Smart city smart_pollution control

SMART CITY: UNIT IV
SMART POLLUTION CONTROL
Dr. Pallavi Badry
(Associate. Professor)
Civil Engineering Department
Vidya Jyothi Institue of Technology, Hyderabad ,
INDIA
1
SmartcitybyDr.PallaviBadry

UNIT IV
Zero Pollution: Zero Water Pollution, Zero Air
Pollution, Zero Soil Pollution, Zero Noise Pollution.
SMART CITY : INTRODUCTION
2

CONTENT
 Pollution
 Zero Pollution concept
 Zero Water Pollution
 Zero Air Pollution
 Zero Soil Pollution
 Zero Noise Pollution.
3

POLLUTION
 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants
into a natural environment that causes
instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the
ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living
organisms.
4

TRADITIONAL VS.
MODERN
TRADITIONAL
Total reliance on Municipality
But can Municipality cope up? NO
MODERN
Public Private partnership i.e. by Sharing of
responsibility between public, private and voluntary
sectors.
5

TYPES OF POLLUTION
 Air pollution
 Noise pollution
 Land pollution
 Water pollution
6

AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the
atmosphere.
7

NOISE POLLUTION
 Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing
human, animal or machine-created
environmental noise that disrupts the activity or
balance of human or animal life. The word noise
comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning
seasickness.
8

LAND POLLUTION
 Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's
land surfaces often caused by human activities
and their misuse of land resources.
9

WATER POLLUTION
 Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and
groundwater). Water pollution occurs when
pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly
into water bodies without adequate treatment to
remove harmful compounds.
10

Zero pollution
11

INTRODUCTION : ZERO POLLUTION
 Zero-waste or Zero-pollution become a slogan for
intelligent cities initiative and environmental
campaign!
 If the marginal cost of pollution abatement is just
equal to the marginal benefit from pollution
abatement, then we have reached the point
where society's welfare has been maximized with
respect to environmental quality.
13

ZERO POLLUTION: OPTIMIZATION CURVE
14On the left side of the above diagram, there are no controls on pollution emissions and there is a
0% reduction in pollution. As we move toward the right along the horizontal axis, pollution is
reduced through the application of environmental controls. Industrial emissions are entirely
eliminated at 100%.

BENEFITS OF ZERO POLLUTION
 Valuable recyclable materials will not
be wasted at dumping grounds.
 Conversion of wet garbage into
manure, nature’s wealth being
restored.
 Cleaner roads, lesser pollution
 And many more…..
15

DIFFERENT OPTIMIZED POLLUTIONS
Zero Water Pollution
 Zero Air Pollution
 Zero Soil Pollution
 Zero Noise Pollution
16

ZERO WATER POLLUTION
17

STATE OF WATER
 Natural Water has,
 Physical attributes ( Temperature, smell, Colour )
 Chemical attributes – pH, ions
 Biological attributes – microorganisms
Organisms and users will adapt to water
with particular physical, chemical and
biological attributes
 Salty sea
 Fresh Water
 Water Pollution
 Alteration of the water features/attributes to the
detriment of its inhabitants and users 18

STATE OF WATER CONT;
Water Quality
 The degree of pollution from the point of view of
organisms living in or using the water.
Pollution Sources
1. Point sources
 Piped (sewage,oils)
 Stormwater drains
2. Non- Point sources
 Agricultural runoff
 Atmospheric pollution
 Seepage from mine/urban areas
19

WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION ?
 "Water pollution" is defined as the addition of
harmful or objectionable material causing an
alteration of water quality.
20

How does water pollution occur?
Mankind through socio-economic activities introduce
pollutants to the environment.
 “Then the Earth’s waters cycle, carry and spread the
pollutants all around the planet.”
21

WATER CYCLE
Ocean
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
runoff
Water
Supply
Discharge
treated water
Salt Water Intrusion
Aquifer
Infiltration
Recharge
Evaporation
Extraction
Precipitation
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
Soil moisture
Infiltration (Art)
Extraction
Return flow
Treated water Aquifer intrusion
Soil moisture
Soil
moisture
22

POLLUTION TYPES
 Thermal Pollution (Heated factory water or cooler water from
another basin)
 Warmer …less dissolved Oxygen
 Cooler …More dissolved Oxygen
 Suspended solids (Silts, Clay, living organisms, dead
organic Matter).
 Dissolved solids (chemicals)
 Acid rain water (Nox and sox) Leaching effects
 Trace elements (Heavy Metals)
23

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WATER POLLUTION
 Overgrazing
 Poor agricultural land management
 Removal of riparian vegetation
 Sewage, industrial, and domestic discharges
 Construction, Mining
 Release of gases and aerosols to the atmosphere
 Mismanagement of reservoirs
 Accidental spills
24

WATER POLLUTANTS (POLLUTING ELEMENTS)
 Sewage/waste water;
 Fertilizers/Pesticides;
 Alien species
 Global Warming
 Atmospheric Deposition;
 Pathogens; from untreated sewage,
storm drains, septic tanks, runoff
from farms
 Petroleum;
 Radioactive substances;
 Heat;
 Siltation/sediments;
 Salinization- Increased salinization and salt runoff
from irrigated farms causes salinization of major
rivers.;
 Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to
drinking water;
 Suspended particles like sediments
25

EFFECTS OF POLLUTED WATER ON;
1. Effects on Agriculture;-use of wastewater
and polluted surface and groundwater which
contaminate crops and transmit disease to
consumers and farm workers; Depositions of
deleterious chemicals in soil leading to loss of
soil fertility;
2. Effects on Environment/ecosystems;-
pungent smell,discolourisation; increased
temps; contamination; change the pH;
decreased oxygen; detergents that create a
mass of white foam in the river waters;
Enrichment of groundwater with salts,
nutrients from irrigated lands;
eutrophication/algal blooms-what is the effect
on recreational activities,water treatment
plants/water providers;loss of aesthetic value;
Algae clogs our waterways
26

4. Domestic effects;-toxic substances such as lead,
mercury, cadmium, and chromium
or cyanide, which may affect the use of the receiving
water for domestic use or for aquatic life.
5. Effects on industry; boiler scales, Heavy metals
cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water;
Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste &
discoloration to drinking water;
27

6. Economy
 Unsightly color, reduced clarity, and obnoxious odor of the
receiving waters also make it unfit for recreation and other
productive uses;
 Adverse effects of water pollution lead to economic losses
in terms of reduced health, reduced agricultural
productivity, and low-quality tourism.
 There is also economic losses to family income due to the
desire for safe bottled water which is more expensive than
unbottled water.
 When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can
perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production.
Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and
sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause
productivity losses in fisheries. Silt and sedimentation are
major causes for losses in fishery
production.
 High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses;
28

 Improvement of water quality- Removal of
organic matte thru aerobic decomposition;
chlorination to remove bacteria, suspended
solids; precipitation of salts, desalination etc
during water treatment is expensive for
polluted water;
 Increased salinization and salt runoff leading
to salinization of major rivers.;
 Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and
odour to drinking water;
 Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste &
discoloration to drinking water; 29

 Hard water with usually high levels of calcium and
magnesium can cause a build-up of minerals in
pipelines/boiler scales and cause erosion and blockage
problems. Water softeners and conditioners can be
used in the water to reduce limescale but can be
expensive.
30

7. Leisure
 Swimming pool water can become contaminated with a number of different
pollutants and may cause changes in water colour and odour, some
pollutants may also be harmful to human health.
 Discolouration of the swimming pool water could be due to a number of
reasons. It may be dirty and cause the water to change a milky colour if the
filter is inadequate or blocked. Algae contamination can also cause
discolouration, black algae cause black spots to appear in the pool. Other
forms of algae contaminate pools when chlorine levels are too low, these
often turn the water a green colour.
31

 Chlorine is used in many swimming pools to keep them clean. There are certain
substances, such as certain types of detergents and some forms of make-up, that
don’t mix well with chlorine. These can cause adverse effects to human health
such as skin and throat irritations.
 Pond water can also become polluted with different chemicals or microbes. This
can make the pond less attractive and can be harmful to aquatic life within the
pond. An overgrowth of algae and accumulation of leaf debris are often the main
problems with ponds in the home; UV filters are efficient at reducing algae
levels in ponds and also remove decaying vegetation. These are useful for long
term maintenance of your pond. 32

8. Effects on human health;
• Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due to nitrate pollution
• Increased incidence of skin disorders due to contact with pollutants;
• Increased incidence of constipation, diarrhea, and infections to intestine;
• Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women;
• Concentration of pollutants due to bioaccumulative pesticides through secondary and tertiary food chains in
case of non-vegeterians;
• Still births, abortions, and birth of deformed children;
• Blue baby disease caused by methaneglobinema-which results in asphyxia (reduced oxygen supply);
• Reduced activity of immune system;
• Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness;
• Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis, will be more prevalent due to water pollution;
• Reduced bone development and muscular development;
33

9. Effects on animal health;
• Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial animals;
• Reduced reproduction rate; Increased disease incidences;
• Imbalances created in secondary foodchains;
Accumulation of bioaccumulative and nonbiodegraddable
pollutants in animal bodies;
• Bioaccumulation eg of organochlorine pesticides;
• Biomagnification;
• Cause health hazards like impotence, cancerous tumours
etc
34

MAJOR WATER RELATED DISEASES
Type Diseases Cause Effects Prevention
1 Water borne
(Disease
causing
vector
carried in
water)
Cholera
Typhoid
Diarrhoea
Dysentery
 Drinking
contaminated
water
 Eating
contaminated
food
Dehydration  Use clean water for
drinking
 Keep flies away from
food
 Avoid unprotected
water sources
2 Water
washed
(Resulting
from lack of
water or
improper
use of water)
Scabies
Eye
infections
Diarrhoea
 Not washing
 Lack of enough
water for
washing
Itchy lashes
Sore eyes
Blindness
Fever from lice
diseases
 Increase water
availability for washing
 Improve personal
hygiene
3 Water Based
(Vector lives
in water)
Bilharzias  Worms from the
snails enter
through the skin
in infected
water
Blood in stool
Pain in stomach
 Reduce contact with
infected snails
 Control snails
4 Insect vector
related
Malaria
River
blindness
 Mosquitoes bites
 Semolina worm
Fever
Aches
Blindness
 Removal potential
larvae breeding sites
 Use mosquito netting
 Introduce fish in ponds
river water
35

TECHNOLOGY USED TO REDUCE WATER
POLLUTION
36
The traceability system developed to collects data
about the spraying process and the environmental
conditions.
The recorded data are (i) on the spraying parameter
side: the level in the tank, the right and left flows, the
position using a GPS
and (ii) on the environmental side: the temperature,
the wind speed and direction, the air moisture.

OBJECTIVES
 To test the capacity of information and communication
technologies (ICT) to help farmers to reduce the total amount of
pesticides released during the crop protection process.
 To study the relation between this decrease of pesticides
quantities on a standard catchment basin and the actual
improvement of the water quality at the basin outlet.
 To develop the ICT equipment for the sprayer and the
opportunities offered to the farmer by this new equipment
37

MATERIAL AND METHODS
 The Aware mobile device is an embedded sensor
device for measuring and recording spraying data.
 The Aware Server is the processing and display unit
 Climate data: temperature, humidity, wind direction
and force –
 Tank level - right and left flows of the spraying, - the
position (GPS) and speed.
38

 The sensors have been implemented on sprayers
 Both the Mobile and the Server Aware units have been
developed in order to be as user-friendly as possible.
 The Aware project also deals with assessing the
acceptation of the device by vineyard growers. In 2006,
two training sessions have been organized, one in July
2006 and the other one in October 2006, after the
agricultural season, in order to carry out a first return on
experience from the farmers.
40

SENSORS
42

ENHANCED SOLAR DISINFECTION
44

ZERO AIR POLLUTION
45

•Any visible or invisible particle or gas
found in the air that is not part of the
original, normal composition.
48

Natural:forest fires, pollen, dust
storm
Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood
and other fuels used in cars, homes,
and factories for energy
49

AQI: Air Quality Index
•Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may cause
health concerns.
•Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest
concern)
51

Air Quality Air Quality Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when
air quality is in this range.
Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should
consider limiting prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
101-150 Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy 151-200
Active children and adults, and people
exertion, everyone else, especially
children should limit prolonged outdoor
excertion.
Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300 Active children and adults, and people
exertion everyone else, especially
children, should limit outdoor exertion.
52

Carbon Monoxide
•colorless, odorless
•produced when carbon does not burn
in fossil fuels
•present in car exhaust
•deprives body of O2 causing
headaches, fatigue, and impaired
vision
55

Sulfur Dioxide
•produced when coal and fuel oil
are burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing
wheezing and shortness of
breath, especially in those with
asthma
56

Nitrogen Dioxide
•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric oxide
combines with oxygen in
the atmosphere
•present in car exhaust and
power plants
•affects lungs and causes
wheezing; increases chance
of respiratory infection 57

Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
•present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection
58

Ground Level Ozone
•at upper level, ozone shields Earth from
sun’s harmful UV rays
•at ground level, ozone is harmful
pollutants
•formed from car, power and chemical
plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and asthma;
reduces lung function by inflaming and
damaging lining of lungs
59

•Combination of gases with water vapor
and dust
•Combination of words smoke and fog
•Forms when heat and sunlight react
gases (photochemical smog)
•Occurs often with heavy traffic,
high temperatures, and calm winds
62

•1st smog related deaths were in London
in 1873; death toll 500 people; can you
imagine how much worse the atmosphere
is now?!
•Limits visibility
•Decreases UV radiation
•Yellow/black color over cities
•Causes respiratory problems and
bronchial related deaths
64

•Ride your bike
•Tell your friends and family about pollution
•Make sure your parents get pollution checks
on their cars
•Ride the school bus
72

•Learn more; stay up to date
•Join a group to stop pollution
•Encourage your parents to carpool to
work
•Switch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when
you leave the room 73

SMART WAY TO REDUCE POLLUTION (ZERO AIR
POLLUTION)
 Dematerialisation: use computers instead of physical
goods. For example, replace traveling to meetings with
teleworking.
 Smart Motor Systems: More efficient computer controlled
motors to reduce energy use.
 Smart Logistics: More efficient good delivery to reduce
truck use. These techniques might be used for example, for
a parcel service using hybrid or electric trucks. Also an
Uber-type service with electric vehicles could reduce
pollution from private cars.
 Smart Buildings: Computer control of buildings to reduce
energy use. This is normally thought of being applied to
large corporate buildings and new apartment blocks, but
increasingly can be applied to smaller, older, buildings.
 Smart Grids: Computer controlled electricity system to
more efficiently use power, especially renewable energy. An
example is Dr Lachlan Blackhall's Reposit Power in
Fishwick.
74

OTHER TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE ZERO AIR
POLLUTION
 Gas to Liquids: one solution to tackle emissions from diesel
vehicles is to switch to alternative fuels. Whilst electric and LPG
offer completely separate fuel systems, there are also other options
which offer the potential to clean up existing diesels.
 Hydrogen Fuel Additives: reductions in emissions can also be
achieved by improving the fuel combustion cycle in existing
vehicles through the use of additives.
 The ezero1 technology produced by UK developer CGON does this by
feeding small amounts of hydrogen into the vehicle air intake such
that it creates a more efficient burn.
 Independent tests show that this increases fuel efficiency, whilst
reducing emissions of NOx, PM, Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide.
The technology can be retrofitted to existing cars and vans (petrol or
diesel) and is available commercially, although to date has only been
sold in relatively small numbers. 75

 Autonomous vehicles: one of the mega-trends in the
automotive sector is the move towards autonomous
vehicles or “self-driving cars”.
 This could fundamentally change the way that vehicles use the
road network, reducing the stop-start nature of traffic (which is
partly caused by the way that we humans drive cars), and
opening up the possibility of “vehicle platooning” on motorways.
 Liquid air: New technologies are also being developed to
address very specific sources of pollution. Whilst trucks are
subject to emissions standards, the auxiliary engines used
to power refrigeration units are largely unregulated and
are highly polluting.
 Technology company Dearman is developing an alternative
system based on the use of “liquid air”, which produces zero
emissions on the road. 76

 Photo-catalytic materials: An alternative to cleaning up
emissions from vehicles directly could be to deploy
technologies which remove pollution from the ambient air.
 For example, a number of companies are developing photo-catalytic
treatments which remove pollutants from the air in the presence of
sunlight. These treatments can be applied to a range of surfaces, for
example roofing tiles, roofing felt or even the surface or roads. A
recent report by the Environmental Industries
Commission suggested that applying photo-catalytic treatment to
roads is amongst the cheapest options to reduce PM and NOx
pollution, although it acknowledged that further trials of the
technology would be required to understand its potential.
 Air purification: Developers are also looking at other ways
of cleaning air in urban environments. Studio Roosegarde, a
Dutch design company, has developed the “Smog Free Tower”
– an air purifying tower which sucks in pollution and expels
clean air. The extracted pollution is, somewhat bizarrely,
turned into pieces of jewellery. 77

PCT
 A Typical Low Cost Monitor WITH APPS
78

METAL OXIDE (MOS), ELECTROCHEMICAL
AND LIGHT SCATTERING SENSORS
79

ALERT SENSORS
80

MULTIPOLLUTANT STATIONS
81

AIR POLLUTION MONITORING EQUIPMENT
 The sensor nodes are usually mounted on the
streetlight or traffic light poles, or carefully
selected locations.
82

COMMUNITY SENSOR NETWORK
 In CSN (or Participatory Sensing)
systems, the sensor nodes are
typically carried by the users .
 By utilizing the low-cost portable
ambient sensors and the ubiquitous
smart phones, users are able to
acquire, analyze and share the local
air pollution information .
 Authorized air pollution
information is available to the
public through web pages, Web
Apps, mobile Apps, etc.
83

VEHICLE SENSOR NETWORK
 In VSN systems, the sensor
nodes are typically carried by
the public transportations like
buses or taxis. By utilizing the
low-cost portable ambient
sensors and the mobility of
vehicles, one sensor node is
able to achieve sufficient large
geographic coverage .
Authorized air pollution
information is available to the
public through web pages, Web
Apps, mobile Apps, 84

 Soil pollution
85

SOIL POLLUTION & IT’S
REMEDIES
86

SOIL
 Soil is the thin layer of organic and inorganic
materials that covers the Earth's rocky surface.
 Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that
have been altered by chemical and mechanical
processes that include weathering and erosion.
87

SOIL POLLUTION
• It is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic
compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or
disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on
plant growth and animal health.
 Soil pollution is also caused by means other than the
direct addition of xenobiotic (man-made) chemicals
such as agricultural runoff waters, industrial waste
materials, acidic precipitates, and radioactive fallout.
88

CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION
 Seepage from a landfill
 Discharge of industrial waste into the soil
 Percolation of contaminated water into the soil
 Rupture of underground storage tanks
 Excess application of pesticides, herbicides or
fertilizer
 Solid waste seepage
 Deforestation and Soil erosion
89

 Excess application of
pesticides etc.
Excess use & disposal of Plastics and polyethene wastes
90

 Industrial seepage
 Solid waste seepage
91

THE MOST COMMON CHEMICALS INVOLVED IN CAUSING SOIL
POLLUTION ARE:
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Heavy metals
• Pesticides
• Solvents
92

TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION
• Agricultural Soil Pollution
i) pollution of surface soil
ii) pollution of underground soil
• Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
ii) disturbances in soil profile
• Pollution due to urban activities
ii) pollution of underground soil 93

AGRICULTURAL SOIL POLLUTION
 Plants on which we depend for food are under attack
from insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, rodents and
other animals, and must compete with weeds for
nutrients.
 To kill unwanted populations living in or on their
crops, farmers use pesticides.
 The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may
get adsorbed by the soil particles and contaminate
root crops grown in that soil.
 The consumption of such crops causes the pesticides
remnants to enter human biological systems,
affecting them adversely.
94

AGRICULTURAL EFFECTS:
• Reduced soil fertility
• Reduced nitrogen fixation
• Increased erodibility
• Larger loss of soil and nutrients
• Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs
• Reduced crop yield
• Imbalance in soil fauna and flora
95

AGRICULTURAL EFFECTS:
96

INDUSTRIAL SOIL POLLUTION
 Large quantity of solid wastes like unused and rejected chemicals
(like sludge, press mud, saw dust, bottles, plastic materials etc.),
unwanted industrial wastes generated during manufacturing
processes are dumped over on the surface of soil by almost all
industries with difference in the degree.
 Larger the production base, larger is the generation of wastes.
 Traditionally, these materials have been dumped around the
factory site or around the entire city. Rarely, they are put to
recycling or safe conversion.
97

INDUSTRIAL SOIL POLLUTION
98

INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS:
• Dangerous chemicals entering underground
water.
• Ecological imbalance.
• Release of pollutant gases.
• Increased salinity.
• Reduced vegetation.
99

INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS:
Soil pollution due to industrial
waste
Polluted land with dangerous
chemicals
100

SOIL POLLUTION DUE TO URBANIZATION
 Urban activities generate large quantities of city wastes
including several Biodegradable materials (like
vegetables, animal wastes, papers, wooden pieces,
carcasses, plant twigs, leaves, cloth wastes as well as
sweepings) and many non-biodegradable materials (such
as plastic bags, plastic bottles, plastic wastes, glass
bottles, glass pieces, stone / cement pieces).
 On a rough estimate Indian cities are producing solid
city wastes to the tune of 50,000 - 80,000 metric tons
every day.
 If left uncollected and decomposed, they are a cause of
101

URBANIZATION EFFECTS:
• Clogging of drains
• Inundation of areas
• Public health problems
• Pollution of drinking water sources
• Foul smell and release of gases
• Waste management problems
102

URBANIZATION EFFECTS:
Contamination of soil due to waste
water
103

SOME MORE EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION:
• Pollution runs off into rivers and kills the fish, plants and
other aquatic life.
• Crops and fodder grown on polluted soil may pass the
pollutants on to the consumers.
• Polluted soil may no longer grow crops and fodder
• Soil structure is damaged (clay ionic structure impaired.)
• Corrosion of foundations and pipelines
• May release vapours and hydrocarbon into buildings and
cellars
• May create toxic dusts
104

SOME MORE EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION:
105

METHODS TO CONTROL SOIL POLLUTION
 Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.
 Recycling is another way to reduce and control soil
pollution. Recycling paper, plastics and other
materials reduces the volume of refuse in landfills,
another common cause of soil pollution.
 Reusing of materials
 De-forestation, the cutting down of trees, causes
erosion, pollution and the loss of fertility in the topsoil.
Planting trees--or re-forestation--helps prevent soil
erosion and pollution.
106

 Weeds soak up minerals in the soil. Reducing weed
growth helps reduce soil pollution. One of the more
common methods of reducing weed growth is covering
the soil with numerous layers of wet newspapers or a
plastic sheet for several weeks before cultivation. This
prevents light from reaching the weeds, which kills
them.
 Designated pits should be used for the dumping of soil
wastes. These wastes should be treated chemically and
biologically to make them less toxic and hazardous.
107

108

109

ICT TO USE FOR CONTROLLING SOIL POLLUTION
110
Probe Advancement Using a Geoprobe
Sensor Technologies Used During Site Remediation Activities

SOIL SURVEY DATA ACQUISITION
111
USE TO FIND OUT THE LATERAL EXTENT OF SOL POLLUTION

SOIL MOISTURE PROBE
112

VECTOR SYSTEM LAYOUT
113

114
Noise Pollution

WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?
 Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is
called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the
environment, it is termed as noise pollution.
 Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal
activities such as working, sleeping, and during
conversations.
 It is an underrated environmental problem because of the
fact that we can’t see, smell, or taste it.
 World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be
recognized as a major threat to human well-being”
115

HEALTH EFFECTS
 According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise
and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of
millions of people.
 Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological
health.
 High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption,
hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to
noise pollution.
 It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic
attacks.
116

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution
in urban areas.
 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of
noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers,
loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
 Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of
noise pollution.
 Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners,
fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.117

SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION
 Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating
sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.
 Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively
reduce the noise pollution.
 Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing
material for the walls, windows, and ceilings.
 Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear
plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection. 118

 Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and
servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.
 Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block
unwanted noise from outside.
 Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of
play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.
 Factories and industries should be located far from the
residential areas. 119

 Community development or urban management should
be done with long-term planning, along with an aim to
reduce noise pollution.
 Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate
the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
120

Control of noise pollution using ICT
121

GPS-EQUIPPED MOBILE PHONES
122
The current prototype on the NoiseTube
platform consists of an application which
the participants must install on their
mobile phone to turn it into a sensor device.
The mobile sensing application runs on
GPS-equipped mobile phones.
This application collects local information
from different sensors (noise level, GPS
coordinates, time, user input) and sent
them to the NoiseTube server.
The server centralizes and processes the
data sent by the phones.

GEO-TAGGING
 Furthermore, the lack of indoor positioning is also
particularly problematic because people spend a large
portion of the their time indoors and noise pollution has
effects indoors as well. Therefore we allow users to
describe their location using pre-configured (“favourite”)
place tags (such as “home”, “work”, the name of the
subway station, ...), as an alternative for
GPSpositioning.
123

NOISE MAPS
 Once the measured data is sent the server, any
user can see his own contributions or exposures
by going to the Noise Tube website a
124

ROLES OF CITIZENS
 How to sustain a human network at a larger scale and for
a longer time than a local and short-term experimentation
or campaign? How to design a network mixing humans and
machines to monitor environmental resources? As far as we
know, these questions have not been tackled yet by the
current research on participatory sensing due to the small
amount of participants and so the lack of complex
structures. No explicit network topology has been used for
the experimentation except for the basic ‘star’ topology:
each participant collects and sends information to a central
point where the data is analyzed by a machine. But further
investigation could take advantage of social relationships,
shared interests or reputation (expert/scientist) among the
participants as a component of the problem of
data/analysis credibility by using them not only as sensors
but also as filters or regulators. 125

Thank you
126

Smart city smart_pollution control

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Smart city smart_pollution control

Similar to Smart city smart_pollution control (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Smart city smart_pollution control