This document discusses smart grids, which use digital technology and automation to gather and act on information about electricity use in order to make the delivery of electricity more efficient, reliable and sustainable. It describes how smart grids evolved from traditional power grids to incorporate more advanced communication technologies. Some key features of smart grids are reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability and enabling energy markets. Smart grids allow more renewable energy sources and demand response by consumers. While they provide advantages like improved efficiency and reliability, smart grids also face challenges implementing new technologies and raising privacy and security concerns.

1. Smart grid
By
Priyankar Misra
1101301049

2. Introduction
• A modernized electrical grid- analog or digital-gather
or act on information-in an automated
fashion
• It also implies-a fundamental re engineering
of electricity services industry

4. History
• First ac power grid system established in 1886
• In the 20th century-local grids grew up and
there were interconnections for economic and
reliability reasons
• In 1970’s and 1980’s demand grew up- during
peak hours supply could not cope with
demand-finally smart grid grew up

5. Modernization opportunities
• From 21st century-improvements in electronic
communication technology-resolve limitations
and costs of electrical supply
• Renewable sources of energy contributed-terrorist
attacks in some countries- need for a
more robust and less centralized energy grid

6. Origin of smart grid
• Application of digital processing and
communication to power grid
• Improvement of infrastructure, addition of
digital layer, business process transformation

7. Features of smart grid
• Reliability
• Flexibility in network topology
• Efficiency
• Sustainability
• Market enabling

9. Reliability
• Makes use of technologies like state
estimation-improves fault clearance and has
self healing property
• Domino effect may be caused due to excess
load-rolling blackout or brownout is used to
prevent it

10. Flexibility in network topology
• Next generation transmission and distribution
system- handle bidirectional energy flows-allowing
distributed generation
• Classic grids designed for one way power flow-reversed
flow generates reliability and safety
issues

11. Efficiency
• Numerous contributions to overall
improvement of efficiency
• Overall effect- less redundancy in transmission
and distribution lines and greater utilization of
generators leading to less power loss

12. Load adjustment
• Total load connected to the power grid varies
over time.
• Traditionally-faster than the startup time of a
large generator some spare generators are put
into a dissipative standby mode
• Smart grid may warn a large customer to reduce
the load temporarily or continuously, using
mathematical algorithm it is possible to predict
the number of standby generators needed

13. Peak curtailment and time of use
pricing
• Communications and metering technologies
inform smart grid where energy demand is
high and by how much, also it helps company
to ask them to reduce load-called peak
leveling or peak curtailment
• Price of electricity changes depending on the
consumption

14. Sustainability
• Improved flexibility allows greater penetration
of highly variable renewable energy sources
• Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation-significant
challenges to power engineers-need
to ensure stable power limits- varying
the output of controllable generators

15. Market enabling
• Allows systematic communication between
consumers and suppliers
• Critical loads will need to pay the peak energy
prices
• Overall effect is energy efficiency and energy
consumption is sensitive to time varying
limitations of supply

16. Demand response support
• It allows generators and loads to interact in an
automated fashion, coordinating demand to
flatten spikes
• Currently the total amount of power demand
has a very wide range of probability
distribution requiring some spare generating
plants in standby mode

17. Platform for advanced services
• Use of robust two way communications,
advanced sensors and distributed computing
technology-improve efficiency , reliability and
safety of power delivery and use
• Opens up potential for entirely new services
on existing ones like fire monitoring and
alarms that can shut up power

18. Technologies of smart grid
• Integrated communications
• Sensing and measurement
• Smart meters
• Phasor measurement units
• Advanced components
• Advanced control
• Improved interfaces and decision support
• Smart power generation

20. Research
• Major programs-Intelligrid, Grid 2030, modern
grid initiative, gridwise, gridwise architecture
council, gridworks

21. Opposition and concerns
• Consumer concern over privacy
• Social concerns over fair availability of power
• Concern that complex rate system remove
accountability and clarity, allowing the
supplier to take advantage of the consumer
• Concern over remotely controllable ”kill
switch” available in smart meters .
• Social concerns over “eron“ style abuses of
information level

22. Advantages of smart grid
• Information provided by smart grid-life cycle
of power generation, transmission equipment,
schedule preventing maintence on time,
determine future requirements
• Use of robust two way technology, advanced
sensors and distributed computing technology
improves all round efficiency, reliability and
safety of energy transmission and use

23. Disadvantages of smart grid
• High level of static current in communication
channels
• Filters to solve high level of noises and EMC

24. Conclusion
• In 21st century if India wants to emerge as
super power-energy efficiency and energy
conservation with IT infrastructure is required
to be implemented.
• Smart grid –can drive India an inch closer to
developed nation and achieve energy security

25. Thank you