This document provides information about the skeletal system and its subunits. It discusses the functions of bones, classifications of bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton, common fractures, bone deformation, joints, and classifications of joints based on degree of movement. Key bones and structures discussed include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and long bones of the upper and lower extremities.

1. SKELETOL SYSTEM – SUB UNIT
CHAPTER –
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
DR.SRINIVAS REDDY PATIL
M.Sc Zoology (Gold Medalist).,Ph.D (Reproductive Physiology).,
M.Ed.,MBA.,PGDBA.,FMSPI
Saturday, February 9, 2013 DR.SRINIVASREDDY PATIL'S 1
BIOLOGY

2. Fig. 6.10

4. Functions of the Bones
1.Support
2.Protection
3.Movement
4.Storage
5.Hematopoiesis

5. Table. 6.1

7. AXIAL SKELETON
I. SKULL
= skeleton --- head & face
= flattened & irregular
= united by joints (sutures)
Cranium -- skull minus mandible
Calvarium -- skull after the bones of the face
have been removed
Cavities:
a. Cranial - contains the brain
b. Orbital - contains eyeball & accessory organs
c. Nasal

9. Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Divisions of the bones of the skull
a. Cerebral / cranial bones / brain case (8 bones)
unpaired (4) paired (4)
1. occipital 1. parietal
2. frontal 2. temporal
3. sphenoid
4. ethmoid
b. Facial or visceral cranium
paired (12) unpaired (2)
a. Nasal a. Vomer
b. Lacrimal b. Mandible
c. Maxilla
d. Zygomatic / malar / cheek bones
e. Palatine
f. Inferior nasal concha or turbinate

12. Fig. 6.13

13. Figure 5.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Fontanelle
= membrane filled spaces found in the
skull of newborn infants
ex. 1. anterior = largest
2. posterior
3. anterolateral (sphenoidal)
4. posterolateral (mastoid)

15. Allows for
growth

17. Fig. 6.37

18. AXIAL SKELETON
I. HYOID BONE
= small U-shape; lies in front of the neck
= base of the tongue is attached
= lies between mandible & thyroid cartilage
II. OSSICLES
= small bones of the ear
a. Stapes (stirrup) 2
b. Incus (anvil) 2
c. Malleus (hammer) 2

19. Fig. 6.16

21. AXIAL SKELETON
I. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
= long, curved, slightly movable pillar
= united together by cartilage & ligaments
= 71 – 75 cm. long
= formed by series of bones -- vertebrae
FUNCTION:
1. support of the trunk
2. contains & protects the spinal cord & nerves

22. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Classification of vertebra young adult
cervical 07 07
thoracic 12 12
lumbar 05 05
sacral 05 01
coccygeal 04 01
33 26
Intervertebral discs = flattened plates of fibrocartilage that are
interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of
vertebrae
Function:
1. uniting medium between vertebrae
2. main shock absorber
3. give flexibility & movement to the whole vertebral column

23. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
General parts of vertebrae
1. body
2. arch
3. pedicle or root
4. lamina
5. transverse process
6. articular process
7. spinous process
8. spinal or vertebral foramen

24. Special characteristics of individual vertebrae
a. Cervical vertebrae (7) = forms the
skeleton of the neck, all have transverse
foramen atypical cervical vertebrae:
1. atlas -- 1st
2. axis or epistropheus = 2nd
3. 7th cervical vertebrae = spinous process
not bifid, small transverse foramen
b. Thoracic vertebrae (12) = costal pits -
rib attachment = circular vertebral canal

25. c. Lumbar vertebrae (5) = presence of
mamillary & accessory
processes = triangular vertebral
foramen
d. Sacrum = inverted triangular bone
situated between hip bones
e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1) = 4 small
incomplete vertebrae fused to form
the coccyx / tail bone; triangular

29. Fig. 6.17

30. Fig. 6.18

32. Fig. 6.20

33. AXIAL SKELETON
I. STERNUM (breast bone)
= flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic
wall
= composed of 2 plates of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in
between containing red bone marrow.
PARTS:
a. Manubrium
b. Corpus or body
c. Xiphoid process

34. AXIAL SKELETON
I. RIBS (12 pairs) = narrow arched flat bones with 2
ends.
1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic
2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages
Classification of ribs:
a. Sternal or true ribs (1st to 7th) - ribs whose costal
cartilages are directly attached to sternum
b. Asternal or false ribs (8th to 12th) - ribs whose costal
cartilages are not attached directly to the sternum
but to 7th
subdivisions: 1. false rib proper - 8th, 9th, 10th ribs
2. floating or hanging ribs – 11th & 12th

35. Fig. 6.21

36. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)
1. Clavicle (collar bone)
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – articulates with
humerus & clavicle
3. Humerus (arm bone) - longest & largest
bone of UE articulates with scapula (above)
radius & ulna (below)
4. Radius - lateral bone of the forearm; cup-
shaped head
5. Ulna - principal bone of the forearm; longer
& larger than radius

37. BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)
6. Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged into
2 rows - proximal & distal rows
7. Metacarpals (bones of the hand) - 5 long
bones placed between carpals & phalanges
- numbered from lateral to medial Phalanges
(bones of the fingers) = 14 long bones of
the fingers -- 3 bones except thumb - 2
bones

40. Fig. 6.26

41. Fig. 6.22

42. Fig. 6.27

45. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)
1. Hip bone (innominate bone)
right & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdle
3 bones: 1. ilium*
2. ischium* *Converge on acetabulum  a
concave fossa -- articulates with
3. pubis* head of femur  form hip joint
2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in the
body
3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial,
& larger of the 2 bones of the leg
4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed
parallel with the tibia but located laterally

46. Fig. 6.29

47. Fig. 6.30

48. Fig. 6.31

49. Fig. 6.32

50. Fig. 6.33

51. Fig. 6.34

52. BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY
5. Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones;
2 rows: internal & external rows
6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5
long bones numbered from medial
to lateral
7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar
to bones of the fingers

54. Fig. 6.35

55. Common Fractures
greenstick fracture = the bone does not
break all of the way through.
simple, or closed = when the bone
breaks but the skin does not.
compound, or open = when the broken
bone tears through the skin, introducing
the dangerous possibility of infection.
The area around a break swells and
discolors, but some fractures can be
detected only by X-ray.
The weakened bones of the elderly are

57. Fig. 6B

58. Fig. 6C

59. Bone Deformation
Rickets can result from
insufficient vitamin D in the
diet or from insufficient
amounts of ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.
It can lead to skeletal
deformation, such as
vertebral or leg curvature.

60. JOINTS

61. JOINTS
= a site where 2 or more bones
come together whether
with movement or none
ARTHROLOGY

62. JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Fibrous joints
= articulating bone surfaces
= sutures of skull, inferior tibiofibular joints
= very little movement possible

64. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.
2. Cartilagenous joints
2 types:
a. Primary - united by a plate or bar of
hyaline cartilage
b. Secondary - united by a plate of
fibrocartilage
= articular surfaces of bones --
covered by a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage
= small amount of movement

65. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.
1. Synovial joints
= articular surfaces of bones covered by
thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavity
= permits great degree of movement

66. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENT
I. Synarthroses
= immovable joints
= articulating surface is in direct contact
= uniting medium: fibrous tissue
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage

67. JOINT
Synarthroses
a. Sutures - bones of the skull
b. Schindylosis - bony plate inserted into a
cleft or fissure
e.g.: vomer into maxilla, palatine bones
c. Gomphosis - a conical process received into
corresponding socket
e.g.: root of teeth into alveolus of maxilla or mandible
d. Synchondrosis - a cartilagenous medium which later
may ossify
e.g.: between epiphysis & diaphysis of long bone

68. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENT (cont’n)
I. Amphiarthroses
= slightly movable joints
= articulating surfaces connected by a wide
disc of fibrocartilage
a. Symphysis - uniting medium: fibrocartilage
e.g.: symphysis pubis
b. Syndesmosis - large amount of fibrous connective
tissue  wide membrane
e.g.: interosseous membrane
between radius & ulna

69. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENT (cont’n)
I. Diarthroses
= freely movable joints
Types:
a. Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
e.g.: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular joints
b. Hinge joints (ginglymus)
= flexion & extension movements possible
e.g.: elbow, knee, ankle

70. Diarthroses
c. Pivot joints (trochoid)
= central body pivot surrounded by a bony
ligamentous ring
= possible movement is rotation only
e.g.: atlantoaxial & superior radioulnar joints
d. Condyloid
= have 2 distinct convex surfaces that articulate
with 2 concave surfaces
= flexion, extension, adduction, abduction possible
= small amount of rotation
e.g.: metacarpophalangeal
metatarsophalangeal joints

71. Diarthroses
e. Ellipsoid
= elliptical convex articular surface that fit into an
elliptical concave articular surface
= F, E, add., abd. possible
= rotation impossible
e.g.: wrist joint
f. Saddle joints
= articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex,
resembling saddle on a horse’s back
= F, E, add., abd., rotation possible
e.g.: carpometacarpal joint of thumb

72. Diarthroses
g. Ball & socket joints
= ball – shaped head of one bone fits into a
socket – like concavity of another
= free movements possible: F, E, add., abd., medial
rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
e.g.: acetabulum of hip bone with head of thigh
bone

73. Fig. 6.39a

74. Fig. 6.39b

75. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS
1. Gliding - simple slipping or rubbing of the apposed
flat surfaces
- no angular or rotary movement
e.g.: in between vertebral bodies
2. Angular - generally found in long bones
a. Flexion - movement that forms an acute
angulation between 2 approximating joints
= angle is decreased
b. Extension - movement that form an obtuse
angulation between 2 parts
= angle is increased

76. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)
1. Angular (cont’n)
c. Abduction - movement that carries extremity
away from the median plane of the body
d. Adduction - movement that carries extremity
towards the median plane of the body
4. Circumduction
- circular motion
5. Rotation
- movement along a central axis without the
bones being displaced from such axis
- directed medially or laterally

77. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)
6. Peculiar movements & positions
forearm & hand
a. Supination
b. Pronation
foot
a. Inversion
- plantar surface of the foot directed
towards the median plane
b. Eversion
- plantar surface of the foot directed
away from the median plane

78. QUALITY IS NEVER AN ACCIDENT.IT IS
ALWAYS THE RESULT OF HIGH
AIM,SINCERE EFFORT,INTELLIGENT
DIRECTION AND PERFECT EXECUTION