This document provides information on precision farming and site-specific nutrient management. It begins with definitions of precision farming and discusses its history. It then outlines the needs, concepts, objectives and components of precision farming. Some key tools and techniques of precision farming discussed include GPS, GIS, remote sensing, yield monitors, chlorophyll meters, and decision support systems. The document presents evidence that precision farming approaches like sensor-guided nutrient management and site-specific nutrient management can increase yields and profits while improving nutrient use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts compared to traditional blanket fertilizer recommendations.
This document is an assignment on precision agriculture submitted by Vidhan Chandra Singh to Dr. Amitesh Kumar Singh. It defines precision agriculture as a site-specific farming system designed to increase production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It discusses the history and basic concepts of precision agriculture, including the key components of GPS, GIS, variable rate technology, yield monitors, and remote sensing. It also covers the benefits and challenges of adopting precision agriculture in India.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
Precision agriculture is an art and science of utilizing innovative, site-specific techniques for management of spatial and temporal variability using affordable technologies… for enhancing output, efficiency, and profitability of agricultural production in an environmentally responsible manner
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
Precision Agriculture- By Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides definitions, history, concepts, components, applications, advantages, and limitations. Precision agriculture aims to enhance productivity and environmental quality by varying inputs based on spatial and temporal variability. It uses tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, yield monitors, and variable rate technology to optimize crop management. While precision agriculture can increase profits and efficiency, its adoption in India faces challenges like cost, infrastructure needs, and farmer education.
Precision farming uses technology like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable rate application to optimize crop production by accounting for spatial and temporal variability within fields. It involves accessing variability through soil sampling and mapping, then managing that variability using tools like variable rate technology, site-specific planting, and nutrient management. This contrasts with traditional farming which treats entire fields uniformly without consideration for variability. The goal of precision farming is to improve crop yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
This document is an assignment on precision agriculture submitted by Vidhan Chandra Singh to Dr. Amitesh Kumar Singh. It defines precision agriculture as a site-specific farming system designed to increase production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It discusses the history and basic concepts of precision agriculture, including the key components of GPS, GIS, variable rate technology, yield monitors, and remote sensing. It also covers the benefits and challenges of adopting precision agriculture in India.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
Precision agriculture is an art and science of utilizing innovative, site-specific techniques for management of spatial and temporal variability using affordable technologies… for enhancing output, efficiency, and profitability of agricultural production in an environmentally responsible manner
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
Precision Agriculture- By Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides definitions, history, concepts, components, applications, advantages, and limitations. Precision agriculture aims to enhance productivity and environmental quality by varying inputs based on spatial and temporal variability. It uses tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, yield monitors, and variable rate technology to optimize crop management. While precision agriculture can increase profits and efficiency, its adoption in India faces challenges like cost, infrastructure needs, and farmer education.
Precision farming uses technology like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable rate application to optimize crop production by accounting for spatial and temporal variability within fields. It involves accessing variability through soil sampling and mapping, then managing that variability using tools like variable rate technology, site-specific planting, and nutrient management. This contrasts with traditional farming which treats entire fields uniformly without consideration for variability. The goal of precision farming is to improve crop yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Precision agriculture aims to control variability in agricultural production to improve output and environmental quality. It involves dividing fields into management zones based on factors like soil quality. Zone inputs are controlled using GPS and GIS technologies. This allows applying the right amount of fertilizer, water, and pesticides only where needed. Precision agriculture can benefit both farmers economically through reduced input costs and the environment by minimizing waste. However, there are also concerns for its adoption in Indian agriculture including small landholdings, lack of infrastructure, and farmers' technical knowledge about the technologies involved.
Agriculture machinery plays a significant role to enhance the productivity.
Geo-informatics is the science that gather data regarding field conditions (Accurately). These are computational model cum strong algorithm based machinery or equipment to obtain real time data with precise application
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Credit Seminar:Adoption Of Precision Agriculture In Indian Scenario: It's Sco...Sundeepreddyavula
Precision agriculture refers to applying agricultural inputs precisely based on soil, weather, and crop needs to improve productivity, quality, and profitability. It uses technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS to enable more efficient use of inputs like pesticides, fertilizers, tillage, and irrigation water, bringing higher yields and quality without pollution. While precision agriculture is still nascent in India, studies show it can increase yields 2-3 times through proper soil testing and fertilizer application. Some Indian states and companies are piloting precision agriculture approaches tailored to India's socioeconomic conditions to evaluate yield increases and cost reductions compared to conventional farming. Widespread adoption in India will require overcoming educational, economic, and infrastructure challenges.
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions on a sub-field level. This allows for more efficient use of inputs like fertilizer and chemicals by varying application rates within a single field based on differences in soil type, crop growth, and other factors. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technologies like GPS, GIS, sensors, and data analysis software have enabled much more precise data collection and implementation at scale. Potential benefits include cost savings from reduced input usage, improved environmental stewardship, and increased economic returns through optimized field management.
This document provides an overview of precision farming presented by Rohit Pandey. It defines precision farming as applying the right inputs, at the right time, in the right amount, at the right place, and in the right manner based on crop requirements on a localized basis. The key components of precision farming discussed are GPS, GIS, remote sensing, variable rate applicators, and the farmer. The document also discusses approaches to precision farming like grid sampling and management zones, and prospects in the Indian agriculture context.
Alejandro Nin-Pratt, Jawoo Koo, and David J Spielman, International Food Policy Research Institute
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions in smaller subfield areas. It utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to gather and analyze spatial and temporal data on factors like soil composition, crop yields, and pest populations. This allows for more efficient and environmentally friendly practices like variable rate application of inputs tailored to each subfield's specific needs, reducing costs and increasing yields. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technological advances have enabled much finer-scale data collection and analysis, driving improved management precision.
This document provides an overview of precision farming and its importance. It discusses how precision farming uses GPS, GIS and other technologies to help farmers increase yields and farm more sustainably. Precision farming allows farmers to vary application of inputs like fertilizer based on soil conditions within their fields. This helps farmers use resources more efficiently while reducing environmental impacts. The document also outlines how precision farming techniques can be applied to different stages of crop growth like planting, fertilizing and harvesting. While precision farming is well established in developed countries, it is still emerging in India where government programs are helping promote its adoption.
Precision Agriculture: Modern Agricultural Technologydrizlmari
Today world population is increased day by day gradually at same time the food production is being declined. So for modern techniques is required to feed the population
Precision farming refers to applying agricultural inputs precisely based on soil, weather, and crop needs to improve productivity, quality, and profitability. It uses technologies like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and drones to vary application of inputs within single fields based on data collected. This allows for more efficient use of resources like water, fertilizer, and pesticides, increasing yields while reducing environmental pollution. Precision farming is still developing in India but shows potential to significantly increase crop productivity through techniques tailored for India's agricultural conditions and small landholdings.
This document presents a term paper on site-specific nutrient management for rice production submitted by Goma Joshi to their professor. The paper reviews site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to tailor fertilizer application to each field based on the crop's needs. It discusses the objectives, materials and methods, principles, approaches, tools, and effects of SSNM. Implementing SSNM through tools like leaf color charts, chlorophyll meters, and software can increase rice yields over blanket recommendations and improve nutrient uptake and profitability. Further simplifying the approach is needed for wider farmer adoption of SSNM.
This document discusses the use of agricultural drones in India. It begins with an overview of the importance of agriculture to the Indian economy and population. It then discusses how precision agriculture and drone technology can help enhance productivity and efficiency by providing accurate field data. The document outlines the various sensor technologies used on agri-drones and their applications, which include soil and crop monitoring, precision spraying, irrigation management, and mapping. The benefits of agri-drones are higher yields, reduced costs and pesticide use, and improved decision making. Challenges to adoption include system and technology issues.
This document defines good agricultural practices (GAP) and outlines their benefits. GAP are techniques used in agriculture to produce safe food and non-food products while protecting the environment. The key benefits of GAP include promoting sustainable agriculture, improving food safety and quality, and better price realization for farmers. The document then provides a practical approach for small farmers to implement GAP. This involves transitioning from farming to running a farm business, using farm calendars, record keeping, training, and techniques for soil, irrigation, pest and disease management. The overall goal of GAP is to ensure food, social, environmental, and worker safety throughout the agricultural process.
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
These are the notes for Precision Farming useful in the course of Bsc(agriculture & food business) from Amity university or what so ever you are in.. All the best for your degree.!
Fertigation is the process of applying water-soluble fertilizers to crops through irrigation systems like drip or sprinkler irrigation. It allows for fertilizer to be dissolved, diluted and distributed with water directly to plant roots. The objectives of fertigation in microirrigation are to maximize profits by applying the right amount of water and fertilizer at the right time while minimizing environmental impacts like fertilizer leaching. Some advantages include more uniform fertilizer distribution, flexible application timing, reduced fertilizer and nutrient losses, and lower costs. Disadvantages can include contamination hazards and needing expert installation and handling of liquid fertilizers.
Role of Sulphur in Oilseed Crops - By Rahul Raj Tandon (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
1. The document discusses the role of sulfur in oilseed crops. Sulfur is essential for plant growth and development as it is required for chlorophyll formation, oil synthesis, and enzyme activation.
2. Common oilseed crops grown in India like groundnut, mustard, soybean, and sesame have sulfur requirements ranging from 10-15 kg/ha. Application of sulfur fertilizers increases the yield and oil content of these crops.
3. Sulfur deficiency in soils and crops has increased due to the use of sulfur-free fertilizers and lack of organic manures. Deficiency symptoms include pale yellow leaves initially in young plants. Application of sulfur sources like gypsum
Precision agriculture aims to control variability in agricultural production to improve output and environmental quality. It involves dividing fields into management zones based on factors like soil quality. Zone inputs are controlled using GPS and GIS technologies. This allows applying the right amount of fertilizer, water, and pesticides only where needed. Precision agriculture can benefit both farmers economically through reduced input costs and the environment by minimizing waste. However, there are also concerns for its adoption in Indian agriculture including small landholdings, lack of infrastructure, and farmers' technical knowledge about the technologies involved.
Agriculture machinery plays a significant role to enhance the productivity.
Geo-informatics is the science that gather data regarding field conditions (Accurately). These are computational model cum strong algorithm based machinery or equipment to obtain real time data with precise application
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Credit Seminar:Adoption Of Precision Agriculture In Indian Scenario: It's Sco...Sundeepreddyavula
Precision agriculture refers to applying agricultural inputs precisely based on soil, weather, and crop needs to improve productivity, quality, and profitability. It uses technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS to enable more efficient use of inputs like pesticides, fertilizers, tillage, and irrigation water, bringing higher yields and quality without pollution. While precision agriculture is still nascent in India, studies show it can increase yields 2-3 times through proper soil testing and fertilizer application. Some Indian states and companies are piloting precision agriculture approaches tailored to India's socioeconomic conditions to evaluate yield increases and cost reductions compared to conventional farming. Widespread adoption in India will require overcoming educational, economic, and infrastructure challenges.
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions on a sub-field level. This allows for more efficient use of inputs like fertilizer and chemicals by varying application rates within a single field based on differences in soil type, crop growth, and other factors. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technologies like GPS, GIS, sensors, and data analysis software have enabled much more precise data collection and implementation at scale. Potential benefits include cost savings from reduced input usage, improved environmental stewardship, and increased economic returns through optimized field management.
This document provides an overview of precision farming presented by Rohit Pandey. It defines precision farming as applying the right inputs, at the right time, in the right amount, at the right place, and in the right manner based on crop requirements on a localized basis. The key components of precision farming discussed are GPS, GIS, remote sensing, variable rate applicators, and the farmer. The document also discusses approaches to precision farming like grid sampling and management zones, and prospects in the Indian agriculture context.
Alejandro Nin-Pratt, Jawoo Koo, and David J Spielman, International Food Policy Research Institute
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Precision agriculture involves collecting data about variability within fields in order to make targeted management decisions in smaller subfield areas. It utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and remote sensing to gather and analyze spatial and temporal data on factors like soil composition, crop yields, and pest populations. This allows for more efficient and environmentally friendly practices like variable rate application of inputs tailored to each subfield's specific needs, reducing costs and increasing yields. While the concept has existed for hundreds of years, recent technological advances have enabled much finer-scale data collection and analysis, driving improved management precision.
This document provides an overview of precision farming and its importance. It discusses how precision farming uses GPS, GIS and other technologies to help farmers increase yields and farm more sustainably. Precision farming allows farmers to vary application of inputs like fertilizer based on soil conditions within their fields. This helps farmers use resources more efficiently while reducing environmental impacts. The document also outlines how precision farming techniques can be applied to different stages of crop growth like planting, fertilizing and harvesting. While precision farming is well established in developed countries, it is still emerging in India where government programs are helping promote its adoption.
Precision Agriculture: Modern Agricultural Technologydrizlmari
Today world population is increased day by day gradually at same time the food production is being declined. So for modern techniques is required to feed the population
Precision farming refers to applying agricultural inputs precisely based on soil, weather, and crop needs to improve productivity, quality, and profitability. It uses technologies like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and drones to vary application of inputs within single fields based on data collected. This allows for more efficient use of resources like water, fertilizer, and pesticides, increasing yields while reducing environmental pollution. Precision farming is still developing in India but shows potential to significantly increase crop productivity through techniques tailored for India's agricultural conditions and small landholdings.
This document presents a term paper on site-specific nutrient management for rice production submitted by Goma Joshi to their professor. The paper reviews site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to tailor fertilizer application to each field based on the crop's needs. It discusses the objectives, materials and methods, principles, approaches, tools, and effects of SSNM. Implementing SSNM through tools like leaf color charts, chlorophyll meters, and software can increase rice yields over blanket recommendations and improve nutrient uptake and profitability. Further simplifying the approach is needed for wider farmer adoption of SSNM.
This document discusses the use of agricultural drones in India. It begins with an overview of the importance of agriculture to the Indian economy and population. It then discusses how precision agriculture and drone technology can help enhance productivity and efficiency by providing accurate field data. The document outlines the various sensor technologies used on agri-drones and their applications, which include soil and crop monitoring, precision spraying, irrigation management, and mapping. The benefits of agri-drones are higher yields, reduced costs and pesticide use, and improved decision making. Challenges to adoption include system and technology issues.
This document defines good agricultural practices (GAP) and outlines their benefits. GAP are techniques used in agriculture to produce safe food and non-food products while protecting the environment. The key benefits of GAP include promoting sustainable agriculture, improving food safety and quality, and better price realization for farmers. The document then provides a practical approach for small farmers to implement GAP. This involves transitioning from farming to running a farm business, using farm calendars, record keeping, training, and techniques for soil, irrigation, pest and disease management. The overall goal of GAP is to ensure food, social, environmental, and worker safety throughout the agricultural process.
site specific. nutrient. management.pptxshivalika6
Site – specific nutrient management is the dynamic, field specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
These are the notes for Precision Farming useful in the course of Bsc(agriculture & food business) from Amity university or what so ever you are in.. All the best for your degree.!
Similar to anjali DS 2 (precision farming).pdf (20)
Fertigation is the process of applying water-soluble fertilizers to crops through irrigation systems like drip or sprinkler irrigation. It allows for fertilizer to be dissolved, diluted and distributed with water directly to plant roots. The objectives of fertigation in microirrigation are to maximize profits by applying the right amount of water and fertilizer at the right time while minimizing environmental impacts like fertilizer leaching. Some advantages include more uniform fertilizer distribution, flexible application timing, reduced fertilizer and nutrient losses, and lower costs. Disadvantages can include contamination hazards and needing expert installation and handling of liquid fertilizers.
Role of Sulphur in Oilseed Crops - By Rahul Raj Tandon (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
1. The document discusses the role of sulfur in oilseed crops. Sulfur is essential for plant growth and development as it is required for chlorophyll formation, oil synthesis, and enzyme activation.
2. Common oilseed crops grown in India like groundnut, mustard, soybean, and sesame have sulfur requirements ranging from 10-15 kg/ha. Application of sulfur fertilizers increases the yield and oil content of these crops.
3. Sulfur deficiency in soils and crops has increased due to the use of sulfur-free fertilizers and lack of organic manures. Deficiency symptoms include pale yellow leaves initially in young plants. Application of sulfur sources like gypsum
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses weed management approaches for direct seeded rice. It outlines several cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for controlling weeds, including stale seedbed technique, tillage, cultivation varieties, seeding rates, crop rotation, residue management, and herbicides. It also discusses integrated weed management, noting that no single approach provides acceptable control and an integrated approach using several methods is needed for long-term sustainable weed control in direct seeded rice systems.
water Resources of India - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
The document summarizes water resources in India. It states that India receives annual precipitation of 4000 km3, mostly from monsoon rainfall. The total utilizable water resources are assessed at 1086 km3. Surface water resources include rivers, lakes and ponds, with India having over 10,360 rivers distributed across 20 river basins. Groundwater resources are recharged through rainfall and canal irrigation, with the annual potential groundwater recharge estimated at 432 km3. Water utilization faces challenges of uneven spatial and temporal distribution as well as increasing competition between sectors.
Effect of Climate Change - By Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document is a presentation submitted by Anjali Patel to Dr. Pratibha Katiyar on the impacts of climate change on water resources and the hydrological cycle. It discusses how climate change affects precipitation patterns, flooding, drought, groundwater recharge and availability. Increased temperatures lead to changes in evaporation and rainfall variability, altering streamflows and water availability. The impacts on the Indian monsoon system are also examined. Adaptation strategies like infrastructure development, groundwater management and afforestation are proposed to mitigate the effects of climate change on water resources.
This document discusses weed interference and competition in crops. It defines key terms like interference, competition, critical period of weed competition, and weed shift. It explains that competition is the struggle for limited resources like water, nutrients, light and space between crops and weeds. The critical period is when maximum competition occurs. Environmental, crop and weed factors influence competition. Weed shifts occur when management does not control the entire weed community. Rotating herbicides and using proper rates and timing can help prevent shifts in weed populations.
The document summarizes the key causes and characteristics of saline soils. Saline soils form in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is low and evaporation is high, preventing the leaching of soluble salts. Primary minerals release salt constituents through weathering, and groundwater, ocean water, irrigation water, windblown salts, and excessive fertilizer use can deposit additional salts in the soil. Saline soils are characterized by a high total soluble salt content over 0.1% which creates an osmotic pressure that prevents plant growth. Common salts found are sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of sodium.
Principles of fertilizer application (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses principles of fertilizer application, including:
1. Fertilizers should be applied at the proper time, in the right manner, and with consideration of crop nutrient requirements, methods of application, economics, and soil/crop factors.
2. Methods of application include broadcasting, placement, localized placement, band placement, liquid application, foliar application, fertigation, and injection into soil.
3. The appropriate method depends on the fertilizer type, soil type, and crop nutrient needs and growth stages.
This document summarizes methods for reclaiming alkaline and saline soils. It discusses how excess sodium and poor drainage can lead to alkalinity in soils. The main reclamation methods described are leaching salts from the soil using drainage and flooding, and converting salts using amendments like gypsum, sulfur, or iron sulfate. These amendments cause chemical reactions that replace exchangeable sodium with calcium, forming leachable sodium sulfates. Careful irrigation is also important to prevent salt accumulation and allow for salt precipitation below the root zone.
The document summarizes the different types of soils found in the Chhattisgarh region of India based on agro-climatic zones and their characteristics. In the Chhattisgarh plains, the main soil types are Bhata (lateritic), Matasi (sandy loam), Dorsa (clay loam), and Kanhar (clay). In the Bastar plateau, the main soil types are Marhan (coarse sandy), Tikra (sandy), Mal (sandy loam), and Gabhar (clay-clay loam). The northern hills region contains hilly, Tikra, Goda chwar, and Bahara soils. Each soil type is described in terms of
Removal of Excess salts to root zone (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses methods for reclaiming saline soils by removing excess salts from the root zone. Mechanical methods include flooding the land to leach salts down below the root zone through standing water. Cultural methods involve providing drainage, using salt-free irrigation water, planting seeds in furrows to avoid salt concentrations, using acidic fertilizers, and growing salt-tolerant crops. Chemical methods involve adding gypsum or sulfur to help reclaim saline soils.
There are four main approaches to fertilizer recommendations based on soil testing:
1. The build up and maintenance approach applies more fertilizer to increase long-term soil nutrient availability, which decreases the risk of deficiencies but increases the risk of over-fertilizing.
2. The sufficiency approach applies only what is needed for maximum crop profit in a given year while minimizing costs. Higher rates are used when soil tests are low.
3. The basic cation saturation approach aims to maintain specific ratios of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in soil.
4. The quantitative approach uses soil test values directly to calculate fertilizer needs based on crop type, production factors, and nutrient removal by the crop.
Reclamation of calcareous soil (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
Cultural, water, biological, and chemical methods can be used to reclaim calcareous soil. Cultural methods include tillage to improve pore space and water holding capacity, mulching to leach salts in initial years, and continuous cropping to gradually reduce excess sodium percentage with depth. Water management involves drainage to store 15 cm of rainfall without affecting rice yields and leaching salts. Biological reclamation uses organic manure addition, which helps dissolve calcium compounds through decomposition and root action. Chemical reclamation employs phosphatic fertilizers placed near plant roots and in ball form to increase phosphorus availability, and amendments like gypsum, calcium chloride, sulfuric acid, and iron sulfate which supply soluble calcium or hydrolyze to form acids
This document discusses soil erosion, including its definition, causes, types, and extent. It defines soil erosion as the wearing away of land by forces like water, wind, or human activity. The main types of erosion are water erosion and wind erosion. Water erosion includes splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and stream-bank erosion. Wind erosion occurs through surface creep, saltation, and suspension. The document also notes that approximately 45% of India's land is affected by serious soil erosion.
This document discusses soil quality, including its definition, importance, assessment tools, and indicators. Soil quality refers to a soil's ability to function within its ecosystem boundaries to support plant and animal productivity. It is assessed using measurable indicators that reflect the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and functions. Maintaining and improving soil quality is important for sustaining agricultural productivity, environmental health, and future land use.
The document discusses various agronomic and mechanical measures for soil conservation. It describes crop rotation, contour farming, cover cropping and mulching, and strip cropping as agronomic measures that help reduce erosion, maintain soil nutrients and moisture levels. Mechanical measures mentioned include basin listing, subsoiling, contour trenching, terracing, bunding and gully control structures, which divide slopes and capture runoff to prevent erosion and allow water absorption. The overall aim of these techniques is to reduce the velocity of runoff and retain water in the soil for longer to minimize erosion and optimize crop growth.
Calcareous soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India (IGKV RAIPUR ,...Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses calcareous soils, which contain high amounts of calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils form in both arid and humid regions through weathering of parent rocks containing calcium carbonate. They are characterized by a calcic horizon with over 15% calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils have properties like effervescing when acid is added, high pH between 7-8.5, and flocculated structure. Nutrient availability can be reduced for phosphorus, potassium and zinc due to high calcium carbonate levels. Calcareous soils are found distributed in parts of India like eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar districts.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on soil testing. It discusses:
1) The objectives of soil testing programs are to provide an index of nutrient availability, predict fertilizer response, and provide fertilizer recommendations.
2) The phases of soil testing include collecting soil samples, extracting and analyzing nutrients, interpreting results, and making fertilizer recommendations.
3) Proper soil sampling involves taking composited samples at a depth of 20cm, using augers or probes, drying the samples, grinding them to pass through a 2mm sieve.
Acidic soils occupy approximately 60% of the earth's land area. Soils become acidic when elements that are naturally acidic in reaction, like hydrogen ions, increase in concentration and lower the soil pH below 7. Acidic soils commonly form in humid, high rainfall areas due to leaching of basic cations like calcium and magnesium. They can also form from acidic parent materials like igneous rocks or due to excessive application of acid-forming fertilizers. Acidic soils have light texture, low organic matter and water holding capacity, and contain clay minerals like kaolinite. They negatively impact plant growth through both direct toxicity of hydrogen ions and indirect effects like aluminum toxicity and phosphate fixation. Approximately 49 million hectares of
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
anjali DS 2 (precision farming).pdf
1.
2. Speaker:
Anjali Patel
PhD (Agronomy)
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR
Submitted to:
Dr. N.K. Choubey
Professor & Course In-charge
Dr. N. Pandey,
Professor and Co-I/C
Course No.- AGRON- 692
3. • Precision - it may be defined as the degree of refinement
with which an operation is performed or a measurement
stated.
• Farming - Farming is the act or process of working the
ground, planting seeds, and growing edible plants or raising
animals for milk or meat.
5. • “Precision agriculture can be defined as the application of
principles and technologies to manage spatial and temporal
variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production
for the purpose of improving crop performance and
environmental quality.”
(Pierce and Nowak, 1999)
• “Precision farming is the only solution to identify the causes of
variability within the field and to carefully tailor soil and crop
management to fit in each cultivated field.”
(Gautam and Sharma, 2002)
6. • In the 1960s and 1970 the Geographic Information System
(GIS) was one of the first precision farming tools.
• During mid 1970’s Pushparajah coined the term “discriminatory
fertilizer use”.
• In late 1980s the tool to tie all variabilities together was the
Global Positioning System (GPS).
• The term precision agriculture appears to have been used first
in 1990.
• Pierre Robert- father of PF.
• The present status of precision agriculture is similar to no tillage
concept of 1960.
7. • Increased land degradation.
• Depletion of water resources.
• For maximum use of minimum land unit.
• Socio economic need.
• Environment pollution.
• For increasing the effectiveness of inputs.
8. • 60 to 80 % higher yield in all the crops
(The highest possible yield records under Indian conditions)
• 90% plus first grade marketable produce
• 30% premium price in the market
• 5-6 days more shelf life
• Less labour dependence
• 30-40 % Water economy
• Empowerment of farmers technically, economically and socially
source – Tamil Nadu Precision Farming Project, 2007
9. S.No. Traditional Farming Precision Farming
1. Whole field approach where field is
treated as a homogeneous area
Farm field is broken into “management
zones”
2. Decisions are based on field averages Management decisions are based on
requirement of each zone
3. Inputs are supplied uniformly across
the field
PF tools (e.g. GPS/GIS) are used to control
zone
4. Low yield with high inputs High yield with low inputs
10.
11.
12. Concept is simple……
• Right input
• At right time
• In right amount
• At right place
• In right manner
• Assessing variability
• Understanding variability
• Managing variability
13. Replace
• Big machinery
• High energy consumption
• Over application of chemicals
With
• Intelligent machines
• Intelligent processes
14. • To enhance the productivity in agriculture.
• Prevents soil degradation in cultivable land.
• Reduction of chemical use in crop production.
• Efficient use of water resources.
• Dissemination of modern farm practices to improve
quality, quantity and reduced cost of production in
agricultural crops.
17. • GPS is a satellite based signal
broadcast system that allow
GPS receivers to determine
their position.
• It helps users to record
positional information
(latitude, longitude and
elevation) which is useful in
locating the spatial variability
with accuracy.
P
or
ta
bl
e
G
P
S
18. • GIS is a computer based system or a type of
computerized map, provides information on
field variability.
• It is the brain of precision farming system.
• Components of GIS are:
Hardware
Spatial data
Software
Procedures
Expertise
• Database will contain layers of spatial data
from remote sensors, existing maps or field
surveys.
19. • Collects data from reflected
electromagnetic energy and converts
it into images using satellites or
airplanes.
• The specific remote sensing
techniques can be used for-
Detection
Identification
Measurement
Monitoring of agriculture
phenomena.
• Satellites used in remote sensing- RRS-
IA, RRS-IIB, RRS-IIIC, IRS-P6.
20.
21.
22. • Refers to any equipment
designed to allow the rate of
farm inputs to be precisely
controlled and varied while
the machine is in operation.
• These are automatic and
may be applied to numerous
farming operations.
23.
24. • Precision agriculture technologies such as variable-rate fertilizer
applicators can increase cotton profitability by improving
nutrient use efficiency.
Source: Phillips et al.(2008) Better Crops, 92 ( No. 3)
25. • Yield monitors are
attached to conveyors or
combines to measure grain
yield and moisture content.
• Identifies in-field
variations in yield.
26. Farming cannot be imagined without farmer
For assessing and managing the variability, decision-making
is the key factor, and it is to be done in consultation with
the farmer.
31. • Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) - Leaf Color Chart
(LCC) and Chlorophyll meter (SPAD)
• Integrated Nutrient Management
• Application of organics (FYM/Bio Compost/Cakes/Green
manuring/Crop residues)
32.
33. • The leaf color chart
(LCC) is an easy-to-use
and inexpensive
diagnostic tool for
monitoring the relative
greenness of a rice
leaf as an indicator of
the plant N status.
A standardized leaf color chart for
assessing leaf N status
34. N deficiency
Apply high N dose
Immediately
Still showing N deficiency
Apply less N dose
very soon
Less N deficiency
Apply baseline N dose
Surplus of N
Do not apply N
35. • Released in 1984 (Minolta
Co. ltd., Japan).
• Most widely used chlorophyll
meter is the hand-held
Minolta SPAD-502.
N = [6+ (7 × D)] ×1.14
• N represents fertiliser-N (kg
ha-1) needed for optimal
growth and D is the
difference between average
SPAD meter readings from
the test field and the over
fertilized reference plot.
36. • Based on NDVI that is correlated
with leaf chlorophyll, side dress
nitrogen rates that are aligned
with site specific crop needs can
be prescribed.
• NDVI =
𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝐼𝑅+𝑅𝑒𝑑
• NDVI can range from 0.00 to 0.99
NDVI - normalized difference
vegetation index
NIR – Near Infrared
High NDVI = low N requirement
Less NDVI = high N requirement
37. Figure. Differences in reflected light between a healthy and unhealthy leaf.
(Source: Brenda Ortiz, 2011)
38.
39. • Nutrient Expert® and Crop Manager are examples of
decision-support systems developed for SSNM in
cereal production systems.
40. • Nutrient Expert® is an
interactive, computer-
based decision-support
tool that enables
smallholder farmers to
rapidly implement SSNM
in their individual fields
with or without soil test
data.
41. • Crop Manager is a computer
and mobile phone based
application that provides small-
scale rice, rice-wheat, and
maize farmers with site- and
season-specific
recommendations for fertilizer
application.
• The software is freely
downloadable at
http://cropmanager.irri.org/ho
me.
42. • In the West Bengal, Islam et al. (2007) observed a saving up to
31.4 kg N ha-1 while following precision N management with
LCC.
• Thind et al. (2010) followed LCC shade 4 as threshold leaf
greenness for applying need-based fertilier-N to rice and
reported fertiliser-N saving along with significantly higher grain
yields than with blanket fertiliser recommendation at Ludhiana.
Singh et al., (2014)
43. • Hussain et al. (2003) found the critical SPAD value of 37.5
appropriate for guiding need based N top-dressing in rice in
Pakistan.
• In Bangladesh, Kyaw et al. (2003) obtained significantly higher
yields with 3 to 12% less fertiliser-N use in comparison to the
blanket recommendation by using SPAD value 35 as the
threshold SPAD value.
Singh et al., (2014)
44. Site, Crop and
Sensor
Salient Findings Reference
North western
India, direct
seeded rice,
GreenSeeker
Nitrogen recovery eficiency increased by
more than 12% by applying sensor-
guided fertilizer N dose as compared to
when fertilizer N was managed as per
standard recommendation
Ali et al.,
(2015)
Hebei Province
(China),
wheat and maize,
GreenSeeker
GreenSeeker-based precision N
management strategy was consistently
better for both wheat and maize in terms
of reduced fertilizer N application and
higher fertilizer N use eciency than
observed with farmer’s practice and
regional optimum N management.
Cao et al.
(2017)
Singh and Ali, 2020
45. • Banerjee et al. (2014) conducted an experiment on precision
nutrient management in maize using NE as decision support
system. It was found that NE recommendation gave highest
yield, agronomic efficiency (52.51% and 84.01%),
physiological efficiency (30.04% and 44.56%) and recovery
efficiency (17.28% and 27.17%) over state recommendation
and farmers’ practice.
• Nutrient Expert-based nutrient management in maize produced
14.7% higher yield over soil test based recommended dose
and improved economic benefit by Rs 7,856 ha-1 (Kumar et al.,
2015).
Singh et al., (2014)
48. Treatment Plant
height
(cm) at 60
DAS
Dry matter at
harvest (gm
/plant)
SPAD
Chlorophyll
Meter Reading
at 60 DAS
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Stover
yield
(t/ha)
Nutrient management
Control 166.5 70.30 15.8 1.14 4.29
State Recommendation 180.05 79.12 24.6 3.52 5.69
Farmer’s practice 175.6 79.20 19.4 2.67 4.63
Nutrient expert® 180.4 81.75 26.2 4.64 6.59
LCC based application 180.5 76.31 29.8 4.47 6.49
SEm (±) 4.3 3.1 2.3 0.42 0.53
CD (p=0.05) 11.8 9.3 7.4 1.3 1.6
Variety
Sona 173.08 76.5 24.9 4.16 6.24
Rajkumar 180.08 79.3 27.5 3.39 6.38
SEm (±) 3.6 2.7 3.33 0.7 0.72
CD (p=0.05) 10.4 (NS) 9.0 (NS) 10.6 (NS) 2.3 (NS) 2.9 (NS)
source: Banerjee et al. (2014); West Bengal
49. Treatment Agronomic
efficiency (AE)
Recovery efficiency
(RE)
Physiological
efficiency (PE)
Nutrient management
Control
State Recommendation 15.86 37.07 42.79
Farmer’s practice 19.12 41.21 46.40
Nutrient expert® 29.16 53.59 54.42
LCC based application 26.64 49.98 53.30
SEm (±) 0.40 0.96 0.74
CD (p=0.05) 1.3 2.4 2.1
source: Banerjee et al. (2014); West Bengal
50. Crop Input/
Factor
Region Methodology Results of using VRT
Thrika
wala
et al.
(1999)
Corn
N Ontari
o,
Canad
a
Simulation model
(Barry et al., 1993)
to estimate N
leaching.
NO3–N leaching reduced
by 13%, average or
between 4.2% and 36.3%
in high and low fertility
areas, respectively.
Bonha
m and
Bosch
(2001)
Corn
P Virgini
a
Used chemical
loading information
from Virginia
Department of
Conservation and
estimated P leaching
with linear
programming.
Use of site-specific
information allows for
more accurate predictions
of P pollution potential.
Bongiovanni and Deboer, 2014
51. Micro irrigation –
Drip/sprinkler
method
Fertigation
Through laser aided
land leveler
Agriculture contributes less than
25 % to India’s GDP
whereas it consumes 78 % of
India’s water resources
52. • Saving of water by 30 to
50% as compared to
conventional mode of
irrigation.
• Yield increase from 50 to
100%.
• Nutrients can also be
supplied to the plant
through the drip system,
which is called Fertigation.
53. • Suitable for all open field
close spaced crops.
• Suitable for a variety of crops
such as coffee, tea etc.
• Discharge rate- 1000 l/h
• Pressure of nozel- 2.5 bar
• Distance- 10 m.
54. • These are the best tools for
under-foliage irrigation for
many crops like citrus, apple,
banana etc.
• Good for irrigating close
growing vegetable crops.
• Discharge rate- 28-223 l/h
• Pressure of nozel- 0.8-4 bar
• Distance- 0.9-4 m.
55.
56.
57. Water use
efficiency
Dukes, 2004 It has been reported that precision
irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler) can
improve application efficiency of water
up to the tune of 80-90% as against
40-45% in surface irrigation method.
Water
savings
Hedley and
Yule (2009)
suggested water savings of around
25% are possible through improvements
in application efficiency obtained by
spatially varied irrigation applications.
Yield and
profit
by King et al.
(2006)
carried out an experiment for
measuring the yield of potatoes under
spatially varied irrigation applications.
It was reported that yields were better
in two consecutive years over uniform
irrigation management.
58. Particulars Drip villages Control villages
Quantity of water applied (M3) 8979* 12669
Quantity of energy consumed (kWh) 2219* 8294
Cost of labour (Rs) 9761* 31487
Yield (tonnes) 60.34* 57.79
Gross income (Rs) 280602* 267400
Yield per unit of water (kg/M3) 7.4* 4.9
Yield per unit of energy (kg/kWh) 28.6* 7.2
Returns per unit of water (Rs/M3) 23.8* 13.3
Returns per unit of energy (Rs/kWh) 92.3* 19.8
Source: Field survey during 2007-08
*indicates that values are significantly different.
Kumar and Palanisami, 2010
59. Treatments Crop yield
t ha-1
Number
of fruits
per plant
Fruit
weight
g
Fruit
thickness
cm
Conventional
Irrigation
22.47 a 3.90 a 1213 a 3.40 a
Drip Irrigation 24.54 ab 4.63 a 1300 b 3.70 ab
Drip Irrigation
+ Plastic Mulch
27.07 b 4.77 a 1383 c 4.10 b
Means in the same column with different letters differ significantly
at 0.01probability level
Seyfi and Rashidi, 2007; Iran
60. Treatments Water applied
cm
Water use efficiency
t ha-1 cm-1
Conventional Irrigation 39.1 0.57
Drip Irrigation 33.9 0.72
Drip Irrigation + Plastic Mulch 29.9 0.91
Seyfi and Rashidi, 2007; Iran
61. Treatment Broccoli Cauliflower
Yield
(t/ha)
WUE
(kg/ha-cm)
Yield
(t/ha)
WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
DINM100 11.6b 103.3 21.6b 200.1
DINM80 12.5b 138.3 20.4b 237.7
DIM100 12.9b 115.4 23.0a 212.7
DIM80 13.3a 148.1 21.3a 247.6
FINM100 8.9c 46.7 18.6c 101.0
FIM100 9.9c 52.5 19.6c 106.6
Means separated by different subscripts are significantly different at P<0.05
Patle et al., 2018; Sikkim, India
62. Treatments T. pod yield (kg/fed.) T.Kernel yield (kg/fed.)
I3 1625.40a 1105.25a
I5 1409.66b 954.00b
Significance L. *** **
M 1620.60a 1142.12a
M0 1414.46b 918.00b
Significance L. *** ***
I3 M 1658.80 1176.00
M0 1592.00 1036.50
I5 M 1582.41 1108.26
M0 1236.91 802.50
Significance L. *** ***
Means within each column followed by the same letter/s are insignificant. *significance
at the 0.05, * * significance at the 0.01, * * *significance at the 0.001.
Zayton et al., 2014;
63. Weed detection: Processed image
Red = Johnson grass
Yellow = Spurge
Green = Cotton
Black = Unclassified
64.
65. • Increase in yield and plant
productivity up to 20%.
• Prevents weed growth.
• Maintains soil moisture
leading to reduced need
for irrigation.
• Improved seed
germination.
66. • Herbigation is an
effective method of
applying herbicides
through irrigation
systems.
• It provides greater
flexibility in weed
control programs.
67. Crop Input/
Factor
Region Methodology Results of using VRT
Heisel et
al.
(1996)
Barley
Herbi
cides
Denmark Measured
reduced
chemical
loading.
*Reduction of 66–75%
in herbicide use.
Timmerm
ann et al.
(2001)
Wheat
Barley
Sugar
beet
Corn
Herbi
cides
Bonn,
Germany
Measured
reduced
chemical
loading.
*Reduction of 54% in
herbicide use (˛33 ha-1)
*Decrease in
environmental damage
(ground and surface
water with herbicides).
Bongiovanni and Deboer, 2014
68. Treatments Mean kapas yield
(kg/ha)
Wet weed wt./plot
(gm) at 45th day
Black LLDPE (20
micron)
673 303
Coir pit @ 12.5 t/ha 565 575
Organic mulch @ 12.5
t/ha
509 510
No mulch 436 1121
Source- TNAU,
70. *Yields followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
the P = 0.05 level
I1 = ETp, I2 = 0.8 ETp and I3 = 0.6 ETp and chemigation method C1,
and traditional method Co.
Sayed and Bedaiwy , 2011; Egypt
71. • Net houses
• Pests and disease monitoring/detection through
Remote Sensing and GIS
72. • Net houses- plastic nets are
used for protection of crops
against damage from birds,
insects, hails and severity
solar radiation during
summer.
73. Use of GIS and Remote Sensing for insect pest and
disease detection or monitoring so that we are able to
control these infestation precisely and timely.
74. Crop Input/
Factor
Regio
n
Methodology Results of using VRT
Weisz
et al.
(1996)
Potato
Malat
hion
(Insecti
cides)
Penns
ylvani
a
Measured reduced
insecticide
application.
Precision IPM signifi
cantly reduced insecticide
inputs by 30–40%.
Midgar
den et
al.
(1997)
Potato
Malat
hion
(Insecti
cide)
Penns
ylvani
a
Field and
laboratory tests.
Measured pest
density and
insecticide
resistance from
season to season.
Precision IPM significantly
reduced the rate of
development of
insecticide resistance,
conserving natural
enemies.
Bongiovanni and Deboer, 2014
75. Figure- Schematic of the platform comprising neck
mounted collar wirelessly downloading behavioural
data of individual animals to a local PC for
presentation and decision support applications.
Andonovic et al., Precision Livestock Farming Technologies
76. Reduction in
cost of
cultivation
Baird et al.
(2001)
Lowered rate of 1,3-Dichloropropane
(Nematicide) and obtained environmental
benefit when site specifically applied
nematicide to control Meloidogyne
incognita on cotton at Georgia.
Dammer et al.
(2003)
Recorded an average herbicide saving of
24% and fungicide saving of 19% due to
variable rate application of plant
protection chemicals.
Increase in
input
efficiency
Delegado et
al. (2001)
Recorded increased N use efficiency with
precision farming and stated that NO3-N
can potentially be removed from shallow
underground water table, thus protecting
environment.
Reduction in
pollution
Munch et al.
(2000)
Site specific application of N reduced
nitrous oxide emissions by 33%.
77. • Space Application Centre, ISRO, in collaboration with Central
Potato Research Institute, Shimla has initiated a study on
exploring the role remote sensing for PF.
• Other institute in India initiated work on PF are:
- Central Potato Research Station – Jalandhar (Panjab)
Role of remote sensing in mapping the variability .
- MS Swaminathan Research Foundation- Chennai in
collaboration with NABARD has adopted a village in Dindigul
district of Tamilnadu for variable rate inputs application.
78. • Future prospects for PA include improvement in the
availability and performance of existing technologies.
• The most promising prospect in the future of PA is the
application of drones (the Aerial Frontier of Precision
Agriculture) towards the implementation of PA.
• In the light of tomorrow’s expected need and today’s
urgent requirement, PA needs to become the only
choice and not a choice in the field of agriculture.
Mehta and Masdekar, 2018
79. Figure- Future advancements in drone applications towards PA
source-
http://www.sk11.org/artikel/drones-for-agriculture-were-moving-ahead_243
80. In 2015, the Federal Aviation Administration approved the
Yamaha RMAX as the first drone weighing more than 55 pounds to
carry tanks of fertilizers and pesticides in order to spray crops.
ANDREW MEOLA,2020
81. Limitations for its implementation in developing
countries like India are :
• Small land holdings.
• Heterogeneity of cropping systems.
• Market imperfection.
• Complexity of tools and techniques requiring new skills.
• Lack of technical expertise.
• knowledge and technical gaps.
• Infrastructure and institutional constraints.
• High cost.
82. SUMMARY
• Research on Precision Farming is at infancy stage in
out country.
• Precision Farming technologies are successful in their
role of enhancing crop production, input use efficiency
while minimizing the cost of production and
environmental impacts.
• Precision land leveling, precision planting, real time N
application using LCC, SPAD (chlorophyll meter),
Green seeker sensor having demonstrated
potentialities for improving crop yield and increasing
resource-use efficiency in real farming situation.
83. • Tools and techniques for assessing soil and yield
variability for application of inputs need to be
standardized at a low cost and farmers friendly.
• Thus, Precision Farming may help farmers to harvest
through frontier technologies without compromising on
the quality of land and produce.
• The Precision Farming would trigger a techno-green
revolution in India which is the need of the hour.
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