Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Precision agriculture is an art and science of utilizing innovative, site-specific techniques for management of spatial and temporal variability using affordable technologies… for enhancing output, efficiency, and profitability of agricultural production in an environmentally responsible manner
Selecting The Ideal Strategy For Fertilizer QualityNAQ Global
There are several ways to assess fertilizer quality, but the one you choose should take into account your crop's needs, soil composition, and climate. When you are looking for fertilizer coating material suppliers, make sure you keep a few points in mind. It is important to keep the following variables in mind to make an informed choice.
Recent advances in the methods of fertilizer scheduling in temperate fruitsJahangeer Ahmad
Fertilizer scheduling is the process of determining when to give fertilizer and how much of fertilizer to be applied.
Scientific fertilizer scheduling is a technique providing knowledge on correct time and optimum quantity of fertilizer application at each stage to optimize crop yields with maximum fertilizer use efficiency and at the same time ensuring minimum damage to soil properties.
What considerations should farmers keep in mind when using organic fertilizers?Search distributor
Because organic farming methods emphasize environmental sensitivity and sustainability, they have become increasingly popular in recent years. One of the most important aspects of organic farming is using organic fertilizers. In place of chemical rivals, these fertilizers provide a natural and environmentally beneficial option. To guarantee the best crop health and output, farmers who are adopting organic farming practices or who are already utilizing them must take several important factors into account while using organic fertilizers.
what are the factors affecting the efficiency of fertilizer application .pdfNAQ Global
Several factors influence how well plants can utilize the nutrients provided by fertilizers, and understanding these can help farmers and gardeners make more informed decisions. Below, we explore the key factors that affect the efficiency of fertilizer application. There are several sustainable fertilizer treatment solutions available as well.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Determination of nutrient need for yield potentiality of crop plants
1. Determination of Nutrient Needs
for Yield Potentiality of Crop Plants
Preeetam Kumar
Deptt. of Agronomy
CCSHAU Hisar
2. Nutrient
Essentiality of Elements in Plant Nutrition
A mineral element is considered essential to plant growth and
development if the element is involved in plant metabolic functions and
the plant cannot complete its life cycle without the element. Usually the
plant exhibits a visual symptom indicating a deficiency in a specific
nutrient, which normally can be corrected or prevented by supplying the
nutrient. Terms commonly used to describe levels of nutrients in plants:
• Deficient: When the concentration of an essential element is low enough
to limit yield severely and distinct deficiency symptoms are visible.
Extreme deficiencies can result in plant death. With moderate or slight
deficiencies, symptoms may not be visible, but yields will still be reduced
• Sufficient: The nutrient concentration range in which added nutrient will
not increase yield but can increase nutrient concentration. The
term luxury consumption is often used to describe nutrient absorption by
the plant that does not influence yield.
3. Forms of Uptake of Nutrients
Nutrient Chemical Symbol
Principal forms for
uptake
Carbon C CO2
Hydrogen H H2O
Oxygen O H2O, O2
Nitrogen N NH+4, NO-3
Phosphorus P H2PO-4, HPO2-4
Potassium K K+
Calcium Ca Ca2+
Magnesium Mg Mg2+
Sulfur S SO2-4, SO2
Iron Fe Fe2+, Fe3+
Manganese Mn Mn2+
Boron B H3BO3
Zinc Zn Zn2+
Copper Cu Cu2+
Molybdenum Mo MoO2-4
Chlorine Cl Cl-
Plant Nutrient Average
Concentration*
H 6.0%
O 45.0%
C 45.0%
N 1.5%
K 1.0%
Ca 0.5%
Mg 0.2%
P 0.1%
S 0.1%
Cl 100 ppm
(0.01%)
Fe 100 ppm
B 20 ppm
Mn 50 ppm
Zn 20 ppm
Cu 6 ppm
Mo 0.1 ppm
4.
5. Determination
• To achieve their potential yield, crop nutrient
requirements cannot be met by soil supply alone.
• Yield potential of crop plants therefore, can be
achieved by external supply of nutrients through
organic and inorganic fertilizers.
• The soil contribution is estimated by soil tests.
Although soil testing is generally accepted as a
workable practice, there are some differences in
interpreting the tests. This results in radically
different fertilizer recommendations to the
farmers.
6. There are three major concepts for
making fertilizer recommendations:
Maintenance
Cation saturation ratio
Sufficiency level
7. • Maintenance concept implies that whatever may be the
soil supplying capacity, a quantity of nutrient has to be
applied to replace that amount removed by the crop.
Even though the soil supplying capacity of a given
nutrient is adequate for top yields, still fertilizers are
recommended based on the maintenance concept.
• As per the cation ratio concept, a soil is considered as
an ideal one with the following distribution of
exchangeable cations: 65 per cent Ca, 10 per cent Mg, 5
per cent K and 20 per cent H so as to have ratios of Ca:
Mg as 6.5: 1; Ca: K as 13: 1, and Mg: K as 2 : 1.
Fertilizers are recommended to maintain this ratio.
• In sufficiency level concept, crop response to applied
nutrients is considered.
8. Blanket recommendation
• Based on the fertilizer experiments conducted in
different regions with improved varieties,
fertilizer dose is recommended for each
environment.
• This approach does not consider soil
contribution.
• However, it is suitable for recommendation of
nitrogen since residual effect of fertilizer N
applied to previous crop is negligible and soils are
generally low in N content.
9. Nutrient Deficiency System
Careful inspection of the growing plant can help identify a specific nutrient
stress. if a plant is lacking in a particular nutrient, characteristic symptoms
may appear. Deficiency of a nutrient does not directly produce symptoms.
Rather, the normal plant processes are thrown out of balance, with an
accumulation of certain intermediate organic compounds and a shortage of
others. This leads to the abnormal conditions recognized as symptoms.
Visual evaluation of nutrient stress should be used only as a supplement to
other diagnostic techniques (i.e., soil and plant analysis). Nutrient
deficiency symptoms may be classified as follows:
• Complete crop failure at the seedling stage.
• Severe stunting of plants.
• Specific leaf symptoms appearing at varying times during the season.
• Internal abnormalities such as clogged conductive tissues.
• Delayed or abnormal maturity.
• Obvious yield differences, with or without leaf symptoms.
• Poor quality of crops, including differences in protein, oil, or starch content,
and storage quality.
• Yield differences detected only by careful experimental work.
10.
11.
12. Hidden Hunger
• Hidden hunger refers to a situation in which a crop
needs more of a given nutrient yet has shown no
deficiency symptoms. The nutrient content is above
the deficiency symptom zone but still considerably
needed for optimum crop production. With most
nutrients on most crops, significant responses can be
obtained even though no recognizable symptoms
have appeared.
13.
14. Soil Test Crop Response (STCR)
Approach
• This approach takes into account the soil contribution and yield
level for recommending fertilizer dose for a particular crop.
• This approach is also called as rationalized fertilizer prescription or
prescription based fertilizer recommendations.
• It is specific to a given type of soil, crop and climatic situation.
• The requirement of nutrients is different for different crops.
• The efficiency of soil available nutrients and those added through
fertilizers is also different for different type of soils under a
particular set of climatic conditions.
• Therefore, following three basic parameters are worked out for the
specific crop and area for the development of prescription based
fertilizer recommendations:
15. After calculating these three basic parameters from the yield and uptake data
from the well conducted test crop experiment, these basic parameters, in turn,
are transformed into workable fertilizer adjust equations as below:
16. Total Plant Analysis
• In this process whole plant is dried, grind, nutrient analysis is
done by various laboratory tests. Precise results are possible
only when carefully selected plant material is submitted for
analysis. Accurate sampling requires that definite parts of a
plant be selected at certain stages of plant development.
Plant Tissue test, Biological test are also
helpful in analysing of nutreient requirement.
17.
18. Precision tools
Global Information System (GIS)
• GIS technology can be used to prepare maps that
show the variability of specific nutrient
parameters within certain areas of land, which
helps manage variable-rate applications. A GIS
can compile the data from soils analysis and crop
yield to predict the nutrient/lime requirement of
a specific area. Using GPS coordinates, GIS maps
can be very useful in determining the variability
of any farmer’s field without even leaving the
office. GIS maps are generally prepared by the
remote sensing industry.
19.
20. • Ground-based active optical sensors can measure plant
biomass and give readings in the form of Normalized
Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). The development
of an algorithm is required to use these sensors. They
have been successfully used in wheat and corn for yield
prediction and in real-time N rate application.
University researchers with access to at least three
years of data can develop the necessary algorithms.
• Satellite imagery is another tool that uses NDVI data to
manage nitrogen (N) requirements, but it has the
disadvantage that images cannot be obtained during
cloudy weather. Its precision is inferior to ground-
based active optical sensors.
21.
22. Information about the field can be gathered by using sampling
techniques, or with various types of sensors. Use of sensors is very
common these days, but there is some information — such as
nutrient analysis for pre-planting fertilizer application — that is best
determined by soil sampling. However, active optical sensor and
tissue sampling could be used for in-season nutrient applications.
On a commercial scale, sensors for the following applications are
readily available:
• Real-time ground-based active optical sensors for in-season
applications, remote imagery, unmanned avionics systems (UAV),
and satellite images
• Yield monitors
• Soil electrical conductivity sensors
• Sensors for measuring soil compaction
• Real-time soil pH sensors
24. Variable-rate controllers
• Variable-rate controllers are available for need-basis input
application. All kinds of fertilizers (liquid, granular, etc.)
could be varied depending on crop need. Existing
equipment can be modified for site-specific input
applications. Variable-rate equipment could range from a
full-sized commercial fertilizer applicator to a personal
seeder. Most controller consoles have compatibility with
many input/planting application devices, but checking with
the manufacturer to determine which one will work best
with your situation is a wise choice. The data-controlling
device could be more like a small computer. Most
companies have trained staff to help growers in the
selection of appropriate tools for site-specific farming.
25.
26.
27. Response Equation
• Field experiments are conducted with different levels of
fertilizers. The yield responses to different levels of
fertilizers are fitted into a mathematical equation based
on the shape of the curve. From the equation, economic
optimum dose is calculated and recommended to the
farmer. Curve Fitting. Generally, the response to
fertilizers is quadratic i.e. yield increases at increasing
rate with increase in fertilizer dose upto a certain level
and at a decreasing rate with subsequent doses of
fertilizers. At a particular level, yield approaches a
plateau and further increase in fertilizer dose decreases
the yield.
28.
29. • From Fig. above, it can be seen that even with no
fertilizer application, one t/ha of grain yield can be
obtained due to inherent soil fertility. There is linear
increase in yield upto 60 kg N/ha (from A to B).
Subsequently, the response line is curvilinear (from B
to C) i.e. for every increase in fertilizer dose, the yield
increased at a decreasing rate.
• Beyond 100 kg N/ha, the grain yield does not increase
with increase in fertilizers which is called as plateau (C
to D). Further increase in fertilizer dose beyond 140 kg
N/ha, yield decreases and is considered as toxic level.
30. • This curve can be expressed as a mathematical equation.
Y= a + bN + cN2
Where
Y is grain yield (kg/ha),
N, nitrogen dose (kg/ha) and
a, b and c are constants.
Constant a is known as intercept which indicates the yield level
without fertilizers.
Constant b, otherwise known as slope, provides the response rate (kg
grain obtained per kg N applied).
Constant c represents the curvature of the response line which
indirectly indicates the adverse effect of excess dose of nitrogen.
Generally, constant c has a negative sign.
• The drawbacks in the responses equation approach are:
1. soil contribution is not considered,
2. the level of production, which is low with the farmer, is not taken
into account, and
3. response equations have to be different for each variety tested.
31. SPAD
• The Chlorophyll Meter SPAD-502Plus is an
instrument which measures the amount of
chlorophyll (an important factor for understanding
the nutritional condition of the plant) in a plant leaf,
and displays the results as SPAD values*1.
Measurements can be taken instantly on site without
the need to cut off leaf samples by simply projecting
light through a leaf, and can be used for agricultural
products such as rice, corn, wheat, cotton, and other
fruits and vegetables as well as ornamental or foliage
plants.
32.
33. Green Seeker
• GreenSeeker® optical sensor technology enables you to
measure, in real time, a crop’s variability, and variably apply
the “prescribed” fertiliser or chemical requirements.
GreenSeeker® also predicts yield potential for the crop
using the agronomic vegetative index (NDVI).
• GreenSeeker® permits you to have better control of input
use, allowing you to apply the right amount in the right
place at the right time – improving your yields, decreasing
your nitrogen cost and increasing your bottom line!
• GreenSeeker® enables you to also collect data during
existing farming operations such as spraying, cultivation
and mowing.
35. • The Trimble® GreenSeeker handheld crop sensor is an
affordable, easy-to-use measurement device that can
be used to assess the health – or vigour – of a pasture
or crop in order to make better nutrient management
decisions on your farm.
• The GreenSeeker handheld instantly takes a reading of
your crop’s health. Readings can be used to make non-
subjective decisions regarding the amount of fertiliser
to be applied to your crop, resulting in more efficient
use of fertiliser – a benefit to your bottom line and the
environment.
36.
37. How it works:
• The sensor emits a brief burst of red and infrared light, and then
measures the amount of each type of light that is reflected back from
the plant.
• The sensor continues to sample the scanned area as long as the trigger
remains engaged
• The sensor displays the measurement in terms of an NDVI reading
(ranging from 0.00 to 0.99) on its LCD display screen
• The strength of the detected light is a direct indicator of the health of
the crop; the higher the reading the healthier the plant.
• Use the Connected Farm™ app on a smartphone or tablet to calculate
fertiliser application rates from crop readings taken with the
GreenSeeker handheld.
38. LCC
• The leaf color chart (LCC) is an innovative cost effective tool
for real-time or crop-need-based N management in Rice,
Maize and Wheat. LCC is a visual and subjective indicator of
plant nitrogen deficiency.It measures leaf color intensity that
is related to leaf N status. LCC is an ideal tool to optimize N
use in Rice/Maize/Wheat at high yield levels, irrespective of
the source of N applied, viz.,organic manure, biologically fixed
N, or chemical fertilizers. Thus, it is an eco-friendly tool in the
hands of farmers.
40. DRIS Approach
• Recently Diagnosis and Recommendation Integration
System (DRIS) approach is suggested for fertilizer
recommendation. In this approach, plant samples are
analyzed for nutrient content and they are expressed as
ratios of nutrients with others. Suitable ratios of
nutrients are established for higher yields from
experiments and plant samples collected from farmer's
fields. The nutrients whose ratios are not optimum for
high yields are supplemented by top dressing.
• This approach is generally suitable for long duration
crops, but it is being tested for short duration crops like
soybean, wheat etc.
41. Fluorimeter
• Fluorimeter laboratory instrument is, fluoresence pa
rameters used to measure: intensity and emission-
spectrum wavelength distribution of the light
spectrum excited then.
• Fluorimeter designed to measure the fluorescence
of chlorophyll plants.
42.
43. Nutrient Management Based on
Previous Crop
• Crops of previous season are taken in account
for the fertilizer recommendations eg
• If previous crop is sorghum and next crop is
sunflower increase 25% N with respect to
normal recommendation.