This document summarizes a study on solid waste management practices in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. The study analyzed waste generation, recovery, reuse and recycling. It found that household waste is not currently separated, and the city uses a "collect and dump" system without formal recycling. However, there is an informal recycling market. The study aims to identify ways to increase waste recovery, especially of plastics. It conducted surveys of 138 households to analyze waste composition and abilities for source separation in high, middle and low income areas. The findings could inform strategies to expand recycling where more dry recyclables are generated.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
A study Report on Implementation of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementAM Publications
Increasing human population and economic development and urbanization has resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). It involves many activities like collection, transportation and disposal of wastes. There is tremendous amount of loss in terms of environment degradation, health hazards and economic descend, due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate waste at initial stages where it is generated. Planners are thus forced to consider alternate and available means of disposal, especially by minimizing damage to the ecosystem and human population. GIS has proved to be boon to such planners by visualizing the real solid waste situations and facilitating route analysis through mapping. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
A study Report on Implementation of GIS in Solid Waste ManagementAM Publications
Increasing human population and economic development and urbanization has resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW). It involves many activities like collection, transportation and disposal of wastes. There is tremendous amount of loss in terms of environment degradation, health hazards and economic descend, due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate waste at initial stages where it is generated. Planners are thus forced to consider alternate and available means of disposal, especially by minimizing damage to the ecosystem and human population. GIS has proved to be boon to such planners by visualizing the real solid waste situations and facilitating route analysis through mapping. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Identification of appropriate landfill sites for City of ChittagongKazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
Urban solid waste management is a serious environmental issue confronting the cities in developing countries like Bangladesh. Apathy towards the problem, inadequacy of field level information and data, and resource constraints may be blamed for the dismal situation of solid waste management often visible in our cities. The most common problems associated with the absence of sustainable solid waste management practice include diseases transmission, odour nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, visual blight, fire hazards and economic losses. In the three major cities of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Chittagong & Khulna, per capita production of solid waste is around 0.4kg /capita / day, but only a fraction of this waste is carried to the final disposal site. A recent study on Municipal Solid Waste Management, funded by Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund (BMDF), found that waste generated in Chittagong was 0.352kg/cap/day. Considering per capita generation of solid waste as 0.352kg to 0.4kg per capita per day, for a population of 25, 92,459 distributed within the 41 wards of the city (BBS 2011), total solid waste generated in Chittagong will be around 913 tons to 1037 tons per day in 2012.
Currently, Chittagong City Corporation has only two dumping yards: one at Ananda Bazar, Halishahar at the mid western part of the city and the other at Arefin Nagar, Pahartali at the northern tip of the city. None of these sites are sanitary landfill. Considering the city area of 168 sq.kms, only two dumping sites are not sufficient to cater to the requirement of the city. Long distances between the collection points and the disposal site are responsible for inefficient utilization of the CCC trucks and the resulting increase in the haulage time that eventually increases the costs of collection and disposal.
This paper aims to identify a number of appropriate landfill sites within the city for cost effective, efficient and safe disposal of solid wastes. An appropriate landfill site must satisfy environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable the wastes to be isolated so that there is no risk to people and the environment. The criteria utilized for identifying appropriate landfill locations include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic, ecological, engineering and land-use parameters. This study utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) for the identification and selection of appropriate landfill sites within the city of Chittagong. Thirteen sites were identified initially. Out of these sites four were found to be most appropriate and suitable for use as landfill. The sites thus identified, if utilized by CCC, are expected to bring a major change, in terms of cost effectiveness, efficiency and safety, in the current scenario of solid waste management in the city.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
HZGD#18-A - Hangzhou's climate change politics, climate governance and green ...HangzhouGreenDrinks
Hangzhou Green Drinks
HZGD#18-A Presentation Event 22Apr2013
Hangzhou's climate change politics, climate governance and green city making
by Prof. Jørgen Delman from the University of Copenhagen
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Solid Waste Management System: A Study on Cox-Bazar PourashavaKazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management becomes a great problem now-a-days. Rapidly growing population is responsible for producing large amount of solid wastes. To develop an efficient solid waste management system the existing scenario of solid waste of a city should be known which enables to find out the problems happening regarding mismanagement of solid waste within the city. Cox’s Bazar is a well-known tourist spot both in home & abroad. As a tourist spot different types of solid wastes produced everyday by the people living in the city as well as the people coming to visit it. Low collection coverage, unavailable transport services, and lack of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management, leading to water, land and air pollution, and for putting people and the environment at risk. In such a circumstance this study has intended to unfold the institutional dimensions of solid waste management including the types & amount of wastes produced in this city and to identify solid waste management problems. A field survey has conducted to identify the current scenario of solid waste management system in Cox’s Bazar. It helps to identify the problems regarding solid waste management system which helps in this study to give some recommendations to improve the solid waste management system of Cox’s Bazar.
Public private partnership in forestry managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered during the Course on Governance of Landscapes, Forests and People at the CIFOR Campus in Bogor, Indonesia.
It discusses: the reason public-private partnerships became an option; whether or not these partnerships are effective, trade-offs and challenges to consider; and how to ensure the effectiveness public-private partnerships at the landscape level.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Identification of appropriate landfill sites for City of ChittagongKazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
Urban solid waste management is a serious environmental issue confronting the cities in developing countries like Bangladesh. Apathy towards the problem, inadequacy of field level information and data, and resource constraints may be blamed for the dismal situation of solid waste management often visible in our cities. The most common problems associated with the absence of sustainable solid waste management practice include diseases transmission, odour nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, visual blight, fire hazards and economic losses. In the three major cities of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Chittagong & Khulna, per capita production of solid waste is around 0.4kg /capita / day, but only a fraction of this waste is carried to the final disposal site. A recent study on Municipal Solid Waste Management, funded by Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund (BMDF), found that waste generated in Chittagong was 0.352kg/cap/day. Considering per capita generation of solid waste as 0.352kg to 0.4kg per capita per day, for a population of 25, 92,459 distributed within the 41 wards of the city (BBS 2011), total solid waste generated in Chittagong will be around 913 tons to 1037 tons per day in 2012.
Currently, Chittagong City Corporation has only two dumping yards: one at Ananda Bazar, Halishahar at the mid western part of the city and the other at Arefin Nagar, Pahartali at the northern tip of the city. None of these sites are sanitary landfill. Considering the city area of 168 sq.kms, only two dumping sites are not sufficient to cater to the requirement of the city. Long distances between the collection points and the disposal site are responsible for inefficient utilization of the CCC trucks and the resulting increase in the haulage time that eventually increases the costs of collection and disposal.
This paper aims to identify a number of appropriate landfill sites within the city for cost effective, efficient and safe disposal of solid wastes. An appropriate landfill site must satisfy environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable the wastes to be isolated so that there is no risk to people and the environment. The criteria utilized for identifying appropriate landfill locations include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic, ecological, engineering and land-use parameters. This study utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) for the identification and selection of appropriate landfill sites within the city of Chittagong. Thirteen sites were identified initially. Out of these sites four were found to be most appropriate and suitable for use as landfill. The sites thus identified, if utilized by CCC, are expected to bring a major change, in terms of cost effectiveness, efficiency and safety, in the current scenario of solid waste management in the city.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
HZGD#18-A - Hangzhou's climate change politics, climate governance and green ...HangzhouGreenDrinks
Hangzhou Green Drinks
HZGD#18-A Presentation Event 22Apr2013
Hangzhou's climate change politics, climate governance and green city making
by Prof. Jørgen Delman from the University of Copenhagen
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Solid Waste Management System: A Study on Cox-Bazar PourashavaKazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management becomes a great problem now-a-days. Rapidly growing population is responsible for producing large amount of solid wastes. To develop an efficient solid waste management system the existing scenario of solid waste of a city should be known which enables to find out the problems happening regarding mismanagement of solid waste within the city. Cox’s Bazar is a well-known tourist spot both in home & abroad. As a tourist spot different types of solid wastes produced everyday by the people living in the city as well as the people coming to visit it. Low collection coverage, unavailable transport services, and lack of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management, leading to water, land and air pollution, and for putting people and the environment at risk. In such a circumstance this study has intended to unfold the institutional dimensions of solid waste management including the types & amount of wastes produced in this city and to identify solid waste management problems. A field survey has conducted to identify the current scenario of solid waste management system in Cox’s Bazar. It helps to identify the problems regarding solid waste management system which helps in this study to give some recommendations to improve the solid waste management system of Cox’s Bazar.
Public private partnership in forestry managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered during the Course on Governance of Landscapes, Forests and People at the CIFOR Campus in Bogor, Indonesia.
It discusses: the reason public-private partnerships became an option; whether or not these partnerships are effective, trade-offs and challenges to consider; and how to ensure the effectiveness public-private partnerships at the landscape level.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE PRACTICES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXTILE MANUFACTURI...ijmvsc
gation were not emphasizing more on waste prevention and minimization when procuring materials. This was deemed to be serious considering that supplierprequalification, invitation to tender, and contract structure were all found to be significant and positive predictors of waste management in the textile firm’s context. The conclusions made from the study findings were that; textile firms in Nairobi City County were facing the challenge of waste management due to their laxity in emphasizing waste-sensitive procurement practices. The firms however stand to gain by leveraging upon supplier pre-qualification, invitation of bids, and contract structure that are centric to waste generation. The findings of this study contribute to the theory and practice of waste management by showing that, waste is best managed at the procurement stage. This therefore implies that textile and waste management stakeholders have the onus of coming up with waste management parameters which, supplier pre-qualification, invitation to tender, and contract structure processes should aim at. Future studies should take into account other procurement practices that can be engaged to prevent and minimize waste. Moreover, there may be need to expand the geographical scope of the firms in order to boost external validity
Procurement Performance Practices and Waste Management in Textile Manufacturi...ijmvsc
Waste management in Kenya’s urban centers is becoming a momentous task considering the country’s
desire for a middle income industrial economy. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
is concerned with the growing rate of waste generation that does not match the rate of collection. Among
the industrial sectors that are poised to play a significant role in realization of the middle income
industrial status is the textile sector. However, this is a sector that contributes to high volumes of waste
generation in Kenya. Yet, it is envisaged that adoption of waste-sensitive procurement could be the
panacea to waste management in the sector. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the
effect of procurement performance practices on waste management in textile firms in Nairobi City County.
This study was grounded on the positivist research paradigm in adopting the ex-post facto research design,
to interrogate the direct effects of the three procurement practices on waste management. Cochran’s
sample size formula was used to decide on a sample size of 142 employees. Stratified and simple random
sampling techniques were used to draw the required sample of employees from the respective textile firms.
Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising of four sections in line with the four
constructs under study. Multiple regressions analyses were run to test the postulations made. The study
confirmed that textile firms under investigation were not emphasizing more on waste prevention and
minimization when procuring materials. This was deemed to be serious considering that supplierprequalification, invitation to tender, and contract structure were all found to be significant and positive
predictors of waste management in the textile firm’s context. The conclusions made from the study findings
were that; textile firms in Nairobi City County were facing the challenge of waste management due to their
laxity in emphasizing waste-sensitive procurement practices. The firms however stand to gain by
leveraging upon supplier pre-qualification, invitation of bids, and contract structure that are centric to
waste generation. The findings of this study contribute to the theory and practice of waste management by
showing that, waste is best managed at the procurement stage. This therefore implies that textile and waste
management stakeholders have the onus of coming up with waste management parameters which, supplier
pre-qualification, invitation to tender, and contract structure processes should aim at. Future studies
should take into account other procurement practices that can be engaged to prevent and minimize waste.
Moreover, there may be need to expand the geographical scope of the firms in order to boost external
validity.
PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE PRACTICES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXTILE MANUFACTURI...ijmvsc
Waste management in Kenya’s urban centers is becoming a momentous task considering the country’s
desire for a middle income industrial economy. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
is concerned with the growing rate of waste generation that does not match the rate of collection. Among
the industrial sectors that are poised to play a significant role in realization of the middle income
industrial status is the textile sector. However, this is a sector that contributes to high volumes of waste
generation in Kenya. Yet, it is envisaged that adoption of waste-sensitive procurement could be the
panacea to waste management in the sector.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Similar to Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 182
Figure 1: Map of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Area (STMA)
Source: ghanadistricts.com, 2016.
As population grows and consumption patterns change
in the city, waste management has become an
albatross on the neck of city authorities at the Sekondi-
Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly. The enormous
increase in waste generation has outstripped waste
management infrastructure, and thus led to an
accumulation of filth in the urban environment which
threatens public health (Fei-Baffuor Et al., 2014).
Meanwhile the generation of MSW in Sekondi-Takoradi
has a tendency to further increase due to population
explosion and the boom in economic activities owning
to the establishment of a new oil industry. According to
the World Bank, the higher the income level and the
rate of urbanization, the greater the amount if solid
waste generated (World Bank, 2014).Therefore, if the
challenges of “collect-and-dump-approach” are not
addressed, this will further aggravate the woes of the
solid waste management system to a state which might
be economically difficult to construct additional landfill
space to absorb all the solid waste. This trend presents
an urgent need to divert useful waste fractions to
recycling and reuse in order to prolong the lifespan of
the landfill. Resource recovery options, however, can
be employed to reduce refuse volume in cities that lack
adequate landfill space (Bartone et al., 1990).
Aim and Objectives
The goal of the study was to gather info that could be
used to expand and increase the recovery of resource
from MSW in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis of
Ghana.
Specific objectives:
i. Identify the nature of recycling behavior
practiced by householders in the STMA.
ii. To identify best practices of waste resource
recovery in the metropolis.
iii. Identify motivation and capacity of
stakeholders.
iv. To suggest future solutions to increase the
recovery rate of resource, especially plastic waste, in
the STMA metropolis.
Research Question
Can householders in Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis sort
their solid waste at source?
METHODOLOGY
Profile of the Study Area
Location
The study area lies in the Western Region of Ghana
and is the capital of the region. The Sekondi – Takoradi
Metropolitan Area (STMA) is located between latitudes
4°55´59.21 North and longitudes 1°42´50.09”S (Figure
1). Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis covers a land area of
49 km² and Sekondi is the administrative headquarters
of the region. The metropolis is bordered to the West by
Ahanta West District, to the North by Mpohor Wassa
East, to the East by Shama District and to the South by
the Gulf of Guinea. The metropolis is located on the
West Coast, about 242km west of Accra and 280km
East of La Cote D‟Ivoire. It is thus strategically located,
considering its closeness to the sea and the airports
and accessibility to major cities by rail and road
(Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis Assembly, 2012). The
metropolis has four sub-metro offices which are
responsible for the day-to-day administration of their
area whilst major decisions are taken by the STMA in
Sekondi (Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis Assembly,
2012).
3. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 183
Land Use
The land use patterns in the study area can be
summarized in the following ways:
Predominantly residential.
Commerce frequently exists within residential
areas, creating a “mixed-use” pattern.
Several central commercial business districts.
Harbour.
Airport.
Industries limited to the western and eastern
ends.
Rapid expansion without any urban sprawl.
Climate
The study area falls under the equatorial climate of the
West African sub-region with a mean temperature of
22
0
C and mean annual rainfall of 2350 mm. The
metropolis experiences two raining seasons with the
highest between May and July whiles the minor is
between September and October. Vegetation in the
study area is highly woodland in the northern and
central parts, while thickets intermingled with tall grass
species occurs along the coast.
Demography
According to the 2010 national population and housing
census, the Metropolis has a population of 559,548;
comprising 273,436 males and 286,112 (Ghana
Statistical Service, 2012). The STMA is also known to
accommodate an estimated floating population of
80,000 made up of people from neighboring districts
who commute into the city daily for civic, trade and
industrial activities. The average population per
community is 8, 969. Takoradi has the highest
population density of 75,428 people while the Ahanta
Abasa had the lowest population density of 1,692
residents. The total number of households in the
geographic jurisdiction of the STMA is 96,535. The
average number of households per community is 2099
(CHF, 2010).
Research Design
The research strategy adopted was the descriptive
methodology. A descriptive research intends to present
facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as
it exists at the time of the study and to describe present
conditions, events or systems based on the impression
or reaction of the respondents of the research
(Creswell, 1994). In the study, both qualitative and
quantitative data were collected, making it a mixed
method research. However, most of the data collected
were qualitative in nature. Qualitative approach is
mainly descriptive and involves the collection and
analysis of data that is concerned with meanings,
attitudes and beliefs, rather than quantitative method
that results in numerical counts from which statistical
inferences can be drawn (Ogier, 2002).
The bulk of the information were collected through
semi-structured questionnaire, face-to-face interviews
and secondary sources, and supported with
quantitative information which was collected through
household survey. The decision to use this Semi-
structured was due to the fact that it was considered a
suitable method by which reliable information could be
elicited in the study where variables‟ being investigated
requires statement of facts and opinion. It has an
advantage of producing a good amount of responses
from a relatively small and varied population. It
provided a more accurate picture of events and sought
to explain people‟s perception and behaviour on the
basis of data gathered at time of the research. It was
appropriate and it helped the researcher to obtain quick
and relevant responses from population. In addition,
thorough review of all available published and
unpublished documents of relevant organizations was
then conducted to ensure reliability of all primary data.
Data Collection
The data collection was done using checklists which
were pre-tested prior to the actual field work. The bulk
of the data generated for this study were qualitative. At
least two interviews, two focus group discussion, and
three case studies were made in the study area. Semi-
structured questionnaires were answered by
management of waste collection service providers and
the management of waste management department of
Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly (STMA). One
Hundred and Thirty-Eight (138) household heads were
assisted by the researcher to answer semi-structured
questionnaire. Focus group discussions were held with
scavengers at the Takoradi landfill, as well as waste
pickers in the surveyed communities. Field
observations were made at all waste collection and
disposal sites. This comprised household collection
points and communal waste collection points in the
selected communities. Field observations were
captured in still photographs.
Sampling Techniques for household survey
The sub-cities of the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis are
diverse, and therefore needed to be stratified to get
adequate representation of the citizenry for the
household survey. To attain uniformity, towns in
metropolis were classified into high income, middle
income and low income areas to form the strata. The
classification was done by the Ghana Statistical
Service, western regional office. Within a stratum,
simple random sampling was applied to select one
town. This was achieved by writing the names of the
towns on folded paper and picking one from the lot.
Considering the jumbled nature of building coding in
Ghana, random sampling could not be applied to select
households. Thus, convenient sampling was used to
select households on the field. The households were
selected based on the following criteria:
i. willingness to participate,
4. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 184
Table 1: Sample size
Income Level
Name Of Selected
Town
Total Number of
Houses
% Housing
units
Number Of
Households To Be
Surveyed.
High class Anaji Estates 1712 55.7 77
Middle class Adiembra 1081 35.2 49
Low class Ntankoful 280 9.1 13
TOTAL 3073 100 138
Source: Ghana StatisticalService, 2010
ii. availability for interview, and
iii. even spatial selection.
Sample Size for household survey
In the estimation of households‟ sampling size, the
formula by Daniel (1987) was adopted as follows:
( )
According to the data obtained from the 2010
Population and Housing Census (Ghana Statistical
Service, 2010), the total housing stock within the
metropolis is estimated at 36,079 (N) and out of this
about 90 percent (P) according to the metropolitan
planning unit of STMA are residential with the
remaining 10 percent being used for commercial
activities, offices and other activities other than for
residential purposes. Therefore, n = 138 is the
minimum sample size of housing units for reliable
results (Table 1).The sample size used for the survey
was therefore One Hundred and Thirty-Eight (138).
This was to ensure that the sampled mean was closer
to the population mean and minimize errors.
Sampling with probability to size was used to decide on
the number of households to be surveyed in each
stratum. Thus a proportion of the selected towns in the
original housing stock of STMA were deduced as
follows.
Quantification and Characterization of Solid Waste
Materials Used
In the collection and sorting out of household solid
waste, the following materials and instruments were
used:
Personal Protective equipment (PPEs) for
waste sorting
Weighing scale
tricycle for transporting waste,
trash bags for collecting waste samples,
sieve to separate waste,
10 mm thick plastic sheets to cover the floor,
Method
The weight-volume analysis method was adopted to
determine the per capita MSW generation rate. This
involved the measurement of the weight of solid waste
generated over a period. Each household was assigned
a „code‟ and given a plastic bag. The purpose of the
survey was explained during the distribution of the
plastic bags, with the number of persons in the
household noted. The waste generated was collected
from the selected households on the 7
th
day. Twenty
(20) households were randomly selected from each of
the three economic classes for this purpose. The plastic
bags with the waste collected were weighed (Plate. 1)
and recorded against their allocated household codes.
Afterwards, the content of the bags was then spread
over a plastic sheet for manual sorting (Plate 2).
Recyclable waste fractions of interest were sorted out
including plastics, metal cans, glass and paper. Each
component was then weighed and recorded on data
sheet.
The daily solid waste generation rate (DSWGR) of the
town as well as per capita per day solid waste
generation rate at household level of the socio-
economic areas was calculated as follows. Per capita
waste generation rate is given by:
The percentage composition of each residential waste
component generated from households with respect to
the socio-economic strata was also determined by
dividing the total amount of a particular solid waste
component type collected over a week with the total
amount of solid waste of all components within 7 days
multiplied by 100.
Source Sorting
The source sorting exercise was performed to assess
the ability of households to separate domestic solid
waste into well-defined recyclable materials for reuse
and recycling. To accomplish this, Twenty (20)
households were selected from each income class of
Sekondi-Takoradi (low income class, middle income
class and high income class) for the exercise. Two less
expensive poly sacks, labeled organics and recyclables
(plastics, cans, bottles), were given to each household
to separate their waste (Plate 3). The exercise lasted
for 21 days. The effectiveness of the sorting process
5. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 185
Plate 1: Weighing the bulk w aste Plate 2: Sorting out w aste fraction
Plate 3: Weighing of w aste fractions
was checked on the first 3 days and the next 4 days
respectively.
Data Processing and Analysis
The Microsoft Office Excel Package was used to
process the quantitative data of the solid waste
quantification and characterization. The data were
processed into statistical tables and charts for easy
interpretation and discussion. Processed data were
analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The
sequence followed was:
a. Descriptive analysis was applied to describe
the distribution and range of responses to each variable
of the household survey. Descriptive techniques were
also employed in interpreting qualitative data on theme
such as solid waste handling practices.
b. Data was recoded into categories where
appropriate. For example, availability of storage bin,
mode of disposal, etc. to enable statistically meaningful
comparison of sub-groups.
c. Simple cross-tabulations were used to identify
trends and examine possible associations between one
variable and another. And finally, cross examination on
the completeness, accuracy and consistency on the
questionnaire responses were carried out to eliminate
errors prior to the analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS
Waste Characteristics and Resource Potential in
Sekondi-Takoradi
It is essential to identify and quantify the type of waste
generated. Typically, this will differ from one socio-
economic community to another, and it will ultimately
affect the potential for waste recovery, reuse and
recycling (chartered institute of purchasing and supply,
2007). With such background information, it will be
possible to develop appropriate strategies to maximize
the recovery of clean and uncontaminated waste
fractions for reuse and recycling.
The study revealed that solid waste generation varies
greatly amongst communities of Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis. The generation rate for the three stratified
income levels was found to be 0.26 Kg/capita/day for
lower income communities, 0.42 Kg/capita/day for
middle income communities and 0.62 Kg/capita/day for
higher income communities (Figure 1). This trend
agrees favourably with World Bank reports that the
higher the income level of communities, the greater the
amount of solid waste produced (WorldBank, 2009).
The average per capita per day solid waste generation
rate for Sekondi-Takoradi was found to be 0.43
kg/capita/day. This amount is slightly below the
6. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 186
Plate 4: Source sorting bags
Figure 2: Per capita generation of MSW in income classes.
USAID‟s reported average rate for African countries
which is 0.5kg/capita/day (USAID, 2009). It is possible
that households in the metropolis are reusing their
waste which could be a major reason for some of the
waste not disposed.
The major difference in waste generated in lower
income communities compared to those generated in
higher income communities is firstly due to the quantity
of organic waste disposed, secondly the amount of dry
recyclables (plastics, paper, glass & metals) vary
greatly and lastly the weight of ash and sand disposed
by lower income communities. The variation in waste
fractions disposed by the income classes is presented
in Table 3.1 below.
The quantity and characteristics of solid waste
generated in a region is not only a function of standard
of living but also the abundance of natural resources
(UNEP, 2005). In tropical countries like Ghana, the
major component of the waste is putrescible organic
matter. These include crop market debris, vegetable
peels, food leftovers and night soil. These wastes
decompose rapidly with the release of obnoxious odour
and visual unpleasantness. Therefore when municipal
solid waste is collected together, dry recyclable
components are soiled by the decomposing organic
components before they could be recovered by waste
pickers on municipal dumps.
This presents a great barrier to recycling efforts of cities
in developing countries. Because the cost of recycling
is increased due to the necessity for extensive cleaning
of waste fraction required before recycling. In order to
promote recycling, it is necessary to promote waste
sorting at source, in which case the dry recyclable
fractions can be recovered in a clean state.
The Informal Waste Recovery Market in Sekondi-
Takoradi
In the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, there is no formal
opportunities for waste recovery like „deposit refund
system‟ and „product take back system‟. As a result,
homeowners and waste pickers use their initiative to
recover waste fractions of interest. It was discovered
that the motivation for waste recovery is purely
associated with economic gains. Waste picking is
mostly done by teenagers, and they do this by visiting
residential neighborhoods to purchase discarded
plastics and metal waste from homeowners (Plate 2).
They later sell these materials to a waste trader in the
center of Takoradi (Plate 3). According to the waste
pickers, they could earn at least Ten Ghana Cedis
(Gh¢10.00) (USD3.12) each day from their toil.
7. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 187
Table 2: Percentage w aste fraction by income level of communities
Socio-
economic
income
classes
Organic
waste
Plastics Paper Glass
Metal/c
ans
Other waste
(ash, sand)
Total solid
waste
sampled/k
g
High income
communities
39.4 23.6 9.8 8.0 5.8 13.4 112
Middle income
communities
59.9 20.4 6.6 2.4 3.6 7.0 100.8
Lower income
communities
17.4 15.8 3.7 3.1 3.5 56.4 112.9
Figure 2: MSW composition in Sekondi-Takoradi.
Some homeowners retrieve ferrous materials from their
normal household waste and sell them to the waste
pickers. Waste pickers buy one kilogram (1kg) of
metals at Twenty Ghana Pesewas (Gp20)(USD0.06)
and later sell it for fifty Ghana Pesewas
(Gp50)(USD0.16), thereby making a profit of Thirty
Ghana Pesewas (Gp30)(USD0.10) on each sale. It
was revealed that the motivation for all the home
owners and waste pickers is purely for economic gains
and the economic gains comes through sale of waste
plastic and aluminum metals. That is not to say that the
inhabitants of Sekondi-Takoradi careless about their
environment. Another revelation was that high income
households expressed their willingness to donate
plastic waste to a recovery system if a convenient one
is established in the metropolis.
One notable waste trader has opened a buy-back
center at the heart of Takoradi Township (Plate 2). This
trader buys only plastic waste from the public and ships
one truck load every week to Accra. He only trades in
flexible water packaging plastics. This is popularly
known as “insu-rubber” in Ghana.
Most waste pickers in Sekondi-Takoradi, in their quest
to make more money, search for items they could pick
for free. As a result, they comb refuse heaps and open
waste bins for materials of interest. Sometimes, they
are tempted to steal recyclable materials which have
not been discarded by homeowners. This practice is
8. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 188
Figure 3: Percentage fraction of solid w aste re-used by households in Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis.
earning bad reputation for the waste pickers and makes
many landlords refuse to trade with them.
Generally, only formal or conventional methods of
waste recovery, which involves sole participation of the
formal sector, are documented in the waste
management system of the Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis. City authorities have completely neglected
the existence and possible contributions of the informal
sector waste pickers that has developed around solid
waste. However, it is evident that solid waste
management in a Sekondi-Takoradi faces numerous
impediments, which can prevent the system from being
sustainable unless the informal sector is enhanced. The
material recovery of the informal waste pickers has
profound impact on the economy and environment. So
far, this practice has managed to sustain the few
recycling plants in Ghana without any formal system.
Also, informal resource recovery in STMA is believed to
have contributed to reduce waste volume that is
disposed and thus saved landfill space for city
authorities as asserted by Bartone et al., 1990.
Reuse of Household Waste
Globally, waste management strategies underscore the
need to firstly, reduce the amount of waste created
using the 3Rs (UK Environment Agency, 2016).
Whenever waste fractions are recovered, they seize to
be waste, but then they become resource for new uses.
The recovered materials can then be reused
immediately or sent to recycling factories for
processing. In the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis of
Ghana, most people recover waste fractions for reuse
purposes (Figure 3). Reuse of solid waste comprises
the recovery of items to be used again, perhaps after
some cleaning and refurbishing (Tchobanoglous et
al.,1977).
Most households reuse PET as refill bottles for
packaging cooking oil and liquid soap (Plate 3). A
recent developing in reuse is the booming business in a
homemade drink called “sobolo”, which is packaged in
reused PET bottles. In all instances, only PET water
bottles are reused. Other waste PETs are not used for
the fear of contamination. In addition, the processes of
recovering for reuse are carefully done to avoid
damage breakage to the PET bottles.
The study revealed that all households (100 percent) in
the higher income residential communities (HIC) of
Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis do not reuse any to their
waste fraction. On the other hand, majority of
households (60 percent) in middle income communities
(MIC) and almost all (90 percent) of lower income
households (LIC) indicated that they reuse part of their
waste. The middle income households indicated that
they reuse mostly PET bottles whilst the low income
residents also indicated that they reuse PET and
polythene shopping bags. Low income residents further
indicated that they feed vegetable peels to livestock.
The environmental benefit of solid waste reuse in
Sekondi-Takoradi is minimal because the reused
plastic packaging waste is eventually disposed when
they become dirty beyond cleaning. Most inhabitants in
the metropolis have expressed interest in plastic
recycling. However, they are compelled to dispose their
waste after a few uses since there is no recycling
program in the city. Reusing waste materials saves
energy and water and reduces pollution when
compared to recycling the same material. Reuse of
waste materials is therefore regarded as more socially
desirable than recycling the same materials (Hui et al.,
2006).
Another observation showed an inverse relationship
between income level and recycling behavior. The high
income households dispose all their solid waste, and
this behavior could be attributed to high purchase
power. On the other hand, middle income and low
9. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 189
Plate 4.1: Sample w ater bottle that has been used to
package cooking oil (Source: Author‟s Field Data)
Plate 5: Sample clean source separated plastics
income households make use of part of their waste to
save money. This practice is also similar observations
that had been reported in parts of other countries like
Sweden in times past (Barr et al. as cited in
Miafodzyeva et al., 2013). This trend reveals an
indication that cash refund systems, when
implemented, could promote source separation and
recycling among middle income and low income
households in Sekondi-Takoradi. It is also reported by
Tucker (199) that households readily recycle plastics
and newspaper because it requires less personal effort.
This could be true for Sekondi-Takoradi because plastic
were mostly recovered because they are easy to
separate from other waste and they are also readily
reusable.
Finally, 65 percent of the households in Sekondi-
Takoradi metropolis indicated that they will join a
recycling program if there are enforced laws to that
effect. In a study by Miafodzyeva (2013), legal norms
were highly cited as influencing reuse and recycling
behavior of households globally. However, according to
other authors, the importance of legal norms for reuse
and recycling motivation decreases with the second
10. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 190
Table 3: Summary of household sorting performance
High income households Middle income households Low income households
Sorted material was
mainly PET bottles.
Sorted a mixture of cans,
PET and polythene sacks.
Sorted mainlypolythene sacks.
Sorted fewer materials
than MIC.
Sorted the most quantity of
recyclables.
Sorted the least quantity of
recyclables
Sorting efficiency was
100 percent for the recyclables.
Sorting efficiency was 100
percent for the recyclables.
Sorted only polythenes in the
first 3 days. However sorting improved
in the next 4 days.
Source: Author‟s Computation from Field Data, 2013.
Plate 6: Waste picking at TakoradiLandfill Plate 7: dirty recovered plastics
Source: Author‟s Field Data, 2016 Source: Author‟s Field Data, 2016
and third generation (Martin et al., 2006). In effect,
economic instruments like cash refund systems could
be implemented to motivate households to recycle
more of their solid waste in Sekondi-Takoradi.
The Potential for Source Sorting of Household
Waste in Sekondi-Takoradi
Preliminary field investigations at the time of the
research revealed that source sorting/separation was
not widely practiced in the Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis. Source sorting refers to the separation of
solid waste into its various components at the point of
generation, for a simpler and more efficient recycling
(businessdictionary.com, 2016). The sorting and further
retrieval of useful material from solid waste stream
reduces the bulkiness of waste that is collected for
disposal, and this prolongs the lifespan of landfills.
Source sorting also provide clean raw material for
recycling industries.
During the questionnaire survey, 94 percent of the
respondents stated that they will sort out their waste if
given additional bin and the necessary education on
source sorting. The source sorting exercise was thus
performed to ascertain whether households could
separate domestic solid waste into well-defined
recyclable materials for economic and environmental
benefits.
The preliminary test lasted for seven (7) continuous
days, after which the effectiveness of the sorting
process was examined. On the seventh day, it
11. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 191
research team found that most of the low income
households and the middle income households had
disposed-off the food waste component of the domestic
waste. As a result, the food waste sac in plate 3.5 was
empty at the time of examination. In an enquiry, these
households responded that the waste was releasing
obnoxious odour. The main exercise was carried out for
a period of two (2) weeks, and the effectiveness of the
sorting process was checked on the first three (3) days
and the next four (4) days of each week.
The study discovered that sorting of recyclables was
effectively done for 84 percent of all HH surveyed.
Again, all the plastics, cans and bottles sorted out were
seen to be clean and free of dirt, as compared to
recovered material from the Takoradi municipal
dumpsite (Plate 3.4). The householders, in their own
wisdom, added all dirty food wrappers to the food waste
label. The middle income households sorted the most
plastics, cans and bottle materials. Also, the high
income households sorted mainly PET, and the low
income households sorted mostly polythene bags.
Based on the sorting effectiveness witnessed, the
recovery potential is summarized in the table below.
In the Lower income communities, about 50 percent of
the households interchanged the labeled trash bags as
organics were disposed into the recyclables bag and
vice versa. This practice could impede the efficiency of
trucks picking waste for recycling because they might
end up transporting other waste instead of recyclables.
This necessitates public education before source
separation is practiced in Sekondi-Takoradi. If well
implemented, there is potential to recover an estimated
19,489 tons/month of plastics (27 percent of all waste)
for recycling through source sorting.
A major challenge that militates against source sorting
in the metropolis is the lack of storage facility for
domestic waste. Most of the households in the
metropolis do not have appropriate storage facilities to
contain decaying organic waste for many days. As
such, most of the houses will normally dispose their
waste by the end of the third or fourth day. This has
profound impact on source separation of organic waste
for composting because the waste will not be available
for truck pickup if the collection truck fails to visit the
household by the fourth day. The research overcame
this challenge by making frequent visits to the
household to examine the separated waste before the
end of the fourth day. This approach however
increased transportation cost for the study. Another
option that could be employed will be the need to
supply 240L bins to all households involved in the
recycling program. According to most of the
respondents of the study, the 240L bins could contain
their waste for 7 days. This approach will thus reduce
the frequency of visit to the site, and thus reduce
transportation cost. Therefore, in future studies, cost
benefit analysis should be done for cost of frequent
visits against cost of supply of 240L bins to participants
in the recycling program.
Private Sector Involvement in Waste Segregation
and Recycling
The metropolitan authority of Sekondi-Takoradi (STMA)
has contracted 4 waste collection companies and one
waste disposal company through public private
partnerships (PPP). Public private partnerships are
arrangements whereby the private sector provides
infrastructure assets and services that traditionally have
been provided by government‟s water and sanitation
facilities (IMF, 2007). The private service provides are
permitted to use the principle of “best applicable
technology not entailing excessive cost” (BATNEEC) to
devise appropriate strategies to collect waste from the
contract zones. However, it was discovered that the
actions and processes prescribed by the regulatory
authority does not provide any incentives for waste
collection companies to segregate their waste before
disposal. As a result, none of the private partners is
doing waste recovery in the cities of Sekondi and
Takoradi. This finding is similar to what has been
reported by Baabereyir (2009). In principle, the WMD of
the STMA is the regulatory body for all waste handling
activities in Sekondi-Takoradi. They could therefore
develop and implement favourable policies to motivate
partners to start waste segregation and recycling in the
metropolis.
At the time of the study, the STMA had contracted 100
percent of solid waste collection service in the
metropolis to the private companies. The companies
are: Zoomlion Ghana Limited, Vermark Limited, J.S.
Owusu Company Limited and Asadu Company Limited.
Meanwhile, the STMA has not obliged the service
providers to undertake waste segregation and recycling
of any form. The director of waste management
department (WMD) of the STMA revealed that there is
no legal instrument for the practice of waste
segregation and recycling in the metropolis. It was
further revealed that the WMD has competent technical
personnel, but lacked the equipment capacity to
practice waste segregation and recycling. The WMD
therefore had developed plans to assist private
companies that would want to take up the task of waste
segregation and recycling in the Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis.
On their part, the service providers stated that they
currently lack the capacity to undertake waste
segregation and recycling in the metropolis. However,
Zoomlion Ghana Limited, the largest waste
management company in the metropolis, outlined plans
to establish a recycling and composting plant in the
near future. The management of Zoomlion indicated
that they will soon establish one plant to recycle plastic
waste, and another plant to turn organic waste into
compost fertilizer in the metropolis. The recycled
plastics will be mostly used to manufacture waste bins,
and the bins would be supplied through “National
Waste Bin Distribution Program” (NAWABIN). The
NAWABIN is the Ghana Government‟s initiative to
supply one million dustbins to households throughout
the country (GNA, 2014).
12. Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi -Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana
Korley and Fianko 192
The Recovery of Plastic Waste at Takoradi Landfill
The study revealed a group of waste pikers who
undertake material recovery at the Takoradi landfill
(Plate 3.4). There is a group of 40 waste pickers, most
of whom are youth between the ages of 17 and 25
years. The leader however, and some few other
members are above 30 years. The group segregates
solid waste that has been disposed on the dumpsite
and takes out materials of interest. The recovered
materials are mainly plastics. Metallic materials are
hardly found on the dumpsite. This observation is
consistent with Tulokhonova, (2003), that there is a
trend of increased percentage of plastics and reduced
metals at most municipal dumps.
The study revealed that the waste pickers are able to
take out 3,000 to 4,000tonnes of plastic waste every
month. The group further indicated that they could
recover more plastics for recycling, but they do not
have ready market for the additional quantity. The only
buyer of their product would not purchase more than
4,000tonnes of plastic waste in one month. It was
deduced that most buying companies have refused to
purchase the recovered materials on the dumpsite
because of its physical appearance (Plate 3.4). The
plastics appear dirty, and the recycling companies
complain about excessive cleaning cost during
processing. As a result the waste pickers have only one
buyer who enjoys monopoly, and therefore uses his
influence to beat-down the price.
One ton of plastic waste is priced at Two Hundred and
Fifty Ghana Cedis (Gh¢250.00) (USD78.13). The buyer
also traverses long distance from Accra to Takoradi to
buy the plastic waste.
The management of the Takoradi landfill wants to
encourage more material recovery from the bulk waste
that is received for disposal. Management of the facility
believes that the activities of the waste pickers help to
reduce the tonnage of solid waste that is buried on the
dumpsite. The interest in recovering more plastics is
based on the fact that plastics are bulky materials that
make management of landfills difficult. Plastic wastes
create airspaces in the buried waste and bloats the
volume of landfill, and this is the cause of major cave-in
accidents on landfills. The management of the landfill
hopes to take out 20% of the volume of waste received
for disposal when they encourage waste picking.
CONCLUSION
The focus of the research is to present an
understanding of waste recovery, reuse and recycling,
as practiced by the inhabitants of Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis of Ghana. The solid waste characterization
approach was very useful in examining the components
of solid waste generated in the Sekondi-Takoradi
metropolis, and the data gathered clearly indicates that
the middle income communities and higher income
communities generate most dry recyclable waste
fractions especially plastics.
In the researcher‟s quest to identify existing practices of
waste recycling, it was discovered that material
recovery is practiced in the metropolis but it is not
formalized. There exist sorting of recyclables by
collection crews whilst on their collection routes; there
is also recovery of recyclables by waste pickers and
lastly there is recovery at the Takoradi Landfill. The
quantity of plastics and metals which are normally
collected and sold to scrap dealers and plastic buyers
is unknown. Also, their economic value is not known.
The research further zoomed in to assess the ability of
householders in Sekondi-Takoradi to source separate
dry recyclable waste from their household solid waste.
This component of the study revealed that middle and
higher income householders are able to separate their
waste at source, whilst the lower income households
could not. With this background information, it is
possible to develop appropriate strategies to maximize
the recovery of clean and uncontaminated waste
fractions for reuse and recycling.
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that recycling must be practiced in
Sekondi-Takoradi to encourage the recovery of waste
materials. Appropriate strategy which involves public
education in local languages must be developed to
enhance understanding of the recycling concept. When
done, this will encourage participation.
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