with the teacher holding knowledge. He advocated gymnastics and music for developing the body and mind. Plato's educational aims were to develop leaders, workers, warriors, and civil servants for the state. His philosophy remains relevant for emphasizing justice, morality, and developing individuals' abilities. However, critics note it is too theoretical, expensive, focused on elites, and
A Teacher has various roles to perform in the classroom. The role usually implies the relationship between the teacher and the learner in the classroom. Such a role is facilitator.
This document provides an overview of the philosophical school of idealism. It defines idealism as the belief that ideas or mind are the only true reality. The document outlines the key originators and forms of idealism in Western philosophy such as Plato, Socrates, Berkeley, Fichte, Hegel, and Kant. It discusses the metaphysical, epistemological, and axiological aspects of idealism and how it influences the aims, curriculum, methods, role of teachers and students, and implications for education. Idealism emphasizes spiritual development, intellectual enlightenment, and cultivating truth, goodness, and beauty in education.
Curriculum consists of five dimensions or components. They are considered to be the major elements of a curriculum. They are:
The Learner and Society
Aims and Objectives
Content or Subject-matter
Teaching Methodology
Evaluation
Western educationist “JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU” QuratNaeem
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th century philosopher whose works heavily influenced educational thought. He believed that humans are naturally good but corrupted by society. His major work Emile outlines an educational philosophy focused on allowing children to develop according to their nature through experience rather than books. It describes educating a boy away from the corrupting influences of society in nature. The tutor only intervenes to prevent bad habits and ensure the child's natural development. Girls are educated differently to prepare them for their role as wives and mothers. Rousseau argued education should develop character and teach useful skills rather than prepare students for a particular profession. His ideas emphasized experience, activity and respecting each child's unique needs and pace of development
The document discusses the relationship between democracy and education. It states that in a democracy, the development and promotion of democratic citizenship should be education's primary concern. It then defines democracy as a system of government where power belongs to the people. Finally, it concludes that democracy and education are mutually necessary - democracy requires an educated populace that can make wise decisions, and education is needed to understand the meaning and applications of democracy.
CRITICAL THINKING AND REFLECTIVE PRACTICES-Unit 4-Reflective Practice-AIOU-8611Ek ra
This document discusses reflective practice and different models of reflection. It defines reflective practice as the ability to reflect on actions to continuously improve the learning process. Several influential thinkers on reflection are covered, including John Dewey, Donald Schon, David Kolb, and Stephen Brookfield. Dewey viewed reflection as actively and carefully reconsidering beliefs in light of evidence. Schon focused on reflection occurring both in and on action for professionals. Kolb's model of reflection involves four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Brookfield recommended using four "critical lenses" of reflection: autobiography, students, peers, and theory. Overall, the document emphasizes that reflecting before, during, and after actions
Linear and branched programme instructionswaroophoppy
Programmed Instruction is a method of individualized instruction in which the student receives information relating to his own needs in progressive sequences but in small units. Here let us see the difference between Linear and Branched program instruction
The document discusses constructivist learning design theory. It describes constructivism as a paradigm shift from behaviorism to education based on cognitive theory. It outlines four epistemological assumptions of constructivism: that knowledge is physically, symbolically, socially, and theoretically constructed by learners. The document then details the six important elements of constructivist learning design: situation, groupings, bridge, questions, exhibit, and reflections. It explains how these elements are intended to provoke teacher planning and reflection on the process of student learning.
This document discusses the pedagogical foundations of special education. It defines pedagogy as learner-centered teaching that includes skills instruction, encourages reflection, and motivates students. It describes characteristics of special education pedagogy like patience, organization, creativity, acceptance, and having a calming nature. It outlines aims of pedagogy and discusses pedagogy in special education, including evidence-based practices. It explores the scope of pedagogy for different disabilities/disorders and concludes that the scope is wide given the nature of pedagogy and its role in special education, especially for different types of disabilities/disorders.
Assessment is a systematic process of gathering and interpreting data related to student learning and experience to develop a deep understanding of what students know and can do, with the goal of improving subsequent learning. Formative assessment refers to ongoing evaluations conducted during lessons to assess comprehension and learning needs, while summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of an instructional unit against a standard. Diagnostic assessment measures students' strengths and weaknesses prior to instruction.
India & Pakistan's education systems comparisonsobia sultan
This document compares various factors between India and Pakistan. It outlines the background histories of each country, noting the Indus Valley civilization in both. It then summarizes key differences in geography, languages, religions, economies, education systems, and teaching methods between India and Pakistan. The document provides overviews and statistics on population sizes, GDPs, literacy rates, school enrollment, and curriculum approaches in each country.
Curriculum Development Process in Pakistannaimaumer
The Federal Ministry of Education is responsible for curriculum development in Pakistan. The process begins with the formation of a national curriculum committee by the Federal Curriculum Wing. This committee prepares a preliminary national curriculum draft which is then sent to provincial bureaus of curriculum and other agencies. The provincial bureaus then form their own provincial curriculums. The Federal Curriculum Wing consolidates feedback and finalizes the National Curricula. Textbooks are then published by provincial textbook boards and the curriculum is implemented nationwide.
A virtual learning environment (VLE) is an online platform for providing educational content and courses. A VLE allows students to access learning materials and tools anywhere with an internet connection. Key features of a VLE include online assessments, student tracking, communication tools, and collaboration features. VLEs aim to model real-world classroom experiences in an online format.
Interactive role of education and society.. PPTAncyAS3
Education and society are interdependent and influence each other. Education helps individuals learn how to behave and act as agents of social change. Society influences education through its social, political, economic, religious, and cultural conditions. As society changes over time, so does its education system. Education also influences society by preserving cultural values, developing civic responsibility and political leadership, furthering economic development, providing social control, enabling social reform, and socializing children.
Plato had a two-part scheme of education consisting of elementary and higher education. He believed the highest goal is knowledge of good and nurturing better humans. Plato wanted education to be engaging rather than forced, and for learning to take hold willingly. He saw nursery education as vital for building character. Plato's method involved dialectic teaching with the teacher holding knowledge. He advocated gymnastics and music for developing the body and mind. Plato's educational aims were to develop leaders, workers, warriors, and civil servants for the state. His philosophy remains relevant for emphasizing justice, morality, and developing individuals' abilities. However, critics note it is too theoretical, expensive, focused on elites, and
A Teacher has various roles to perform in the classroom. The role usually implies the relationship between the teacher and the learner in the classroom. Such a role is facilitator.
This document provides an overview of the philosophical school of idealism. It defines idealism as the belief that ideas or mind are the only true reality. The document outlines the key originators and forms of idealism in Western philosophy such as Plato, Socrates, Berkeley, Fichte, Hegel, and Kant. It discusses the metaphysical, epistemological, and axiological aspects of idealism and how it influences the aims, curriculum, methods, role of teachers and students, and implications for education. Idealism emphasizes spiritual development, intellectual enlightenment, and cultivating truth, goodness, and beauty in education.
Curriculum consists of five dimensions or components. They are considered to be the major elements of a curriculum. They are:
The Learner and Society
Aims and Objectives
Content or Subject-matter
Teaching Methodology
Evaluation
Western educationist “JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU” QuratNaeem
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th century philosopher whose works heavily influenced educational thought. He believed that humans are naturally good but corrupted by society. His major work Emile outlines an educational philosophy focused on allowing children to develop according to their nature through experience rather than books. It describes educating a boy away from the corrupting influences of society in nature. The tutor only intervenes to prevent bad habits and ensure the child's natural development. Girls are educated differently to prepare them for their role as wives and mothers. Rousseau argued education should develop character and teach useful skills rather than prepare students for a particular profession. His ideas emphasized experience, activity and respecting each child's unique needs and pace of development
The document discusses the relationship between democracy and education. It states that in a democracy, the development and promotion of democratic citizenship should be education's primary concern. It then defines democracy as a system of government where power belongs to the people. Finally, it concludes that democracy and education are mutually necessary - democracy requires an educated populace that can make wise decisions, and education is needed to understand the meaning and applications of democracy.
CRITICAL THINKING AND REFLECTIVE PRACTICES-Unit 4-Reflective Practice-AIOU-8611Ek ra
This document discusses reflective practice and different models of reflection. It defines reflective practice as the ability to reflect on actions to continuously improve the learning process. Several influential thinkers on reflection are covered, including John Dewey, Donald Schon, David Kolb, and Stephen Brookfield. Dewey viewed reflection as actively and carefully reconsidering beliefs in light of evidence. Schon focused on reflection occurring both in and on action for professionals. Kolb's model of reflection involves four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Brookfield recommended using four "critical lenses" of reflection: autobiography, students, peers, and theory. Overall, the document emphasizes that reflecting before, during, and after actions
Linear and branched programme instructionswaroophoppy
Programmed Instruction is a method of individualized instruction in which the student receives information relating to his own needs in progressive sequences but in small units. Here let us see the difference between Linear and Branched program instruction
The document discusses constructivist learning design theory. It describes constructivism as a paradigm shift from behaviorism to education based on cognitive theory. It outlines four epistemological assumptions of constructivism: that knowledge is physically, symbolically, socially, and theoretically constructed by learners. The document then details the six important elements of constructivist learning design: situation, groupings, bridge, questions, exhibit, and reflections. It explains how these elements are intended to provoke teacher planning and reflection on the process of student learning.
This document discusses the pedagogical foundations of special education. It defines pedagogy as learner-centered teaching that includes skills instruction, encourages reflection, and motivates students. It describes characteristics of special education pedagogy like patience, organization, creativity, acceptance, and having a calming nature. It outlines aims of pedagogy and discusses pedagogy in special education, including evidence-based practices. It explores the scope of pedagogy for different disabilities/disorders and concludes that the scope is wide given the nature of pedagogy and its role in special education, especially for different types of disabilities/disorders.
Assessment is a systematic process of gathering and interpreting data related to student learning and experience to develop a deep understanding of what students know and can do, with the goal of improving subsequent learning. Formative assessment refers to ongoing evaluations conducted during lessons to assess comprehension and learning needs, while summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of an instructional unit against a standard. Diagnostic assessment measures students' strengths and weaknesses prior to instruction.
This personal code of ethics outlines behaviors focused on maintaining a positive attitude, honesty, respect, responsibility, and care for family and the environment. The code emphasizes showing love to one's partner, keeping open communication, trying new experiences, spending time outdoors, and helping others.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses learning styles. It defines learning styles as the ways in which people receive and process information. There are several types of learning styles discussed, including visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile learners. The presentation provides strategies for how each learning style can best process and retain information. It emphasizes that understanding one's own preferred learning style helps improve learning effectiveness.
The document outlines key concepts in the theory of knowledge, including:
1. It defines knowledge as a familiarity or understanding gained through experience or education that involves perceiving, discovering, and learning.
2. It discusses different types of knowledge such as a priori vs. a posteriori knowledge and explicit vs. tacit knowledge.
3. It examines various theories of knowledge such as empirical knowledge, idealism, and rationalism and different ways of gaining knowledge like sense perception, reasoning, and language.
The document discusses 6 key features of curriculum design: the teacher, learners, knowledge/skills/values, strategies/methods, performance, and community partnerships. It also outlines 3 approaches to curriculum design: learner-centered focuses on student needs/interests; subject-centered prioritizes subject matter; and problem-centered uses problem-solving to develop independent, civic-minded learners.
This document discusses knowledge management systems. It explains that knowledge management involves processes for creating, sharing, and using knowledge. It highlights the importance of knowledge assets and processes for nurturing, preserving, and applying knowledge both individually and organizationally. Finally, it outlines different levels, perspectives, dimensions, strategies, motivations, and technologies for knowledge management.
This document outlines Joseph Ortiz's personal code of ethics. It discusses that he believes in making difficult ethical decisions based on justice and fairness. His core ethical beliefs include treating people with respect, practicing what you preach, making decisions that benefit society, and treating employees fairly. His closest relationships are with his wife and two daughters, and he aims to apply his ethical standards consistently in those relationships. He learned his ethics primarily from his mother's teachings and from observing ethical examples and failures over his life experiences. His written code of ethics states that he will honor his family and friends, treat others kindly, make decisions in others' best interests, follow all policies and procedures, and ensure others also follow the same standards without wavering for
Problem-based curricula provide a learning environment where competence is fostered through encouraging inquisitive learning rather than direct teaching of knowledge. Small group discussions, contextual learning integrating knowledge, and emphasizing patient problems have cognitive effects on students, including increased retention, better integration of concepts, development of self-directed learning skills, and increased interest in the subject. Several studies provide evidence for these effects. The document discusses using problem-centered approaches to help students develop conceptual understanding and skills for solving complex problems, as they will need to do in their careers.
This document discusses different aspects of epistemology and the theory of knowledge. It addresses what knowledge is according to different philosophers like Plato, the types of knowledge including propositional and procedural knowledge. It also examines how we acquire knowledge through different theories like empiricism and rationalism. The document analyzes concepts like justification, belief, truth, skepticism and addresses issues like the Gettier problem, externalism vs internalism, the regress problem and responses to it like foundationalism, coherentism and foundherentism. It also briefly mentions other topics related to knowledge acquisition like perception, memory, reason, testimony and consciousness.
This document discusses different types of knowledge:
1) Empirical knowledge is gained through the senses like sight, taste, touch, smell, and sometimes with instruments. Rational knowledge is based on logical truths. Intuitive knowledge is possessed without knowing where it came from.
2) Observations involve direct descriptions through senses, while interpretations build on concepts and experiences to further explain observations.
3) In experiments, scientists manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable to search for cause-and-effect relationships in nature. Controlled variables are kept constant.
The document discusses essential teaching skills. It defines teaching skills as having three key elements - knowledge, decision-making, and action. Effective teaching skills involve purposeful behaviors displayed with precision and sensitivity to context. Studies show teaching skills can be improved through training and practice, and that experienced teachers display well-organized actions developed through experience. Defining essential teaching skills, the document indicates they comprise a teacher's knowledge, their thinking and decision-making, and their overt classroom behaviors aimed at fostering student learning.
This document provides guidance on developing effective classroom assessment tools. It discusses general principles of testing and assessment including measuring all learning objectives. It also outlines the steps to develop assessment tools, which include examining learning objectives, creating a table of specifications, constructing test items, assembling the test, and analyzing/improving the test items. The document describes different types of assessment tools like multiple choice tests, true/false, essays and their guidelines for effective creation. Overall, the document aims to help teachers create valid and reliable classroom assessments that accurately measure student learning.
The document describes various language teaching methods including Grammar Translation (GT), Direct Method (DM), and Audio-Lingual Method (ALM). GT was one of the earliest methods and focused on translating between the first and second languages. DM arose in response to GT and emphasized using the second language in the classroom without translation. ALM was influenced by behaviorism psychology and structural linguistics, treating language learning as habit formation through repetition and reinforcement. It aimed to avoid interference from the first language.
Assessment in the affective domain. cha.4.ed8Eddie Abug
This document discusses assessment in the affective domain. It begins by explaining Bloom's taxonomy, which categorizes learning objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The affective domain describes learning related to feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, attitudes, and emotional sets. Several assessment tools used to measure the affective domain are then described, including self-report measures, rating scales like Likert scales, checklists, and the semantic differential technique. Krathwohl's taxonomy of the affective domain is also presented, with five levels ranging from receiving to characterizing. The importance of motivation, attitudes, values, and self-efficacy in the affective domain is discussed.
The document discusses assessment practices and formative assessment. It provides an overview of assessment types including formative, summative, and diagnostic assessments. Formative assessment identifies student needs, guides ongoing instruction, and provides feedback to improve learning, while summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of a unit. The document emphasizes that formative assessment, when used to adapt teaching to meet student needs, has a strong positive effect on learning.
1. Contemporary social theories describe how digital technologies have shifted communication away from traditional face-to-face and print media towards functions like social media that follow an escalating logic and erase humanism.
2. The rise of social software, open access, and just-in-time knowledge enabled by the internet challenges traditional structures of gathering and sharing knowledge by allowing information to be more freely distributed and accessed.
3. However, merely distributing information does not necessarily lead to growth of knowledge, as knowledge requires information to be meaningfully modeled and analyzed rather than just believed. The internet allows "downloadable beliefs" but risks knowledge being reduced to beliefs without justification.
The document describes the Singularity Pyramid (SP) concept, which is an extensively organized online knowledge mapping system and futuristic version of Wikipedia. The SP aims to address problems like lack of coherent knowledge structure, lack of strategic profiling abilities, leader discord, unawareness of long-term dangers, and the language barrier between humans and AI. It uses four dimensions - conceptual, purposeful, scopic, and language - to capture knowledge in a hierarchical, probabilistic structure and guide learning towards the goal of technological singularity. The SP would provide benefits like improved academic research, strategic profiling of individuals, identifying areas of disagreement between experts, raising awareness of existential risks, and accelerating machine learning.
This document introduces the concept of digital knowledge ecosystems and knowledge networks to improve knowledge management and sharing in systems engineering. It defines key terms, discusses gaps in current knowledge management practices in systems engineering, and argues that knowledge networks and open digital ecosystems can increase knowledge flow. The paper provides background and justification for pursuing further research in applying knowledge networks and ecosystems to systems engineering knowledge management.
Framework for understanding data science.pdfMichael Brodie
The objective of my research is to provide a framework with which the data science community can understand, define, and develop data science as a field of inquiry. The framework is based on the classical reference framework (axiology, ontology, epistemology, methodology) used for 200 years to define knowledge discovery paradigms and disciplines in the humanities, sciences, algorithms, and now data science. I augmented it for automated problem-solving with (methods, technology, community) [1][2]. The resulting data science reference framework is used to define the data science knowledge discovery paradigm in terms of the philosophy of data science addressed in [1] and the data science problem-solving paradigm, i.e., the data science method, and the data science problem-solving workflow, addressed in [2][3]. The framework is a much called for unifying framework for data science as it contains the components required to define data science. For insights to better understand data science, this paper uses the framework to define the emerging, often enigmatic, data science problem-solving paradigm and workflow, and to compare them with their well-understood scientific counterparts – scientific problem-solving paradigm and workflow.
The objective of my current research [4] is to develop a 21st C re-conception of data. Unlike 20th C data that are assets, 21st C data science data is phenomenological – a resource in which to discover phenomena and their properties, previously and otherwise impossible.
[1] Brodie, M.L., Defining data science: a new field of inquiry, arXiv preprint https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.16177 Harvard University, July 2023.
[2] Brodie, M.L., A data science axiology: the nature, value, and risks of data science, arXiv preprint http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10460 Harvard University, July 2023.
[3] Brodie, M.L., A framework for understanding data science, arXiv preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.00776 Harvard University, March 2024.
[4] Brodie, M.L., Re-conceiving data in the 21st Century. Work in progress, Harvard University.
Thinking about Open Science practices, data sharing and lifetime, and communication from Climate Scientists. Slides based on a presentation given at the Lunchtime talk sessions from the MetOS Section, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, November 12th 2015.
Writing an essay on science and technology presents many challenges, as the topics cover a vast range of disciplines that are constantly evolving. The essayist must narrow their focus, ensure their information is current, and explain technical details in an accessible way for general readers. They must also thoughtfully address the ethical implications of scientific advances. However, exploring these fascinating topics allows one to showcase human ingenuity and weave diverse ideas into a cohesive narrative. While tackling all these considerations is difficult, crafting a well-researched science and technology essay can be rewarding.
This presentation summarizes Jennifer Tucker's dissertation study, entitled “Motivating Subjects: Data Sharing in Cancer Research.” The research focused on the motivational factors that influence a researcher’s decision to share data.
This document discusses researchers' perspectives on managing and sharing data. It identifies that while gathering and evaluating data is core to research, few incentives exist for researchers to share their data. It also notes that practices vary significantly by discipline. Reasons researchers may hesitate to share include concerns about losing credit, control over their work, and legal or ethical issues. Additionally, a lack of standards, training, career paths and funding for data management pose challenges to sharing. The document calls for greater coordination between funders and institutions to develop sustainable national solutions that engage researchers and address their needs.
This document discusses researchers' perspectives on managing and sharing data. It identifies that while gathering and evaluating data is core to research, few incentives exist for researchers to share their data. It also notes that practices vary significantly by discipline. Reasons researchers may hesitate to share include concerns about losing control over their data or it being misused. Additionally, a lack of standards, training, career paths and funding for data management pose challenges to sharing. The document calls for greater coordination between funders and institutions to develop sustainable national solutions that engage researchers and address disciplinary differences.
The document summarizes a presentation on collaboration in organizations. It defines collaboration and discusses theories of collaboration. It also outlines different types of collaboration, principles of collaboration, tools that enable collaboration, and challenges in implementing collaboration within organizations. The document stresses that collaboration can help organizations be more agile, integrate information and processes more effectively, and optimize resource use.
Biomedical Engineering Essay. College of Coastal GeorgiaVanessa Perkins
Biomedical engineering is a complex multidisciplinary field that requires understanding biology, medicine, and engineering. Writing an essay on this topic demands comprehending technical principles as well as biological systems and medical applications. It also requires staying updated on recent advances, discussing ethical considerations as technology progresses, and communicating concepts clearly to different audiences. To successfully write such an essay, one needs in-depth knowledge of the field, awareness of developments, exploration of ethical issues, and strong communication skills to bridge gaps between experts and non-experts.
Media, information and the promise of new technologies in Knowledge Transfer ...maudelfin
The document discusses knowledge transfer and exchange in the context of global health research. It explores how new technologies and networked societies are challenging traditional models of knowledge generation and dissemination. It also examines examples of new configurations for knowledge sharing, such as open data initiatives, crisis mapping, and open access protocols that utilize distributed networks instead of hierarchies. Finally, it calls for future research on knowledge transfer and exchange to take a more critical approach and consider how power structures and institutional contexts are impacted.
Crafting an essay on the broad topic of 'Information' presents several challenges. Information encompasses many facets across different disciplines like technology, communication, philosophy, and sociology. Narrowing the scope while capturing the essence of information and staying updated on developments is difficult given how rapidly information evolves. Additionally, grappling with information's philosophical dimensions like the nature of truth and reliability of sources adds complexity. Structuring the essay coherently to present ideas logically while addressing counterarguments demands a nuanced approach. However, navigating the vast field of information and striking a balance between depth and accessibility can offer an opportunity to delve into fundamental aspects of how we perceive the world.
Writing an essay about technology presents unique challenges, as the subject matter is vast and constantly evolving. The essay must strike a balance between technical details and readability for non-experts, while also addressing ethical implications in a nuanced way. Additionally, the sheer amount of information requires careful planning to sift through sources and weave diverse topics into a cohesive narrative. However, exploring technology also encourages critical thinking and communicating complex ideas to audiences.
Persuasive Essay Technology. Riverside City CollegeKim Cannon
Persuasive essays on technology pose several challenges: presenting complex concepts to diverse audiences, keeping up with rapid changes, and thoroughly researching diverse viewpoints. Writers must balance technical details with accessibility, research conflicting opinions from credible sources, and carefully analyze both benefits and risks of societal impacts. While navigating this dynamic landscape demands research, analysis, and communication skills, exploring technology's relationship with humanity in a persuasive essay can be a rewarding endeavor.
Knowledge Sharing in Workplace: Motivators and DemotivatorsIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper gives an overview of knowledge sharing in workplace. Based on the review of critical literatures by the authors, they infer that knowledge sharing in workplace can be influenced by motivators and
demotivators. Activities of knowledge sharing in organizations may be on organization level or individual
level. Knowledge sharing of both levels is critical to the success or failure of knowledge management inside
and outside of organizations. Age, culture, and industry were all found to affect knowledge sharing among workers. A common stereotype is that older workers hoard knowledge because they are more insecure and feel threatened by younger workers. Since older workers have more valuable knowledge, younger workers
needed to entice their older colleagues to share their valuable knowledge with them. The paper focus on
motivators and demotivators to sharing Knowledge in workplace. Theories and research pertaining to why
workers share knowledge are reviewed. While all industry need knowledge and innovation, it is also true
that the pace of change and the need to innovate differs from industry to industry. Technology was
acknowledged to have a high important role in increasing productivity of knowledge sharing. It plays a critical role in creating, storing and distributing explicit knowledge in an accessible and expeditious manner.
This document discusses knowledge management and related topics. It begins with an introduction to knowledge management, defining it as capturing and using a company's collective expertise. It then discusses different definitions and aspects of knowledge management. The document also discusses the relationship between management information systems and knowledge management. It explores various types of information and how they relate to knowledge management systems. Finally, it provides a brief history of knowledge management, tracing its development from earlier management theories through its emergence as a distinct field in the late 20th century.
Maximizing Journal Article Impact Strategies for Enhanced Visibility in Today...ssuser793b4e
In the dynamic realm of academia, researchers face the dual challenge of generating
groundbreaking insights and ensuring widespread visibility for their contributions. This
article explores the evolving strategies employed by researchers to enhance the visibility of
their journal articles in the changing landscape of academic technology. Online publishing
platforms have transformed scholarly communication, democratizing knowledge through
open-access journals, preprint servers, and institutional repositories. Beyond traditional
metrics, we delve into innovative methods, collaboration, and technology-driven solutions
that amplify the reach and impact of scholarly articles. Visibility extends beyond
dissemination, encapsulating the art of captivating diverse audiences and transcending
disciplinary boundaries. This research article illuminates the path towards heightened
visibility, empowering researchers to contribute to the collective tapestry of knowledge
through means such as Academia.edu, ISSUU, Scribd, ResearchGate, social media, Search
Engine Optimization (SEO), and ORCID. Enhanced visibility offers multifaceted advantages,
including increased citations, higher impact factors, knowledge dissemination, international
collaboration, career advancement, public engagement, and job opportunities within the
scholarly community. Researchers are equipped with the insights needed to thrive in the
evolving landscape of journal article visibility in the digital cosmos.
Advertising Sci-Fi novel The 4th Birth.pdfSead Spuzic
This is a promotional pamphlet for a Sci-Fi novel that's enhanced with hyperlinks leading to validated scientific information. It's crafted to inspire young students—and anyone thirsting for knowledge—to learn by following their curiosity. The core aim of the storytelling is to enlighten and educate readers on significant subjects. The topics covered span a broad spectrum, reaching as far as the cutting-edge advancements in futurology.
The document provides background on a two-volume science fiction work titled "The 4th Birth" and "The Next Birth". It discusses the author's passion for blending storytelling with science. The first story is about the ancient Lemurians and their advanced civilization. It then expands the plot beyond Earth, projecting the evolution of living species and the development of a new intelligent breed called Homo Telepathic. The document encourages readers to expand their knowledge through hidden hyperlinks within the stories.
Tool design is a key factor in rolling mill performance, as poor design can lead to poor control of tool wear and production delays. Fine-tuning tool design using a Roll Pass Design Algorithm can minimize resource consumption and costs while increasing productivity and quality, saving millions of dollars in potential production disruption costs each year.
This document discusses using knowledge discovery from rolling mill records to optimize roll pass design (RPD). Contemporary trends in manufacturing demand higher productivity while improving sustainability. RPD complexity depends on expectations like energy/duration efficiency or microstructure processing. RPD must account for gradual groove wear over time. Records can be translated into a data matrix incorporating key performance indicators. Optimization can then identify optimum RPD parameter values. Benefits include more stable processes, increased roll life, productivity and reliability with reduced costs and resource consumption.
The Visitors who belonged with an entirely different phylogeny, the highly developed race of some system of evolution from the infinitely distant past, became aware of signs of the rarest phenomenon in the Universe - Intelligence. During a period of several centuries, the involvement of Visitors was in the role of invisible observers. They did not intervene, or become involved with subjects of their study. But when the course of Planet Earth turned towards the catastrophe, they decided to step in, and help save at least some members of the human race.
The Visitors who belonged with an entirely different phylogeny, the highly developed race of some system of evolution from the infinitely distant past, became aware of signs of the rarest phenomenon in the Universe - Intelligence. During a period of several centuries, the involvement of Visitors was in the role of invisible observers. But when the course of Planet Earth turned towards the catastrophe, they decided to step in, and help save at least some members of the Lemurian race.
1) Roll pass design (RPD) is an important factor for process efficiency, product quality, and resource consumption in hot steel rolling mills. Optimizing RPD can help reduce costs and improve productivity.
2) Scientists analyze large databases of RPDs and rolling parameters to find statistical patterns and relationships hidden within. Generic mathematical functions can be used to define roll groove geometries to aid analysis.
3) The paper presents examples of using generic functions to analyze RPD cases for symmetrical sections. Statistical analysis of past RPD data using the functions can provide insights to optimize existing RPDs and aid in developing new improved RPDs.
Engineering Design is an iterative decision-making process used to devise a component, product, process, or system to meet the needs and functions desired by the user in a sustainable manner.
Engineering design is an iterative process that applies science and problem solving techniques to modify or create something to meet predefined objectives. The basic stages include establishing objectives and criteria, analysis, synthesis, defining manufacturing techniques, usage, maintenance, and disposal. The design process involves understanding the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives against requirements, deciding on solutions, and communicating results through documentation. Safety, sustainability, and strategic questions are important aspects to consider throughout the design process.
Following the concerns prompted by the lack of technological expertise, it is proposed that education be further enhanced by promoting entrepreneurial links between Manufacturing and Academe. Students should be fully employed in real manufacturing systems over an extended period of their study. There should be no dilution of academic disciplines; however, university education should be counterbalanced by direct industrial experience.
A statistical approach to defect detection and discrimination has been applied to the case of hot rolled steel. The
probability distribution of pixel intensities has been estimated from a small set of images without defects, and
this distribution is used to select pixels with unlikely values as candidates for defects. Discrimination of true
defects from random noise pixels is achieved by a dynamical thresholding procedure, which tracks the behaviour
of clusters of selected pixels for varying threshold level.
This presentation aspires to pinpoint the necessity of eliminating homonyms and synonyms. It attempts to illustrate the impact of misinforming that results from lexical disorder within the context of cross-disciplinary transfer of knowledge, standards setting and global business communication. The examples of homonyms and synonyms that have been observed to cause misinterpretations are presented. The genuine need for introducing a multidisciplinary transparent lexicon is advocated. A definition of a term "definition" is presented. Exemplary definitions are provided as models of transparent lexical terms. It is recommended that a hierarchy of terminology be adopted, giving the most fundamental disciplines the priority, and making sure that the other disciplines conform. A properly defined term is an information probability intensifier.
This document summarizes a transcript from the PEMT '06 conference discussing challenges with terminology across disciplines and proposes approaches to address ambiguities. It notes how knowledge evolution has led to specialized terminology that may only be understood by experts, hindering cross-disciplinary communication. Defining terms unambiguously is important for knowledge management. The document provides examples of ambiguous terms like homonyms and synonyms and proposes establishing a transparent, inter-disciplinary lexicon using fundamental disciplines like physics and mathematics to prioritize terms. It emphasizes the need to review scientific terminology to remove ambiguity and proposes criteria to clearly define terms.
Processes based on fluidity and solidification, or simply “casting”, include manufacturing techniques whereby molten material is poured or forced into a mould and allowed to harden. Appropriate variants of this technique are particularly suitable for the economical production of complex shapes, ranging from mass-produced parts for the automotive industry to one-of-a-kind production of jewellery or massive machinery.
A couple of equal and opposite forces F acting on a cuboid keep it at rest. To calculate the normal nominal stress on cross-section A in the middle of the cuboid, it is assumed that the cuboid is stiff, made of a continuous, isotropic, and homogeneous material, and the stress is equally distributed on cross-section A.
This document proposes a "Rain Farm" method for desalination that uses evaporation and condensation driven by solar energy. Pilot experiments showed temperatures inside glass evaporation cylinders exceeding 40°C, producing 2-10 ml/hour of desalinated water. The document discusses optimizing cylinder design to maximize evaporation and condensation surfaces while minimizing costs. Several potential designs are presented, aiming to enhance the greenhouse effect and water collection efficiency.
The document discusses terminology issues in sharing materials-related knowledge. It provides examples of ambiguous concepts and terms that hinder effective communication, such as "term", "terminology", "technique" and "technology", and "iron". The document proposes disambiguated definitions for these terms to clarify their meanings and avoid misunderstandings like circularity, prolixity, and homonymy. A strategy is suggested to use transparent concepts from basic disciplines like mathematics and chemistry to develop a standardized terminology.
This document provides instructions for creating a basic PowerPoint presentation. It describes how to apply a theme, change the slide format to widescreen, insert title and content slides, add an image, apply slide transitions and animations, and save the presentation. Key steps include choosing a theme to set colors and fonts, changing the aspect ratio to 16:9 for widescreen displays, inserting different slide types, adding animations through the Custom Animation feature, and regularly saving drafts of the presentation.
This document provides instructions for creating a basic PowerPoint presentation. It includes steps to apply a theme, change the slide format to widescreen, insert title and content slides, add an image, apply slide transitions and animations, and save the presentation. The document recommends saving drafts frequently under different file names as the presentation is being developed.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
1. Basic Aspects of Knowledge b y K Abhary , H K Adriansen , F Begovac, D Djukic, B Qin, S Spuzic , D Wood , K Xing Some Basic Aspects of Knowledge a University of South Australia, b University of Aarhus, c University of Zenica, d Massey University, e Renmin University of China Presented at the World Conference on Educational Sciences http://www.wces2009.org/ February 04-07, Nicosia, Cyprus Abstract: http://spuzic.synthasite.com/knowledge_-basics.php Live presentation (Youtube): http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYwYGXuVhqo
2. Basic Aspects of Knowledge b y K Abhary, H K Adriansen, F Begovac, D Djukic, B Qin, S Spuzic, D Wood, K Xing Some Basic Aspects of Knowledge University of Aarhus, Massey University, Renmin University of China, University of South Australia, University of Zenica
3. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Understanding the impediments to sharing and use of knowledge is fundamental for the future of our society. We face a proliferation of homonyms, synonyms and other ambiguities. Concepts needed to define knowledge are discussed within Ontology, Epistemology, Sociology, Psychology, Philosophy...
5. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Ideally a consensus regarding concepts such as ‘definition’, ‘knowledge’, ‘logistic’, ‘structure’ and ‘ontology’ would be expected to emerge on the grounds of such broad treatment. Inconsistent concepts include ‘technology’, ‘metal’, ‘vector’, ‘element’. Developments such as iPod, nano-tubes, webcast, have overtaken state-of-the-art within their own disciplines. The expeditive institutions compose terms such as ‘knowledge bank’ or ‘data mining’, allocate new meanings to ‘port’ and ‘pipeline’, and invent new terms such as ‘snippet’.
6. Basic Aspects of Knowledge IT provides information searching, decoding and knowledge discovery. This opens shiny perspective for endless permutations of IT services. The solution is to address causes rather than indulge in multiplying superficial remedies. Tolerance of conceptual misalignments and unruly nomenclatures increase information entropy and decrease intellectual synergy.
7. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Accumulating evidence points at susceptibility of perceptions to background concepts. The root causes for these impediments include knowledge gaps, conflict of intentions and differences in beliefs. This can be ascribed to insufficient communication between branches of science. Construction of scientific knowledge can be seen as a struggle over who should define the terms and conditions of legitimate fields of research.
8. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Solving problems usually requires combining knowledge from several disciplines.
9. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Some authors posit that “Knowledge cannot be stored in computers; it can only be stored in the human brain.” This statement spurs questions about definition of ‘knowledge’. Many believe that a growing stock of knowledge is stored in libraries, and it can be searched and processed by computerised systems. The above symptoms indicate that basic concepts of knowledge must be reviewed.
10. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Knowledge is a construct formed by linking a spectrum of intellectual components, the simplest being ‘information’. The further expanding levels include ‘assumption’, ‘definition’, ‘hypothesis’, ‘ theory’, and ‘disciplinae’. ‘ Disciplinae’ is a subset of knowledge which embraces a domain which is for some reason distinguishable from other knowledge. A ‘disciplinae’ is constructed by combining ‘ theories’ and ‘hypotheses’.
12. Basic Aspects of Knowledge ‘ Knowledge’ survives by being shared with others and continues to exist over a significant time-span with considerable reliability. ‘ Theory’ is composed of ‘definitions’. A ‘definition’ is a fixed set of relations that significantly increase probability of an intended realisation. Such actualisation is to be achieved by an organised system. A definition cannot be created without existence of a manned system. However, once it is recorded, it becomes independent.
13. Basic Aspects of Knowledge The attribute ‘fixed’ emphasizes the difference between the restless ambient and the permanent definition. Although our ambient is in the state of perpetual motion, a definition is generated, not to imply that the defined phenomenon is at a standstill, but to create an unchanging metric. When conceived by a relevant system, a definition becomes autonomous from its own representation; definition can be distinguished from any substance of which its record is made. Therefore, an identical definition can be replicated endlessly; it is infinitely shareable.
14. Basic Aspects of Knowledge An information is an ‘intellectual photograph’ of a phenomenon. Any theory and definition are limited by axioms and scope. However, new hypotheses can be derived from an established theory. Many hypotheses have been proven wrong, and numerous theories modified over the history of sciences. Evolution of knowledge would be impossible without having established an incremental evidence of this process: fixed definitions that serve as the signposts.
15. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Significance of the above discussion is in defining knowledge in terms of its application and sharing. Teams perform differently pending on how their members share knowledge. Appropriate understanding of a ‘common goal’ requires sharing a variety of aspects such as: - perceptions, - intentions and - beliefs. An academic institution which rejects collaboration with peers to protect its market can instead experience a loss of market due to the reduced versatility of services. An industrial system can suffer losses due to the lack of dialogue between expert teams. Protection of intellectual property can result in the loss of the expertise.
16. Basic Aspects of Knowledge One of the most detrimental impedances to effective team work is a belief that the knowledge is a confidential property. An opposite belief that our fate does not depend on the outcome of a competition with other teams, as much as it will be affected by the outcome of the competition with global ambient, such as global climate change, will trigger momentous motives, and dramatically change our intentions. There are known cases of industrial systems that employ quite aged experts because they are the only sources of relevant knowledge. Technology can be forgotten.
17. Basic Aspects of Knowledge The overall efficiency, growth and verifiability of knowledge increase rapidly with the sheer quantity of informed participants. A belief that a rapid sharing of knowledge incubates new ideas, and speeds up the testing procedures, leads to better utilisation of resources. A constructive competition is most effectively achieved by: (1) cross-disciplinary sharing of knowledge; and (2) publishing new knowledge or new evidence for existing knowledge.
18. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Academic and industrial leaders promote open knowledge sources via the Internet. The model of open sources can be efficiently scaled within the structure of any institutional system. Barriers such as information divergence, intent disparity, knowledge imbalance and conflict of beliefs can be mitigated by means of proactive use of artificial intelligence aids (computers, internet and other software).
20. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Information systems are omnipresent in all human endeavours and, today, human-computer interaction lies at the crossroads of many disciplinas. In this new ambient the leading sources reflect informed beliefs and constructive intentions thus increasing the probability of growth, sharing and application of knowledge.
21. Basic Aspects of Knowledge In Conclusion In this age of knowledge both communication speed and misinformation waste multiply at critical rates. Defining the basic scientific concepts is a task that demands gathering together of appropriate institutions. Missions of academe include sustaining knowledge shareability and applicability. Successful application of knowledge is equal to its validation. Appropriate definitions are probability intensifiers.
22. Basic Aspects of Knowledge Perspective of interaction between artificial intelligence and manned systems, and the rise of the open networks, uncover new gates. However, the actual purpose of knowledge treasures should not be lost out of the sight; more attention to disaccord in beliefs and intentions is needed to take better advantage of available knowledge. Sustainability of life forms is proportional to the efficiency of knowledge-sharing and it is encouraging to realize that knowledge is infinitely shareable.