Softening finishes are important textile after treatments that can make fabrics softer through the use of chemical softeners. Softening finishes work by orienting softener molecules on fiber surfaces and penetrating fibers to plasticize the polymer chains, reducing brittleness. This creates properties like softness, fullness, smoothness, flexibility, drape and pliability. The three main types of softeners are cationic, anionic and non-ionic softeners, which work through different molecular interactions with fibers. Silicone softeners also provide unique softness and properties. While softeners improve handle, some can reduce durability, cause discoloration or affect dye properties.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
The document discusses various methods and types of textile softeners. There are two main methods of softening fabrics - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical methods include breaking, calendaring, decatising, and raising. Chemical methods involve applying softeners such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, reactive, and silicone softeners. Each type of softener has advantages and disadvantages in terms of properties like softness, fastness, compatibility, and cost. Selection of the appropriate softener depends on the fiber and desired finish properties.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document discusses dyeing in textiles, including different types of dyes, dye classification systems, dyeing parameters and calculations, auxochromes, chromophores, direct dyes, vat dyes, acidic dyes, basic dyes, dyeing faults, and dyeing remedies. It covers natural and synthetic dyes, factors that influence dyeing like temperature and pH, functional groups that increase dye absorption, chromophores that determine color, direct dye mechanisms and applications, vat dye mechanisms and applications, and remedies for uneven or inconsistent dyeing.
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
This document provides an overview of the functions of various dyeing auxiliaries used in the textile dyeing process. It discusses the roles of sequestrants, lubricants, leveling agents, antifoams, pH buffers, desizing agents, yarn lubricants, mercerizing agents, dye fixing agents, optical brighteners, soaping agents, and finishing chemicals. Each auxiliary type is described in 1-2 sentences explaining its purpose in the dyeing process such as preventing hard water ions, providing lubrication, ensuring even dye distribution, or removing size from fabrics.
The document discusses anti-static finishes that are applied to synthetic fabrics during processing to prevent the buildup of static charge. Synthetic fabrics are not good conductors and develop static charges during spinning, weaving, and finishing. This can cause fabrics to become entangled or attract dirt. Anti-static finishes reduce the surface charge and increase conduction, using chemicals like silicone emulsions, polyethylene emulsions, and polyammonium quaternary salts. The finish can be durable or non-durable. Higher moisture regain in fibers also helps dissipate static. Common application methods are exhaustion and pad-dry-cure.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
The document discusses various methods and types of textile softeners. There are two main methods of softening fabrics - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical methods include breaking, calendaring, decatising, and raising. Chemical methods involve applying softeners such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, reactive, and silicone softeners. Each type of softener has advantages and disadvantages in terms of properties like softness, fastness, compatibility, and cost. Selection of the appropriate softener depends on the fiber and desired finish properties.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document discusses dyeing in textiles, including different types of dyes, dye classification systems, dyeing parameters and calculations, auxochromes, chromophores, direct dyes, vat dyes, acidic dyes, basic dyes, dyeing faults, and dyeing remedies. It covers natural and synthetic dyes, factors that influence dyeing like temperature and pH, functional groups that increase dye absorption, chromophores that determine color, direct dye mechanisms and applications, vat dye mechanisms and applications, and remedies for uneven or inconsistent dyeing.
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
This document provides an overview of the functions of various dyeing auxiliaries used in the textile dyeing process. It discusses the roles of sequestrants, lubricants, leveling agents, antifoams, pH buffers, desizing agents, yarn lubricants, mercerizing agents, dye fixing agents, optical brighteners, soaping agents, and finishing chemicals. Each auxiliary type is described in 1-2 sentences explaining its purpose in the dyeing process such as preventing hard water ions, providing lubrication, ensuring even dye distribution, or removing size from fabrics.
The document discusses anti-static finishes that are applied to synthetic fabrics during processing to prevent the buildup of static charge. Synthetic fabrics are not good conductors and develop static charges during spinning, weaving, and finishing. This can cause fabrics to become entangled or attract dirt. Anti-static finishes reduce the surface charge and increase conduction, using chemicals like silicone emulsions, polyethylene emulsions, and polyammonium quaternary salts. The finish can be durable or non-durable. Higher moisture regain in fibers also helps dissipate static. Common application methods are exhaustion and pad-dry-cure.
The document provides an introduction to textile dyeing, including definitions of basic terms like dyestuff and pigment, an overview of dyeing processes and factors that influence dye choices, and descriptions of different types of dyes including direct dyes for cellulosic fibers, reactive dyes, vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and disperse dyes for synthetic fibers. Classification methods for dyes and dyeing conditions for various fiber and dye combinations are also outlined.
1) Fluorocarbon polymers are the only type of finishes that can achieve oil repellency on textiles. Water repellency can be achieved through different product groups including paraffin emulsions, stearic acid-melamine resins, and silicone and fluorocarbon polymers.
2) Repellent finishes work by reducing the surface energy of fibers to make them less attractive to water, oil, and dirt. Fluorocarbon polymers have the lowest surface energy and can repel both water and oil.
3) While fluorocarbon finishes provide the best oil and water repellency as well as durability, they can be modified through additives like boosters to further improve properties like handle,
This document provides an overview of textile softeners, including their importance in textile finishing, desirable properties, classification, additives, history, and future. Some key points:
- Softening treatments are important for textiles to provide the desired feel and improve handling properties. Softness is a major criterion for consumers.
- Textile softeners are usually water emulsions containing additives like emulsifiers, fatty acid amine condensation products, silicones, and waxes.
- Desirable softener properties include being easy to handle, compatible with chemicals, stable at high temperatures, and dermatologically harmless.
- Softeners are classified as anionic, cation
This document compares and contrasts different types of soft flow dyeing machines, including their conventional and innovative aspects. It discusses the Fong's jet dyeing machine, Then-Airflow AFA machine, and Thies jet dyeing machine. Key details provided include their capacities from 50-3000kg per batch, liquor ratios from 1:3 to 1:5, maximum working temperatures of 140°C, and special features like rinsing systems, fabric transport mechanisms, and plaiting systems. The conclusion states that innovation is ongoing and more new ideas are still needed in this field.
Soil release finishes are applied to fabrics to make soil particles easier to remove during washing. The finish allows soil to detach from the fabric surface rather than becoming redeposited. Soil release finishes are important for synthetic fabrics and ladies' wear that are prone to absorbing soil. The finish must not negatively impact the fabric's properties or fastness. Methods for applying soil release finishes include mercerization, application of film-forming compounds, fiber conversion, and use of silicones or acrylic polymers. The appropriate process depends on the fiber and may involve padding, drying, and curing chemicals.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Mercerization is a chemical treatment that improves several qualities of cotton fibers and fabrics. It involves treating cotton with a concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution under tension. This causes the cotton fibers to swell and straighten, changing their crystalline structure from cellulose I to cellulose II. As a result, mercerized cotton has increased luster, dye affinity, strength and absorbency. The process was discovered in the 1840s but was commercialized in the 1890s when it was found that applying tension during NaOH treatment dramatically increased the cotton's luster. Today, mercerization is commonly used in the production of sewing thread, denim, and other cotton fabrics to enhance their appearance and properties.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
This document discusses common textile defects, their causes, and remedies. It was prepared by Mazadul Hasan sheshir, a student at Southeast University in Bangladesh studying Wet Processing Technology. The document outlines several common oil, dye, and finishing defects that can occur such as oil stains, rope marks, uneven dyeing, crease marks, and pilling. For each defect, the causes are described relating to processing parameters like chemical levels, temperatures, and machine settings. Suggested remedies are also provided such as the use of emulsifiers, mercerization, ensuring even pretreatment, and adjusting machine settings.
This document discusses reactive dyes, including their classification, chemical properties, influencing dyeing factors, and application methods. Reactive dyes are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing temperatures. They form covalent bonds with cellulose and protein fibers during dyeing. Key factors that influence dyeing include pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and time. Reactive dyes are applied using discontinuous, continuous, or semi-continuous methods. Their advantages include color permanence due to covalent bonding and easy washing without color transfer. Uneven dyeing can be difficult to strip due to the strong bonds formed.
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Milling, crabbing, decatising, and carbonizing are finishing processes for wool, polyester, and nylon fabrics. Milling uses moisture, heat, and pressure to full and densify wool fabrics. Crabbing sets wool fabrics through tension and heat treatment to reduce distortions. Decatising sets wool fabrics by compressing them with steam between wool felt. Carbonizing converts polyester/cotton blends to 100% polyester by dissolving the cotton with sulfuric acid. Each process aims to stabilize fibers and set the fabric structure.
reactive Dyeing of cotton knitted fabricsOliyad Ebba
Exhaust dyeing is commonly used to dye cotton and cotton blend knitted fabrics. It involves dye migration from the dye liquor into the fabric batch using exhausting chemicals and circulation. Reactive and disperse dyes are most commonly used. Key parameters include temperature, speed, pressure, and cycle time. Proper preparation of dyes, salts, and chemicals is important to prevent issues. Checking points after dyeing ensure the required shade and pH are met before draining. An aftertreatment process includes neutralization, soaping, and fixing to improve wash fastness. Safety equipment and material safety data sheets are necessary in the dye house.
This document discusses the chemical structure and effectiveness of flame-retardant finishes. It explains that there are three main categories of flame retardants: primary retardants based on phosphorous or halogens, synergistic enhancers like nitrogen or antimony, and adjunctive retardants that use physical mechanisms. The key mechanisms of flame retardancy are the condensed phase, which alters the pyrolysis of fibers; and the gas phase, which interferes with combustion reactions through free radicals. Certain combinations of chemicals are most effective for different fiber types.
Mercerization is a physio-chemical process that improves the luster of fabrics like cotton and silk. It involves treating tensioned fabric with a high concentration of alkali such as sodium hydroxide. This causes a custicization reaction that changes the cellulose structure from Cellulose I to Cellulose II, improving luster, strength, and dye uptake. There are different types of mercerization processes including tension, slack, hot, and liquid ammonia methods. The goal is to swell and alter the cellulose fibers for enhanced properties.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
The document discusses various types of water repellent finishes for fabrics. It begins with a brief history of waterproof fabrics starting from the early 1800s. It then discusses the distinction between water-repellent and waterproof fabrics. The key methods of providing durable water repellent finishes are also outlined, including the use of paraffin, stearic acid–melamine, and silicone treatments. The mechanisms of repellency are explained in terms of reducing the surface energy of fibers. Common application areas that require water repellent finishes are also listed.
Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer i.e. Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities.Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity
Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities. An effective softener must be readily dispersible in rinse water and rapidly absorbed so that uniform deposition on the fabric can occur within a relatively short treatment time and generally, exhaustion should take place in about 5min for the softener to be effective and economically usable. It must impart softness, fluffiness and lubricity to the treated cloth and reduce static build-up, especially in the case of hydrophobic fibers like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers. These effects should be obtained without the loss of fabric whiteness or brightness, and then the treated fabric should retain its ability to absorb in subsequent use for drying the body (bath towels) or other surfaces. Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer. It is available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular brand names include Downy (Lenor), Snuggle, Bounce, Comfort and Sta-Soft.I believe that, the knowledge of this report will help future carrier of every textile engineer.
The document provides an introduction to textile dyeing, including definitions of basic terms like dyestuff and pigment, an overview of dyeing processes and factors that influence dye choices, and descriptions of different types of dyes including direct dyes for cellulosic fibers, reactive dyes, vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and disperse dyes for synthetic fibers. Classification methods for dyes and dyeing conditions for various fiber and dye combinations are also outlined.
1) Fluorocarbon polymers are the only type of finishes that can achieve oil repellency on textiles. Water repellency can be achieved through different product groups including paraffin emulsions, stearic acid-melamine resins, and silicone and fluorocarbon polymers.
2) Repellent finishes work by reducing the surface energy of fibers to make them less attractive to water, oil, and dirt. Fluorocarbon polymers have the lowest surface energy and can repel both water and oil.
3) While fluorocarbon finishes provide the best oil and water repellency as well as durability, they can be modified through additives like boosters to further improve properties like handle,
This document provides an overview of textile softeners, including their importance in textile finishing, desirable properties, classification, additives, history, and future. Some key points:
- Softening treatments are important for textiles to provide the desired feel and improve handling properties. Softness is a major criterion for consumers.
- Textile softeners are usually water emulsions containing additives like emulsifiers, fatty acid amine condensation products, silicones, and waxes.
- Desirable softener properties include being easy to handle, compatible with chemicals, stable at high temperatures, and dermatologically harmless.
- Softeners are classified as anionic, cation
This document compares and contrasts different types of soft flow dyeing machines, including their conventional and innovative aspects. It discusses the Fong's jet dyeing machine, Then-Airflow AFA machine, and Thies jet dyeing machine. Key details provided include their capacities from 50-3000kg per batch, liquor ratios from 1:3 to 1:5, maximum working temperatures of 140°C, and special features like rinsing systems, fabric transport mechanisms, and plaiting systems. The conclusion states that innovation is ongoing and more new ideas are still needed in this field.
Soil release finishes are applied to fabrics to make soil particles easier to remove during washing. The finish allows soil to detach from the fabric surface rather than becoming redeposited. Soil release finishes are important for synthetic fabrics and ladies' wear that are prone to absorbing soil. The finish must not negatively impact the fabric's properties or fastness. Methods for applying soil release finishes include mercerization, application of film-forming compounds, fiber conversion, and use of silicones or acrylic polymers. The appropriate process depends on the fiber and may involve padding, drying, and curing chemicals.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Mercerization is a chemical treatment that improves several qualities of cotton fibers and fabrics. It involves treating cotton with a concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution under tension. This causes the cotton fibers to swell and straighten, changing their crystalline structure from cellulose I to cellulose II. As a result, mercerized cotton has increased luster, dye affinity, strength and absorbency. The process was discovered in the 1840s but was commercialized in the 1890s when it was found that applying tension during NaOH treatment dramatically increased the cotton's luster. Today, mercerization is commonly used in the production of sewing thread, denim, and other cotton fabrics to enhance their appearance and properties.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
This document discusses common textile defects, their causes, and remedies. It was prepared by Mazadul Hasan sheshir, a student at Southeast University in Bangladesh studying Wet Processing Technology. The document outlines several common oil, dye, and finishing defects that can occur such as oil stains, rope marks, uneven dyeing, crease marks, and pilling. For each defect, the causes are described relating to processing parameters like chemical levels, temperatures, and machine settings. Suggested remedies are also provided such as the use of emulsifiers, mercerization, ensuring even pretreatment, and adjusting machine settings.
This document discusses reactive dyes, including their classification, chemical properties, influencing dyeing factors, and application methods. Reactive dyes are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing temperatures. They form covalent bonds with cellulose and protein fibers during dyeing. Key factors that influence dyeing include pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and time. Reactive dyes are applied using discontinuous, continuous, or semi-continuous methods. Their advantages include color permanence due to covalent bonding and easy washing without color transfer. Uneven dyeing can be difficult to strip due to the strong bonds formed.
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Milling, crabbing, decatising, and carbonizing are finishing processes for wool, polyester, and nylon fabrics. Milling uses moisture, heat, and pressure to full and densify wool fabrics. Crabbing sets wool fabrics through tension and heat treatment to reduce distortions. Decatising sets wool fabrics by compressing them with steam between wool felt. Carbonizing converts polyester/cotton blends to 100% polyester by dissolving the cotton with sulfuric acid. Each process aims to stabilize fibers and set the fabric structure.
reactive Dyeing of cotton knitted fabricsOliyad Ebba
Exhaust dyeing is commonly used to dye cotton and cotton blend knitted fabrics. It involves dye migration from the dye liquor into the fabric batch using exhausting chemicals and circulation. Reactive and disperse dyes are most commonly used. Key parameters include temperature, speed, pressure, and cycle time. Proper preparation of dyes, salts, and chemicals is important to prevent issues. Checking points after dyeing ensure the required shade and pH are met before draining. An aftertreatment process includes neutralization, soaping, and fixing to improve wash fastness. Safety equipment and material safety data sheets are necessary in the dye house.
This document discusses the chemical structure and effectiveness of flame-retardant finishes. It explains that there are three main categories of flame retardants: primary retardants based on phosphorous or halogens, synergistic enhancers like nitrogen or antimony, and adjunctive retardants that use physical mechanisms. The key mechanisms of flame retardancy are the condensed phase, which alters the pyrolysis of fibers; and the gas phase, which interferes with combustion reactions through free radicals. Certain combinations of chemicals are most effective for different fiber types.
Mercerization is a physio-chemical process that improves the luster of fabrics like cotton and silk. It involves treating tensioned fabric with a high concentration of alkali such as sodium hydroxide. This causes a custicization reaction that changes the cellulose structure from Cellulose I to Cellulose II, improving luster, strength, and dye uptake. There are different types of mercerization processes including tension, slack, hot, and liquid ammonia methods. The goal is to swell and alter the cellulose fibers for enhanced properties.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Desizing removes starch sizing agents from warp yarns that were applied before weaving to improve the weaving process. The main objectives of desizing are to remove this non-water-soluble starch so the fabric can undergo further wet processing like dyeing. Common desizing methods include rot steeping, which uses microbes to hydrolyze starch over 24 hours; acidic desizing, which uses dilute acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours; and enzymatic desizing, the most widely used modern method harnessing enzymes. Oxidative desizing can work on a variety of unknown sizes but may damage fibers if not carefully applied. The type of size, fabric construction, and desizing method
The document discusses various types of water repellent finishes for fabrics. It begins with a brief history of waterproof fabrics starting from the early 1800s. It then discusses the distinction between water-repellent and waterproof fabrics. The key methods of providing durable water repellent finishes are also outlined, including the use of paraffin, stearic acid–melamine, and silicone treatments. The mechanisms of repellency are explained in terms of reducing the surface energy of fibers. Common application areas that require water repellent finishes are also listed.
Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer i.e. Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities.Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity
Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities. An effective softener must be readily dispersible in rinse water and rapidly absorbed so that uniform deposition on the fabric can occur within a relatively short treatment time and generally, exhaustion should take place in about 5min for the softener to be effective and economically usable. It must impart softness, fluffiness and lubricity to the treated cloth and reduce static build-up, especially in the case of hydrophobic fibers like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers. These effects should be obtained without the loss of fabric whiteness or brightness, and then the treated fabric should retain its ability to absorb in subsequent use for drying the body (bath towels) or other surfaces. Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer. It is available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular brand names include Downy (Lenor), Snuggle, Bounce, Comfort and Sta-Soft.I believe that, the knowledge of this report will help future carrier of every textile engineer.
This document provides information on textile finishing processes. It begins by explaining that finishing is the final process given to textiles to improve appearance, feel, and functionality. It then classifies finishing according to the type of finish (physical/mechanical vs. chemical), degree of permanence (permanent, durable, semi-durable, temporary), and performance impact (aesthetic vs. functional). Specific finishing processes are defined, like compacting, decating, water repellent finishes using paraffin wax, silicones and fluorochemicals. The document also discusses flame retardant finishes and calendaring.
Fabric finishes are applied after fabric production to improve appearance, feel, or properties. Aesthetic finishes influence texture, luster, drape, and hand. Calendering uses rollers to impart finishes like glazing, moire, or embossing. Other techniques include brushing, shearing, and flocking to modify texture. Functional finishes provide benefits like wrinkle resistance or stain release. A fabric's fiber content and construction determine suitable finishing methods.
Fabric softness evaluation by fabric extractionPawan Gupta
This presentation includes my research work done during my M.tech. In this i summarised the functional working of Fabric Feel Tester. In future my research gives an idea for replacing subjective assessment of fabric feel in textile processing industry.
Pumice stones are traditionally used in stone washing denim to give it a worn look. Pumice stones scrape dye from the fabric's surface during washing, creating a faded appearance. However, pumice stones can damage machines and fabrics. Synthetic stones and techniques like enzyme washing and acid washing were developed as alternatives. Enzyme washing uses cellulase enzymes that partially remove surface fibers and dye, similar to pumice stones but with less damage. Acid washing bleaches localized areas of indigo dye for high color contrasts. These alternative techniques aim to achieve a stone washed look while reducing pollution and costs compared to traditional pumice stone washing.
The document discusses various types of softeners used in finishing cotton knitted goods. It introduces cationic, anionic, silicone, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. For cationic softeners, it describes the chemistry and provides examples like quaternary ammonium salts, imidazolines, and N-dimethyl ammonium chloride. It also discusses the properties, advantages, applications, and manufacturing processes of different softener types. The goal is to study the character, pH, and application processes of various softeners in cotton knitted good finishing.
The document discusses various organic softeners for textiles. It lists the product names, describes their ionicity, intended function, and key features. Some softeners impart softness, smoothness, and sewability. Others provide antistatic properties or are suitable for specific fiber types. Silicone and amino-modified silicones provide softness, bulk, and elasticity. Many softeners are durable, non-yellowing, and suitable for pad or exhaust application on various fabric substrates.
Ozone fading and yellowing of fabrics can occur through several mechanisms:
1) Ozone in the atmosphere can react with indigo dyes in fabrics, causing fading over time. Several factors influence the degree of yellowing, such as the dye position in the fiber and humidity levels.
2) "Back staining" refers to residual chemicals left in fabrics that can cause yellowing when exposed to light. Proper control of pH levels, temperatures, rinses, and enzymes can help control back staining.
3) Other chemicals like chloramines, optical brighteners, and phenols can also cause yellowing through oxidation reactions, especially in alkaline conditions and with exposure to light, nitroxides,
Controlling points, Faults, Causes and Remedies Involved in Different Fi...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
The document discusses finishing processes for knit fabrics and provides details about common faults, causes, and remedies. It covers processes like dewatering, slitting, drying, stentering, and compacting. For each process, controlling points are identified and typical faults like crease marks, softener spots, and GSM variations are summarized along with likely causes such as improper speed control or softener mixing. Remedies for the faults including proper ballooning, cleaning equipment, and maintaining consistent process parameters are also outlined. The document aims to improve understanding of finishing for knit fabrics.
Desenvolvimentos Recentes em Surfactantes Catiônicos para Fabric Care e Car C...Revista H&C
The document discusses recent developments in cationic surfactants used for fabric and car care. It provides an overview of traditional applications of cationic surfactants and their property of substantivity. It then focuses on their use in fabric softeners, describing how rinse cycle and dryer sheet softeners are manufactured and how they work by depositing positively charged molecules onto negatively charged fibers. Finally, it introduces a new development - a room temperature dispersible cationic surfactant for fabric softeners that does not require heating during production or use, improving efficiency.
The document provides an overview of the total textile finishing process. It discusses various finishing machines and their functions, including squeezers, slitting machines, stenter machines, tube compactors, open width compactors, and raising machines. It also covers different types of finishing processes like softening, stiffening, antimicrobial finishing, UV protection, fireproofing, and nano-finishing. The document includes machine parameters, process flow charts, and development points for quality control.
1) Denim is a cotton twill textile where the weft passes under two or more warp fibers, producing a diagonal ribbing. There are various types of denim including bubble gum, colored, crushed, etc.
2) Denim washing is done to produce effects like fading, crinkles, and a softened feel. There are mechanical washes like stone washing and chemical washes like bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
3) Stone washing uses pumice stones to abrade fabric surfaces and create a worn look. Other mechanical washes include microsanding, laser technology, and scrubbing. Chemical washes include bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
Yellowing of cotton fabric due to softners -by Labeesh KumarLabeesh Kumar
Cationic softeners cause more yellowing of cotton fabric than silicone or non-ionic softeners. Testing showed that as the concentration of cationic softeners increased from 5% to 20%, the yellowness index and b-value increased, indicating higher levels of yellowing. The bending length and absorbency time decreased with higher cationic softener concentration, showing increased softness and hydrophobicity. More analysis is needed to determine trends conclusively. The document studied the effects of different types and concentrations of softeners on the yellowing and properties of cotton fabric.
This document discusses phenolic yellowing in textiles, which is discoloration caused by the reaction of oxides of nitrogen with yellowable phenols. It describes the phenolic yellowing test method, which exposes textile samples to a methanol solution containing phenols and oxides of nitrogen to assess their potential for yellowing during storage or transport. Light colors and whites are most affected, showing visible yellowing, while dark colors become duller. The test maintains controlled environmental conditions and uses a standard scale to evaluate the intensity of yellowing. Proper test procedures and avoiding phenols in chemicals can help prevent yellowing issues in textile production and use.
Summary of Unconventional Natural Gas Emissions by PA County for 2013Marcellus Drilling News
Air pollution emissions by county and category of emissions, for the natural gas industry in Pennsylvania for the calendar year 2013. The data shows carbon monoxide and methane emissions going down, even though the number of wells drilled significantly increased--a testament to the industry's growing efficiency.
Perfectemp10 is DenMat's new temporary crown and bridge material that offers beautiful aesthetics, strength, and durability at a more affordable price compared to competitors. It has accelerated set times of 4.5 minutes, high strength levels, and comes in 5 shades for a perfect match. Feedback from dentists who have used Perfectemp10 has been very positive, noting its ease of use, strength, and natural appearance without much polishing needed.
ALTRANOL GR--- Prevent yellowing of fabrics during heat setting or moulding.Ketan Gandhi
This document provides information on Altranol-GR, a product used to prevent yellowing of textiles during processing. It discusses various causes of textile yellowing including NOx gases from direct heating, heat exposure, light exposure, microorganisms, and chemical interactions. Altranol-GR contains scavengers that react with NOx gases to prevent fiber damage and yellowing. It can be applied by padding or exhaust and provides antioxidant effects during heat setting and molding to maintain whiteness. The document provides application guidelines and recipes for using Altranol-GR at different stages of textile processing.
R-SOFT (D) is a finishing softener with distinctive chemistry that imparts a range of characteristics. A revolutionary product that can be used as an additive or diluent along with cationic and silicone softener.
Unique non-ionic polymeric base hydrophilic diluent for cationic and silicones softeners, it can be used on its own as non-ionic softener and can also be blended with cationic & silicone softeners to further improve performance and reduce cost.
This document discusses softening of fabrics, which modifies surface properties to improve comfort, wear, and performance. Textiles undergo processes that make surfaces harsh, so softening is needed. Mechanical methods like breaking, calendering, and raising can soften fabrics. Chemical methods use softeners like cationic agents that coat fibers and prevent static cling while making fabrics softer. Cationic softeners orient positively on fibers' negatively charged surfaces. Testing evaluates softening effectiveness by measuring static cling, stiffness, and yellowing. Softened fabrics have benefits like improved lubricity, properties, and handle.
This document provides an overview of rubber compounding. It discusses how natural rubber latex is concentrated to about 60% rubber solids through processes like centrifuging and evaporation. Rubber compounding involves blending the concentrated latex with various additives to achieve desired properties for different applications. Major additives discussed include vulcanizing agents, antioxidants, fillers, softeners, and dispersing agents. The objectives and selection criteria for these compounding ingredients are explained.
This document provides information on various natural and man-made fiber types including their properties. It discusses cotton, wool, jute, silk, viscose rayon, and spandex fibers. For each fiber, it outlines key physical properties such as length, strength, elasticity, moisture content and chemical properties including how they are affected by factors like acids, alkalis, bleaches, sunlight and microorganisms. The document serves as a reference for understanding the characteristics and structures of different fibers.
Dr BMN - Finishes for appearance__hand_and_performancepradnya_ss
This document discusses various textile finishing processes. It describes embossing as using heated rollers to raise designs on fabric surfaces. Napping raises fibers on materials like cotton and rayon using needle rollers. Flocking adheres small fibers to fabrics to form designs. Softening finishes like anionic, cationic and nonionic conditioners are used to reduce static cling and soften textiles. Delustering and brightening chemicals are applied to synthetic fibers and fabrics to respectively reduce shine and increase the appearance of whiteness. Common brighteners are added to laundry detergents and paper.
The document discusses the steps involved in preparing fabric for printing, including singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerization. It then explains several chemicals and agents used in the printing process, such as wetting agents, hygroscopic agents, dispersing agents, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and discharging agents. Wetting agents lower surface tension to help liquids spread evenly. Hygroscopic agents help fabrics absorb moisture. Dispersing agents prevent dye aggregation. Oxidizing agents develop color. Reducing agents are used in processes like vatting and discharge printing.
The document discusses various materials used in maxillofacial prosthetics. It describes ideal materials as being biocompatible, flexible, colorable, chemically stable, easy to process, and strong. Room temperature vulcanizing materials and modeling materials like clay, plaster, and wax are introduced. The fabrication phase uses extraoral materials like acrylics, vinyl polymers, and elastomers like polyurethane and silicone, which are considered most desirable due to their strength. High temperature vulcanizing silicone provides good strength and detail but requires specialized equipment for processing.
Pharm Excipients suspending and emulsifying agentsSasidharRlc2
This document discusses suspending and emulsifying agents used in pharmaceutical formulations. It defines suspensions as systems with an insoluble internal phase dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Suspending agents prevent particle settling and aggregation, and increase viscosity. Examples include natural agents like acacia, semi-synthetic agents like carboxymethylcellulose, and inorganic salts like bentonite. Emulsions are unstable systems with one immiscible liquid dispersed as globules in another, stabilized by emulsifying agents. These agents reduce interfacial tension and form protective films to prevent coalescence. Examples of emulsifiers discussed include soaps, sulfates, quaternary ammonium compounds, and non-ionic surfactants like polysorbates.
This document provides information about the fiber Lyocell (Tencell), including its production process, properties, uses, and comparison to other fibers. It discusses that Lyocell is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose from wood or bamboo pulp in an organic solvent called NMMO (N-methylmorpholine N-oxide). The production process involves dissolving and filtering the cellulose solution before spinning it into fibers, which are then dried. Key properties of Lyocell include strength, absorbency, softness, and biodegradability. It finds use in apparel, upholstery, medical dressings, and more. Lyocell has a denser, more homogeneous structure than
The document discusses various textile processing techniques. It begins by explaining preparatory processes like singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerization that are used to clean and prepare fabric for further processing. It then covers dyeing methods like reactive, vat, direct dyeing. Other topics include shrinkage control finishes and effluent treatment plants used to treat industrial wastewater. The conclusion reflects on the learning from the internship and challenges of capturing all textile processing details within a short report.
Resin based composites(Recent Advances)Taduri Vivek
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including their history, classification, composition, properties, and recent developments. It discusses the key components of composites such as the resin matrix, fillers, coupling agents, and photoinitiators. It also summarizes the different types of composites based on particle size, polymerization method, and other characteristics. Recent innovations in composites include antibacterial, flowable, packable, compomers, and fiber-reinforced formulations.
1) The document discusses the composition and classification of dental composite restorations. Composite restorations contain organic resins, fillers, coupling agents, coloring agents, UV absorbers, initiators, and inhibitors.
2) Composite restorations are classified based on filler particle size and content, including macrofilled, microfilled, hybrid, nanofill, and microhybrid composites. More recent types include flowable, packable, and giomer composites.
3) The properties of composite restorations are influenced by their composition, including coefficient of thermal expansion, water absorption, wear resistance, polymerization shrinkage, working and setting times, and curing characteristics. Fillers and higher filler content
RECENT ADVANCES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPOSITE DENTAL RESTORATIVE [Autosaved]....nupur239418
Recent advances in dental composite materials can be summarized as follows:
1. Composites have evolved from macrofilled to microhybrid and nanohybrid formulations with smaller filler particles for improved esthetics, polishability and mechanical properties.
2. New low-shrinkage silorane and flowable composites were developed to reduce polymerization shrinkage and improve adaptability to tooth structure.
3. Packable composites with elongated fillers were introduced for posterior restorations to resist slumping during placement.
Natural Rubber - Sources, Coagulation & Processing of Coagulate, Structure & ...Geevarghese George
Sources, Plantation Economy
Coagulation & Processing of Coagulate
Structure & Composition
Properties of raw NR
Compounding, Processing of NR
Properties of NR vulcanizates
Uses of NR
Competitive products of NR
Resin composites are used to replace missing tooth structure and modify tooth color. They consist of resin matrix, filler particles, and coupling agents. Composites are classified based on filler size and amount, curing method, and fabrication technique. They have properties like thermal expansion similar to enamel, radiopacity from fillers, and bond to tooth structure. Composites are indicated for fillings, veneers, and splinting but require proper technique due to polymerization shrinkage. Advances include ceromers, smart composites, and nanocomposites to better mimic natural teeth.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
This document discusses materials used in maxillofacial prosthodontics. It describes ideal materials as biocompatible, flexible, and able to mimic skin properties. Various modeling and fabrication phase materials are examined, including acrylic resin, vinyl polymers, polyurethane, and silicones. Silicones and polyurethane are considered most desirable due to strength, though they are difficult to color. Room temperature vulcanizing and high temperature vulcanizing silicones are classified.
The document discusses various finishing defects that can occur such as greying, color changes, inadequate adhesion, stickiness, and more. It provides the causes and remedies for each defect. The main causes include poor binder selection, improper drying conditions, excessive amounts of fillers or modifiers, and contamination during application. The remedies focus on avoiding the causes by adjusting the binder, drying properly, filtering coats, and using adhesion promoters when needed.
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They are able to interact with both polar and nonpolar substances. Surfactants lower the surface tension of liquids and allow mixtures of normally immiscible substances, such as oil and water, to form stable emulsions. They are widely used in industries such as detergents, personal care products, food, drugs, and others due to properties like wetting, foaming, emulsification, and solubilization. Surfactants are classified based on the charge of the hydrophilic head group into anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic types.
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
The document traces the historical development of major management theories from the Industrial Revolution to modern times. It discusses early theorists like Adam Smith and developments like the cotton gin. It then summarizes scientific management theorists like Taylor who applied scientific principles to work. Next it covers the human relations movement and theorists like Mayo who studied how social factors impact work. Other topics summarized include management functions developed by Gulick and Fayol, and later quality management theories like Total Quality Management proposed by Deming.
The document describes the process of Jishu-Hozen, or autonomous maintenance. It includes 7 steps: 1) initial cleaning, 2) measures against sources of contamination, 3) formulation of cleanup and lubrication standards, 4) general inspection, 5) autonomous inspection, 6) standardization, and 7) autonomous management. The goals are to prevent equipment issues, reduce maintenance costs, and increase operator involvement in maintenance through standardized processes and inspections led by cross-functional teams.
The document outlines the process for filling a vacant post in an organization. It involves defining the job specifications and description, attracting and shortlisting candidates, and selecting an appropriate candidate. The success depends on the team's capability, merit-based decision making, and defined merit criteria. It provides work breakdown structures, assumptions, risks, and timelines to plan and manage the selection process.
This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It discusses the history and evolution of HRM from personnel management. Key points include:
- HRM has evolved from a focus on administrative personnel functions to a more strategic approach integrated with organizational goals.
- Theories like scientific management, behavioral science and systems theory influenced the development of HRM concepts.
- HRM development stages include welfare/administrative, personnel management incorporating training/staffing, and the modern strategic HRM approach.
- HRM models like Harvard model emphasize strategic choices in response to organizational needs within the external context.
- The roles of HRM involve meeting current and future labor needs through workforce planning,
A colour-order system is defined as a set of principles for ordering and denoting colours according to defined scales. The Munsell colour-order system is a widely used three-dimensional system that orders colours based on the attributes of hue (H), value (V), and chroma (C). It arranges coloured chips in a collection according to these three attributes, with chips of the same H, V, or C located together. This collection of coloured specimens provides a realization of the Munsell system by displaying representative colour samples ordered according to its principles.
The document discusses color difference evaluation. It introduces the importance of determining color differences between specimens, especially in industries like textile dyeing. Visual color assessments can vary between individuals. Instrumental methods provide more consistent results. The CIE developed the CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces and formulas to calculate color differences in an approximately uniform way. The CMC color difference formula was later developed to better account for non-uniformities in color perception at different areas of the color space. It converts ellipsoidal tolerance volumes to spherical volumes and allows for attribute differences to vary systematically based on color center.
3.14 non uniformity of cie system color differencesQC Labs
The CIE L*a*b* color space (CIELAB) provides a more uniform system than the original CIE system by transforming the tristimulus values into L*, a*, and b* coordinates that are intended to be perceptually uniform. The lightness is represented by L* on a scale from 0 to 100, and color differences are quantified using a color difference formula (DE) that provides a single number intended to be proportional to the perceived difference between colors.
3.13 usefulness and limitation of the cie systemQC Labs
The CIE system of color specification has been successful and widely used over 60 years, providing a standardized way to measure and describe colors based on tristimulus values. However, it has limitations as it ignores other visual attributes like texture and gloss, and a color match is only guaranteed under the standard observer, illuminant, and viewing conditions used to measure the original sample. The CIE system provides a limited but useful description of color if the measurement conditions are carefully controlled and considered.
The document discusses the chromaticity diagram, which is a plot of y versus x chromaticity coordinates that represents all possible colors. It can be used to determine properties of colors like dominant wavelength, excitation purity, and whether they will appear neutral, saturated, or as shades of spectrum colors. However, the chromaticity diagram is two-dimensional and does not fully represent color, with the third dimension usually taken to be the Y tristimulus value, which indicates lightness.
The CIE system of color specification established in 1931 has remained largely unchanged, but some additions have been made over time, including:
- Defining standard illuminants D and supplementary standard observer based on 10-degree field of view in 1964.
- Recommending reference standards for measuring reflectance factors.
- Specifying measurement geometries such as 45/0 and 0/45 viewing configurations.
The document discusses the CIE standard colorimetric system. It explains that the CIE had to define standard primaries, light sources, and a standard observer to establish a uniform color specification system. It describes how the CIE chose the primary colors, standard illuminants A, B, and C, viewing geometry, and normalized the tristimulus values between 0-100 to establish a unified color space. The CIE system separates the properties of a color sample from the light source to account for differences in intensity and spectrum.
3.7 calculation of tristimulus values from measured reflectance valuesQC Labs
1) The document discusses measured reflectance (Rλ) values, which represent the fraction of light reflected by a sample at each wavelength, and how these values are independent of the light source used to measure them.
2) It explains that to calculate the actual amount of light reflected at each wavelength, the measured Rλ values need to be multiplied by the energy (Eλ) of the light source at that wavelength.
3) The total amount of light reflected across the visible spectrum is calculated by summing the amounts reflected (Eλ x Rλ) at each wavelength between 380-760nm.
This document discusses experiments conducted by Wright and Guild to determine the tristimulus values for light of different wavelengths when viewed by an average observer. They measured the amounts of three primary lights (red, green, and blue) needed to match the light of different wavelengths throughout the visible spectrum. Their results, while differing between observers, agreed when converted to a common set of primaries. The results were expressed as distribution coefficients for an equal-energy spectrum using red, green, and blue primaries, with some values being negative.
The document discusses potential issues with using real primary colors to specify color, such as some colors not being matchable and negative tristimulus values. It proposes using imaginary primary colors instead to allow all real colors to be matched using positive amounts. While a visual tristimulus colorimeter could measure color, matches would be highly metameric and imprecise between observers and measurements. Using more than three primaries can reduce metamerism issues.
The document discusses additive mixing of colored lights and some key properties:
1) We can match a wide range of colors using mixtures of primaries like red, green, and blue lights.
2) Grassman's law from 1853 states that stimuli of the same color will produce identical effects in mixtures regardless of spectral composition.
3) Modern colorimetry is based on experimental properties of additive mixtures of colored lights established over a century ago. Subsequent experiments have refined the conditions where simple laws hold.
1. Additive mixing occurs when two or more colored lights are shone together so that we see the lights mixed. This results in new colors like yellow from red and green lights.
2. Subtractive mixing is more common and involves filters or dyes subtracting certain wavelengths of light. For example, red and green filters together would subtract all visible light and appear black.
3. Predicting the exact results of subtractive mixing, especially with dyes, is complicated because dyes can interact in unpredictable ways and each subtracts light differently at various wavelengths. The general principles of subtractive mixing come from experience.
The document discusses the basic principles of colorimetry and the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) system for color specification. It explains that describing colors with words can be imprecise, as color perception varies between individuals. The CIE system aims to numerically specify colors based on the amounts of three primary light sources needed to match a color, rather than describe colors. Using mixtures of three carefully chosen colored lights as primaries allows the reproduction of a wide gamut of colors through adjustable combinations.
The document discusses the phenomenon of metamerism, where two colors match under one set of lighting conditions but not others. It provides examples of how a white light can be matched by a mixture of wavelengths, and how dyed samples can match under some lighting but not others. The key aspect of metamerism is that while the tristimulus values match under a given illuminant and observer, the reflectance curves of the two samples are physically different, so they will not continue to match under different lighting conditions.
The document discusses standards for illuminants established by the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) in 1931. It describes standard illuminants A, B, C, and D, which were defined to represent common lighting conditions. Standard illuminant A approximates indoor tungsten lighting, while B and C represented daylight but were replaced by the D illuminants in 1963 as better models for different phases of daylight. Standard illuminant D65 is now widely accepted as approximating average daylight.
This document discusses the physics of color and light measurement. It covers topics like:
1) Color is a sensory perception produced in the brain that requires a light source, object, and observer.
2) The wavelength of light determines its perceived color - visible light has wavelengths between 380-760nm.
3) Light intensity is measured in lumens and is affected by factors like distance from the light source due to the inverse square law.
4) Common light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, and blackbody radiation are described in terms of their spectral properties and color temperatures.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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2. INTRODUCTION
• With chemical softeners, textiles can achieve an
agreeable,
soft hand
(supple, pliant, sleek and fluffy),
some smoothness,
more flexibility
and better drape and pliability.
• To achieve the desired quality of fabric handle or
softness
• Chemicals used to impart the desired softness in fabric
is termed as SOFTNERS
3. INTRODUCTION
• The hand of a fabric is a subjective sensation felt by
the skin when a textile fabric is touched with
– the finger tips and gently compressed.
• The perceived softness of a textile is the
combination of several measurable physical
phenomena such as
1. elasticity,
2. compressibility
3. and smoothness.
• During preparation, textiles can become embrittled
because
– natural oils and waxes or fibre preparations are removed.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Finishing with softeners can overcome this
deficiency and even improve on the original
suppleness. Other properties improved by softeners
include
1. the feeling of added fullness,
2. antistatic properties
3. and sewability.
• Disadvantages sometimes seen with chemical
softeners include
– Reduced crockfastness,
– yellowing of white goods,
– changes in hue of dyed goods
– and fabric structure slippage.
6. Mechanisms of the softening effect
• Softeners provide their main effects Basic Mechanism
» on the surface of the fibres. •Softeners provide their main
effects on the surface of the
• Small softener molecules, in addition, fibres.
penetrate the fibre
and provide an internal plasticisation of the
fibre forming polymer •Softeners orient themselves
by reducing of the glass transition temperature toward the fibre creating a
new surface consisting of
Tg.
molecular chains that provide
• The physical arrangement of the usual the characteristic softening
and lubricity.
softener molecules on the fibre surface is
important and shown in Fig .
– It depends on the ionic nature of the softener
molecule
•Small softener molecules
– and the relative hydrophobicity of the fibre penetrate the fibre and
surface. provide plasticisation of fibre
forming polymer
8. Cationic softeners
Mechanisms of the softening effect
• orient themselves with their
positively charged ends
toward
– the partially negatively charged
fibre (zeta potential),
– creating a new surface of
hydrophobic
• carbon chains that provide
the characteristic excellent
softening and lubricity seen
– with cationic softeners.
9. Anionic softeners
Mechanisms of the softening effect
• orient themselves with their
negatively charged ends
– repelled away from the
negatively charged fibre
surface.
• This leads to higher
hydrophilicity,
– but less softening than with
cationic softners
10. non-ionic softeners
• The orientation of non-
ionic softeners depends
on the
– nature of the fibre
surface,
• with the hydrophilic
portion of the softener
being attracted to
– Hydrophilic surfaces
• and the hydrophobic
portion being attracted
to
– hydrophobic surfaces.
11. Desirable Properties of Softners
1. Compatible with other chemicals
2. Easy to handle
3. Good exhaustion properties
4. Stable to high temperature
5. No effect on shade or fastness
6. Non toxic, biodegradable, non corrosive
12. Product types and their
chemistry
Most softeners consist of molecules with both a
hydrophobic
and a hydrophilic part.
Therefore, they can be classified as
surfactants (surface active agents)
and are to be found concentrated at the fibre
surfaces.
13. Product types and their chemistry
• Most softeners have a low water solubility. Therefore softening
products are usually sold as
– oil in water emulsions containing 20–30 % solids.
• The softener molecules typically contain a long
– Alkyl group,
– sometimes branched, of more than 16 and up to 22 carbon
atoms,
– but most have 18 corresponding to the stearyl residue.
• Exceptions to this molecular structure are the special categories of
silicones,
paraffins
and polyethylene softeners.
• About one-third of the softeners used in the textile industry are
– Silicone based.
15. Cationic softeners
• typical cationic softener structures, for example,
• N,N-distearyl- N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC).
• Cationic softeners have the best softness and are reasonably durable to laundering.
• They can be applied by
– exhaustion to all fibres
– from a high liquor to goods ratio bath
– and they provide a hydrophobic surface
– and poor rewetting properties, because their hydrophobic groups are
oriented away from the fibre surface.
• They are usually not compatible
– with anionic products (precipitation of insoluble adducts).
• Cationic softeners attract soil, may cause
– yellowing upon exposure to high temperatures
– and may adversely affect the lightfastness of direct and reactive dyes.
• Inherent ecological disadvantages of many conventional (unmodified) quaternary
ammonium compounds (quaternaries) are fish toxicity and poor biodegradability.
16. Cationic softeners
• Quaternary ammonium compounds are easily
removed from waste water by
adsorption
and by precipitation with anionic compounds.
• Quaternaries with ester groups, for example
tri-ethanol amine esters, are biodegradable,
through the hydrolysis of the ester group
• The example of an ester quaternary in Fig. 3.2 is
synthesised from tri-ethanol-amine,
• esterified with a double molar amount of
stearic acid
and then quaternarised with di-methyl-sulfate.
17.
18. Cationic Softeners
1. Advantages 1. Dis-Advantages
2. Incompatible with anionic
2. Soft, lofty, silky handle to auxiliaries including FBA's
most fabrics at low levels of
add-on 3. Free amine causes yellowing
3. Substantive to most fibres and may change dye shade or
affect light fastness
4. Good lubricant properties
and often have positive 4. May react with residual chlorine
effect on wet fastness from bleach baths
5. Improve tear
strength, abrasion 5. Adversely affect soil removal
resistance and sewability proporties,
6. Improve antistatic properties 6. Can cause tendering of sulphur
( especially on synthetics) dyed fabrics
19. Anionic softeners
• Anionic softeners are heat stable
– at normal textile processing temperatures
• And compatible with other components
of
– dye and bleach baths.
• They can easily be
• washed off
• and provide strong antistatic effects
• and good rewetting properties
• because their anionic groups are
oriented outward and are surrounded by
a thick hydration layer
20. Sulfonates are, in contrast to sulfates, resistent to hydrolysis
They are often used for special applications, such as
medical textiles,
or in combination with
anionic fluorescent brightening agents(FBA).
Disadvantages
• Inferior in softness performance to
Advantages cationics, generally and sensitive to water
• Compatible with FBA's hardness and electrolytes in the finish bath
• Have good rewetting properties
• Usually higher concentrations required and
• Do not tender Sulphur-dyed goods even then cationic impart softer feel
• Used extensively on mechanically • Limited durability to laundering and dry
finished fabrics mechanically finished e.g. cleaning
• Not exhaust from bath (except onto wool and
brushed, sheared , sanforised nylon) and must be padded
21. Non-ionic softeners based on paraffin and
polyethylene
• Polyethylene (Fig. 3.5) can be modified by air
oxidation in the melt at high pressure to add
– hydrophilic character (mainly carboxylic acid groups).
• Emulsification in the presence of alkali will provide
– higher quality, more stable products.
22. Perform well as lubricants
Non-ionic Softeners
Advantages •Most have good non-
yellowing properties and
• They show high lubricity (reduced usually do not cause shade
surface friction) change
• that is not durable to dry cleaning,
• they are stable to extreme pH •Compatible with cationic
conditions and heat
and anionic products
• at normal textile processing
conditions, including FBA's and do not
• and are reasonably priced tender sulphur-dyed goods
• and compatible with most textile
chemicals. •Easily removed if
reprocessing is necessary
Disadvantages
•Handle generally poorest out of anionic, cationic and non- ionic
•Usually have negative effect on wet fastness properties of dyes
•Cannot easily be applied by exhaust
23. Ethoxylated non-ionic softeners
• These polyglycol ethers are synthesised by the
addition of ethylene oxide to
fatty alcohols,
carboxylic acids,
esters,
amides or amines (Fig. 3.5).
• They are surfactants and often used as antistatic
agents and as components of fibre spin finishes.
Their main characteristics are
relatively high substantivity
and hydrophilicity, nonyellowing
and sometimes a low softening effect and lubricity,
and a potential for foaming during processing.
24. Silicone softeners
Non-ionic and cationic examples of silicone
softeners are shown in Fig
They provide
very high softness,
special unique hand,
high lubricity,
good sewability,
elastic resilience, crease recovery, abrasion
resistance and tear strength.
They show
good temperature stability
and durability, with a high degree of permanence
for those products that form crosslinked films
and a range of properties from hydrophobic to
hydrophilic
25. Silicone softeners
• Depending on their method of synthesis, silicone
softeners can contain variable amounts of
– volatile siloxane oligomers
• Together with volatile emulsifiers these oligomers
can cause
– pollution problems in the waste air from tenter frames
• In textile finishing, silicones are also used as
1. water repellents,
2. elastomeric finishes,
3. coatings
4. and as defoamers.
26. Silicone softeners
• the high molecular flexibility of the silicone chain
• is the reason for
– the very low glass transition temperature
– (about –100 °C)
– and for their special softness.
• They postulate that to a great extent the methyl groups of the
OSi(CH3)2-structure
– shield the oxygen atoms from outside contact
• Therefore the surface of fibres finished with
– Poly-di-methyl-siloxane is mostly non-polar and
hydrophobic
• In the case of cellulose, wool, silk and polyamide fibres, there are
strong hydrogen bonds between
• the hydroxyl or amino groups of the fibres
• and the amino groups of the modified silicones (Fig. 3.7, upper figure)..
27. Silicone softeners on polar fibres.
• These bonds act as an anchor for the silicone, which
forms an evenly distributed film on the fibre surface.
• Good water repellency and very soft hand are the result.
• With an optimal content of amino side groups, the
polysiloxane segments between the anchor sites are
long enough to maintain their high flexibility.
• This is the main reason for the softness and the
lubricating effect of amino functional silicones on
polar fibres.
28. Silicone softeners on non-polar fibres.
• In the case of relatively non-polar fibres such as
polyester, the hydrophobic segments of the silicone
chains interact strongly with the hydrophobic fibre
surface (Fig. 3.7, lower figure).
• The positively charged amino side groups of the silicone
chains repel each other and give rise to enhanced
flexibility of the silicone chain loops.
• This again is the reason for the specially soft hand of
amino functional silicones on non-polar fibres.
29.
30. Amino-functional siloxanes are one of the most important product in textile softeners
•Their softening properties are unique and in practice they have been proved
superior to other compounds
•The siloxane backbones are modified by amino residues
• SILICONE SOFTNERS SILICONE SOFTNERS
• •silicon dioxide can be •Silicones are structurally bound with silicon dioxide
considered as basis of the in form of organically modified quartz, and this is
whole modern silicone the reason why they are called polysiloxanes
chemistry •Silicone oils, silicone rubber and silicone resins
• •Silicon is with 25.8% the are the three most important raw material groups of
second most important which more than 2000 high quality products can be
element of the earth's made for many different application
crust after oxygen
• •However in nature silicon
Silicones offer a large number of application
is always in form of
possibilities in the textile because of the varied
compounds, primarily as
nature of product properties
silicon dioxide (sand) and
•Silicones give a variety of finishing effects like
silicates
brilliancy, softness, volume and elasticity. They also
improve the technological demands of sewability,
soil and water repellence
31. The amino siloxane can vary in the nitrogen content and the chain length of the
siloxane
•These modifications influence the handle characteristics, the tendency to yellowing
and the reactivity of the siloxane to the fibre
•The degree of softness normally becomes higher with increasing nitrogen content
The different sizes of particles have an important impact on application technical
properties
•The medium particle size of macro- Softners based on micro-emulsions penetrate into the
interior of the fibre, so that a good core softness is
emulsions is in the range of approx. 100 to achieved
1000 nm •Softners of macro-emulsion formulation when applied
•Of micro-emulsions the average size of accumulate more at the fibre surface, and soft,
particle of emulsified silicone drop is voluminous and smooth handle effects are obtained
smaller than 10 nm this means that the
fluid drops are smaller than the wavelength A semi-micro emulsion has droplets of silicone oil that
of visible light, which can penetrate such are 10 to 100 times smaller than those in conventional
macro-emulsion
an emulsion without becoming defused •When semi-micro emulsion is applied to a textile
substrate. Smaller droplets penetrate in structure easily
•Giving more lubrication between yarns and fibers with
increased suppleness & Drape properties of fabric
•While macro-emulsion does not penetrate so well and
deposits more onto the surface giving a softer surface
feel to the fabric.
32. Silicon SOFTNERS
• Silicone Softeners
Disadvantages
Advantages
•Create water-repellency of some type,
1. • Silky handle on all fibres making them unsuitable when
2. • Water-clear oils - stable to absorbency is required
heat and light
•Cannot easily be removed for redyeing
3. • Improve tear strength,
•Expensive
abrasion resistance, and
excellent for improving sewing
properties
4. • Amino-functional silicones
improve durable press
performance of cotton goods
5. • Non-yellowing at moderate
temperatures
33. Selection of Softener
Yellowing Exhaustibility
•Usually the more cationic, the more the –Normally cationic softeners are
softener yellows recommended
–Non-ionic can be used with cationic
emulsifiers
Fastness Properties –Anionic on wool
•Cationic softeners give better wash
fastness but they may have a negative
effect of light fastness Effect on Seam Slippage
•Non-ionic may have negative effect on wet •Silicones can adversely affect
fastness slippage
•Heat Stability and Smoke Point
•May cause processing problem on
Shade Change
drying
•Non-ionic normally have less tendency to
•Odour
cause shade change.
•Fabric odour may be produced by
•Some cationic and anionic will cause
softener
shade change
•Silicones have tendency to 'bloom' shade