This document discusses soil erosion, including its definition, causes, types, and extent. It defines soil erosion as the wearing away of land by forces like water, wind, or human activity. The main types of erosion are water erosion and wind erosion. Water erosion includes splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and stream-bank erosion. Wind erosion occurs through surface creep, saltation, and suspension. The document also notes that approximately 45% of India's land is affected by serious soil erosion.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
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Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
detailed reason of soil erosion, its stages, effects, impacts on agriculture and solution.
SOIL EROSION: INRTODUCTION
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
Agents of Soil Erosion
WATER EROSION
DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOIL EROSION CAUSED BY WATER
WIND EROSION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL PARTICLES MOVEMENT BY WIND
MASS MOVEMENT
DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOIL EROSION BY MASS MOVEMENT
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION
SOIL EROSION: DEGRADING SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY
CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF EROSION: Types of erosion, factors affecting erosion, effects of erosion on land fertility and land capability, estimation of soil loss due to erosion, Universal soil loss equation.
This presentation includes definition of Soil Erosion, Causes of Soil Erosion, Types of Soil Erosion, Agents of Soil Erosion, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Mechanics of Soil Erosion and
Ill Effects of Soil Erosion
Soil and water conservation engineering, water erosion, types of water erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, coastal erosion
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. SOIL EROSION
Mining of soil erosion:-
Soil erosion is the process of detachment of soil
particles from the parent body and transportation of the
detached soil particles by wind and water.
The agents causing erosion are wind and water.
The detaching agents are falling rain drops, channel
flow and wind.
The transporting agents are flowing water, rain splash
and wind.
Depending on the agents of erosion, it is called as
water erosion or wind erosion or wave erosion.
3. Definition of soil erosion :-
“Soil erosion is the wearing away of the land
surface by physical forces such as rainfall,
flowing water, wind, ice, temperature change,
gravity or other natural or anthropogenic
agents that abrade, detach and remove soil
or geological material from one point on the
earth’s surface to be deposited elsewhere.”
4. Extent of soil erosion;-
Soil Erosion in India is amongst the leading areas of
concern for the Government of India.
It affects cultivation and farming in the country in
adverse and unfavourable ways.
Soil erosion leads to deprivation of physical
characteristics of soil and damages plant and crops.
In India almost 130 million hectares of land, that is,
45% of total geographical surface area, is affected by
serious soil erosion through gorge and gully, sifting
cultivation, cultivated wastelands, sandy areas, deserts
and water logging.
5. Extent of soil erosion;-
Soil erosion by rain and river that takes place in
hilly areas causes severe landslides and floods,
while cutting trees for agricultural implements,
firewood and timber;
Grazing by a large number of livestock over
and above the carrying capacity of grass lands,
traditional agricultural practices, construction of
roads, indiscriminate quarrying and other
activities, have all led to the opening of hill-faces
to extreme soil erosion.
6. Extent of soil erosion;-
A joint FAO/UNEP assessment of land
degradation around the world has come up with
the following findings;
In Africa north of the equator, 11.6% of the total
area is affected by water erosion and 22.4% by
wind erosion.
In the Near East, 17.1 % of the total area is
affected by water erosion; 35.5 % by wind
erosion, and 8 % by salinization.
8. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
A) Natural or Geologic Erosion:-
It is caused by nature.
Normal or geologic erosion is a normal feature of any
landscape.
Geologic erosion takes place gradually but so slowly that
ages are required for it to make any noticeable alteration
in the major features of the earth’s surface.
B) Accelerated Soil Erosion:-
It is caused by human activities.
This accelerated detachment that rapidly ravages the land
and it is with this type of soil erosion that is considered of
a serious concerned.
Nature requires, on an average, about 1000 years
building 2.5 cm’s of top soil but wrong farming methods
may take only a few years to erode it from lands of
average slope.
9. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
C) Water Erosion :- Water erosion causes severe soil
erosion and this category of soil erosion can be defined,
splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion
and stream-bank erosion.
1) Splash Erosion:-
Splash erosion is the first stage of the erosion process.
It occurs when raindrops hit bare soil.
The explosive impact breaks up soil aggregates so that
individual soil particles are ‘splashed’ onto the soil
surface.
The splash particles can rise as high 60cm above the
ground and move up to 1.5 meters from the point of
impact
The particles block the spaces between soil aggregates,
so that the soil forms a crust that reduces infiltration and
increases runoff.
10.
11. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
2)Sheet Erosion:-
In the initial stages of soil
erosion, rain drops churn the
top soil and along with runoff
the muddy water moves away
from the field.
It is uniform removal of top soil in thin layer from the
field.
It is least conspicuous and is the first stage of
erosion.
12. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
3) Rill erosion:-
When runoff starts,
channelization begins
and erosion is no longer
uniform.
Incisions are formed on the ground and
erosion is more apparent than sheet erosion.
This is the second stage of erosion.
13. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
4) Gully Erosion:-
Unchecked rills result
in increased channelization
of runoff.
Gullies are formed when
channelized runoff from vast
sloping land is sufficient in volume and velocity
to cut deep and wide channels.
Gullies are the most spectacular symptoms of
erosion.
If unchecked cultivation becomes difficult.
14. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
5) Stream-bank Erosion:-
Small streams, rivulets,
torrents (hill streams) are
subjected to stream-bank
erosion due to obstruction
to their flow.
Vegetation sprouts when
the streams dry up and obstructs the flow
causing cutting of bank or changing of the
flow course.
15. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
D) Wind Erosion:- Wind erosion is the movement and
deposition of soil particles by wind. Wind erosion is a
serious problem in area where land is bare and devoid of
vegetation. It is a natural phenomena in arid and semi-arid
zones. When it’s velocity overcomes the gravitational and
cohesive forces of the soil particles, wind will move soil and
carry it away in suspension.
Wind erosion is of two primary varieties:
1) Deflation:- Where the wind picks up and carries away loose
particles.
2) Abrasion:- where surface are worn down as they are struck
by airborne particles carried by wind.
Deflation is divided into three categories:
Surface creep
Saltation
Suspension
17. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
1) Surface creep:- (1) Rolling of coarse grains, larger
than 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter and too heavy to be
lifted, by wind along the surface of the ground is called
surface creep. (2) The particles are pushed along the
surface of the ground, rolling and not jumping. (3)
Generally, 5 to 25 % weight of the soil lost by wind
erosion is carried in surface creep.
2) Saltation:- (1) Saltation is the first stage of movement
of soil particles in series of jumps. (2) The soil
particles moved by saltation are between 0.1 to 0.5
mm in diameter(fine sand). (3) Sand sized particles
rolling along the surface start this movement. (4) Due
to the effect of wind, soil particles jump up vertically
into air and rice to a height of 30 to 60 cm and fall
through the air. (5)Generally 50 to 75 % of the weight
of soil lost by wind erosion is carried in saltation.
18. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
3) Suspension:- (1)Floating of fine dust
particles through the air is known as
suspension. (2)The particles are smaller then
0.1 mm in diameter. (3)The smaller particles
are kicked into the air, they stay in
suspension and carried very long distances,
even several thousands of kilometres. (4)The
dust comes down to earth only with rain or
when wind velocity is decreased. (5)
Generally 3 to 4 % of the weight of soil lost
by wind erosion is carried in suspension.
