The document discusses the functions of skin, trans epidermal water loss, and cutaneous microflora. The key functions of skin include acting as a permeability barrier, barrier to microorganisms and chemicals, providing mechanical protection, having immunological functions, regulating temperature, protecting from UV radiation, and enabling autonomic and sensory functions. Trans epidermal water loss is influenced by environmental factors, sweat gland activity, and metabolism. It is important for evaluating skin's barrier functioning. Cutaneous microflora includes transient and resident microorganisms that normally inhabit healthy skin and prevent pathogenic colonization through bacterial interference. Factors like dryness, pH, temperature, nutrients, and inhibitory substances influence microfloral growth.
Yesterday we covered “normal” skin, but since not all of us are blessed with such straightforward skin types, let’s talk about what’s going on with skin types that are a bit more complicated.
Dry skin, is a very common and harmless skin condition marked by an inappropriate amount of moisture and oil content in the epidermis; the top most layer of the skin.
Yesterday we covered “normal” skin, but since not all of us are blessed with such straightforward skin types, let’s talk about what’s going on with skin types that are a bit more complicated.
Dry skin, is a very common and harmless skin condition marked by an inappropriate amount of moisture and oil content in the epidermis; the top most layer of the skin.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
An updated Powerpoint presentation of normal skin flora / skin microbiome and their recent discovery of their non-pathogenic roles. This slide is made by Dr. Jerriton, 1st Year PG in M.D. Dermatology at Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College and Hospital, Ariyur, Pondicherry.
Skin research center performs efficacy tests of dermocosmetics. BIO-EC can evaluate efficacy of a cosmetic product using ex vivo model of living human skin explants or in vivo studies on volunteers. Substantiation of various cosmetic claims: anti-ageing, hydration, skin barrier, pigmentation/whitening, solar protection, anti-pollution, anti-blue light, photoprotection, wound healing, lipogenesis, capillary, skin microbiota, anti-acne, antibacterial.
For almost 20 years we have been evaluating efficacy of cosmetic products due to various techniques:
- ex vivo living human skin explants with histological analysis, target immunostaining and biochemical assays;
- in vivo studies conducted on healthy volunteers (efficacy tests, use tests, etc). If necessary, we can form specific panels of volunteers (ethnic, acne, dry skin, dermatose-tended skin);
- detailed studies of tissue distribution of products with RAMAN spectroscopy;
- cutaneous absorption: kinetics of product penetration through human skin (with Franz cells);
- gene expression monitoring to identify all the biological effects of a product (whole genome expression analysis by DNA microarray or RT-qPCR of targeted genes).
We have developped two innovative systems: Pollubox system allows to evaluate anti-pollution effects of cosmetic products; with Solarbox system we can assess efficacy of products protecting from negative effects of visible/blue light.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
1. Permeability barrier.
2. Barrier to microorganisms, chemicals
3. Mechanical barrier
4. Immunlogical functions
5. Temperature Regulation
4. 6. UV Radiation Protection
7. Autonomic & Sensory Function
8. Vitamin D synthesis
9. Sociosexual communication
5. Permeability Barrier
• Epidermis (St. Corneum) – PHYSICAL BARRIER
• Performed - St Corneum , Protein rich cells
embedded in LIPID rich matrix.
• Prevents - polar molecules
• Cant prevent -non polar , slow it.
• Factors- age, environmental changes,skin
continuity
6. Barrier to Microorganisms ; Chemicals
• Sebacceous lipids- Anti – microbial property
• Glycophospholipids, FFA (St. Corneum)- anti
bacterial effect
• AMP’s- broad spectrum anti microbial ,1st line
defence
a. Gram +ve c. Fungi
b. Gram –ve d. Virus
• AMP’s- produced in regions of hair follicle &
sweat glands
7. AMP (a) In normal skin, small amounts of AMPs are produced by
the epidermis and are concentrated around hair follicles and in
sweat glands. (b) After injury or infection, keratinocytes increase
synthesis of AMPs and further AMPs are produced by neutrophils
that are recruited as part of the acute inflammatory response.
8. Mechanical Barrier
• Skin- compressed , elastic
• Presence of ground substance, collagen,
elastic fibres
• Influenced by hydration , humidity.
• These properties prevent injury due to blunt
objects, pressure.
9. Immunological Functions
• Epidermis- Keratinocytes , Langerhans cells
• Dermis- T Lymphocytes
• Sweat glands & oil glands secretion-
a. Sweat – Inc. pH, salt,lysozyme,
AMP’s – 1st line of defence
b. Lipids
10. • Recognition of exogenous antigens, elicitation
of antigen- specific cell responses.
• Immune dysfunction –
Immunobullous disorders
Allergic contact dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Psoriasis
Mycosis fungoides.
11. TEMPERATURE REGULATION:
• Sensory input –thermoregulation
• Functions to permit heat loss/ reservation
• Thermoreceptor cells Hypothalamus
inhibition of sweating( eccrine glands)
or stimulation of shivering
12.
13. • Blood supply of dermis – important for
temperature regulation
• A-V shunt system- enables the blood flow
to an extensive ,superficial venous plexus
• More at the feet, hand ,lips ,nose ,ear.
14. UV Radiation
UVA- epidermis -
sunburn, premature
ageing of skin, skin
cancer.
UVB- deeper dermis-
Chronic sun damage,
ageing and cancer
development
15. • Barrier Mechanisms-
1. Melanin production in epidermis
2. Protein barrier in the stratum Corneum.
• MOA-
Absorbing the radiation & minimizes DNA
& its other cellular constituents absorption
(lipids, urocanic acid)
29. WHAT’S CUTANEOUS MICRO
FLORA?
• Microorganisms that are commonly found on
OR in the body sites of an healthy person.
• Acc. to estimate- 10 10 bacteria.
• Based on type of skin- micro flora varies.
30. • Prevent colonisation – pathogens & possible
disease – bacterial interference.
Competitive binding receptors sites on
host cells –
• Nutrition.
• Mutual inhibition by metabolic or
toxic products or antibiotics
materials.
31.
32. RESIDENT:
1. Presents invariably/months in a
particular site
2. Reduced by washing but not eleminated
3. If disturbed- transient flora – colonises
INFECTION
33. TRANSIENT:
1. Present briefly, rest on body surface but
do not persist.
2. Eliminated on washing.
3. Little significance- normal resident is
intact.
34.
35. Normal flora is not static, constant
change
Depends on :
1. Age
2. Nutritional status of the site
3. Disease state
4. Drug or antibiotic effects
5. pH
6. Oxidation – reduction potentials
37. MICROBIAL DISEASE OF THE
SKIN MAY RESULT FROM:
• Breach of intact skin.
• Skin manifestation of systemic
disease.
• Toxin mediated skin damage.
38. Factors Influencing Flora Growth:
• Dryness
• pH
• Temperature
• Presence of nutrients
• Presence of inhibitory substance
39. DRYNESS
1. Inhibits micro-bacterial growth.
2. Dryness – bacteria enter dormant state or
die.
3. Moisture area – Large population
( axilla, perineum ,between toe’s & scalp).
40. LOW pH
• Skin -3 – 5pH
• Low pH inhibits growth for many kinds of
organisms
INHIBITORY SUBSTANCE
• Several bactericidal or bacteriostatic present
in normal skin
• Sweat gland secrete lysozyme & enzyme –
destroys peptidoglycan of bacteria wall.
41. DIRECT ENTRY INTO SKIN OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI
STRUCTURE INVOLVED INFECTION COMMON CAUSE
42. NAIL FLORA
• Similar to skin.
• Additionally, dust & extra material – trapped.
• Commonly-
1. Aspergillus
2. Penicillium
3. Cladosporium
4. Mucor
43. ADVANTAGES OF NORMAL FLORA
• Skin bacteria produces fatty acid -
discourages other species.
• De-squamination of epithelium.
46. SUMMARY
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN.
• Permeability barrier.
• Barrier to microorganisms, chemicals
• Mechanical barrier.
• Immunological functions.
47. • Temperature Regulation.
• UV Radiation Protection.
• Autonomic & Sensory Function.
• Vitamin D synthesis.
• Sociosexual communication.
48. TRANS EPIDERMAL WATER LOSS
• TEWL is the water loss through intact
SC.
• FACTORS INFLUENCING-
1. Environmental factors- humidity,
temperature, seasonal variation.
2. Sweat gland activity
3. Metabolic activity.
49. • Evaluating barrier functioning.
• Typical fields-
Allergic tests,supervision the healing process of
skin damages & burns, testing the effectiveness
& biocompatibility of cosmetic products.
50. CUTANEOUS MICRO FLORA.
• Microorganisms that are commonly found on OR
in the body sites of an healthy person.
• Prevent colonisation – pathogens & possible
disease – bacterial interference.
• Normal flora - transient or resident.
• Its is not static, constant change.
• Microbial disease of the skin may result …..
51. Factors Influencing Flora Growth:
• Dryness
• pH
• Temperature
• Presence of nutrients
• Presence of inhibitory substance
52. • NAIL flora – similar to skin,Additionally – dust
is trapped.(APCM)
• ADVANTAGES- Discourages other species,
desquamination.
• DISADVANTAGES-Organisms in perianal
region- UTI.