The document provides an overview of web information system development methodology. It discusses key components of information systems and why structured methodologies are important for information system projects. It then describes various software development models including waterfall, iterative, evolutionary, spiral and V-model. Finally, it discusses special considerations for web-based information systems and proposes a socio-technical web information system development methodology called WISDM that takes organizational, technical and human factors into account.
The document summarizes the Multiview methodology for information system development. The methodology has 5 stages: 1) analysis of human activity, 2) analysis of information, 3) analysis and design of socio-technical aspects, 4) design of the human-computer interface, and 5) design of technical aspects. The final outputs are specifications for the application, information retrieval, database, database maintenance, control, recovery, and monitoring systems.
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
The document discusses models of interaction between users and computer systems. It describes Norman's seven-stage model of interaction which focuses on the user's perspective when interacting with an interface. It also discusses Abowd and Beale's framework which identifies the major components involved in interaction, including user input and system output. Different styles of interaction are examined, such as command line interfaces, menus, and WIMP interfaces.
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration modelsAlan Dix
Chapter 14: Communication and collaboration models
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
HCI 3e - Ch 6: HCI in the software processAlan Dix
Chapter 6: HCI in the software process
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
This lecture document provides an overview of comparative development methodologies. It discusses frameworks like Multiview, Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), and Euromethod. It also covers methodology issues such as the components of a methodology, the rationale for adopting a methodology, and considerations for adopting a methodology in practice. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of methodologies from the pre-methodology era to early methodologies to more modern approaches.
Lecture-2: Web development application development process modelMubashir Ali
This document discusses web application development process models. It outlines common software development process activities like requirements specification, design, implementation, testing and evolution. It also discusses requirements for a web development process model, including handling short development cycles and changing requirements. The document then examines the Rational Unified Process (RUP) as a potential model and whether it is suitable for web application development given its constraints. While RUP supports some aspects, it conflicts with other requirements like short development cycles and parallel development.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
The document summarizes the Multiview methodology for information system development. The methodology has 5 stages: 1) analysis of human activity, 2) analysis of information, 3) analysis and design of socio-technical aspects, 4) design of the human-computer interface, and 5) design of technical aspects. The final outputs are specifications for the application, information retrieval, database, database maintenance, control, recovery, and monitoring systems.
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
The document discusses models of interaction between users and computer systems. It describes Norman's seven-stage model of interaction which focuses on the user's perspective when interacting with an interface. It also discusses Abowd and Beale's framework which identifies the major components involved in interaction, including user input and system output. Different styles of interaction are examined, such as command line interfaces, menus, and WIMP interfaces.
HCI 3e - Ch 14: Communication and collaboration modelsAlan Dix
Chapter 14: Communication and collaboration models
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
HCI 3e - Ch 6: HCI in the software processAlan Dix
Chapter 6: HCI in the software process
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
This lecture document provides an overview of comparative development methodologies. It discusses frameworks like Multiview, Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), and Euromethod. It also covers methodology issues such as the components of a methodology, the rationale for adopting a methodology, and considerations for adopting a methodology in practice. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of methodologies from the pre-methodology era to early methodologies to more modern approaches.
Lecture-2: Web development application development process modelMubashir Ali
This document discusses web application development process models. It outlines common software development process activities like requirements specification, design, implementation, testing and evolution. It also discusses requirements for a web development process model, including handling short development cycles and changing requirements. The document then examines the Rational Unified Process (RUP) as a potential model and whether it is suitable for web application development given its constraints. While RUP supports some aspects, it conflicts with other requirements like short development cycles and parallel development.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The 4+1 view model provides a framework for documenting software architecture using multiple views. It addresses the different concerns of various stakeholders. The 4+1 view model includes logical, process, development, physical views plus a use case view. Each view is described from the perspective of different stakeholders and uses various UML diagrams. The views are interconnected and together provide a comprehensive architectural description of the system.
The document discusses various topics related to quality assurance testing for software, including debugging principles, testing strategies, test cases, usability testing, and user satisfaction tests. It provides details on different types of errors like syntax, runtime, and logic errors. It also describes unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing strategies. Guidelines are provided for developing test cases, test plans, and usability tests. The importance of continuous testing and measuring user satisfaction is emphasized.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Temporal data mining aims to discover patterns from time-ordered data where observations may be dependent on preceding observations. Key concepts include temporal patterns, time series, frequent episodes, and Markov models. Temporal association mining finds relationships between events separated by time intervals, such as purchases associated with prior purchases. Markov models represent sequences where the next state depends only on the current state, and are used for tasks like predicting website clicks based on prior clicks.
This document provides an overview of the Information Systems Analysis and Modeling module. The module aims to help students understand tools and techniques used in information systems development, analyze and design systems, and evaluate methodologies. It covers topics such as requirements determination, object-oriented analysis, conceptual and physical design, and comparing methodologies. Students will be assessed through an exam, critiques of readings, and a requirements analysis assignment. Reading materials include textbooks on information systems development and object-oriented software engineering.
Chap 2 collaboration information systems and teamworkUMaine
The document discusses collaboration information systems and teamwork in software development. It describes how collaboration requires feedback and iteration between team members to achieve a common goal. It also discusses the key components needed to support collaboration, including communication, content management, and workflow control. Finally, it outlines different collaboration drivers and characteristics that are important for effective collaboration, as well as the technology and tools that can facilitate collaboration between virtual teams.
What’s The Difference Between Structured, Semi-Structured And Unstructured Data?Bernard Marr
There are three classifications of data: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. While structured data was the type used most often in organizations historically, artificial intelligence and machine learning have made managing and analysing unstructured and semi-structured data not only possible, but invaluable.
This document provides an overview of a course on system analysis and design (SAD) taught by Yared Yenealem at Debre Tabor University in Ethiopia. It includes information about the instructor, required textbooks, course objectives, and an outline of chapter topics covering system overview, managing information system projects, the system development life cycle, and systems planning and selection. The goal of the course is to help students understand the analysis, design, development and management of computer-based information systems.
Planning, design and implementation of information systemsOnline
The document outlines the stages in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including system investigation, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance and evaluation. It describes the key activities in each phase such as conducting feasibility studies, gathering functional requirements, designing the user interface and data structures, testing the system, and ongoing maintenance. Alternative approaches like prototyping are also covered, which allow for rapid development and user feedback early in the process.
This document discusses key human factors to consider for designing human-computer interfaces. It covers understanding how people interact with computers by examining why they have trouble, how they respond to poor design, and their tasks. It also covers important human characteristics in design such as perception, memory, and individual differences. The goal is to understand users and design intuitive, usable systems.
what is user support system???
This file will provide detailed overview about the user support system and how it will works in human computer interaction and why we need it .....
Human computer interaction -Design and software processN.Jagadish Kumar
The document discusses the process of interactive design for human-computer interaction (HCI). It begins by defining design as achieving goals within constraints. It notes that goals for a wireless personal movie player may include young users wanting to watch and share movies on the go, while constraints could be withstanding rain or using existing video standards. The core of HCI design involves understanding users and technology through requirements analysis, prototyping and evaluating designs through iterations to achieve the best possible design within time and budget constraints. The process aims to incorporate user research and usability from the beginning of design through implementation.
Usability Engineering Presentation Slideswajahat Gul
Usability: the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.“
For instance:
• Appropriate for a purpose
• Comprehensible, usable, (learnable), …
• Ergonomic, high-performance, ...
• Reliable, robust, …
Software requirements engineering lecture 01Abdul Basit
This document discusses requirements engineering and its importance in software project success. It defines requirements engineering and outlines the key processes: elicitation, analysis, specification, verification and validation, and management. Case studies show that requirements engineering impacts several critical success factors, including user involvement, clear requirements, proper planning, and realistic expectations. When done thoroughly through multiple release cycles, requirements engineering can help deliver projects on time and on budget by ensuring the development team is building the right system to meet user needs.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Face to Face Communication and Text Based Communication in HCIAbdullah Khosa
This document compares face-to-face communication and text-based communication. Face-to-face communication involves non-verbal cues like body language, eye contact, and gestures that aid in conveying meaning. It allows for more natural turn-taking and feedback. However, text-based communication lacks these cues and is more important for self-esteem. While text is less engaging, it is more efficient in terms of speed and saves time compared to face-to-face interaction.
Pyramid is a flexible Python web framework that allows applications to start small and grow as needed without enforcing specific technologies or patterns. The document provides suggestions for structuring larger Pyramid projects, choosing persistence mechanisms, assembling toolkits, using traversal vs URL dispatch, testing, documenting, and deploying applications using buildout, supervisor, and Nginx/mod_wsgi. Project layout, tools, and deployment options depend on each application's specific needs and scope.
The document discusses various methodologies for comparing software development methodologies. It presents a theoretical model proposed by Song and Osterweil that takes a scientific approach to comparing methodologies. The model involves building process models of the methodologies, classifying components, selecting comparison topics, developing process codes, and making comparisons. It also discusses frameworks like NIMSAD that provide a structured way to evaluate methodologies by examining the problem situation, problem solver, and problem-solving process. The document provides an overview of these comparison methods.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The 4+1 view model provides a framework for documenting software architecture using multiple views. It addresses the different concerns of various stakeholders. The 4+1 view model includes logical, process, development, physical views plus a use case view. Each view is described from the perspective of different stakeholders and uses various UML diagrams. The views are interconnected and together provide a comprehensive architectural description of the system.
The document discusses various topics related to quality assurance testing for software, including debugging principles, testing strategies, test cases, usability testing, and user satisfaction tests. It provides details on different types of errors like syntax, runtime, and logic errors. It also describes unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing strategies. Guidelines are provided for developing test cases, test plans, and usability tests. The importance of continuous testing and measuring user satisfaction is emphasized.
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Temporal data mining aims to discover patterns from time-ordered data where observations may be dependent on preceding observations. Key concepts include temporal patterns, time series, frequent episodes, and Markov models. Temporal association mining finds relationships between events separated by time intervals, such as purchases associated with prior purchases. Markov models represent sequences where the next state depends only on the current state, and are used for tasks like predicting website clicks based on prior clicks.
This document provides an overview of the Information Systems Analysis and Modeling module. The module aims to help students understand tools and techniques used in information systems development, analyze and design systems, and evaluate methodologies. It covers topics such as requirements determination, object-oriented analysis, conceptual and physical design, and comparing methodologies. Students will be assessed through an exam, critiques of readings, and a requirements analysis assignment. Reading materials include textbooks on information systems development and object-oriented software engineering.
Chap 2 collaboration information systems and teamworkUMaine
The document discusses collaboration information systems and teamwork in software development. It describes how collaboration requires feedback and iteration between team members to achieve a common goal. It also discusses the key components needed to support collaboration, including communication, content management, and workflow control. Finally, it outlines different collaboration drivers and characteristics that are important for effective collaboration, as well as the technology and tools that can facilitate collaboration between virtual teams.
What’s The Difference Between Structured, Semi-Structured And Unstructured Data?Bernard Marr
There are three classifications of data: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. While structured data was the type used most often in organizations historically, artificial intelligence and machine learning have made managing and analysing unstructured and semi-structured data not only possible, but invaluable.
This document provides an overview of a course on system analysis and design (SAD) taught by Yared Yenealem at Debre Tabor University in Ethiopia. It includes information about the instructor, required textbooks, course objectives, and an outline of chapter topics covering system overview, managing information system projects, the system development life cycle, and systems planning and selection. The goal of the course is to help students understand the analysis, design, development and management of computer-based information systems.
Planning, design and implementation of information systemsOnline
The document outlines the stages in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including system investigation, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance and evaluation. It describes the key activities in each phase such as conducting feasibility studies, gathering functional requirements, designing the user interface and data structures, testing the system, and ongoing maintenance. Alternative approaches like prototyping are also covered, which allow for rapid development and user feedback early in the process.
This document discusses key human factors to consider for designing human-computer interfaces. It covers understanding how people interact with computers by examining why they have trouble, how they respond to poor design, and their tasks. It also covers important human characteristics in design such as perception, memory, and individual differences. The goal is to understand users and design intuitive, usable systems.
what is user support system???
This file will provide detailed overview about the user support system and how it will works in human computer interaction and why we need it .....
Human computer interaction -Design and software processN.Jagadish Kumar
The document discusses the process of interactive design for human-computer interaction (HCI). It begins by defining design as achieving goals within constraints. It notes that goals for a wireless personal movie player may include young users wanting to watch and share movies on the go, while constraints could be withstanding rain or using existing video standards. The core of HCI design involves understanding users and technology through requirements analysis, prototyping and evaluating designs through iterations to achieve the best possible design within time and budget constraints. The process aims to incorporate user research and usability from the beginning of design through implementation.
Usability Engineering Presentation Slideswajahat Gul
Usability: the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.“
For instance:
• Appropriate for a purpose
• Comprehensible, usable, (learnable), …
• Ergonomic, high-performance, ...
• Reliable, robust, …
Software requirements engineering lecture 01Abdul Basit
This document discusses requirements engineering and its importance in software project success. It defines requirements engineering and outlines the key processes: elicitation, analysis, specification, verification and validation, and management. Case studies show that requirements engineering impacts several critical success factors, including user involvement, clear requirements, proper planning, and realistic expectations. When done thoroughly through multiple release cycles, requirements engineering can help deliver projects on time and on budget by ensuring the development team is building the right system to meet user needs.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Face to Face Communication and Text Based Communication in HCIAbdullah Khosa
This document compares face-to-face communication and text-based communication. Face-to-face communication involves non-verbal cues like body language, eye contact, and gestures that aid in conveying meaning. It allows for more natural turn-taking and feedback. However, text-based communication lacks these cues and is more important for self-esteem. While text is less engaging, it is more efficient in terms of speed and saves time compared to face-to-face interaction.
Pyramid is a flexible Python web framework that allows applications to start small and grow as needed without enforcing specific technologies or patterns. The document provides suggestions for structuring larger Pyramid projects, choosing persistence mechanisms, assembling toolkits, using traversal vs URL dispatch, testing, documenting, and deploying applications using buildout, supervisor, and Nginx/mod_wsgi. Project layout, tools, and deployment options depend on each application's specific needs and scope.
The document discusses various methodologies for comparing software development methodologies. It presents a theoretical model proposed by Song and Osterweil that takes a scientific approach to comparing methodologies. The model involves building process models of the methodologies, classifying components, selecting comparison topics, developing process codes, and making comparisons. It also discusses frameworks like NIMSAD that provide a structured way to evaluate methodologies by examining the problem situation, problem solver, and problem-solving process. The document provides an overview of these comparison methods.
The document proposes adding video calling capabilities to iPads by following the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model of software development. RUP includes four phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition. In the Inception phase, requirements and scope are understood. Elaboration involves use case analysis and modeling. Construction focuses on implementation. Transition delivers the working system and transfers control to a maintenance team. The document outlines each RUP phase and notes pros like improved risk management and cons like complexity. It concludes the presented software development phases are commonly used in industry.
The document discusses verification and validation (V&V) techniques for software, including static and dynamic verification methods. It covers V&V goals of establishing confidence that software is fit for purpose, not completely defect-free. Static techniques include inspections and static analysis tools, while dynamic techniques involve testing software by executing it with test cases. V&V should be applied throughout the software development lifecycle.
The document discusses software engineering and the Unified Software Development Process (USDP). It describes the USDP which includes phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase involves iterations where requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and testing are done. The goal of each iteration is to produce an executable increment that is tested and evaluated.
The document describes a multi-view video acquisition system developed at Poznań University of Technology. The system allows for the easy capture of synchronized multi-view video using independent and wireless camera modules. Each module can record up to 100 minutes of uncompressed HD video and operates remotely for up to 4 hours. The system has been used to capture test sequences from various scenes around Poznań to allow viewers to watch from arbitrary viewpoints after processing.
This document describes disoccluded region coding, a tool from Poznan University of Technology's 3D video codec. The tool transmits only disoccluded regions from side views rather than full views, as not all samples from left and right views are needed to synthesize virtual views - only the center view and disoccluded regions are necessary. An evaluation found the tool provided bitrate reductions of 45-57% compared to MVC 13 for objective PSNR and 52-67% for subjective mean opinion scores on test sequences. Current work is adapting the tool for circular camera arrangements.
What is Kanban? Kanban for Software Development.Bradley Arlen
The history and basics of understanding Kanban.
How Kanban applies to software development. Additional resources on Kanban.
- Talking points are in the notes section of each PowerPoint slide.
ARF @ MediaEval 2012: Multimodal Video ClassificationMediaEval2012
This document summarizes a multimedia video classification approach using multiple modalities. It describes extracting audio features like spectral patterns and visual features like color histograms. Text is derived from automatic speech recognition and metadata. Combining audio, visual, and text features using machine learning classifiers achieves the best performance, with an average F-score of 68% for genre tagging using ASR and metadata. Increasing the number of modalities improves accuracy compared to single modality approaches.
The document discusses various evolutionary software process models, including prototyping, the spiral model, and component-based development. Prototyping involves building initial versions of a software system to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model is iterative like prototyping but more controlled, with software developed through a series of releases. Component-based development reuses existing software components with well-defined interfaces. All of these evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions of software over time through iteration.
Web Application Frameworks - Lecture 05 - Web Information Systems (4011474FNR)Beat Signer
A web application framework is software designed to support the development of dynamic web applications and services. It aims to reduce overhead in common development tasks like database access, templating, and session management. Many frameworks follow the Model-View-Controller pattern and promote code reuse through libraries and tools. The document then discusses specific frameworks like Struts 2, Spring, Flex, Silverlight, Laszlo, Ruby on Rails, Yii, Zend, CakePHP, Node.js, and Django.
The Spiral Model is a software development process that combines elements of prototyping and the waterfall model. It emphasizes risk analysis at each phase of development, allowing for iterative refinement. The key aspects are:
1) It consists of four phases - planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation - that are repeated for each iteration.
2) Risk management is explicitly included to help control the software development process.
3) It extends products from earlier iterations through continuous refinement of requirements, design, and implementation.
RAD and RUP are software development methodologies. RAD focuses on rapid, iterative development through intensive user involvement and prototyping. It aims to deliver usable systems quickly in 3-6 months. RUP is a structured framework for managing object-oriented development through iterative phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. It emphasizes requirements management, architectural vision, modeling, quality management, and change control.
This chapter discusses dynamic modeling techniques used to describe the behavior of object-oriented systems. It introduces sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams, which show how objects interact and communicate through messages. Sequence diagrams focus on the time-ordering of messages while collaboration diagrams emphasize the relationships between objects. The chapter also covers different types of messages and events that can be depicted in dynamic models.
The document describes a pluggable approach to project documentation that can be adapted for different project sizes, development processes, and phases including envisioning and iterative development. Key aspects that can be customized include workflow plug-ins for different phases, process paradigm plug-ins for iterative or waterfall approaches, and process visibility plug-ins for varying levels of documentation. The goal is to provide documentation that meets the needs of any given agile project.
Systems Thinking in Practice - an Open University showcasedtr4open
Presentation details the Open University's Systems Thinking in Practice Masters programme along with examples of practice from STiP Alumni as showcased at the UK Public Sector Show April 2013.
This document discusses various software development life cycle models. It begins by defining the software life cycle as the period from when a software product is conceived to when it is no longer available for use, typically including requirements, design, implementation, testing, installation, operation and maintenance, and retirement phases.
It then examines the "build and fix" model, waterfall model, iterative enhancement model, rapid application development model, evolutionary process model, prototyping model, spiral model, and unified process. For each model, it provides a brief overview and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by noting that the selection of a life cycle model depends on the requirements, development team, users, and project type and associated risks.
The document discusses architecture-centric software development processes. It describes traditional waterfall and iterative development models, and notes that iterative models allow for more flexibility to changing requirements. Agile development methods like eXtreme Programming (XP) are discussed, which emphasize iterative development, collaboration, and rapid delivery of working software. Key practices of XP are outlined, including user stories, testing, pair programming, refactoring, and continuous integration. The role of architecture in agile processes is also addressed.
The document discusses organizing and staffing a salesforce. It covers determining the optimal size of the salesforce using various methods like workload, sales potential, and incremental. It also discusses the major stages of staffing like planning, recruiting, selecting, hiring, and socializing. Planning involves establishing responsibilities, determining headcount needs, and outlining job requirements. Recruiting sources can be internal or external. Selection tools include screening resumes, applications, interviews, testing, references, and examinations.
Iterative model.
Spiral model
RAD(Rapid application development)
model.
Iterative model.
Spiral model
RAD(Rapid application development)
model.
A Water Fall Model is easy to flow.
It can be implemented for any size of project.
Every stage has to be done separately at the right time so you cannot jump stages.
Documentation is produced at every stage of a waterfall model allowing people to understand what has been done.
Testing is done at every stage.
This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development.
As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long.
Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far.
Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project.
This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development.
As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long.
Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far.
Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project.
This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development.
As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long.
Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client (who may be internal) reviewing the progress thus far.
Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project.
This approach carries less risk than a traditional Waterfall approach but is still far more risky and less efficient than a more Agile approaches.
In Iterative model, iterative process starts with a simple implementation of a small set of the software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving versions until the complete system is implemented and ready to be deployed.
Iterative model.
Spiral model
RAD(Rapid application development)
model.
The first formal description of the waterfall model is often cited as a 1970 article by Winston W. Royce
Royce did not use the term "waterfall" in this article.
Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model.
Software engineering is the application of engineering principles to software development. It includes systematic processes for developing, operating, and maintaining software. The document discusses the definition of software engineering, why it is important given historical issues with software projects, the software development life cycle including requirements, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases, and core roles in software engineering projects.
The document discusses different software development life cycle models, including traditional waterfall models, prototyping models, agile models like XP and Scrum, and process modeling approaches. Traditional models like waterfall are document-driven and plan-heavy, while agile models emphasize rapid iteration, customer feedback, and working software over documentation. There is no single best model, as each project requires a customized approach. Process modeling can help define a project workflow but cannot account for all real-world aspects of software development.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including:
- The waterfall model, which uses sequential phases of requirements, design, coding, testing, and deployment. It is structured but rigid.
- Iterative development models, which allow for feedback loops and releasing partial software in iterations to get faster feedback.
- Agile methodologies like Scrum, which embrace changing requirements, focus on working software over documentation, and value customer collaboration over contracts. Key aspects are iterative development, regular refactoring, and communicating for learning.
- Pitfalls of agile include skill gaps, lack of traceability, poor communication, and not staying close enough to customers. Overall, agile aims to
The document discusses software processes and introduces various process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and explains process activities such as requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. The document also introduces computer-aided software engineering tools that can support different activities in the software development process.
The document describes different software development process models including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental development, spiral development, agile methods, and extreme programming. It explains each model and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall model is most appropriate when requirements are stable while agile methods are best for changing requirements but can be difficult to manage.
This document provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) version 1.2. It discusses the history and development of CMM models. CMMI version 1.2 integrates different CMM models and focuses on systems engineering and software engineering. It describes the staged maturity levels from initial to optimizing, and the key process areas addressed at each level. Finally, it notes that organizations should not skip maturity levels, as each level provides foundations for continuous process improvement.
This document provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Version 1.2. It discusses the history and development of CMM models, the reasons for integrating them into CMMI, and the key components and concepts of CMMI including constellations, maturity levels, process areas, and continuous improvement. CMMI Version 1.2 focuses on systems engineering and software engineering and covers five levels of process maturity from initial/ad hoc processes to optimized, continuously improving processes.
This document provides an overview of software engineering processes and models. It discusses key topics including:
- Common software process models like the waterfall model, incremental processes, evolutionary processes, and unified process.
- A generic view of software processes including definition, development, and support phases.
- The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) which provides a framework for improving software processes. It includes process areas, goals, and practices.
- Other process topics like process patterns, assessments, personal and team processes, and continuous improvement.
Software engineering involves developing computer programs and documentation. It addresses both technical and non-technical aspects of software development. Key activities include specification, development, validation, and evolution. Methods provide guidance on processes, notations, models, and design. Software engineers have responsibilities beyond technical skills, including maintaining integrity and protecting intellectual property. Professional codes of ethics establish standards for competent and ethical conduct.
Software engineering involves developing computer programs and documentation. It addresses both technical and non-technical aspects of software development. Key activities include specification, development, validation, and evolution. Methods provide guidance on processes, notations, models, and design. Software engineers have responsibilities beyond technical skills, including maintaining confidentiality, competence, and ethical standards set by professional codes of conduct.
The document discusses software process models and activities. It introduces generic process models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also covers the Rational Unified Process model and its phases. Finally, it discusses various software engineering activities like specification, design, implementation, testing, and evolution as well as the role of computer-aided software engineering tools in supporting software processes.
Software Engineering- Crisis and Process ModelsNishu Rastogi
The document discusses various software engineering process models including the waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, prototyping model, evolutionary model, rapid application development model, and spiral model. It provides details on the key activities and stages in each model's software development life cycle. The document also compares the different models and discusses when each may be best applied based on factors like the problem's understandability, decomposability into modules, and tolerance for incremental delivery.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the Unit 1 syllabus, which includes an introduction to software engineering and a generic view of the software development process. The key topics are: [1] the evolving role of software and changing nature of software; [2] software myths; and [3] a process framework for software engineering projects including the Capability Maturity Model Integration and process assessment.
1. The document discusses software processes and models including plan-driven and agile processes. It describes common process activities like specification, design, implementation, validation, and evolution.
2. Specific process models are examined, including the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented processes. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities.
3. Process descriptions cover products, roles, and pre/post conditions. Activities include requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and system evolution to handle changing needs.
1) Legacy systems are older software systems that have been in use for a long time and are often critical to business operations.
2) They were often developed years ago using outdated technologies and have evolved over many years of customizations and changes.
3) Replacing legacy systems carries significant business risks due to a lack of complete documentation and embedded business rules not formally documented elsewhere. Changing legacy systems can also be very expensive.
This document discusses key concepts in systems development including the systems development lifecycle, strategic planning, architecture, methodologies, and project management. It provides an overview of traditional waterfall and alternative approaches like prototyping and rapid application development. It also covers risk assessment, end user development, and the tension between IT organizations and end users.
This document outlines the topics covered in a software engineering course across 5 units: introduction, software design, software testing and maintenance, software metrics, and software configuration management. The introduction unit discusses software engineering paradigms like waterfall and spiral models. Software design covers concepts like abstraction, modularity, and design notations. Software testing and maintenance examines strategies, tools, and maintenance. Software metrics focuses on process and product measurement. Software configuration management needs and version control are also introduced.
The document discusses several software process models, including:
- The waterfall model, which progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance in a linear fashion. It is easy to understand but inflexible.
- The prototyping model, which builds prototypes to help refine requirements rather than freezing them early. This gets feedback from customers but prototypes may be mistaken for finished products.
- The spiral model, which is iterative and incremental, with each pass through the loop addressing process risks and allowing revisions of previous decisions.
The London Ambulance Service's new Computer Aided Dispatch system failed dramatically shortly after its introduction in October 1992. The system could not handle the normal call load, response times were several hours, and communication between ambulances broke down. An inquiry found that errors were made in procuring, designing, implementing, and introducing the new system.
Lascas Failure Learn A Big Lession From The Most Terrible Problems In The W...guestc990b6
The London Ambulance Service implemented a new Computer Aided Dispatch system in 1992 to improve efficiency. However, the system failed when it was launched due to being unable to handle the normal call volume. The project was mismanaged from the beginning - an inexperienced contractor was chosen, testing was insufficient, staff concerns were ignored, and the implementation timeline was too aggressive. As a result, emergency response times slowed and ambulances could not be located. The project should have had stronger management, more user involvement, and thorough testing to avoid the system failure.
1) The 1992 failure of the London Ambulance Service's computer aided dispatch system was caused by a combination of factors including flaws in the software, an unreasonable project timeline imposed by LAS management, and the inexperience of the vendor selected to develop the system.
2) Key issues included reusing outdated hardware, selecting an inexperienced vendor based primarily on cost, failing to involve key stakeholders in requirements gathering, and not following proper software development processes.
3) While software errors directly caused the failure, both LAS management and the developing vendor share responsibility - LAS for unreasonable constraints and vendor selection, and the vendor for taking on a project beyond its capabilities.
Quality control focuses on fulfilling quality requirements by finding defects through techniques like testing and inspection, while quality assurance takes a more proactive approach through planned activities to prevent defects by analyzing processes, identifying areas for improvement, and ensuring proper training and tools are used. Quality assurance oversees quality control and looks at trends, audits processes, and provides feedback to help continuously improve quality.
The document shows tables with data on yield percentage, sigma quality levels, defects per million, and opportunities as yield decreases. It provides metrics on quality levels and associated defects rates across a wide range of yield percentages down to 10% yield.
The document describes using a Monte Carlo simulation to model the process of generating English names over multiple generations. It outlines the key processes in the model, including prepending nicknames, appending place names or occupations, shortening names by dropping syllables, and rejecting identical names. The simulation is run with adjustable parameters and the results are compared statistically to real name data to test how well the model fits, rather than requiring an exact match of individual names. The simulation is found to match some properties like name length distribution but not others like the frequency of names containing "smith". This highlights both the utility and limitations of the Monte Carlo approach for this problem.
Action research is a qualitative research method that combines theory and practice through cycles of intervention and reflection with practitioners in real-world situations. It aims to solve practical problems while expanding theoretical knowledge. The document advocates for wider adoption of action research in information systems research, as it allows researchers to collaborate directly with practitioners to develop and refine frameworks in real organizational contexts over multiple iterations. While gaining acceptance, action research remains underutilized in mainstream information systems journals.
The document describes the Multiview methodology for systems analysis and design. It involves 5 stages: 1) Analysis of human activity to understand organizational goals and problems, 2) Analysis of information requirements and entities, 3) Analysis and design of socio-technical aspects to understand how the system will impact users, 4) Design of the human-computer interface, and 5) Design of technical aspects. The methodology aims to develop a system specification that meets organizational and user needs from multiple perspectives.
The document discusses setting up a central career hub website to advertise jobs and events to students from various universities. It notes the desire to have employers directly input job postings and for students to apply for jobs, get notified of suitable opportunities, and find information on career events online. Questions are also raised about how the system would work, whether it needs to interface with other systems, how users will authenticate, and other implementation details.
This document classifies information systems development methodologies into five categories based on the type of problem situation:
1. Well-structured problems with defined requirements - Traditional waterfall methodologies are appropriate.
2. Well-structured problems with unclear requirements - Structured, data-focused, or prototyping methodologies can be used.
3. Unstructured problems with unclear objectives - Soft systems methodologies focus on perspectives of those involved.
4. High user interaction situations - Sociotechnical approaches stressing user needs are most suitable.
5. Complex problems combining aspects of the above - A contingency approach using multiple methodologies is needed.
The document provides information on using rich pictures and business process maps to visualize business processes. It defines rich pictures as pictorial representations that include stakeholders' concerns, conflicts, and processes. The key elements are structures, processes, concerns shown in thought bubbles, and the stakeholders' language. Business process maps visually depict the steps and flow in a business process. They benefit process analysis and improvement. The document includes exercises to guide the creation of rich pictures and business process maps in Microsoft Visio.
The Rich Picture A Tool For Reasoning About Work Contextguestc990b6
This document discusses rich pictures, which are cartoon-like representations that identify stakeholders, their concerns, and the structure underlying a work context. Rich pictures originated in Soft Systems Methodology as a tool for reasoning about multiple viewpoints in a work situation. They typically depict the key stakeholders, their relationships and concerns through diagrams and thought bubbles. The document explains how rich pictures can be used in participatory design and lightweight usability engineering to capture a work context from stakeholders' perspectives and identify tensions between different stakeholders. It provides examples of rich pictures and guidelines for making them effective representations.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
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* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
2. Information Systems
Set of interacting components (people,
procedures, technologies) that
together collect, process, store and distribute
information
to support control, decision-making and
management in organizations.
2
5. Why IS Development Methodologies
Average completion time for IS projects: 1.5 -5 years
68% of projects overrun schedules
65% exceed budgets
75% face major redesign after initial implementation
Solution lies in better and more professional
approaches to development.
5
6. Why IS Development Methodologies
A methodical approach to software
development results in fewer defects and,
therefore, ultimately provides shorter
delivery times and better value.
Remember:
Goal => High quality
High quality = project timeliness
Less rework!
6
7. Some Terminologies
Software development methodology
Software development process
Software development model
Software life-cycle
Software process model
7
8. What is IS Development
Methodology
A collection of procedures, techniques, tools
and documentation aids which helps the
system developers in their effort to
implement a new information system.
Software Engineering
tools
methods
process model
a “quality” focus
8
9. IS Development Methodologies
A methodology consists of phases, themselves
consisting of sub-phases, which
• help developers plan, manage, control and
evaluate IS projects,
• guide developers in their choice of techniques
at each stages of the projects.
9
10. Benefits of IS Development
Methodologies
Subdivision of complex process into small
tasks.
Facilitation of project management and control.
Providing a framework for applying techniques.
Skill specialization and division of labor
Standardization, improving productivity and
quality.
10
11. The General Process Model
There are a lot of process models, and many
companies adopt their own, but all have very similar
patterns. The general, basic model is shown below:
11
12. Requirements
• Business requirements are gathered in this phase.
• Who is going to use the system?
• How will they use the system?
• What data should be input into the system?
• What data should be output by the system?
• This produces a nice big list of functionality that the system
should provide, which describes functions the system should
perform, business logic that processes data, what data is
stored and used by the system, and how the user interface
should work.
12
13. Design
• The software system design is produced from the results of
the requirements phase.
• This is where the details on how the system will work is
produced.
• Architecture, including hardware and software,
communication, software design are all part of the deliverables
of a design phase.
13
14. Implementation
• Code is produced from the deliverables of the design phase
during implementation, and this is the longest phase of the
software development life cycle.
• For a developer, this is the main focus of the life cycle
because this is where the code is produced.
• Implementation my overlap with both the design and testing
phases.
• Many tools exists (CASE tools) to actually automate the
production of code using information gathered and produced
during the design phase.
14
15. Testing
• During testing, the implementation is tested against the
requirements to make sure that the product is actually solving
the needs addressed and gathered during the requirements
phase.
• Unit tests and system/acceptance tests are done during this
phase.
• Unit tests act on a specific component of the system, while
system tests act on the system as a whole
15
16. Life-Cycle of a Software
Feasibility
Requirements
Design
Coding
Testing
Operations
Maintenance
16
18. IS Process Models
Waterfall model
Evolutionary model
Iterative/incremental model
Spiral model
V-model
Prototyping
Agile software development
Cleanroom Software Engineering
Component Assembly Model
Rational Unified Process
18
19. Waterfall model
Waterfall
• Systematic stepwise refinement of a complex
problem into smaller and smaller problems.
19
20. Waterfall model
• Requirements analysis and definition
• System and software design
• Implementation and unit testing
• Integration and system testing
• Operation and maintenance 20
21. Waterfall model
The main drawback of the waterfall model is
the difficulty of accommodating change after
the process is underway. One phase has to
be completed before moving onto the next
phase.
21
22. Waterfall model problems
Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct
stages makes it difficult to respond to changing
customer requirements.
Therefore, this model is only appropriate when the
requirements are well-understood and changes
will be fairly limited during the design process.
Few business systems have stable requirements.
22
23. Evolutionary development
Evolutionary
• System is developed using a prototype and
refined through user feedbacks.
• Changes is seen as the norm of the model.
23
24. Evolutionary development
Qu ick p lan
Quick
Com m unicat ion plan
requirements
Mo d e lin g
Modeling
Qu ick d e sig n
Quick design
Deployment
Deployment
De live r y
delivery & Const r uct ion
& Fe e dback Construction
feedback of
of prototype
pr ot ot ype
24
26. Evolutionary development
Exploratory development
• Objective is to work with customers and to
evolve a final system from an initial outline
specification. Should start with well-understood
requirements and add new features as
proposed by the customer.
Throw-away prototyping
• Objective is to understand the system
requirements. Should start with poorly
understood requirements to clarify what is really
needed.
26
27. Evolutionary development
Problems
• Lack of process visibility;
• Systems are often poorly structured;
• Special skills may be required.
Applicability
• For small or medium-size interactive systems;
• For parts of large systems (e.g. the user
interface);
• For short-lifetime systems.
27
28. Iterative Development
Iterative /
incremental
• System is developed in chunks of functionality.
• The overall system is developed incrementally.
28
29. Iterative Development
increment # n
Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning
M ode ling
analy s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
des ign
c ode De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry
fe e dba c k
deliv ery of
increment # 2 nt h increment
Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning
M ode ling
analy s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
des ign c ode De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry
fe e dba c k
deliv ery of
increment # 1 2nd increment
Co m m u n i c a t i o n
Pla nning
M ode ling
analy s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
des ign c ode De p l o y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry deliv ery of
fe e dba c k
1st increment
project calendar t ime
29
30. Iterative Development
Advantages
Generates working software quickly and early during the
software life cycle.
More flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements.
Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and
handled during its iteration.
Each iteration is an easily managed milestone.
Disadvantages
Each phase of an iteration is rigid and do not overlap each
other.
Problems may arise pertaining to system architecture because
not all requirements are gathered up front for the entire software
life cycle.
30
34. Developments in Information Systems:
Information systems are entering a new phase, moving
beyond the traditional automation of routine
organizational processes and towards the existing of
critical tactical and strategic enterprise processes.
Development of such systems needs to concentrate on
organizational aspects , delivering systems that are
closer to the culture of organizations and the wishes of
individuals.
34
35. Where are we with web application
design methods?
• It’s a relatively new area, most significant work only
emerged from 1993 onwards
• Very much in the infancy stages
• No one solid method has emerged
• Few approaches have been severely tested
• We have most methods and technique components
we need in existence for a web method, in almost all
cases though they have just not been integrated
• So, currently we need to work around the issue by
forming ‘hybrid’ methods that share and borrow
techniques
35
36. Web Methodology Disciplines
Software
Multimedia Engineering Hypertext
Human-Computer Information
Interaction Engineering
Web Engineering
Testing Requirements
Engineering
Project Modelling System Analysis
Management and Simulation and Design
36
37. Special features of Web Projects
Network intensiveness
Concurrency
Unpredictable load
Performance.
Availability
Data driven.
Content sensitive.
Continuous evolution
Immediacy
Security
Aesthetics
37
38. Alternatives for WEB IS acquisition
In-house development
Outsourcing
• Development of IS
• Application service providers
38
39. A strategy to Web IS
development
Introduce WISDM to
• offer a methodology for the socio-technical view;
• illustrate a socio-technical framework.
Use the RUP as powerful generic framework that
can be flexibly taylored and extended by special
techniques to suit the particular project.
Introduce various techniques to complement RUP
activities in order to better address the specific
features of Web-IS such as
• User-orientation, broad view on requirements, specific
architectural patterns, graphic design, navigation, etc.
39
40. The Multiview Approach and
WISDM
Multiview‘s fundamental assumption: An IS
methodology that relies overmuch on an
engineering approach and technical rationality is, by
itself, an insufficient foundation for IS development.
Foundations of Multiview: Needs of computer
artefacts, organizations and individuals need to be
considered jointly!
Major concern of Multivies: Negotiation between
technological, organizational, and human aspects of
IS development.
40
41. WISDM
CHANGE AGENTS
Multiple
Would-be developers
perspectives:
of an information
•Technical (T)
system
•Organizational (O)
•Personal (P)
IS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
ANALYSIS
Organizational Information
Analysis Analysis
TECHNICAL
WISDM - Web IS Value Requirements
SOCIO
Development creation specification
Methodology
(emergent) Work Technical
History
Design Design
User
HCI Software
satisfaction User interface model
DESIGN
SITUATION
41
42. WISDM as emerging methodology
from the Multiview framework
Humans
Organisation Technology
ANALYSIS
Organizational Information
Analysis Analysis
TECHNICAL
Value creation Requirements
SOCIO
(human activity systems) specification
Work Technical
Design Design
User HCI Software
satisfaction model
User interface
Situation DESIGN Developers
42
43. WISDM Methods matrix and role
of the analyst
There is no a priori ordering of the five apects of the
WISDM matrix
Essential aspect: Analyst works on the joint basis of
the three (T, O, P) perspectives.
43
44. Organizational Analysis
ANALYSIS
Organizational Information
Analysis Analysis
TECHNICAL
Value creation Requirements
SOCIO
(human activity systems) specification
Work Technical
Design Design
User HCI Software
satisfaction model
User interface
DESIGN
44
45. Organizational Analysis
Business (strategy)
• What business is the Organization in?
• What are the products and services?
Products and services
• What are the sources of revenue?
• What are the benefits to the business actors?
Who are the customers?
Who are the competitors?
Marketing strategy (How to compete)
• What is the organization’s marketing strategy?
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46. Work design
ANALYSIS
Organizational Information
Analysis Analysis
TECHNICAL
Value creation Requirements
SOCIO
(human activity systems) specification
Work Technical
Design Design
User HCI Software
satisfaction model
User interface
DESIGN
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47. Sociotechnical design
Foundation: Genuine participation:
involves users, managers, developers, and
others who influence each other‘s plans
policies and decisions, thus affecting future
outcomes.
Measure user satisfaction and quality.
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48. Quality workshop, WebQual
Category WebQual 4.0 Questions
Usability 1. I find the site easy to learn to operate
2. My interaction with the site is clear and understandable
3. I find the site easy to navigate
4. I find the site easy to use
5. The site has an attractive appearance
6. The design is appropriate to the type of the site
7. The site conveys a sense of competency
8. The site creates a positive experience for me
Information 9. Provides accurate information
10. Provides believable information
11. Provides timely information
12. Provides relevant information
13. Provides easy to understand information
14. Provides information at the right level of detail
15. Presents the information in an appropriate format
Service 16. Has a good reputation
Interaction 17. It feels safe to complete transactions
18. My personal information feels secure
19. Creates a sense of personalization
20. Conveys a sense of community
21. Makes it easy to communicate with the organization
22. I feel confident that goods/services will be delivered as promised
Overall 23. My overall view of this website
(Vidgen, Tab. 7-4)
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50. Technical Development
ANALYSIS
Organizational Information
Analysis Analysis
TECHNICAL
Value creation Requirements
SOCIO
(human activity systems) specification
Work Technical
Design Design
User HCI Software
satisfaction model
User interface
DESIGN
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51. Information Analysis
Elements of the analysis model
• Data model
• Flow model
• Class model
• Behavior model
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52. Technical Design
Elements of the design model
• Data design
• Architectural design
• Component design
• Interface design
• Aesthetic design
• Navigation design
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53. The Rational Unified Process
RUP is an iterative software development process
framework created by the Rational Software
Corporation, a division of IBM since 2002.
It has an underlying object-oriented model, using
Unified Modeling Language (UML).
RUP is based on a set of six key principles:
• Adapt the process
• Balance stakeholder priorities
• Collaborate across teams
• Demonstrate value iteratively
• Elevate the level of abstraction
• Focus continuously on quality
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54. Rational Unified Process Model
Phase iteration
Inception Elaboration Construction Transition
Inception : Establish the business case for the system.
Elaboration : Develop an understanding of the problem
domain and the system architecture.
Construction : System design, programming and testing.
Transition : Deploy the system in its operating environment.
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55. RUP Phases
• Inception is concerned with determining the
scope and purpose of the project;
• Elaboration focuses requirements capture and
determining the structure of the system;
• Construction's main aim is to build the
software system;
• Transition deals with product installation and
rollout.
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56. RUP Phases
Project
Phases Inception Elaboration Construction Transition
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Iterations within
Requirements each phase
Design
Implementation
Test
Size of
square
Workflows relative to
time spent
on
workflows
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57. RUP Phases
Sample incep- transi-
UP Disciplines elaboration construction
tion tion
Business
Modeling
Requirements
Design
Implementation
...
...
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58. RUP Phases
accept ance t est
cust omer use
cust omer evaluat ion coding
component t est
Release
sof t war e incr ement
refact oring
design model
cont ent
analysis model archit ect ure
cont ent navigat ion
business analysis int erf ace
it erat ion
formulat ion f unct ion
it erat ion plan conf igurat ion
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59. 6 UP Best Practices that particularly
apply to web-based systems
Develop iteratively
Manage and trace requirements
Utilize component architectures
Model visually
Verify quality
Control changes
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60. WUP – Complementing the RUP
For each phase:
Inputs for each phase and iteration of the RUP
UP–activities Web–specific activities
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61. WUP – Initial tasks
Discuss the topic of your web application and
corresponding visions with stakeholders.
Decide which techniques/views (from the RUP or
web-specific) may be useful in your special case.
Make a gross plan for the whole development cycle.
Make a detailed plan for the next phase.
Keep to RUP‘s phase structure and workflows but
vary the specific techniques and views found
relevant.
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62. Technical Development
An Object-Oriented Technique (UML)
User
System Model
requirements
• Use Case diagram
• Activity diagram
• Interaction Diagrams
• Sequence diagram
• Collaboration diagram
• Class diagram
• State diagram
• Component diagram
• Deployment diagram
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64. Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standard language for
specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of
software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-
software systems.
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65. Use Case Diagram
• A use case is a set of scenarios
that describing an interaction
between a user and a system.
• A use case diagram displays the
relationship among actors and
use cases.
• The two main components of a
use case diagram are use cases
and actors.
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67. Sequence Diagrams
Interaction diagrams model the behavior of use cases by describing
the way groups of objects interact to complete the task. The two
kinds of interaction diagrams are sequence and collaboration
diagrams. They demonstrate how the objects collaborate for the
behavior. 67
72. Class Diagrams
Class diagrams are widely used to describe the types of objects
in a system and their relationships. Class diagrams model
class structure and contents using design elements such as
classes, packages and objects
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74. State Diagrams
• State diagrams are used to describe the
behavior of a system.
• State diagrams describe all of the possible
states of an object as events occur.
• Each diagram usually represents objects
of a single class and track the different
states of its objects through the system.
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76. Activity Diagrams
• Activity diagrams describe the
workflow behavior of a system.
• Activity diagrams are similar to
state diagrams because activities
are the state of doing something.
• The diagrams describe the state of
activities by showing the sequence
of activities performed.
• Activity diagrams can show
activities that are conditional or
parallel.
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78. Deployment Diagrams
• The deployment diagram
contains nodes and
connections.
• A node usually represents a
piece of hardware in the
system.
• A connection depicts the
communication path used by
the hardware to communicate
and usually indicates a
method such as TCP/IP.
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79. Combined deployment and
component diagram
• The diagram shows two
nodes which represent two
machines communicating
through TCP/IP.
• Component2 is dependant
on component1, so changes
to component 2 could affect
component1.
• The diagram also depicts
component3 interfacing with
component1.
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80. Software Requirement
Specification (example)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
I. PROJECT SCOPE
II. REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION
2.1 END-USER BUSINESS FUNCTIONALITY
2.2 USE-CASES FUNCTIONALITY
2.3 WORKFLOWS/BUSINESS PROCESSES
2.4 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
2.5 DERIVED AND IMPLICITE REQUIREMENTS
2.6 INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS
2.7 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS
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81. Design Document (example)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary IV
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN OF THE FOOD SYSTEM
2.1 Modular Structure of the System
2.2 Menu Structures
2.3 Modules detailed design
2.3.1 Create Class (Module 1.2.1)
2.3.2 Update Class (Module 1.2.2)
…..
2.4 System Topology
2.5 Solutions for additional Requirements
2.6.1 Error handling
2.6.2 Database catalog design
2.6.3 Connections to other systems
2.6 Data dictionary
3. INTERFACE DESIGN
4. CONCLUSION
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82. Web Design Pyramid
user
Interface
design
Aesthetic design
Content design
Navigation design
Architecture design
Component design
technology
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