Classification in Psychiatry
The concept, reliability, validity, advantages and disadvantages of different classification systems, controversies in psychiatry classification
Classification in Psychiatry
The concept, reliability, validity, advantages and disadvantages of different classification systems, controversies in psychiatry classification
Adjustment disorders are commonly seen in primary care settings in which the 1-year prevalence varies from 11% to 18% of those with any clinical psychiatric disorder. [Casey PR et al., 1984]
A recent study [Maercker A et al., 2012] in the general population found the prevalence of adjustment disorder to be 0.9%,
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that involves a “loss of contact with reality”. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
Thanks to:
God, Parents and Teachers
and Mrs. Tahira Khan [Department of Pharmacology]
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorderDr.Emmanuel Godwin
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorder are forms of somatoform disorder....This are disorders that present with Physical symptoms with an unexplained cause.
Adjustment disorders are commonly seen in primary care settings in which the 1-year prevalence varies from 11% to 18% of those with any clinical psychiatric disorder. [Casey PR et al., 1984]
A recent study [Maercker A et al., 2012] in the general population found the prevalence of adjustment disorder to be 0.9%,
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that involves a “loss of contact with reality”. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
Thanks to:
God, Parents and Teachers
and Mrs. Tahira Khan [Department of Pharmacology]
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorderDr.Emmanuel Godwin
Brain fag syndrome,hypochondriasis and conversion disorder are forms of somatoform disorder....This are disorders that present with Physical symptoms with an unexplained cause.
MY DEAR COLLEAGUES HERE IS MY LITTLE INITIATIVE TO HELP U ALL PRESENTING INFRONT OF YOU THE TOPIC SOMATOFORM DISORDER, IT IS VERY ESSENTIAL IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY........
chronic health issues are common, they are also a substantial risk factor for poor mental health and reduced quality of life.
poor mental health can increase the risk of disability, poor treatment compliance, and mortality.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. Somatoform disorders are mental
illness characterized by the
presentation of physical symptoms
with no medical explanations .The
symptoms are severe enough to
interfere with the patients ability to
function in social or occupational
activities.
7. HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS
Stress affect immune responses through the
hypothalamus –pituitary-adrenal axis and
sympathetic nervous system.
Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters
(Serotonin) are released ,triggering various
GI responses , such as GUT dysmotility.
8. SOMATISATION DISORDER
Somatization disorder is characterized by
the following clinical
Features:
Multiple somatic symptoms in absence
of any physical disorder.
The symptoms are recurrent and chronic
(at least 2 year duration is needed for
diagnosis.
9.
10. SOMATIZATION DISORDER: DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA( DSM IV-TR)
A. History of physical symptoms:
beginning before 30
occurring over several years
resulting in Treatment being sought or
significant impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
11. CONTD…
B. Must meet each of the following criteria during the course of the
disorder:
4 Pain Sign: a History of pain related to at least 4 different sites
(e.g. head, abdomen, back, joints, chest) or functions (e.g.
menstruation, sexual intercourse, urination)
2 Gastrointestinal Sign: a History of at least 2 GI Sign other than
pain (e.g. nausea, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, intolerance of
several foods)
1 Sexual Sign: a History of at least 1 sexual or reproductive Sign
other than pain (e.g. sexual indifference, erectile or ejaculatory
dysfunction, irregular menses, excessive menstrual bleeding,
vomiting throughout pregnancy)
1 Pseudoneurological Sign: a History of at least 1 Sign or deficit
suggesting a neurological condition without pain (e.g. impaired
coordination or balance, paralysis, localized weakness, difficulty
swallowing, lump in throat, loss of touch or pain sensation, double
vision, blindness, deafness, seizures, urinary retention)
12. C. Either (1) or (2):
(1) Symptoms not fully accounted for by a
general medical condition or the effects of a
substance
(2) When there is a related medical condition,
the complaints and resulting social or
occupational impairment exceed what would be
expected from the history, physical
examination, or laboratory findings .
D. Symptoms are not intentionally feigned or
produced, as in Factitious Disorder or
Malingering
CONTD…
14. TREATMENT
PSYCHOTHERAPY
1. Supportive psychotherapy: The treatment of choice is usually
supportive psychotherapy. The first step is to enlist the patient in the
therapeutic alliance by establishing a rapport. It is useful to demonstrate
the link between psychosocial conflict(s) and somatic symptoms, if it is
apparent. In chronic cases, ‘symptom reduction’ rather than
‘complete cure’ might be a reasonable goal.
2. Behaviour modification: After rapport is established, attempts at
modifying behaviour are made, for example, not focusing on the
symptoms per se, and positively reinforcing normal functioning.
3. Relaxation therapy, with graded physical exercises.
15. PHAMACOTHERAPY
Drug therapy: Antidepressants and/or
benzodiazepines can be given on a short-term
basis for associated depression and/or anxiety.
Benzodiazepines should be used with great
caution, as the risk of dependence and misuse is
high in these patients
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Hypochondriasis
( Hypochondriacal Disorder)
Hypochondriasis is defined as a persistent preoccupation
with a fear (or belief) of having one (or more) serious
disease(s), based on person’s own interpretation of normal
body function or a minor physical abnormality.
21. HYPOCHONDRIASIS
CAUSES:
Faulty interpretation of bodily cues and
sensations as evidence of physical illness
Enhanced sensitivity to, & over-focusing on,
physical sensations and illness cues
Stressful life events
Disproportionate incidence of disease in family
during childhood
Secondary gains associated with the sick role:
decreased responsibility and increased attention
22. HYPOCHONDRIASIS:
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA(DSM IV – TR)
A. Preoccupation with fear of having or belief that one has a
serious illness, based on misinterpretation of bodily Sign or
functions
B. Preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical
evaluation, reassurance, and the person’s not developing
the feared disease
C. Preoccupation lasts at least 6 months
D. Preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in important areas of functioning
E. Preoccupation is not better accounted for by other
disorders, such as GAD, OCD, Panic Disorder, Major
Depression, Separation Anxiety, or another Somatoform
Disorder
26. CONVERSION DISORDER
A disoder in which the individual experiences
one or more neurological symptoms that
cannot be explained by any medical or
neurological disorder.
27. CONVERSION DISORDER
More common in:
rural populations
lower SES
less medically/psychologically sophisticated
women than men (2-10x)
In women, sign are much more common on
the left than right side of the body
Onset: late childhood through early
adulthood; rarely before 10 or after 35
28. CONVERSION DISORDER:
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (DSM IV – TR)
A. One or more Sign or deficits affecting voluntary motor or
sensory functioning and indicative of a neurological or other
medical condition
B. Psychological factors are associated with the Sign – the
initiation or exacerbation of Sign is preceded by conflicts or
stressors
C. The Sign is not intentionally feigned or produced, as in
Factitious Disorder or Malingering
D. The Sign cannot be fully explained by a general medical
condition, the effects of a substance, or a culturally sanctioned
behavior or experience
E. Sign cause significant distress or impairment in functioning or
warrant medical attention
F. The Sign is not limited to pain or sexual dysfunction, does not
occur exclusively in the course of Somatization Disorder, and is
not better accounted for by another mental disorder
30. CONVERSION DISORDER
Presentaion
With Motor Sign or Deficits – e.g. impaired
coordination or balance, paralysis, localized
weakness, difficulty swallowing, lump in throat,
urinary retention
With Sensory Sign or Deficits – loss of touch or
pain sensation, double vision, blindness,
deafness, hallucinations
With Seizures or Convulsions
With Mixed Presentation
31. CONVERSION DISORDER:
ASSESSMENT
Assess the following:
physical sign, medical conditions, medications, abused
substances, psychiatric symptoms, and stressors and
conflicts
the person’s level of medical knowledge
whether the person may be intentionally feigning
symptoms
manner of presenting symptoms – dramatic and
histrionic or la belle indifference
R/O underlying neurological or general medical
conditions by referral for a thorough neuorological
examination: 5-10% have real medical problems
32. CONVERSION DISORDER:
TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
A.PSYCHOTHERAPY
Identify and attend to the traumatic or stressful life event
Address current psychosocial stressors with environmental
manipulation, support, advice, and coping skills
Reduce any reinforcing or supportive consequences from the
conversion Sign
Insight-oriented therapies usually aren’t indicated or helpful
For acute Sign: positive expectation for recovery; a face-saving
way for the patient to recover, e.g. physical therapy
For chronic Sign: physical rehabilitation, suggestion, &
psychotherapy
Work closely with a medical doctor and psychiatrist
33. Somatoform Autonomic Dysfunction
According to ICD-10, in this disorder, symptoms
are presented by the patient as if they were due to
a physical disorder of an organ system that is predominantly
under autonomic control, e.g. heart and cardiovascular system
(such as palpitations), upper gastro intestinal tract (such as
aerophagy, hiccough), lower gastrointestinal tract (such as
flatulence, irritable bowel syndrome), respiratory system
(such as hyperventilation), genitourinary system (such as
dysuria), or other organ systems.
34. There is preoccupation with, and distress regarding,
the possibility of a serious (but often unspecified)
disorder of the particular organ system. Physical
examination and investigations do not however show
presence of any significant abnormality. The
preoccupation persists despite repeated assurances and
explanations.
35. Treatment
The treatment consists of:
1. Supportive psychotherapy.
2. Drug treatment: The symptoms of anxiety
and/or
depression usually respond to short-term use of
benzodiazepines and antidepressants.
38. PAIN DISORDER:
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (DSM IV – TR)
A. Pain in one or more anatomical sites is the
predominant focus of clinical presentation and is of
sufficient severity to warrant clinical attention.
B. Psychological factors are judged to have an
important role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or
maintenance of the pain.
C. Pain causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in important areas or functioning or
warrants medical attention.
D. Pain is not intentionally feigned or produced, as in
Factitious Disorder or Malingering.
E. Pain is not better accounted for by a Mood, Anxiety,
or Psychotic Disorder.
39. 3 TYPES OF PAIN DISORDER
Pain Disorder Associated with Psychological
Factors: psychological factors have a major role
in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or
maintenance of pain
Pain Disorder Associated with a General Medical
Condition: GMC or site of pain is coded on Axis
III, e.g. low back, sciatic, pelvic, headache, chest,
joint, abdominal, throat, urinary
Pain Disorder Associated with Both Psychological
Factors and a General Medical Condition: most
common
41. PAIN DISORDER:
TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Collect info regarding physical Sign, medical
conditions, medications, abused substances,
psychiatric symptoms, stressors and conflicts
Distinguish from Factitious Disorder or
Malingering
Target both the physical and psychological
aspects of chronic pain
Validate the person’s pain, rather than
challenging or insight
Enlist the person’s cooperation in developing
strategies for dealing with pain
42. PAIN DISORDER:
TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Pain management: teach techniques for coping with pain;
use of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant
medications
Cognitive behavioral techniques: distraction, stress
management, cognitive restructuring, activity pacing, sleep
management, logging activities attempted and level of pain
associated with each
Attend to factors that influence recovery: acknowledging
pain; giving up unproductive efforts to control pain;
participating in regularly scheduled activities despite pain;
recognizing and treating comorbid disorders; adapting to a
potentially chronic condition; not allowing the pain to
become the determining factor in one’s lifestyle
43. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
A disorder characterized by the belief that
some part is abnormal ,defective ,or
misshapen.
44.
45.
46. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER:
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS(DSM IV – TR)
A. Preoccupation with an imagined defect in
appearance or markedly excessive concern
about a slight physical anomaly
B. The preoccupation causes clinically
significant distress or impairment in important
areas or functioning
C. The preoccupation is not better accounted
for by another mental disorder, such as
distorted body image in Anorexia Nervosa
48. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER:
COMMON FEATURES
Constant and excessive use of mirrors
Avoidance of mirrors
Lots of time spent grooming
Lots of grooming rituals
Attempts to hide parts of body
Constantly seeking reassurance about looks,
while discounting feedback
Anxiety or depression about one’s appearance
49. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER:
FACTS & FIGURES
People with BDD often seek help from
dermatologists and plastic surgeons (rates of
BDD in these settings is 6-15%)
BDD is under-recognized & under-diagnosed
in nonpsychiatric settings
BDD is infrequent in mental health settings
Onset: adolescence and young adulthood
50. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: TREATMENT
There is little to no research on treatments for BDD
Distinguish BDD from normal concerns about
appearance or overvaluing of appearance (resistant to
reality testing and reassurance; cause significant
distress or impairment; delusional)
Pharmacotherapy: SSRI’s at higher doses & for longer
duration
CBT strategies: exposure and response prevention,
self-esteem building, modifying distorted thinking, and
coping strategies