This document provides instructions for a soil analysis lab. Students will analyze various physical properties of soil, including texture, moisture content, pH, and water holding capacity. The lab covers the components and structure of soil profiles. Students will use a soil texture triangle to classify soil samples based on percentages of sand, silt and clay. They will also measure moisture content by weighing soil samples before and after drying, test pH using indicator paper or solutions, and determine water holding capacity by measuring water retained in a soil sample. The goal is for students to understand key physical properties and their importance for soil function.
This document is a PDF version of my soil analysis research project presentation I gave on 6 August 2008. Field work for this project involved selected sites in the Cleveland Botanical Garden’s Woodland Garden and was conducted during the summer of 2008.
This document is a PDF version of my soil analysis research project presentation I gave on 6 August 2008. Field work for this project involved selected sites in the Cleveland Botanical Garden’s Woodland Garden and was conducted during the summer of 2008.
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the sample can be determined by titrating it with against standard sulphuric acid (H2SO4) using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
Elemental analysis provides critical information for the evaluation of soil fertility and the elucidation of nutrient cycles. The soil C/N ratio is an important parameter for judging soil fertility, S concentrations are connected to fertilizer inputs and atmospheric deposition, and C concentrations are indicative for soil organic matter content. Because soils are inhomogeneous by nature, sample amount plays in important role in their analysis. This webinar presents the dedicated solutions offered by Elementar for the elemental analysis of soils.
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
The Chemical properties of soils includes (1) Inorganic matters of soil , (2) Organic matters in soil , (3) Colloidal properties of soil particles and (4) Soil reactions and Buffering action , (5) Acidic soils and (6) Basic soils. This module highlights the major chemical properties of soils.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the sample can be determined by titrating it with against standard sulphuric acid (H2SO4) using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
Elemental analysis provides critical information for the evaluation of soil fertility and the elucidation of nutrient cycles. The soil C/N ratio is an important parameter for judging soil fertility, S concentrations are connected to fertilizer inputs and atmospheric deposition, and C concentrations are indicative for soil organic matter content. Because soils are inhomogeneous by nature, sample amount plays in important role in their analysis. This webinar presents the dedicated solutions offered by Elementar for the elemental analysis of soils.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
Properties of Soil Agricultural and Water Availability Impa.docxwoodruffeloisa
Properties of Soil: Agricultural
and Water Availability Impacts
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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PROPERTIES OF SOIL: AGRICULTURAL AND WATER
AVAILABILITY IMPACTS
Overview
Earth’s soil plays a major role in the world’s agriculture and has a
substantial effect on water availability in a given area. In this inves-
tigation, students will analyze the natural porosity and particle size
of soil samples along with the chemical composition and profile of
different soil types.
Outcomes
• Examine the properties of soil and their effects on agriculture
and water availability.
• Describe and identify soil horizons based on their chemical and
physical composition.
• Distinguish between the particle sizes of three different types of
soil: sand, silt, and clay.
• Determine the porosity of different soil types.
• Analyze soil samples for a variety of nutrients to determine soil
fertility.
Time Requirements
Preparation ....................................................................... 5 minutes
Activity 1: Particle Size Distribution and Determination of Soil
Texture
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 30 minutes
Activity 2: Porosity of Different Soil Types ...................... 60 minutes
Activity 3: pH Test Comparison of Soil Samples ............ 30 minutes
Activity 4: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash Test Comparisons of
Soil Samples
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 60 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
10 Materials
11 Safety
11 Preparation
12 Activity 1
13 Activity 2
14 Activity 3
16 Submission
16 Disposal and Cleanup
17 Lab Worksheet
Background
Soil Horizons and Chemical Composition
The type of dirt that makes up the dry
surfaces of the earth has numerous effects on
humans and the environment, and vice versa.
Humans can modify the suitability of some
areas for agriculture based on prior land use.
The properties of soil also determine water
availability in a given area. Areas that contain the
most suitable soil for farming are often limited.
Certain properties of soil determine whether
an area is suitable for human activity. When
considering the properties of soil, its texture,
shape, particle aggregation, and suitability for
growth come to mind. These properties all play
a major role in determining the capability of an
area to retain water and air, which are necessary
f ...
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This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.In another words, Ecological succession is the change in species composition over time; that is, the replacement of one group of species by another group of species. There are two major types of ecological succession: primary succession and secondary succession. In primary succession, a site that is initially absent of species becomes colonized for the very first time. In secondary succession, a site that supports an existing assemblage of species experiences a disturbance that changes the composition of species. Both types of succession can occur in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The first species to arrive and colonize the newly formed habitat are pioneer species. These early colonizers contribute nutrients to the soil through organic matter accumulation from decomposition. Some early successional plant species can fix atmospheric nitrogen and thereby increase nitrogen availability in the soil for other plants. As soil nutrients increase over succession it allows for the colonization of previously nutrient-limited species that were unable to establish initially. This facilitates the turnover in species composition over time. In terrestrial ecosystems, this compositional shift corresponds to a change in life forms and distinct species assemblages transitioning from small herbaceous plants, to shrubs, and ultimately to stands of trees over the course of succession. Secondary succession in terrestrial ecosystems can initiate after fire, tornadoes/ hurricanes, or humans disturb an already established plant community, removing most species but leaving the soil intact. The disturbance changes exposure of the habitat to sunlight, wind, and water that alters colonization and the assemblage trajectory of the new plant community. Some plant species may arrive to the disturbed site from
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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1. Lab#7: Soil Analysis
Asian University For Women
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab)
Fall 2022
Syed Mohammad Lokman
Instructor
Asian University for Women
2. 2
2
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● Students will understand the physical
properties of soil.
● Students will understand texture, moisture,
pH and water holding capacity of soil.
Learning Outcomes:
3. 3
3
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● In general, Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or
dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases,
liquids, and organisms that together support life.
● A typical soil is about 50% solids (45% mineral and
5% organic matter), and 50% voids (or pores) of
which half is occupied by water and half by gas.
*Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
Soil
5. 5
5
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
Soil Profile
● Given sufficient time, an undifferentiated soil will evolve a soil
profile which consists of two or more layers, referred to as soil
horizons.
● Most agricultural soils are grouped into four main ‘master’
horizons: O, A, B, and C.
● These differ in one or more properties such as in their texture,
structure, density, porosity, consistency, temperature, color, and
reactivity.
6. 6
6
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● The O horizon is an organic layer above the mineral soil that consists of fresh or
partially decomposed organic material and is most common in forested soils.
● The A horizon is the mineral soil surface layer and is the horizon most impacted
by biological and human activity. It usually has the highest percentage of SOM,
which often results in it being darker in color than the rest of the profile.
● The B horizon is the horizon of accumulation. Material from the A horizon, such
as clay and carbonates, leach downward and accumulate in the B horizon.
● The C horizon represents the weathered parent material.
● Bedrock (designated by R) or a deep accumulation of materials deposited by
wind, water, glaciers or gravity often lies below the C horizon.
Soil Profile
7. 7
7
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● Various subcategories may occur within these horizons and are designated by a
lowercase letter following the master horizon capital letter (e.g., Ap or Bt).
● Below the A horizon will be either an E horizon, usually not present in grassland/
agricultural soils, or a B horizon, the horizon of accumulation.
● Not all soils will have every horizon or subhorizon present. For instance, a
poorly developed soil may lack a strongly defined B horizon or highly eroded lands
may have a thin, or nonexistent, A horizon.
● The biological influences on soil properties are strongest near the surface, though
the geochemical influences on soil properties increase with depth.
Soil Profile
8. 8
8
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
Soil Analysis
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
2. To Study Moisture Content of Soil
3. To Study pH of Different Types of Soil
4. To Study Water Holding Capacity of Soil
9. 9
9
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
1. To Study the
Texture of the Soil
Soil Analysis
10. 10
10
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
● Soil texture is used in both the field and laboratory to
determine classes for soils based on their physical texture.
● The soil texture depends upon the proportion of the
constituent solid particles of different sizes.
● The terms sand, silt, and clay refer to particle size; sand
is the largest and clay is the smallest.
● The size of sand particles is 0.05–2 mm, silt particles are
0.002–0.05 mm, and clay is smaller than 0.002 mm.
➔ The soil texture triangle is a tool used to visualise and
understand the meaning of soil texture names.
11. 11
11
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
% Sand
% Clay
% Slit
12. 12
12
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● If we know the sand, silt, and clay percentages
of a soil, then the textural class can be identified
from the textural triangle.
● For an example, if a soil sample consists of 30%
clay, 55% sand and 15% silt:
○ From the intersection of lines in the soil
texture triangle; We can say the soil type is
sandy clay loam.
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
13. 13
13
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● A clay soil is referred to as a fine-textured soil whereas a sandy soil is a coarse
textured soil.
● Numerous soil properties are influenced by texture including: Drainage, Water
holding capacity, Aeration, Susceptibility to erosion, Organic matter content, Cation
exchange capacity (CEC), pH buffering capacity.
● Soil texture determines the rate at which water drains through a saturated soil; water
moves more freely through sandy soils than it does through clayey soils. Once field
capacity is reached, soil texture also influences how much water is available to the
plant; clay soils have a greater water holding capacity than sandy soils.
Importance of Soil Texture
14. 14
14
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
● A soil with a high percentage of silt and clay particles has a greater erodibility
than a sandy soil under the same conditions.
● Organic matter breaks down faster in sandy soils than in fine-textured soils.
● The pH buffering capacity of a soil (its ability to resist pH change upon lime
addition), is also largely based on clay and organic matter content.
Importance of Soil Texture
15. 15
15
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
16. 16
16
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
1. To Study the Texture of the Soil
17. 17
17
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
2. To Study Moisture
Content of Soil
Soil Analysis
18. 18
18
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
2. To Study Moisture Content of Soil
Procedure:
1. Take watch glass containing soil.
2. Weigh the watch glass with soil sample on a weighing
balance. Record it as Initial Weight (Wi).
3. Oven dry the sample at 105℃ until constant weight is
obtained. Record fully dried weight as Dry Weight (Wd).
4. Calculate the Moisture Content by using following formula:
Oven dry
19. 19
19
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
3. To Study pH of
Different Types of Soil
Soil Analysis
20. 20
20
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
3. To Study pH of Different Types of Soil
Global variation in soil pH. Red = acidic soil. Yellow = neutral soil.
Blue = alkaline soil. Black = no data.
● The soil pH determine the availability
of soil minerals.
● Different plants have differing
optimum soil pH requirements.
● The majority of plants prefer a pH of
around 6 to 7, which is very slightly
acidic.
● A pH of 7.0 is considered neutral. An
acid soil has a pH value below 7.0
and above 7.0 the soil is alkaline.
21. 21
21
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
Procedure:
A. Let’s first prepare the soil solution.
1. Take soil from the watch glass and dissolve it into
the beaker containing water to make soil solution.
2. Take a funnel, place a filter paper in it and keep it on
a test tube.
3. Take soil solution and filter the solution through the
filter paper and collect the filtrates in a test tube.
4. The soil solution is now ready for testing pH.
3. To Study pH of Different Types of Soil
22. 22
22
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
B.1. Using pH Paper:
1. Take a pH paper.
2. Using a dropper, take some soil solution from the
test tube. And put 1 to 2 drops of solution on the
pH strip on the tile.
3. Wait for some time for the pH paper strip to dry.
4. Note the colour and compare with the colour chart
given on the broad range indicator paper and get a
rough estimate of pH of the sample solutions.
B. 2. Using Universal Indicator Solution
1. Using a dropper, take some universal
indicator solution.
2. Put 5 drops of indicator solution into the
test tube that contain soil water sample.
3. Note the colour developed and compare it
with the colour chart.
3. To Study pH of Different Types of Soil
23. 23
23
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
4. To Study the
Texture of the Soil
Soil Analysis
24. 24
24
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
4. Water Holding Capacity of Soil
● Water Holding Capacity of soil is one of the main functions of soil is to retain water and
make it available for the plant to access.
● All of the water in the soil is not available to plants. The amount of water available to
plants is therefore determined by the number and size of the soil’s pore spaces.
● Water holding capacity of the soil is the amount of water held by the capillary spaces of
the soil after the percolation (the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials)
of gravitational water into the deeper layers.
● Fine sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam soil store the largest amount of water,
whereas sand, loamy sand and sandy loam have limited water storage capacity.
25. 25
25
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
Procedure:
1. Take 25 gm (Ws) of the sample soil in a watch glass.
2. Take a funnel, place a filter paper in it and keep it on a
measuring cylinder.
3. Transfer the soil from watch glass to filter paper.
4. Add 50 mL (W1) of distilled water to the filter paper.
5. The water filtration will start very soon. Wait 25-30 min
until the filtration is getting stopped fully.
4. Water Holding Capacity of Soil
26. 26
26
BIOL/ENVS 3003: ECOLOGY (Lab) Syed Mohammad Lokman (syed.lokman@auw.edu.bd)
Calculation:
1. Record the level of water (W2) passed through the filter. Using the
below formula, calculate the water holding capacity of the soil:
4. Water Holding Capacity of Soil
Volume of water retained (Wr) = W1 - W2
Water Holding Capacity of Soil (WHCs) = [(Wr/Ws) ✕100] %