About general characteristics and brief overview about conducting polymers and insights into the various applications of conducting polymers and also general overview about doping and conductivity characteristics
Conducting polymers are those polymers which conduct electricity due to extended P- orbital system. Due to this extension of P orbital electrons can move from one end to another end of the polymer.
About general characteristics and brief overview about conducting polymers and insights into the various applications of conducting polymers and also general overview about doping and conductivity characteristics
Conducting polymers are those polymers which conduct electricity due to extended P- orbital system. Due to this extension of P orbital electrons can move from one end to another end of the polymer.
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
Conducting polymers have extended p-orbital system, through which electrons can be moved from one end to another and of polymer. Also, when a polymer is doped, there are changes in it due to resonance the charge can drift through the chain, and generating the conductivity.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
Conducting polymers have extended p-orbital system, through which electrons can be moved from one end to another and of polymer. Also, when a polymer is doped, there are changes in it due to resonance the charge can drift through the chain, and generating the conductivity.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS: A REVIEW PAPERpaperpublications3
Abstract: Polymers are long chains of repeating chemical units called monomers. They share several characteristics including macro and micro properties, electrical transport properties, semiconducting properties and optical properties. Polymers can be synthesized by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. Polymers prepared through these methods can also be characterized by their electrical, optical, mechanical and electrochemical means.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS: A REVIEW PAPERpaperpublications3
Abstract: Polymers are long chains of repeating chemical units called monomers. They share several characteristics including macro and micro properties, electrical transport properties, semiconducting properties and optical properties. Polymers can be synthesized by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. Polymers prepared through these methods can also be characterized by their electrical, optical, mechanical and electrochemical means.
Keywords: conducting polymers, doping, and polymerization.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
It is also called as Co-ordination polymerisation. Zeigler (1953) and Natta (1955) discovered that in the presence of a combination of transition metal halides like TCl4, ZnBr3 etc, with an organometallic compound like triethyl-aluminium or trimethyl-aluminium, stereospecific polymerisation can be carried out. Combination of metal halides and organometallic compounds are called Zeigler Natta catalyst.
It is also called as Co-ordination polymerisation. Zeigler (1953) and Natta (1955) discovered that in the presence of a combination of transition metal halides like TCl4, ZnBr3 etc, with an organometallic compound like triethyl-aluminium or trimethyl-aluminium, stereospecific polymerisation can be carried out. Combination of metal halides and organometallic compounds are called Zeigler Natta catalyst.
To improve the properties of rubber, Charles Good in 1839 compounded the raw rubber with some chemicals and heated to 100 - 140°C. Finally the compounded and vulcanized rubber is draw in the form of sheet by calendaring process.
Methods of polymerisation It is also called as Zeigler – Natta polymerisation.
Zeigler (1953) and Natta (1955) discovered that in the presence of a combination of transition metal halides like TCl4, ZnBr3 etc, with an organometallic compound like triethyl-aluminium or trimethyl-aluminium, stereospecific polymerisation can be carried out.
Combination of metal halides and organometallic compounds are called Zeigler Natta catalyst.
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
Plastic materials that are manufactured in the industries are widely used for various day to day applications in our life. These materials have both advantages and disadvantages in our lives.
This is also called as moulding of plastics into articles. To give shapes to plastics, several methods of fabrication are used. They are
1. Compression moulding
2. Injection moulding
3. Transfer moulding
4. Extrusion moulding
polymers which possess the property of elasticity is called rubber. Temporary deformation in structure on applying some stress is more than 600 e.u. When stress is applied polymer chain gets partially aligned with respect to another there by causing crystallisation, which makes the polymer stiff.
The presentation include detailed description of Biomass and Biofuels their preparation uses and examples. it covers the topics like production of Bio-diesel and bio-gas and their applications.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Conducting polymers:
Those polymers which conduct electricity are called conducting
polymers. The conduction of polymer may be due to unsaturation or
due to the presence of externally added ingredients in them. The
conducting polymers can be classified in following ways;
Conducting polymers
Intrinsic conducting polymers Extrinsic conducting polymers
Intrinsic polymer
with conjugation
Conductivity elementDoped conducting
polymers
Blended conducting
polymer
3. Intrinsic conducting polymers:
These polymers are characterised by intensive of double
bonds in their structure i.e., backbone of the polymer. Again
intrinsic conducting polymers are of two types
1. Conducting polymers having conjugation
2. Doped conducting polymers
4. 1. Conducting polymers having conjugation:
Such polymers having conjugated double bonds in the
backbone possess their conductivity due to π electrons. In π bonding
the overlapping of the orbitals is lateral over the entire backbone
resulting in the formation of lower energy valence bands and higher
energy conducting bands which were separated by a significant fermi
energy gap. The electrical conductivity takes place only after thermal
or photolytic activation of the electrons, which give them sufficient
energy to jump the gap and reach into conduction band.
7. Doped conducting polymers:
The conducting polymers having π electrons in the backbone can
easily be oxidised or reduced because they possess low ionisation
potential and high electron affinities. Hence their conductance can be
increased by introducing a positive charge or negative charge on
polymer backbone by oxidation or reduction. This process is similar to
semiconductor technology and is called Doping. Doping is of two types:
Creating a positive site on polymer backbone called p–doping
Creating a negative site on polymer backbone called n–doping
8. p–doping:
p–doping is done by oxidation of a conducting polymer like
polyacetylene with a Lewice acid or iodine vapour. This is called
Oxidative doping.
− 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 n − + 2 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 n FeCl4 + FeCl2
− 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 n − + 3 𝐼2 2 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 n − 𝐼3
+
+
-
-
9. During oxidation process the removal of π electrons from
polymer backbone lead to the formation of a delocalised radical
called ion called polaron having a hole in between valence band and
conducting band as shown below
+
+ I2 CCl4
(oxidation)
- e -
•
Polyacetylene
Polaron (radical cation)
10. The second oxidation of the polaron results in two positive
charge carriers in each chain called bipolaron, which are mobile
because of delocalisation. These delocalised charge carriers are
responsible for conductance when placed in electric field.
+
•
+
CCl4
(oxidation)
- e -
+ I2
+
Polaron Bipolaron dication
13. 2. Extrinsically conducting polymers:
These polymers possess their conductivity due to the presence
of externally added ingredients in them. These are of two types:
a.) Conductive element filled polymers:
The polymer acts as the binder to hold the conducting element (such
as carbon black, metallic fibres, metallic oxides, etc.) together in the
solid entity. Minimum concentration of conductive filler, which should
be added so that polymer starts conducting, is known as percolation
threshold. Because at this concentration of filler or conducting
element, a conducting path is formed in polymeric material.
14. Such compounds have been important, for eg. In hospital operating
theatres where it was essential that static charges did not build up,
leading to explosion involving anaesthetics.
b.) Blended conducting polymers:
These polymers can be obtained by blending processes. They
possess better physical, chemical, electrical and mechanical
properties and they can be easily processed.
Eg: Up to 40% of polypyrrole will have little effect on tensile
strength and give much higher impact strength
Such compounds are of interest in electromagnetic shielding.
15. Engineering applications of conducting polymers
There are several utilities of conducting polymer due to their better
physical, chemical, mechanical properties, light weight and easy to
process. Some of them are-
1. To make rechargeable light weight batteries.
2. In making of analytical sensors for pH, O2, NO2, SO2, NH3, glucose.
3. Making of ion-exchangers.
4. In electronic devices such as transistors and diodes.
5. Making of solar cells.
6. In photovoltaic devices.