Types of knowledge
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This document discusses different types of knowledge: 1) Empirical knowledge is gained through the senses like sight, taste, touch, smell, and sometimes with instruments. Rational knowledge is based on logical truths. Intuitive knowledge is possessed without knowing where it came from. 2) Observations involve direct descriptions through senses, while interpretations build on concepts and experiences to further explain observations. 3) In experiments, scientists manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable to search for cause-and-effect relationships in nature. Controlled variables are kept constant.
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Sources of knowledge
This document discusses various sources of knowledge, including both scientific and unscientific sources. It outlines several ways that knowledge can be acquired, such as through authority, intuition, empiricism, rationalism, tradition, and trial and error. Scientific sources of knowledge are highlighted as being empirical, verifiable, objective, and reliable. Divine books like the Quran are also presented as a source of knowledge. The document provides definitions of key concepts like knowledge and different philosophers' perspectives on knowledge. It characterizes different means of acquiring knowledge and their advantages and disadvantages.
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information processing theory
Information processing theory views how people receive, mentally modify, remember, and process information over time. It has four main components: thinking, analyzing stimuli, modifying responses based on situations, and evaluating obstacles. Information is received through senses and stored in three parts of memory - sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, working memory actively processes and stores information for brief periods, and long-term memory permanently stores vast amounts of information through different types like episodic, semantic, procedural, and implicit memories.
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Here are the key rules for significant figures:
1. All non-zero digits are significant.
2. Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
3. Leading zeros are not significant unless a decimal is present.
4. Trailing zeros are significant if they are following a decimal, but not if they come after non-zero digits.
For example, the number 250.0 has 4 significant figures, while 2500 has only 3 significant figures.
Scientific Method
The scientific method involves observing phenomena, formulating hypotheses to explain observations, experimentally testing hypotheses, and communicating results. It begins with making qualitative or quantitative observations of a system, followed by proposing a hypothesis to explain the observations. Experiments are then conducted to test the hypothesis, and theories may be developed that are supported by experimental evidence. Results are shared with the scientific community.
Chapter 1 introduction to science and biology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology and the scientific process. It discusses what science is, how scientists work, and characteristics of living things. Some key points covered include:
- The goal of science is to investigate and understand the natural world through careful observation, data collection, hypothesis testing, and logical explanations.
- Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses, where they systematically change one variable at a time while keeping others the same. Well-supported hypotheses may become scientific theories.
- Living things share characteristics of being made of cells, reproducing, growing/developing, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and evolving over time as populations. Biology studies life at different levels from molecules to ecosystems
Unit 1 chapter 1 (revised)
The document outlines the scientific method and key concepts in biology. It discusses that science aims to understand nature through observation, data collection, inferences, and hypotheses testing using experiments. The scientific method involves stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment, analyzing results, and drawing a conclusion. Key biology concepts covered include cells, DNA, metabolism, homeostasis, and evolution. Measurement tools like microscopes and techniques like cell culture and fractionation are also summarized.
Unit1c Science
The document discusses the scientific method and key aspects of experimental design in science. It defines science as using an evidence-based process to explore and explain the natural world. The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments to test predictions, and analyzing results. Well-tested hypotheses that withstand rigorous scrutiny may become accepted scientific theories. Controlled experiments are described as a key way to test hypotheses by systematically manipulating variables while holding all other factors constant.
Lecture 4
"Concepts of Modern Natural Science"
Lecture 4. Forms and methodology of scientific cognition, features of modern methods
Unit 1 notes
This document discusses key concepts in scientific thinking and processes. It defines science as the systematic study of natural events through empirical evidence and measurable questions. Scientific knowledge is developed from well-supported theories and principles like laws that describe nature. Scientific investigations involve forming a testable hypothesis and conducting experiments where the independent variable is changed to observe the effect on the dependent variable, gathering data.
Chapter 1
This document outlines key concepts in science including the scientific method, measurement and data analysis, relationships between variables, and communication of results. It describes the major branches of science, important terminology, and how to perform calculations and conversions involving scientific notation and metric units. Safety, accuracy, precision and peer review are also discussed.
Science and environment
Science involves observing, studying, and experimenting to understand nature. Scientists investigate, plan experiments, observe results, and test theories. There are many branches of science, including physical, earth, and biological sciences. Science and technology work together, with science exploring nature through experimentation and technology applying scientific knowledge to improve human lives. The environment includes all surrounding factors that affect living things, and consists of both biotic elements like plants and animals as well as abiotic elements such as air, water, and soil. Ecosystems link biotic and abiotic components through energy and nutrient cycles.
Physics introduction
Physics is the basic science that studies matter and energy. It is a systematically organized body of knowledge based on observable facts about nature. Physics includes several main branches that study different aspects of matter and energy, such as mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, electricity and magnetism, and modern physics. The scientific method is used in physics to make hypotheses, conduct experiments, and develop theories to build understanding of natural phenomena.
Scientific method
The document outlines the scientific inquiry process which involves making observations, defining a problem or question, forming a hypothesis to test, conducting an experiment or field study to collect data, analyzing the results to draw conclusions, and repeating the process by asking new questions. Key steps include making observations, forming a testable hypothesis with independent and dependent variables, conducting controlled experiments, and using data to accept or reject the hypothesis.
Chapter 1 Section 1 Notes.ppt
This document provides an introduction to science, covering topics such as the nature of science, how science works, and organizing data. It defines key terms like science, technology, scientific theory, and scientific law. It describes the scientific method and how scientists investigate, plan experiments, observe, and test results. It outlines the major branches of science such as biological, physical, earth, social, and explains how they study different areas. It also discusses how scientific theories and laws are developed through observation and can change with new evidence. Finally, it provides examples of scientific models and lists important vocabulary terms from the chapter.
Shamna _Inductive reasoning_.pptx
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning
Causal inference
Categorical inference
Reasoning by analogy
Types of inductive reasoning
Introduction lesson link
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined, noting that none can be viewed as fully independent from the others.
Scientific method
The scientific method is an approach used to investigate a scientific problem and consists of several key steps: (1) asking a question and conducting research; (2) developing a hypothesis; (3) performing experiments to test the hypothesis; (4) collecting and analyzing data from the experiments; and (5) sharing results and developing a theory or law to explain the findings. The scientific method relies on objective measurement and evidence from experiments in which variables are controlled to test hypotheses and develop theories.
Similar to Types of knowledge (20)
Types of knowledge
- 1. Types of Knowledge Mrs. Kay
- 2. EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE Knowledge gained using the primary senses – seeing, tasting, feeling, hearing or smelling. Sometimes instruments are used as aids to our senses. ex: the computer is black.
- 3. Revealed knowledge knowledge we accept on faith Ex: All living animals today are descended from those on board Noah’s Ark.
- 4. Authoritative Knowledge knowledge we gain from experts Ex: lawyers, doctors, people with credentials.
- 5. Rational Knowledge based on what are considered to be rational/ logical truths Ex: If x=y and y=z then x must equal z
- 6. Intuitive Knowledge knowledge possessed without knowing where it comes from. Ex: a mother instinctively knows when her baby is in need.
- 7. OBSERVATION Observations are always empirical. Qualitative observations involve simple descriptions. Ex: color Quantitative observations involve amounts/numbers. Ex: recording the temperature.
- 8. INTERPRETATION involve reasoning based on observations Included in the analysis section of a lab report Indirect form of knowledge that builds on a concept or an experience to further describe or explain an observation.
- 9. Observation or interpretation? Noticing light and heat from burning magnesium Observation The O2(g) molecules collide with magnesium atoms and electron removal causes the ions of magnesium and oxygen to form. Interpretation
- 10. Variables Scientists use an experiment to search for cause and effect relationships in nature Independent (x-axis): is a factor that is manipulated in an experiment. The experimenter controls whether or not subjects are exposed to the independent variable Dependent (y-axis): is measured to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable had any effect. Controlled: Property that is kept constant throughout an experiment.
- 11. Experiment: A certain mass of magnesium is burned and is compared to the mass of product formed. What is the… Responding: mass of product (we measure how much is left) Controlled: composition of air, initial temp., amount of air available… Manipulated: mass of magnesium (we decide how much is burned)
- 12. Scientific Law Statements of major concepts based on empirical knowledge Ex: the law of conservation of mass. In a phys. or chem. Change the initial mass = the final mass Generalization: statements that summarize a limited number of empirical results. More broad.
- 13. Questions Pg. 29 #1-3 (Nelson) Pg. 32 #7-8 Read pg. 43-45