1. Soil sampling involves taking representative soil cores from throughout a field and mixing them into a composite sample for analysis.
2. In the lab, the soil sample is dried, ground, sieved and analyzed to determine levels of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium through extraction methods using different reagents.
3. The nutrient levels are then classified as low, medium, or high to determine fertilizer recommendations needed to provide optimal nutrition for crop yields.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
Method of Collection of Soil Samples for Their Testingbirendra dwivei
Soils fertility status assessment involves an estimation of its available nutrient status
It gives the amount of nutrient directly available in soil for subsequent uptake by crop plant.
Guides to arrive at optimum fertilizer application ratio.
It is a method of evaluating nutrient status (physico-chemical properties) of the soil i.e. the assessment of the fertility of the soil to determine nutrient deficiencies.
It is also concerned with environmental quality for the community hazards.
Divide the field into separate units depending on variation in slope, colour, texture, crop growth and management.
Remove the debris, rocks, gravels etc from the surface before collecting soil sample.
Make a V shape cut into the soil to a depth of sampling (0-15 cm) and obtain 2 to 3 cm thick vertical slices along the depth.
Collect 10-15 samples randomly in zig-zag manner from each field.
Mix samples by quartering method and approximate 500 g of sample is retained.
The sample must be kept in a clear cloth or polythene bag.
Label it with suitable description and identification marks.
Send the soil samples to soil testing laboratory along with the information sheet.
Remove all debris from surface before collection of soil sample.
Avoid taking sample from upland and low land areas in the same field.
Take separate sample from the areas of different appearances.
In row crop take sample in between rows.
Keep the sample in a clean bag.
A sample should not be taken from large area (more than 1-2 ha).
Sample for micronutrient analysis must be collected by steel or rust free khurpi/auger and kept in clean polythene bag.
Organic carbon in organic matter is oxidized by known but excess of chromic acid. The excess chromic acid not reduced by organic matter is determined by back titration with standard ferrous sulphate solution, using diphenylamine or ferroin indicator. The organic carbon content in soil is calculated from the chromic acid utilized (reduced) by it.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
Method of Collection of Soil Samples for Their Testingbirendra dwivei
Soils fertility status assessment involves an estimation of its available nutrient status
It gives the amount of nutrient directly available in soil for subsequent uptake by crop plant.
Guides to arrive at optimum fertilizer application ratio.
It is a method of evaluating nutrient status (physico-chemical properties) of the soil i.e. the assessment of the fertility of the soil to determine nutrient deficiencies.
It is also concerned with environmental quality for the community hazards.
Divide the field into separate units depending on variation in slope, colour, texture, crop growth and management.
Remove the debris, rocks, gravels etc from the surface before collecting soil sample.
Make a V shape cut into the soil to a depth of sampling (0-15 cm) and obtain 2 to 3 cm thick vertical slices along the depth.
Collect 10-15 samples randomly in zig-zag manner from each field.
Mix samples by quartering method and approximate 500 g of sample is retained.
The sample must be kept in a clear cloth or polythene bag.
Label it with suitable description and identification marks.
Send the soil samples to soil testing laboratory along with the information sheet.
Remove all debris from surface before collection of soil sample.
Avoid taking sample from upland and low land areas in the same field.
Take separate sample from the areas of different appearances.
In row crop take sample in between rows.
Keep the sample in a clean bag.
A sample should not be taken from large area (more than 1-2 ha).
Sample for micronutrient analysis must be collected by steel or rust free khurpi/auger and kept in clean polythene bag.
Organic carbon in organic matter is oxidized by known but excess of chromic acid. The excess chromic acid not reduced by organic matter is determined by back titration with standard ferrous sulphate solution, using diphenylamine or ferroin indicator. The organic carbon content in soil is calculated from the chromic acid utilized (reduced) by it.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
It explains in a lucid way, how to prepare soil sample solution for determination of soil pH with the help of a pH meter. The process is student friendly.
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
It explains in a lucid way, how to prepare soil sample solution for determination of soil pH with the help of a pH meter. The process is student friendly.
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This document is a PDF version of my soil analysis research project presentation I gave on 6 August 2008. Field work for this project involved selected sites in the Cleveland Botanical Garden’s Woodland Garden and was conducted during the summer of 2008.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
The results of even very carefully conducted soil analysis are as good as the soil sample itself. Thus, the efficiency of soil testing service depends upon the care and skill of soil sampling. Non-representative samples constitute the largest single source of error in the entire soil fertility programme. It is the most important phase of soil analysis is accomplished not in a lab but in the field.
soilsample collection and preparation pptxRuthNidhi1
this is the ppt of soil sample collection and the tool used in soil sample collection a good ppt for reference for BSc Agri students.
the introductions, soil sampling different objective, factore to be considered while sampling, types of soil sampler and samples, procedures of soil sampling, preparation of soil sampling, and precaution taken are the contents used in the ppt.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Soil testing
Soil testing is an acceptably accurate and rapid soil chemical
analysis for assessing available nutrient status for making
fertilizer recommendations. The major steps in practical soil
testing are:
1.Soil sampling
2.Preparation of soil sample
3.Extraction/ analysis of available nutrients by an appropriate
laboratory method
4.Interpretation of soil analysis data
Soil sampling and testing
3. 1. Soil sampling
The figure provides the
suggested sampling
procedure for a small
field and for a large field
(Peck and Melsted, 1967).
Soil sampling and testing
Soil sample must be true
representative of the
field or the part of the
field being tested.
Contd…
4. About 20 cores are taken from a field of 1 ha.
Soil sampling and testing
Best time for sampling is before sowing or planting. Each sample
should have a label describing field identification, farmer’s name and
address, previous crops, and the crop for which nutrient
recommendation is sought.
Abnormal soil patches, areas near a fence or used for storing
animal manure or crop residues should not be sampled .
For soil sampling, special augers with a core diameter of 1–2 cm are
convenient, but small spades can also be used. In any case, a uniform
slice of soil should be taken from top to bottom of the desired
sampling depth.
Contd…
5. Collect this into a clean bucket. Take a number of such
samples to make a composite sample.
Soil sampling and testing
When using a spade the following technique should be
adopted:
Make a V-shaped cut 15-20 cm deep and take a 1 cm slice
from the smooth side. Trim sides with a sharp blade or a pen
knife leaving a 2 cm strip.
6. Place samples in clean bucket for mixing
Soil sampling and testing
Sampling requirement:
Tools- Shovel, spade, khurpi, augers
Use clean tools
Sample from the proper depth and location
7. 2. Preparation of soil sample
Drying: Samples are generally air-dried (25-35o
C; relative
humidity 20-60%) and stored. For certain determinations
such as ammonium and nitrate N, exchangeable K, acid
extractable P and ferrous iron, fresh samples from the field
without any drying are required. Results of soil analysis are
expressed on oven dry basis.
Soil sampling and testing
After the sample reaches in the laboratory or processing
room it has to be dried, ground and sieved.
Contd…
8. 2. Preparation of soil sample
Sieving: Field moist samples prior to drying can be made to
pass through a 6 mm sieve (about 4 mesh per inch) by rubbing
with fingers. This practice seems of much advantage in case of
heavy soils. Soils in the right moisture condition can even be
passed through a 2 mm sieve (about 10 mesh per inch).
Soil sampling and testing
Contd…
9. Mixing: Sample should be thoroughly mixed by rolling
procedure. Place the dried, ground and sieved sample on a
piece of a cloth. Grasp the opposite corners and then holding
one corner down pull the other corner across the sample.
This process should be repeated back in the reverse
direction.
Soil sampling and testing
Grinding: A roller, rubber pestle in an agate mortar, or
a motorised grinder are commonly employed. Crushing
of the gravel and primary sand particles should be
avoided. For heavy soils, it is better to pass these
through a 2 mm sieve before allowing them to get
completely air dried.
contd…
10. Storing: Store the soil in paper cartons (Soil sample box)
using a polythene bag as an inner lining. Label the carton
properly giving cultivators or experimenter's name, plot
number, date of sampling and initials.
Soil sampling and testing
11. 3. Extraction/ analysis of available nutrients by an
appropriate laboratory method
Different extractants are used to extract the a specific available nutrients from
soil in the laboratory. The list follows:
Available nitrogen – Alkaline permanganate
Available phosphorus – Sodium bicarbonate (for neutral or alkaline soils),
Bray and Kurtz extractant No. 1 (for acid soils)
Available potassium - Ammonium acetate
Micronutrient cations (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe)- diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
(DTPA)
Boron – Hot water
Molybdenum - Grigg’s reagent (ammonium oxalate of pH 3)
Soil sampling and testing
13. 4. Interpretation of soil analysis data
For macronutrients, the results generally classified into categories
of supply, e.g.: low, medium and high (see Table below ). For
these categories, the nutrient amounts required for an optimal or
stated yield level are estimated. For micronutrients, a critical level
is generally used to decide whether an application of that nutrient
is needed.
Available
Nutrient
Low (kg/ha) Medium (kg/ha) High (kg/ha)
Nitrogen (N) <280 280-560 >560
Phosphorus (P) <10 10-24.6 >24.6
Potassium (K) <108 108-280 >280
Soil sampling and testing
14. For nutrients other than N, P and K, a single critical level is usually designated
below which a soil is considered to be deficient in that nutrient, hence requiring
its application. General soil test limits used for classifying soils into different
fertility classes in the following Table:
Soil sampling and testing
15. Let Us Sum Up
The extent to which soil fertility maps can be used for
planning nutrient management strategies depends on how
thorough, recent and representative the soil sampling has
been done.
Soil sampling and testing
After soil testing, nutrient supply maps can be
drawn for farms, larger regions and countries.
Such maps provide a useful generalized
picture of the soil fertility status.
Macro level maps are more useful as an awareness and
educational tool rather than for determining out
nutrient application strategies.
Hence, soil testing is a must to obtain
economic yields from crop plants.