Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India
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This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
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This document discusses waterlogged soils, their properties, distribution, impacts on agriculture, and management strategies. It defines waterlogged soils as soils that are saturated with water for long periods annually, resulting in distinct soil layers. Common types include riverine flood, oceanic flood, seasonal, perennial, and sub-soil waterlogging. Factors like rainfall, irrigation, drainage, topography, and groundwater levels can lead to waterlogging. The document then outlines the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waterlogged soils. It also discusses the global distribution of waterlogged soils and some major regions before detailing approaches to manage waterlogging issues in agriculture.
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Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
Saline And Sodic Soils
Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
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Chemistry and physics of submerged soil
This document summarizes submerged soils. It discusses four main types: waterlogged (gley) soils, marsh soils, paddy soils, and subaquatic soils. It describes the characteristics of submerged soils, including the absence of oxygen, chemical changes that occur like reduction, and transformations of carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon and trace elements. Key points are that submerged soils become anaerobic, chemical elements shift to their reduced forms, and decomposition of organic matter produces gases like methane and hydrogen sulfide.
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This document discusses soil salinity in India. It begins by defining soil and its components. It then explains that saline soils are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. In India, about 7 million hectares of land have reduced crop yields due to soil salinity. The document categorizes the different types of saline soils found in India based on their characteristics such as saline soil, saline-alkali soil, and saline-sodic soil. It concludes by noting that excess soil salinity can greatly impact plant growth and crop production.
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Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
Saline And Sodic Soils
Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
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Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
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1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
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SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
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Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) due to the presence of sodium carbonate from weathering of soil minerals or application of irrigation water. This causes clay particles to adsorb more sodium ions, deteriorating soil structure through swelling and reducing infiltration. Saline soils occur where soluble salts accumulate from conditions promoting evapotranspiration over precipitation. Reclamation involves leaching excess sodium through organic matter incorporation or gypsum application to replace sodium with calcium ions and improve structure. Repeated treatments are needed due to depth of alkalinity issues.
Salt affected soils for improvement of crops
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
Impact of calcareous soil on crop production in bihar
Calcareous soils contain measurable amounts of calcium carbonate and occur in arid and semi-arid regions receiving less than 600mm of annual precipitation. They are characterized by a pH between 7.0-8.5 and effervesce when treated with acid. Calcareous soils in Bihar cover 17.4 million hectares and support crops like rice, sugarcane, maize, tobacco and wheat through management practices like tillage, organic matter addition, and application of phosphatic fertilizers near the root zone.
effect of submergence in soils and its management
Submergence of soils in water leads to several physical, biological, and chemical changes. Oxygen levels decrease as water replaces air in pore spaces, promoting anaerobic conditions. This allows reduction reactions to occur, changing soil properties like pH, redox potential, and nutrient availability. While phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese availability increases, nitrogen can be lost through leaching or denitrification if not properly managed, and sulfur, zinc and copper availability decreases overall. Careful water and nutrient management is needed for optimal crop growth in submerged soils.
Acid and calcareous Soils.pptx
This document discusses acid soils and calcareous soils. For acid soils, it defines them as soils with a pH below 6.0 due to the buildup of hydrogen and aluminum ions from leaching of bases. This causes physical, chemical, and biological problems for plant growth. Liming raises the pH and improves nutrient availability and soil health. Calcareous soils have a pH above 7.0 due to calcium carbonate. Fertilizer management is different as some nutrients like phosphorus are less available in high pH conditions. Applying acidifying fertilizers and amendments can help lower the pH.
Area And Distribution of Acid soil.pptx
The document discusses the distribution and causes of different types of problematic soils in India, including acidic soils which cover 49 million hectares, or 9.3% of the country's total geographical area. It outlines the main factors that can lead to the formation of acidic, saline, sodic, saline-sodic, calcareous, and acid sulfate soils. Problematic soils pose challenges for agricultural land use due to their composition and environmental conditions.
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Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India
- 1. ALKALINE SOIL:- ORIGIN, PROPERTIES AND DISTRIBUTION
- 2. INRODUCTION :- • Alkaline soils are clay soils with a high pH (>9) and a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. • The causes of soil alkalinity are natural or they can be man made. • The natural development is due to the presence of soil minerals producing sodium carbonate & sodium bicarbonate upon weathering. • The man made development is due to the application of irrigation water (surface or ground water) containg a relatively high proportion of sodium bicarbonates. • Alkaline soils are difficult to take into agricultural production.
- 3. UNIT OF EXPRESSION OF ALKALINITY :- • Sodium is involved in alkalinity. • It is expressed in terms of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) which is degree of saturation of exchangeable complex with sodium absorption ratio (SAR) which is a comparative ratio of Ca, Mg and Na. • In the case of alkaline soils, the exchange complex contains appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium . such soil may or may not contain excess salts.
- 4. Alkaline soils may be divided into following groups:- Saline- alkali soil :- when they contain soluble salts in excess they are known saline- alkali soils. Non- saline -alkali soil :- when they do not contain soluble salt, they are called non saline alkali soil. Degraded alkali soil :- under certain circumstances the clay complex is broken down to give rise to degradable alkali soil.
- 5. ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF ALKALINE SOIL • Hydrolysis of sodium saturated exchange complex in the formation of an alkali soil:- sodium carbonate undergoes hydrolysis to form sodium hydroxide .which dissociated to increase concentration of hydroxyl ions in soil solution. Formation of OH ions is an increase in pH . • Arid and semi arid climate:- salt affected soils are mostly formed in arid region where low rainfall and high evaporation prevails. The low rainfall or precipitation in these regions is not sufficient to leach out the soluble weathered products and hence the salts accumulate in soil. In dry weather, the salts move up with the water and are brought up to surface where they are diposite as the water evaporates. • Salty underground water :- if the ground water is salty, the salts move upward with water and get deposited when water evaporate.
- 6. CONTINUE.... • Overflow of sea water over lands:- low-lying areas near the sea which get sea water during tides. salt water accumulates and enrich the soils with salts. • Quality of irrigation water:- if water contains excessive amount of calcium, Magnesium, sodium, chloride, carbonate their continuous application develops salt affected soils. • Excessive use of basic fertilizer:- use of alkaline fertilizer like sodium nitrate basic slag etc., may develop alkalinity in soil. • Humid and semi-humid regions:- alkaline soils develop in other areas also, Eg . In semi-humid and temperate region, especially in depression where drainage is defective and where the under ground water table is high and enrich the soils with salts.
- 7. NATURE AND PROPERTIES • Physical properties: • alkali soils are deflocculated thats why soil is impermeable to water and air . • High amount of exchangeable sodium leads to dispersion of the clay, which together with humus may form dark coloured soil. • In alkaline soil organic matter content is very low.
- 8. CONTINUE.... • Chemical properties:- • The pH value of alkaline soils ranges from 8.5 to 10.5 • The SAR value of alkaline soil is >13. • The ESP value of alkaline soil is > 15. • In alkaline soil total soluble salt content is < 0.1% • In alkaline soil dominant salts are sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. • EC value is <4 ds/m.
- 9. CONTINUE.... • Availability of nutrients:- the high pH in alkali soil cause a reduction in the availability of plant nutrients such as phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen, iron, copper, manganese and zinc. • Microbiological activity:- • In alkaline soil microbiological activity are reduced.
- 10. DISTRIBUTION • Alkali soil are widespread in many countries of the world, especially in Australia Argentina and Canada. • Alkali soil occur most frequently steppe ,dry steppe and semi desert zone. • In India alkali soil occur in indo gangatic plains.
- 11. Area :- parts of Gujarat ,Rajsthan, Panjab, Haryana, uttarPradesh and Maharastra.
- 12. By - Vaishnavi Raju