Nepal faces challenges from liquid waste due to lack of proper management systems. Using the DPSIR framework, the document analyzes the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses regarding liquid waste in Nepal. The main drivers include population growth, urbanization and lack of public awareness. Pressures stem from agriculture, industries and changing consumption patterns. The state of liquid waste management has caused issues like eutrophication and pollution of rivers. Impacts involve health, environmental and economic problems. Responses from the government include policies, treatment plants and campaigns to address liquid waste management in Nepal.

1. LIQUID WASTE
Prepared by: Neelam suwal

2. CONTENT
 Introduction :Types of liquid waste
 Types of liquid waste
 Driver
 Pressure
 State
 Impact
 Response
 Conclusion

3. Introduction
 Liquid waste is any form of liquid residue that is
hazardous or potentially harmful to human health.
 Liquid waste can be defined as such liquid as
wastewater, fats, oil or gases or sludge and
hazardous household liquid.
 Some e.g of liquid waste source:
 Domestic washing ;chemicals; oils; waste water from
ponds , manufacturing industries.

4. Types of Liquid Waste
 Domestic sewage: grey water ( from bathroom,
kitchen laundry);black water(urine, faeces)
 Industrial waste water
 Sullage : wastewater without human excreta
 Strom water : water from commercial establishment
and institution including hospital, agricultural
,horticulture and aquaculture effluent either dissolved
or as suspended matter.

5. DPSIR model framework
PRESSURE
Agriculture runoff
Industries
Use of chemical
Change in
consumption pattern
Waste generation.
IMPACT
Creation of nauisance
Breeding site
Surface water pollution
Soil contamination
Air pollution, GHG
Disease ,AMR
Eutrophication
RESPONSE
Different government policy
Wastewater treatment plants.
DRIVER
Policy implication
Population growth
Land use change
Urbanization
Lack of public
awareness
Budgetary constraint
Natural cause.
 STATE
 Eutrophicati
on.

6. DRIVER
 Driver are the factor that motivate human activites and
fulfill basic needs which have been consistently
identified as the necessary condition and materials for
the good life, good health, good social relation,
security, and freedom.
 The DRIVERS can be categorized into:
 Policy Implication:
Lack of policy implication drives the irregular the irregular
management of produced waste and also leads to spread of
contamination at resource level.

7. CONTD…
 Population Growth:
Increase in population size accelerate the waste
generation quantity and also put operation constraint
resulting in production of poor quality effulents.
 Land use chance:
The increase in land use area in term of
residence, cultivation, and barren area cause
increase in generation of wastewater and decrease
in water quality.

8. CONTD…
 Urbanization:
the process whereby population move from rural to
urban area enabling cities and town to grow because if
which it is common to find an inadequate sewerage
facilities . As a result sanitation becomes poor and
sewerage flow chaotically and they re drained into
neighbouring streams, river, or lakes.
 Lack of public awareness:
regarding waste generation and its effect on human
health and sustainability along with waste minimization.

9.  Budgetary constraint:
are often felt in developing countries where
resource are limited and distribution of these limited
funds are mismanaged. Many municipality are
struggling to achieve acceptable quality and
coverage of services due to financial constraint.
 Natural cause:
rainy season, and natural calamities such flood,
landslide, earthquake can mess with the existing
liquid waste treatments plants and quantified the
amount of waste further.

10. PRESSURE
 Pressure are the human activities derived from the
functioning of drivers that induce change in
environment or human behaviours.
 PRESSURE in regard to liquid waste includes:
 Agriculture runoff : use of inorganic fertilizer and
other agriculture chemical.
 Industries : industries producing significant amount of
wastewater in country includes carpet , brewery and
distilleries , cement ,cigarrette and tobacoo, steel and
iron , soap and chemical solvent, sugar, leather
tanning.

11. CONTD..
Industrial discharge without pretreatment contribute
the detrimental effects on water quality and also on
the public health and environmental health.
 Use of chemical: wide use of chemical product
ranging from shampoo to soap and detergent to
household cleaners also pollute the water source
which are not easily degraded even under optimal
water quality condition.

12. CONTD..
 Change in consumption pattern:
lifestyle change and change in consumption pattern
has changed the waste volume and waste
characteristic or composition.it is belived that maximum
of water is wasted these day just to flush a toilet.
 Waste generation:
wastewater composition will vary greatly from different
sector, the process undertaken such as:
in cannaries : wastewater will contain organic solids
primarily from washing raw material such as tomatoes,
cleaning equipment spillage, and from floor washing.

13. CONTD..
In meat packaging: liquid waste source includes
faeces, urine, blood, and waste that have been used
for washing floor and surfaces. The pollutant in
wastewater are organic and can decompose rapidly
generating unpleasent odour. If discharged to water
cause enviromental pollution.

14. STATE
 Man has always generated waste which are either bye-
product of his activities, for which he could not find any
use , or product which have reached the end of useful
life.
 Although this was going on throughout the ages, it was
not a problem until recent times because nature’s own
waste treatment processes like dispersion, dilution,
and degradation, which took care of these problems,
are no longer able to handle the waste due to increase
in quantity and also level of intoxication of the waste
that nature has been receiving from man.

15. CONTD..
 The waste problem is due to both quantitative and
qualitative nature of waste we are producing.
 The natural degradation processes are slow and
can take care of limited amounts and specific kinds
of waste.
 WH projection globally almost 70% wastewater from
household and factories is discharged directly to
natural waste resources or used by the people
without being treated.

21. CONTD..
 Eutrophication:
Ever heard the phrase ‘too much of a good
thing?’ Eutrophication is good example of it. It is
excessive richness of nutrient in a lake or other
water bodies frequently due to run-off from land
which cause a dense growth of plant life( algal
blooms). Thus preventing the aquatic plant from
photosynthesizing, a process which provide oxygen
in the water to animal that need it like fish and crabs.

22. CONTD..
 The international lake environment (ILEC) in co-
operation with united nation environment
programme (UNEP) under took a project entitled
“survey of the state of the world lake”.
 This aimed to collect and compile environment
data on many important lakes of world sets of
detailed data from 217 lake world wide were gather
as a result of this project.
 Through this project it was possible to identify 6
major environment problems, all having a
significant impact on water quality
,2nd_eutrophication being one of them.

23. CONTD..
 The quantity of liquid waste generated in the rural
area is estimated to 15000 to 18000 million liters of
grey water each day.(DDWS-UNICEF,2008).
Although the quantity is still relatively low compared
with urban areas.

24. CONTD..
 Water has become scarce as demand exceed
supply. Lack of operation wastewater system
facilities has converted the holy Bagamati river into a
highly polluted water course.

25. IMPACTS
Change in the quality and functioning of the ecosystem
have an impact on the welfare of human, including the
production of ecosystem goods and service and
ultimately ,human well being.
 Creation of nuisances unsightliness, unpleasant
odour.
 Breeding site of flies and mosquito.
 Surface water pollution: liquid waste has the ability
to alter water’s chemical composition. It can happen
slowly- i.e. a slow leak at chemicals processing plant or
all at once from a large scale oil spill. In turn drinking
water can be contaminated and aquatic ecosystem can
be disrupted.

26. CONTD..
 Soil contamination : liquid waste can quickly
penerate soil seeping deep into the earth. This
pollution can cause harm to plants growing in the
soil as well as to animal or people who consume
foods that were created in the contaminated soil.
 Air pollution : although air pollution is more
commonly associated with dust, gas and fine particle
contamination ; liquid waste can also impact air
quality . For examples: foul smell are common with
liquid waste pollution, particularly with sewerage
system.

27.  In absence of proper disposal of liquid waste and
solid waste they leads to the vector borne disease
such as diarrhea, malaria, polio, dengue, cholera,
typhoid and other water borne infection such as
schistosomiasis.
 According to WH projection ,
Release of such polluted water to environment , not
only increase infection and disease, but also
increase antimicrobial resistance where pathogen
in the enviroment can become resistance to
antibiotic residue .

28. CONTD..
 Greenhouse gases : fumes exuded by poorly
handled liquid waste contribute to generation
greenhouse gases . As these gases rise, they trap heat
in the atmosphere causing extreme weather
secnarious such as typhoons , stroms, and heatwave
or acid rains. The resultant global warming is major
contributor to climate change.
 Economic consequence: apart from environmental
and health impact , poor liquid waste management can
leads to serious economic impacts.
Such as the cost of cleaning up the liquid waste mess
can be felt in terms of fines and taxes leived on
business that dispose off liquid waste inappropriate.

29. RESPONSE
 Response are the action that can be taken at any level
of the causal network to change in the state of the
environment , and to modify human behaviour that
contribute to health risk ,to directly modify health
through medicals treatment or compensate for social or
economic impact of human condition on human well
being .
 Nepal signed up to UN’s sustinable development goal
which calls for safely managed sanitation services
halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
,substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse by
2030.

30. CONTD..
The modernization in water supply and sanitation infrastructure
in country began only after 1972 under the support of World
bank focused essentially to improvement in urban water supply
and wastewater service in kathmandu valley.
This effort led to formation of WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION BOARD in 1989 and named NEPAL WATER
SUPPLY CORPORATION and entrusted with the responsibilty
of organizing, maintaining and managing water supply and
wastewater service.
In 2008 the responsibility of operation and management of
water service in kathmandu valley was transferred to
kathmandu upatyaka khanepani limited (KUKL) under public
private patnership

31. CONTD..
 At present the utility under KUKL is estimated to
serving 78% of population in kathmandu valley. (ADB
& GON 2010)
 As Nepal marks National sanitation action week it is
time for stock taking. The statistics are dramatic:
in1990 only 6% Household had toilet and that the
figure had risen to 95% today. The number went up
sharply after the sanitation and hygiene master plan
2011 was implemented.

32. CONTD..
 Kathmandu valley wastewater management project:
This project will invest in rehabilitations and expansion
of sewerage network, modernization, and new
construction of wastewater treatment plants and
improvement of wastewater management in kathmandu
valley. Along with an energy generation of approximately
910 KW through sludge digestion andor gasification.
 A huge common waste water treatment plant constructed
at the Hetauda industrial district with the financial and
technical assistance of government of Denmark for the
treatments of effulent of industries operating inside the
district and to save karra river from being polluted

33. CONTD..
The plant was constructed at the cost of NRP 570
million and it is being operated for more than 5 years
with joint funding.
 The Baghmati clean up camping marked 5 years
recently. Every Saturday morning hundreds of
volunteers wade into the river fetid’s banks to
remove tons of trash.

34. CONTD..
 Recently an expert group from 30 countries were in
kathmandu to discuss and finalize ISO standard for
non sewered sanitation system which would include
treatment of faeceal sludge. Also the group focuses
the federal and local government needs to look
beyond toilets to establish appropriate system for
collection , treatment and reuse of fecal sludge
through patnership with private sector which is
already engaged in the business.

35. CONTD..
 A Technical Working Group (TWG) has been formed
under the leadership of Department of Water Supply
and Sewerage Management (DWSSM) including
important stakeholder like Ministry Of Forest And
Environment , Ministry Of Water supply , Nepal
Bureau Of Standard and Metrology , Academia ,
Local bodies and UN organization to advise on
effluent standard –standard to which wastewater
must be treated to maintain acceptable quality for
Nepal.

36. CONTD..
 Due to failure of large treatment plants, small and
decentralized treatment system such as wetland are
in high demand. Environment and Public Health
Organization (ENPHO) introduced the use of
constructed wetlands for wastewater treatments in
Nepal as an alternative to convectional wastewater
treatment technologies to produce a sustainable and
feasible wastewater treatment system based on the
natural ecosystem.
such wetlands is widely used in and around
Kathmandu and one in pokhara sub-metropolitan
city’s system which is under construction .

37. CONTD..
 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sector strategy
Sector 2004 is based on national commitment of total
water supply and sanitation coverage in the country as
envisaged in the MDG.
 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2009
envisions improvement in the water service delivery in
urban areas including improvement in the wastewater
system and services, promotion of public private
partnership in the development of infrastructure and
service and enforcement of national guideline for safe
disposal and use of wastewater.
 National Guideline for Hygiene and Sanitation
Promotion 2005 increase water supply and sanitation
coverage .

38. CONTD..
 Government of Nepal is currently drafting a policy on
wastewater management to develop policy guideline
for planning , development, financing and delineation
of role and responsibilities of different stakeholder in
wastewater treatment. This policy restrict disposal of
waste water into nature or open space without
treatment to a safer level.
 National Urban Policy 2007 emphasize
development of the capacity of Municipalities to plan
and manage integrated local development activities
, including the preparation of urban master plans in
coordination with the central authorities.

39. CONTD..
 National Wetlands Policy Act 2003 sets the legal
provision for the conservation and management of
wetlands.
 A recent study by the GLOBAL SANITATION FUND
PROGRAMME in Nepal showed that 3% of household
in communities declared OPEN DEFECATION FREE.
Nepal goal for 100% household to have latrines by end
2018 . But only 22 out of 75 district including
kathmandu are still not open defecation free.
 Waste water treatment state:
 At present there are only 3 effluent treatment facilities
in Nepal . i.e. in pokhara, gulariya, and mahalaxmi
municipality east of lalitpur.

40. CONTD..
 Kathmandu valley currently has 5 municipal
wastewater treatment plants:
1. An activated sludge plant at Guheshwori
2. Non areated lagoons at kodku and dhobighat
3. Areated lagoons at sallaghari and Hanumanghat.
Of 5 the only wastewater treatment plant in operation as
of Jan 2003 is the activated sludge system at
Guheshwori.
Kodku wastewater treatment plant lies along the Bagmati
river with a design capacity of 1.1 MLD (ADB 2000) .
Stated as ‘partially operational’ as the effluent discharged
into the Bagmati river was bubbling and smelled just
like that of sewer water

41. WWTP

42. CONTD..
Dhobighat WWTP at sundarighat was built with a
capacity of 15.4 MLD ( ADB 2000). The pump main
and the interceptors along the Bagmati river are all
broken , so untreated wastewater drains directly into
river . – not operating.
Sallaghari and hanumanghat WWTP both lie along the
hanumanghat river in Bhaktapur was built with a
capacity of 2.0 and 0.5 MLD respectively (2000ADB)
Report describe both plants as partially operating
and in need of rehabilitations.

43. Sustainable development agenda
 The objectives by 2017 include promotion of a
reduction in waste volume , as well as increased
reuse and recycling.
 Only non-recyclable waste is to disposed in
environmentally sound sanitary ,landfills.

44. Nepal water supply corporation Act
2046
 Nepal water supply corporation for providing clean
drinking water regular and making proper
arrangements of the system of sewages in such area
as may be specified by the government of Nepal.
 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT.
 Waste management activities to be undertaken with
the objective of providing services to a population
ranging between two thousand and ten thousand .
 Operation of sewage scheme.

45. Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act
2001
 This Act promotes waste avoidance and resource
recovery to achieve continual reduction in waste
generation.
 The act provides for the development a state-wide
waste stratgey and introduces a scheme to promote
extended producer responsibility for the life –cycle of
a product.

47. conclusion
 REUSE of WASTEWATER A Boon Not Realized.
 If the Asian Development Bank-supported
Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project
(KVWMP) gets implemented in time , over 5 million
people of Kathmandu will heaven a sigh relief to see
the upgrading of sewer network and maintenance of
existing wastewater treatment plants.