This document discusses dandruff, its causes, and treatments. Dandruff is caused by dry skin, irritated oily skin, not shampooing often enough, other skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis, a yeast-like fungus, or sensitivity to hair products. Common treatments include antifungals like ketoconazole and zinc pyrithione, coal tar, selenium sulfide, salicylic acid, steroids, and home remedies using tea tree oil, white vinegar, aloe vera, or olive oil. A case study found the highest rates of dandruff occurred in people aged 20-23, in winter, and those with oily skin.

1. Building Block And Formulation of
products for treatment of DANDRUFF
SUPERVISOR:
DR.MADHU GUPTA
(Associate Professor)
DPSRU, New Delhi
PRESENTER: MOHD TANZEEM
M.PHARM 2nd sem. /DPRSU

2. Introduction
• is a harmless, chronic condition that
occurs when the scalp becomes dry or
greasy and produces white flakes of dead
skin that appear in the hair or on the
shoulders.
• Although it is harmless, dandruff can be
embarrassing for those who have it

3. Cont.
• Skin cells are formed continuously on
the scalp, so the shedding of dead skin
cells is a normal process. With dandruff,
however, skin cells are shed at a faster
rate than normal. Oil from the scalp
causes the skin cells to clump together
and appear as white flakes.

4. What Causes Dandruff ?
• Dandruff can be caused by a number of
things.
1. Dry skin is the most common cause of
dandruff. Flakes from dry skin are
generally smaller and less oily than those
from other causes of dandruff, and you'll
likely have symptoms and signs of dry
skin on other parts of the body, such as
your legs and arms.
2. Irritated, oily skin (seborrheic dermatitis).
This condition, is marked by red, greasy
skin covered with flaky white or yellow
scales

5. 3. NOT SHAMPOOING OFTEN ENOUGH. If you don't regularly wash
your hair oils and skin cells from your scalp can build up, causing
dandruff.

6. 4. OTHER SKIN CONDITIONS. People with skin
conditions such as
 Eczema. a chronic, inflammatory skin
condition
 Psoriasis. a skin condition marked by a rapid
buildup of rough, dry, dead skin cells that
form thick scales — may appear to have
dandruff.
The flakes associated with psoriasis look like
silver scales, which may also commonly be
apparent on the ears, extremities, trunk, palms,
and soles.

7. SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS Is cause of
dandruff, the symptoms usually appear
gradually. The scalp becomes dry or greasy
and feels itchy. As skin cells die, they turn
to yellowish scales. A bad case of
seborrheic dermatitis can also cause
symptoms in other parts of the body.
Yellowish or reddish scaling can appear on
the hairline, in and around the ears, or on
the nose and chest. Affected newborn
babies may get a thick and crusty rash on
the scalp, called cradle cap

8. 5. A yeast-like fungus (Malassezia). Malassezia lives on
the scalps of most adults, but for some, it irritates
the scalp. This can irritate your scalp and cause more
skin cells to grow. The extra skin cells die and fall off,
making them appear white and flaky in your hair or
on your clothes.
6. Sensitivity to hair care products (contact
dermatitis). Sometimes sensitivities to certain
ingredients in hair care products or hair dyes,
especially paraphenylenediamine, can cause a red,
itchy, scaly scalp. Shampooing too often or using too
many styling products also may irritate your scalp,
causing dandruff.

9. Treatment
1. FOLLOW A HEALTHY DIET
It is vital to nourish your body with nutritious food to
maintain good health of your organs and body parts,
including hair. Nourish your hair with foods laden
with good omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins and zinc.
The dietary sources for these essential vitamins and
minerals are salmon fish, broccoli, walnuts , spinach,
eggs , cabbage , whole grain cereal, dairy products
and nuts etc..

10. 2. Avoid Stress
• Stress is known to be the major
cause of dandruff. Moreover it also
weakens your immune system and
causes various skin diseases .
Indulge in stress management
techniques like yoga, breathing
exercises and meditation to keep
your stress away. Try to be tension
free and happy

12. Antifungals
• A number of antifungal treatments have
been found to be effective including:
ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione and
selenium disulfide. Ketoconazole as a
shampoo appears to be the most
effectively
• Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum,
antimycotic agent that is active against
both Candida and M. furfur. Of all the
imidazole, ketoconazole has become the
leading contender among treatment
options because of its effectiveness in
treating seborrheic dermatitis as well.

13. • Coal tar is approved for over-the-counter
treatment of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis
and psoriasis reduces epidermal cells (size &
number), epidermal proliferation and dermal
infiltrates.
• Zinc pyrithione is a biocide & it is only
sparingly water-soluble, allowing efficient
scalp retention after rinsing. This attribute
has led to ZPT becoming the most common
material used for dandruff treatment
globally.

14. • Selenium Sulfide It controls dandruff via anti-
Pityrosporum effect also reduces the cell
turnover rate significantly. It produces a
cytostatic effect & appears to have anti-
seborrheic properties on cells of the follicular
epithelium and epidermis.
• Salicylic Acid. Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy
acid keratolytic agent that decreases cell to cell
adhesion between corneocytes & removes scaly,
hyperkeratotic skin. It may involve the release of
desmogleins and the disintegration of
desmosomes & activation of an endogenous
pathway for normal cell separation.
• Steroids. Topical corticosteroids work via their
anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects.
On the scalp, lotions or solutions having
moderate-to-high potency are typically used.

15. Home Remedies for Dandruff
1. Tea Tree Oil. Very strong natural antiseptic used to treat
dandruff. It can be mixed with the regular shampoo or may
be put in a bottle with warm water and solution can be
sprayed over.
2. White Vinegar. Vinegar has acetic acid that retards bacterial
and fungal growth. One part vinegar mixed with three parts
of water and then used it to wash your hair and rinsing with
normal water or direct application on to hair & washing
hair with your regular shampoo can control dandruff to a
great extent.
3. Aloe Vera. It can control dandruff through its healing,
antifungal, & antibacterial properties. Just a few minutes
before taking a shower, some fresh aloe vera juice or aloe
vera gel is applied to hair & then hair are washed with a
mild shampoo. This remedy is repeated at least twice a day.

16. • Olive Oil It is a good moisturizer that keeps scalp
away from drying and flaking. Slightly warm olive oil
is used to massage the scalp and then a towel is
wrapped around head for half an hour. Finally
thoroughly brushing the hair & washing hair properly
helps get rid of the dry scales.
• Listerine Its antidandruff effect might be due to the
herbal oils and alcohol present in it. Using it to rinse
hair & leaving it for 10-15 minutes and then properly
washing hair can be helpful to get rid of dandruff.

17. Cases study
The frequency of dandruff according to age groups
age < 18 18.1-19 19.1-20 20.1-23 >24
% 13.88 9.72 16.66 34.72 25

18. The relation between residence and dandruff

19. Appearance of dandruff according to the season
Season winter summer spring autumn Summer +
winter
% 84.76 12.5 1.39 0 1.39
Type of skin who had dandruff

20. CONCLUSION
• Most of dandruff cases were in age between 20.1_23 years
about 34.72%.
• frequent cases of dandruff cases were females.
• Mostly were rural in residence
• absolutely there was no refuse for treatment
• Most of respondents to ketoconazole were in the first week,
but unfortunately the non-respondents were high% about 38,
88%
• Increased occurrence of cases were in winter season
• Oily skin of cases was the predominant.