Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
TOPICS COVERED: ASOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY MOISTURE REGAIN AND CONTENT Regain-Humidity Relations of Textiles Regain VS Relative Humidity Curve Factors Affecting the Regain of Textile Materials Effect of moisture on properties
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
TOPICS COVERED: ASOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY MOISTURE REGAIN AND CONTENT Regain-Humidity Relations of Textiles Regain VS Relative Humidity Curve Factors Affecting the Regain of Textile Materials Effect of moisture on properties
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
RONCO | Material Chemical Resistance ChartRonco Canada
Glove Selection Guide - Analyze material vs chemical ratings.
The information appearing on this chart is intended to
serve solely as a general guide for glove material selection;
and it does not act as a warranty for the performance of any
particular glove in any particular work application.
The information does not address permeation break-through
times of any particular glove nor does it address specific work
conditions. Therefore, when evaluating the suitability of any
glove for any application, it is strongly recommended that its
evaluation be based on actual working conditions.
It is to be noted that chemical resistance in a glove is obtained
by virtue of two main factors. The first factor is that the glove
material needs to have the ability to resist the various types of
chemicals; and for that material to be abundantly sufficient in
the glove so as to provide reasonable protective thickness.
The second factor is that the gloves must be impermeable.
In other words, they must not have any ruptures or holes
that will allow permeation.
Gloves that protect only up to the wrist are generally not
recommended for handling chemicals as they lack proper wrist
and forearm protection. However, by virtue of their chemical
resistant materials, they may still be sound for use in low level
exposure environments with very diluted or light chemical splash
action. It is up to the end-user to make their own determination
as to the suitability of the product for their own intended
purpose.
Bohemian fashion — more recently developing the names "boho" or "boho chic" — is largely inspired by the fashions of the hippie movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. Although it does include some elements of the hippie style of dress, with its long, flowing clothing and relaxed aesthetic, it also incorporates elements of the style of the Romani. The style originated with artists and nomads, who often had little money to spend on clothing and thus wore older clothes and unfashionable styles.
Wrinkle resistance varies from quite low in many fabrics to very high in resilient fabrics. In order to form a wrinkle, a fabric’s wrinkle resistance must be overcome. The fabric may, however, produce strains and store potential energy that can become evident as wrinkle recovery under suitable conditions.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The consumer demand and stringent regulatory environment continue to challenge tissue makers and chemical suppliers, requiring unique quality attributes, more efficient chemical additives and environmentally friendly processes. The two key functional characteristics in the production of tissue and towel are dry and wet tensile strength that must be balanced to provide desired mechanical characteristics, handfeel softness and sufficient dispersibility in water when required. Kemira’s new developments in the strength area bring tissue makers a complete solution, allowing to achieve not only desired quality attributes and reduced environmental impact but also to help improve the efficiency and economics of their processes. In this paper, we will review the traditional and novel solutions for strength and demonstrate the benefits using laboratory data and industrial case studies.
Mercerization is a important part ofTextile. May be it help you a lot. I am trying to make it easy and important part are must be included in this slide.Thanks a lot.
Denim-Non Denim garments shade control systemAzmir Latif Beg
Shade control policy is very important to ensure one shade in one Carton specially for denim and Non denim. Its also determine shade variation within one destination or PO. Piece to Piece variation common problems found in garments due to fabric problem, mishandling of fabric rolls during cutting fabrics and bundles in sewing floor, wash problem etc.
Lycra void, damage and precaution to avoid those in washingAzmir Latif Beg
There is a lot of factor are involve behind of lycra damage. By the following preventive monitoring in every step of our manufacturing process we can get improvement all over the standard level and will be able to overcome those kinds of unwanted issues.
Mainly we have done visual inspection first after fabric received commonly follow 4 point inspection system. It's cover count/construction, width, weight, color, shading, design, measurement specifications, hand/feel and other specific quality parameters laid down by the clients.
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
The ZDHC MRSL is intended to assist the apparel and footwear supply chain in phasing out the use of restricted substances by establishing enforceable limits for hazardous substances in chemical formulations used to process materials. The MRSL limits are designed to eliminate the possibility of intentional use of listed substances.
Risk Phrases (R) and Safety Phrases (S) is an important part of Chemical MSDS and Safety data sheet. We can identify hazard of a chemical by this phrases. Hazard classification should be indicated with hazard signs and hazard symbols and/or R phrases as well as S phrases.
R phrase and R number: phrases indicating the risks of hazardous preparations and substances, and their numbers respectively.
S phrase and S number: phrases related to the safe handling of hazardous preparations, and their numbers respectively.
Chemical Management System in Textile Manufacturing and Processing is required to achieve the safe use of chemicals and to control the hazards that they present to workers, the community and the environment. It can take a lot of chemicals to make clothes. The apparel sector certainly is not as chemical intensive as other global industries, but its variety of chemical operations and materials does present a range of potential hazards to its workers and the surrounding communities and environment.
NDT-Nondestructive testing is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.
Cotton fiber-textiles touch every aspect of our lives. For years, cotton clothing, home furnishings and industrial goods have enhanced our quality of life by providing comfort, expression and individuality. Cotton fiber possesses a variety of distinct properties, and we know there are plenty of people who want to dig a little deeper.
Apparel Merchandising-BASIC CONCEPT ON NEGOTIATION OF APPAREL COSTING AND PRO...Azmir Latif Beg
The Ready–Made Garments (RMG) sector has emerged as the biggest earner of foreign currency. The readymade garments industry acts as the backbone of our economy with a GDP of USD 130 Billion. Country‘s annual export is approximately US$ 30 billion and import is approximately US$ 37 billion. 80% of export comes from the Garments industry and as a catalyst for the development of our country. It‘s a time for us to strengthen up the quality of our textile product.
Letters of credit is a written commitment to pay, by a buyer's or importer's bank (called the issuing bank) to the seller's or exporter's bank (called the accepting bank, negotiating bank, or paying bank). It is also known as a documentary credit.
Merchandising Transactions and Managing Payment RiskAzmir Latif Beg
The truth is that every payment method involves risk. Managing payment risks in merchandising transactions is very important. The major risks are fraud and operational risk.
Steam distribution system, utilization and designAzmir Latif Beg
n any steam plant or any process plant effectiveness of steam distribution system is dependent upon the project specific conditions like location and layout of the process plant and its steam consuming equipment like heat exchangers, decorators etc. Steam distribution circuit is one of the major link between the steam production point and the point of end use i.e. process plant. Primary steam generating source are co-generation plant and Steam generators. However it not the source of steam generation but the effective and efficient steam distribution system that decides right quality (pressure and temperature) and quantity of steam to reach to the process through it. Thus designing of steam distribution is to be given due importance along with installation and subsequently maintenance during operation.
A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. There are so many standards /test methods for textile testing.
In the present day world most of us are very conscious about our hygiene and cleanliness. Now a days Textile materials facing commonly mold problem during in store, in packed garment or in shipment container are not only related to microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odour generating bacteria and mould fungi, but also good media for growth of microorganisms.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and TextileAzmir Latif Beg
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid or gas. FTIR offers quantitative and qualitative analysis for organic and inorganic samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in fiber. By FTIR we only know the name of fiber is identified. By this technique we can identify the exact composition of fiber like 80 % polyester 20 % cotton.
There are many safety issues, such as fire, fall accidents, choking, chemical content, etc. It can advise you on which requirements to request with the help of EU regulations related to Product Safety. It is an independent documentation of the safety of your products by ensuring that they comply with EU standards.
Flat knitting is a method for producing knitted fabrics in which the work is turned periodically, i.e., the fabric is worked with alternating sides facing the knitter. A "Flat" or Vee Bed knitting machine consists of 2 flat needle beds arranged in an upside-down "V" formation.
A braiding machine is device, which interlaces at least three strands of yarns or wires to form a rope reinforced hose, covered power cords, and some types of lace. Materials include natural and synthetic yarns, metal wires, leather tapes and others.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Wrinkle resistance finishing (Wrinkle free)
1. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 1
Introduction:
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning
crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics
are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease
recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends
with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today
everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes
provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile
industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric. Cellulosic
fiber-containing fabrics are made wrinkle resistant by a durable press wrinkle-free process
which comprises treating a cellulosic fiber-containing fabric with formaldehyde, a catalyst
capable of catalyzing the crosslinking reaction between the formaldehyde and cellulose and a
silicone elastomer, heat-curing the treated cellulose fiber-containing fabric, preferably having
a moisture content of more than 20% by weight, under conditions at which formaldehyde
reacts with cellulose in the presence of the catalyst without a substantial loss of formaldehyde
before the reaction of the formaldehyde with cellulose to improve the wrinkle resistance of
the fabric in the presence of a silicone elastomeric softener to provide higher wrinkle
resistance, and better tear strength after washing, with less treatment.[2] The application of
wrinkle resistance (permanent or durable press) finishes on the fabric improves their wrinkle
resistance property. Because of increasing demand for pure cotton fabrics, permanent press
finishes are being used on these clothes. In conventional durable press finishing, there are
two types of products used (resin type and reactant type). Both of these products contain
formaldehyde which cause human carcinogen. Hence durable press finishes free of
formaldehyde with trade names;Texicil DC, Knittex RCT, Arkofix NEC and Arkofix ELF
(Dihydroxi ethylene urea and Demethyldihydroxi urea) were used in this research study. The
present work endeavors to optimize the application of these wrinkle free finishes at various
concentrations trying different techniques of applying these finishes on pure cotton fabric for
best manufacturing results. The results revealed that the finish Arkofix ELF and Arkofix NEC
showed superior results at the concentration level 120 g/l under Pad-flash –cure method of
application for the wrinkle free property of the fabric.[1]
[3]
2. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 2
Objective of wrinkle resistance finish
The main objectives of wrinkle finish keep the fabric flat and smooth and free from
undesirable creases.[9]
It makes apparel easy to use, wash and iron.
Disadvantage:
[9]
Resinsfallintotwogroup
Depositiontypesofresin(Depositedonthefabricassurfacecoating.Noreactionwilltake
placebetweenfiber&resin)
Crosslinkingtypeofresin(Chemicallyreactwiththefiberandcrosslinkfibermolecules
alsoobtaineddurable&better)
Types of Resins(according to chemical)
Formaldehyde based resins
Crosslinking resins are divided into two categories formaldehyde based and non-
formaldehyde based.
[9]
Non-formaldehyde based resins
Non-formaldehyde based resins are made to favour customers towards the harmful and
fatal chemicals.[5] e.g.N,N-Dimethyl-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (DMeDHEU/DMUG,
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), Citric acid (CA), Polycarboxylic acid
Phosphono and phosphinocarboxylic acids (APCM), Ter-polymer (TPMA), 1,3-
dihydroxyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DHDMI).[5]
3. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 3
Process sequence
Padding (Apply resin)
Drying by Dryer
Curing
Washing
[9]
Study on Resin wrinkle resistance finishing [4]
Resin or wrinkle free finishing is widely used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-
resistance to cotton fabrics and garments. Considerable loss in strength and abrasion
resistance of the finished fabrics has been a major concern for the industry. Enhancing
dimensional stability and wrinkle resistance with resin finishing of cotton has constantly
been correlated with lower abrasion resistance and tear strength. The strength of the fibre
depends on how much the cross-linked chains can still be mutually displaced under tension
in order to sufficiently resist the applied load. The rigid cross-links that are formed with the
DMDHEU obviously prevent the redistribution of stress by preventing movement within the
fibre microstructure. The cross-linking of cellulose molecules with these relatively rigid cross-
links causes stiffening of the cellulosic macromolecular network and fibre embitterment, thus
dropping the mechanical strength of the treated cotton fabrics. These same mechanisms are
responsible for reduced mechanical properties of the fibre surface, thus leading to strength
loss. Fibre surface property alteration, such as through the use of softeners, has been shown
to play an important task in minimizing strength loss. [4]
4. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 4
The mixture of inadequate scratch resistance and relatively severe tensile and tear strength
loss has been a major disadvantage for resin finished 100% cotton fabrics. The objectives of
this work are to investigate the cause and mechanism of loss in abrasion resistance of cross
linked cotton fabrics; relationships between the molecular structure of cross-linking agents
and their effect on the mechanical properties of cross-linked textile structures; and develop a
technology for improving the tear strength of resin finished cotton fabrics by adding special
silicones. [4]
Tear and Tensile Resistance
An overwhelming majority of durable press finishing agents used today are formaldehyde
based reagents, such as dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and modified
DMDHEU, with magnesium chloride as a catalyst.
The following summarizes some of the important aspects so far:
1. The catalysts used for DMDHEU systems, such as magnesium chloride, cause
degradation of cellulose, thus reducing the tensile and tear strength of cotton fabric.
The magnitude of fabric strength loss is affected by temperature, time, and
concentration of the catalyst. Fabric strength loss also depends on both the cation
and anion of the catalyst. An activated catalyst system, which includes an organic
acid, causes more severe fabric tensile strength loss.[4]
2. Tensile strength loss of cotton fabric treated with DMDHEU is due to both the cross-
linking of cellulose and the degradation of cellulose caused by the catalyst. Because a
catalyst system plays such an important role in influencing the strength loss of
cotton fabrics cross-linked by DMDHEU, the selection of the catalyst system and its
concentration is crucial for optimizing the tensile strength retention of the finished
fabrics.[4]
3. DMDHEU can be removed from the finished fabric by using an alkali treatment, as
evidenced by the decrease in wrinkle recovery angle with removal. The fabric
strength gradually increases as the hydrolysis of the cross-linked fabric progresses,
indicating that the fabric strength loss due to cross-linking the cellulose molecules is
5. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 5
reversible and that it can be restored by removing the cross-links. The remainder of
the strength loss, which has been described as being due to acid-induced de-
polymerization, is permanent and is not reversible upon hydrolysis of the cross-
links.[4]
Experimental
Materials: 100% cotton shirting fabric, GSM of 133 is used for applications.
Application by padding
Liquor pick up: 70%
pH: 4-5
Dry: as usual
Cure: 150C for 3 minutes
Guideline Recipes
1.Shirting Fabrics
Commercial DMDHEU: 40-60 g/l
MgCl2: 8-12 g/l
2.ResilInnocelle FSS: 0.5-3%
3.ResilUltrafab EMS: 0.5-3% + ResilInnocelle FSS: 0.5-3%
4.ResilLFR : 40-60 g/l
MgCl2 : 8-12 g/l
ResilUltrafabEMS : 10-30 g/l
ResilInnocelle FSS v : 10-30 g/l
6. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 6
Effect of Amino Silicone on the Strength Properties of Cotton Shirting Fabric [4]
In order to maintain the desired physical properties of finished fabrics and garments, fabric
softeners are frequently used in resin treatment. In a conventional process polyethylene is the
most commonly used additive in durable press finish formulations. Low-amino modified
polysiloxane gives better strength improvement than polyethylene emulsions [4]
Effect of Combination of Low-amino Modified Silicone and Semi-macro
Silicones on the Strength Properties of Cotton Shirting Fabric [4]
Low-amino modified polysiloxane combined with a blend of amino modified polysiloxane
and hydroxy terminated polysiloxane show better strength improvement than polyethylene
emulsions or amino silicones. [4]
7. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 7
Effects of Amino Modified Polyethylene Based Polymer Silicone Softeners and
Semi-macro on the Mechanical Properties of Cotton Shirting Fabric Cross-
linked by DMDHEU[4]
Strength loss%
CRA
DP RATING
8. Apparel wash & Finishing Azmir Latif ,MSc Engr.(Textile)
Page | 8
Test result
Results indicate enhancement in fabric resiliency and softness as well as decrease in fabric
strength. The use of low amino modified polysiloxane combined with a blend of amino
modified polysiloxane and hydroxy terminated polysiloxane as an additive minimises
strength loss of the cotton fabric with improvement in softness because of treatment with
resin and catalyst, without creating negative effects on the wrinkle resistance of the fabric.[4]
The Effect of Wrinkle-free Treatment on Fabric Tear
Strength and Dynamic Water Absorbency [6]
Two groups of fabric samples: six 100% cotton twill fabrics with different level of wrinklefree
treatment, and six 100% cotton twill fabrics without wrinkle-free treatment were
experimentally studied. These fabrics were tested in terms of nitrogen content, swelling index
(water retention), tear strength and dynamic water absorption rate. The nitrogen content was
considered as a probably better indicator of the level of wrinkle-free treatment than the
swelling index (water retention) commonly used in the industry. In this work, the
relationship between the nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention) were studied.
The effects of nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention) on the tear strength and
the dynamic water absorbency were investigated. [6]
The results showed that
(1) The swelling index (water retention) has a strong linear relationship with the total
nitrogen content in the fabric. The higher nitrogen content, the lower the swelling
index (water retention).
(2) The fabric tear strength is highly correlated with the total nitrogen content or the
swelling index (water retention). High nitrogen content or low swelling index (water
retention), which may be resulted from the wrinkle-free treatment, causes low tear
strength.
(3) High nitrogen content or low swelling index (water retention) reduces the water
absorption rate of the fabric and increases the contact angle when the water drop is in
initial contact of the fabric.
A conventional wrinkle-free finish is Dimethylodihydroxy-ethyleneurea (DMDHEU). The
crosslinking resin crosslinked with fibre and the result of such crosslinking reaction form
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fibres bonded together. As a result, fabric has increased wrinkle-resistant, wrinkle recovery,
dimensional stability and shape retention [6].
One coin has two sides; crosslinking resin also has some drawback. Previous studies provide
a general understanding of the effect of wrinkle-free treatment of fabric properties. For
example, the treatment can reduce tear strength, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, make a
fabric harsher and reduce a natural cotton hand. Although, there is some general
understanding on the topic, no systematic research was done in the past in this area .
The objective of this project is to investigate the effect of different levels of wrinkle-free
treatment, on fabric properties important to durability and comfort.[6]
SAMPLES
There are two groups of the samples for this study: Six 100% cotton twill fabrics (fabric
density per inch is 108x56, yarn count (Nec) is 16x12) with different level of wrinkle-free
treatment, and six 100% cotton twill fabrics (fabric density per inch is 108x56, yarn count
(Nec) is 16x12) without wrinkle-free treatment. The details are as follows:
TEST METHODS
For testing the effect of wrinkle-free treatment to fabric properties related to durability and
clothing comfort, the following methods were used:
Kjeldahl’s Method:
Crosslinking molecule consists of nitrogen atoms and those cannot be found in cellulose
molecule. The level of nitrogen content may relate to the level of wrinkle-free treatment. To
measure the nitrogen content of a fabric, the Kjeldahl’s Method was used.
The fibre molecule is decomposed from organic molecule to inorganic molecule by digestion.
The nitrogen content is calculated after the procedures of distillation and titration.
Contact Angle Meter (Model CAM-MICRO):
This set of equipment was used to measure the dynamic water absorptivity of fabric surface,
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i.e. water drop on the wrong side of a fabric. The contact angle diameter of the water drop is
recorded by a high-speed digital camera.
Tear Strength (ASTM D1424-96)
For testing the fabric durability, tear strength (ASTM D1424-96) was conducted. Both warp
and weft of specimens were tested.
Swelling index (water retention)
Wrinkle-free finish reduces the moisture sorption capacity of a fabric. Therefore, the
industry uses swelling index (water retention) as an indicator of wrinkle-free treatment level.
While carrying the test, fabric samples are dipped with different period of time and calculate
the percentage of moisture retentivity by the variance of the damp weight divided by fabric
weight. [6]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 plots the relationship between nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention).
It can be seen that the swelling index (water retention) has a strong linear relationship with
the total nitrogen content in the fabric. The higher nitrogen content, the lower the swelling
index (water retention). The square correlation coefficient is 0.7199. Crosslinking molecule
consists of nitrogen atoms those cannot be found in cellulose molecule. Therefore, the testing
of nitrogen content in wrinkle-free treatment has been conducted. It is for the purpose of
investigating the relationship between nitrogen content and swelling index (water retention),
to test if nitrogen content can replace to swelling index (water retention) as an indicator of
the treatment level. The result showed that there is a linear relationship between swelling
index (water retention) and nitrogen content. Thus, it may be said that increase in nitrogen
content may intake higher level of wrinkle-free treatment. [6]
Figure 1: The Relationship between Nitrogen Content and Swelling index (water retention)
Figure 2 plots the relationship between nitrogen content and tear strength. It can be seen
that fabric tear strength is highly correlated with the total nitrogen content or swelling index
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(water retention). The R² is 0.527. High nitrogen content or low swelling index (water
retention), which may be resulted from the wrinkle-free treatment, causes low tear strength.
The cellulose of cotton is an active chemical, and its character and behaviour can be altered
by chemical treatment [7]. Wrinkle-free treatment can tender a fabric strength as the
treatment is composed of crosslinking resin, catalysts which is to initiate the crosslinking
action, softening agent which is to maintain the fabric quality and wetting agent which is to
increase the speed of penetration of the finish into a fabric. Cotton is a fibre that is easily
tendered by acid [8]. The catalyst in wrinkle-free treatment is an acid, it is a reason why a
fabric strength is decreased after wrinkle-free treatment. In addition, the wetting agent has a
highly density polyethylene which restores some of the lost tear strength and abrasion
resistance by providing lubrication. High nitrogen content or low swelling index (water
retention) reduces the water absorption rate of the fabric and increases the contact angle
when the water drop is in initial contact of the fabric. (Figure 3 & 4)
Figure 3 shows the relationship between nitrogen content and water absorption time. It can
be divided into two categories. The first category is the samples before wrinkle-free
treatment (♦). The second is after wrinkle-free treatment samples (▲). It can be observed
that in the category of before wrinkle-free treatment, the increased in nitrogen content has
similar water absorption time. It can reflect that nitrogen in dyestuff may not affect water
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absorption. On the other hand, in the after wrinkle-free finish samples, it can be found that
the nitrogen in wrinkle-free treatment can affect water absorption, the higher the nitrogen
content, the longer the water absorption time. However, some of the samples are not on the
trendline. It may because other parameters can affect the results. The samples those were
taken can affect the result. The distribution of wrinkle-free treatment is one of the parameter.
Besides, other finishing that the samples were applied can also affect the results.[6]
Figure 4 shows the relationship between nitrogen content and contact angle. The higher the
contact angle the poorer the water absorption. The R² is 0.6444. Cotton is mainly composed
of cellulose. When cotton is treated with acid under certain conditions it is converted into the
sugar glucose. This reaction provides a key to the structure of cellulose. Cotton molecule
consists of hydrogen atoms those can absorb water. The chemical formula is [C6H12O6]n.
There is a ring composed of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, the chemical name for
this is the pyranose ring. There are two types of molecule. Crystalline regions are some
orderly arrangement of molecules. Amorphous regions are the disordered zones. The
amorphous regions are the important sites for many of the typical reactions of the cotton
fibre. The uptake of water by cotton from a moist atmosphere ~ its moisture regain (7-8%
under a standard condition) ~ which is partly due to hydrogen bonding between water
molecule and hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, is believed occur only in the amorphous
regions. The introduction of water molecules into this non-rigid part of the structure pushes
the individual cellulose molecules still further apart, and produces that swelling of the fibre
which characteristically accompanies its absorption of water. However, after wrinkle-free
finish, some of the hydrogen atoms of a fibre are occupied by crosslinking resin which can
diminish fabric water absorption rate. Moreover, softening is a hydrophobic finish which can
also affect the water absorption. [6]
Result analysis
According to the testing results, it can be concluded that:
There was a close relationship between nitrogen content and swelling index (water
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retention). Swelling index (water retention) is a good indicator of wrinkle-free
treatment level, as good as the nitrogen content, which is more time-consuming and
difficult to measure.
Wrinkle-free treatment can tender fabric tear strength. The level of wrinkle-free
treatment can affect the fabric tear strength, the higher level of the treatment, the
lower the tear strength .Other factors can also affect the fabric strength such as yarn
formation and fabric structure.
Wrinkle-free treatment can deteriorate water absorption rate. The higher level of
wrinklefree treatment, the poor the water absorption rate and the longer the water
absorption time.[6]
Effect of wrinkle resistance finish on cotton fabric properties [7]
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[7]
Effect of crease resistant finish on crease recovery
properties of cotton fabric [8]
MATERIAL AND METHODS
For the application of crease resistant finish the pure grey cotton fabric was purchased. It has
fabric count 50 ends and 49 picks, 103.6 g/m2 weight per unit area with 0.31 mm thickness.
Then it was given scouring pre-treatment to remove the vegetative impurities from the grey
fabric. The scouring the grey cotton fabric was done by sodium hydroxide for two hours. After
scouring the fabric count of the fabric increased while the weight per unit area and thickness
of the fabric decreased. fabric count became 52 ends × 51 picks ,weight per unit area changed
into 100.8 g/m2 having 0.29 mm thickness. Chitosan with 82% degree of deacetylation was
purchased from Indian sea Food Company for application of finish. Citric acid, catalyst and
silicon softener were also used along with chitosan. After optimizing the standard
concentrations of chemicals and conditions the finish was applied on the scoured cotton
fabric. The crease resistant finish was applied on scoured cotton fabric by using pad dry cure
method after standardizing different conditions and concentrations of chemicals. Each cotton
sample was first impregnated in a solution containing the citric acid as crosslinking agent
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(10%), chitosan (4%), silicon softener and di-sodium hypophosphite in 6% as standardized
proportion. Then the impregnated fabric sample was pressed between the squeezing rollers
of the padding mangle machine. The pressure of 2kg/cm was maintained and 70 % - 75 %
expressions was achieved. The samples were dried at 1000C for 4min and cured in an oven at
a specified temperature (1700C) for a specified time (3min). Following are the standard
concentrations and conditions used to apply finish on scoured fabric.[8]
RESULTS
After application of crease resistant finish on the scoured cotton fabric, the crease recovery
angle of the fabric was measured to see the effect on crease resistant finish on the crease
recovery characteristics of the treated fabric.
Assessment of Crease Recovery Characteristics
After applying the crease resistant finish on the scoured fabric following the standardized
conditions. The crease recovery characteristics of fabrics were assessed. Crease recovery
characteristics of scoured and treated fabrics were assessed. It is evident from the Table 2
that when the crease resistant finish was applied on scoured cotton fabric. Treated fabric
showed the increase in the crease recovery angle in warp 106 ± 1.14 degree and 105.0 ± 0.83
degree weft directions as compared to the scoured cotton fabric (control) which had 85.4
±1.25 degree crease recovery angles at warp and 83.8 ± 0.73degree in the weft direction. The
fabric crease recovery was 84.54% and after application of finish it became 104.04%.[8]
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Due to the presence of citric acid and chitosan crosslinking bonds formed. These bonds
require maximum amount of energy to break these bonds. These bonds keep the cellulose
molecules in to their respective position. Thus it resists the breakage and slippage of the
cellulose molecules. It results in increase in the crease recovery angle. The results of Daniela
Enescu (2008) supported the study that durable press and antimicrobial finishing of cotton
with citric acid by the conventional pad-dry-cure process, improved the crease recovery
angle. [8]
Efficacy of Applied Finish of Different Fabrics
The effectiveness of the finish was assessed in terms of crease recovery angle; fabric crease
recovery and rate of bacterial reduction. To determine the efficacy of crease recovery finish of
laundered fabric. The treated fabrics were subjected to different laundering cycles (5, 10, 15
and 20) keeping in mind different parameters.[8]
Efficacy of Crease Resistant Finish on Crease Recovery Characteristics
Crease recovery properties were studied after passing the finished fabrics under different
laundering cycles. Crease recovery angle and fabric crease recovery was detected on treated
fabric subjected to different laundering cycles. It is evident from the Table 3 and Figure 3 that
when the crease resistant finished treated fabric was given five laundering cycles, there was
decrease in the crease recovery angle in warp and weft direction 100.2± 0.80 degree and
99.4± 0.51degree respectively after 5 laundering cycles with fabric crease recovery was 99.6
percent.[8]
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It was found that there was progressive decrease in the crease recovery angle when the
number of laundering cycles increased from 5 to 20, the crease recovery angle was 90.2±1.68
degree and 89.2±0.86 degree for the warp and weft direction respectively and percent fabric
crease recovery was 89.5 percent. When the change in the crease recovery angle of the
laundered treated fabric was compared with the treated fabric (control), the percent
reduction in the crease recovery angle was from 5.40 percent to 14.97 percent when fabric
was subjected to laundering from 5 to 10 laundering cycles respectively. It was found that the
fabric crease recovery decreases with the progressive laundering cycles. This may be due to
that with progressive laundering cycles the crease resistant finish removes gradually by the
rubbing and friction movement caused during laundering process. The results of the study
were in line with. Yang (1997) experimented with the durable press finish on cotton fabric.
The different number of laundering cycles was given to evaluate the durability of finish to
laundering he found that the sample treated with citric acid and it was found that the crease
recovery angle decreased with increase in laundering cycles. Sung Huang Hsieh et al. (2006)
also found that the anti-wrinkle property of treated fabrics is decreased after laundering 20
times; the softness of the fabric was improved. [8]
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Result analysis
It is concluded from the results that the crease resistance finish showed the good resistant
against wrinkle formation. It was found that there was increase in the crease recovery angle
of the fabric after application of crease resistant finish. It proves that the chitosan with the
citric acid shows the good results against crease formation and it also showed maximum
retention of the finish by maintaining the satisfactory crease recovery angle after 20 washing
cycles. [8]
Summary of above all review articles
A Study on wrinkle resistance finish by resin on cotton fabric properties we
summarize that Resin finishing is the process of bringing out a special property
of ‘crease recovery’ of cotton. Resin finishing often known by various fancy
terminologies is an important process of textile processing. Wrinkle free finish quite
often called ‘wash & wear finish/anticrease finish/crease resistance finish/durable
press finish/ Resin finishing’. It has been that all kind of finishing process
significantly affect fiber charecteristics. Finish processes applied to the fabrics lead to
increased fabric cost. The cost can be minimized by selecting fiber, yarn, fabric with high
wrinkle resistance charecteristies before applying a crease resistance. Anti wrinkle finish
operation is generally applied to fabrics for clothing. With the application of this operation,
while wrinkle strength and pilling perforance increase, the tensile and tearing strength of the
fabric decrease. So, anti-wrinkle finsh operation will be important in hoding stated fabic
properties in optimum. Another research shows that it was found the Efficacy of Crease
Resistant on cotton fabric Finish on Crease Recovery Characteristics is decrease over its use
and laundering. Crease recovery angle and fabric crease recovery was detected on treated
fabric subjected to different laundering cycles.. After application of crease resistant finish on
the scoured cotton fabric, the crease recovery angle of the fabric was measured to see the
effect on crease resistant finish on the crease recovery characteristics of the treated fabric.
It is concluded from the results that the crease resistance finish showed the good resistant
against wrinkle formation. It was found that there was increase in the crease recovery angle
of the fabric after application of crease resistant finish. It proves that the chitosan with the
citric acid shows the good results against crease formation and it also showed maximum
retention of the finish by maintaining the satisfactory crease recovery angle after 20 washing
cycles. In other research on Wrinkle-free Treatment on Fabric Tear Strength and
Dynamic Water Absorbency Wrinkle-free treatment also affect fabric tear strength. The level
of wrinkle-free treatment can affect the fabric tear strength, the higher level of the treatment,
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the lower the tear strength .Other factors can also affect the fabric strength such as yarn
formation and fabric structure. Wrinkle-free finish reduces the moisture sorption capacity of
a fabric. Therefore, the industry uses swelling index (water retention) as an indicator of
wrinkle-free treatment level. While carrying the test, fabric samples are dipped with different
period of time and calculate the percentage of moisture retentivity by the variance of the
damp weight divided by fabric weight. High nitrogen content or low swelling index (water
retention) reduces the water absorption rate of the fabric and increases the contact angle
when the water drop is in initial contact of the fabric. A Study on Resin wrinkle
resistance finishing shows that the catalysts used for DMDHEU systems, such as
magnesium chloride, cause degradation of cellulose, thus reducing the tensile and tear
strength of cotton fabric. The magnitude of fabric strength loss is affected by temperature,
time, and concentration of the catalyst. Fabric strength loss also depends on both the cation
and anion of the catalyst. An activated catalyst system, which includes an organic acid, causes
more severe fabric tensile strength loss. By analyzing different resin finishing treatment, if we
apply Low-amino modified polysiloxane combined with a blend of amino modified
polysiloxane and hydroxy terminated polysiloxane show better strength improvement than
polyethylene emulsions or amino silicones. Any kind of resin finishing treatment
increase strength and pilling perforance, the tensile and tearing strength of the
fabric decrease and also reduces the water absorption rate of the fabric and
increases the contact angle when the water drop is in initial contact of the
fabric. In table 2 (chareteristic of fabrics) already shows how fabric properties
affect by wrinkle resistance finish.Finally we say it enhancement in fabric
resiliency and softness as well as decrease in fabric abrasion resistance, tear
and tensile strength and also make the fabric harsh and stiff. Try to avoid
DMDHEU systems, such as magnesium chloride, cause degradation of cellulose,
thus reducing the tensile and tear strength of cotton fabric. The use of low
amino modified polysiloxane combined with a blend of amino modified
polysiloxane and hydroxy terminated polysiloxane as an additive minimizes
strength loss of the cotton fabric with improvement in softness because of
treatment with resin and catalyst, without creating negative effects on the
wrinkle resistance of the fabric.
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Conclusion
Benefits from wrinkle free resin finishing are tremendous including: handle and fabric weight
transformation, less care involvement, wrinkle elimination, wrinkle recovery in usage,
wrinkling minimization after washing and drying, undesirable fold and creases reduction,
fabric smoothness and dimensional stability. Cotton is mainly selected for apparel purpose
because if its durability, ability to withstand the rough laundering treatments especially
under alkaline conditions, comfort during wear ability to take up a wide range of dyestuffs.
However, proneness to creasing under slight crushing and retention of the crease for a long
time give cotton garments a poor rating during actual wear. The ability of a fabric to resist the
formation of crease or wrinkle when slightly squeezed is termed as crease resistance. Crease
recovery of the fabric is the ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree. Wrinkle
resistance finish enhancement in fabric resiliency and softness as well as decrease in fabric
abrasion resistance, tear and tensile strength and also make the fabric harsh and stiff. So far
this finishing gives our apparel crease resistance, dimensionally stable, improve resilience
property of fabric, reduce shrinkage of the fabric during laundering, impart a smooth look
and improve fastness to light and washing.
Reference:
1.http://omicsgroup.org/journals/impact-of-various-wrinkle-free-finishes-on-wrinkle-
recovery-property-of-cotton-fabric-under-different-variables-2165-
8064.1000160.php?aid=27693
2. http://textilelibrary.blogspot.com/2009/03/wrinkle-free-finishing-process.html
3. http://leonardautomatics.com/industries/curing-wrinkle-free-processes/
4. http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/12/1165/role-of-silicone-in-resin-
finishing1,2,3,4.asp
5.http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4391/1/IJFTR%2034(2)%20183-186.pdf
6. publication of The Effect of Wrinkle-free Treatment on Fabric Tear Strength and Dynamic
Water Absorbency by L. Lau, T. Siu, J. Fan, L.Y.C. Siu and E. Newton (Institute of Textiles
and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
7. Effect of wrinkle resistance finish on cotton fabric properties From Indian Journal of Fiber
& Textile Reseasch vol.34,June 2009,pp.183-186 by Yahya Can, Muhammet Akaydin,
Yildiray Turhan & Ercan Ay
8. Effect of crease resistant finish on crease recovery properties of cotton fabric from
International Journal of Textile and Fashion Technology (IJTFT) ISSN 2250-2378 Vol. 3,
Issue 4, Oct 2013, 9-14 by Mona Verma, Krishna Khambra, Nirmal Yadav & Rajvir Singh.
9. Slide of introduction-of-finishing-and-resin-finishing-9-728.
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