Sinusitis
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Corona viruses
Corona viruses are enveloped positive RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts including humans. They are transmitted via respiratory droplets and cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe lower respiratory tract infections. While there are no specific treatments, most corona virus illnesses will resolve on their own with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms. Prevention focuses on avoiding close contact with infected individuals and maintaining good hygiene practices.
HOW TO WIN THE CORONA BIO-WARFARE ?
Induction about covid -19 HISTORY of that. Its virus or Its bio -warfare? Detail About covid-19 (Corana virus)BIO-WARFARE ? And how to win with this ?
Ent By Prof. Dr.Yasser Nour.
The document discusses various diseases of the nose and ear, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It covers common colds, influenza, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, otitis media, and more. For treatment, it recommends medications like antihistamines, decongestants, steroids, antibiotics, and provides dosage information. Prevention methods are also outlined, such as allergen avoidance and regular ear cleaning.
Urti
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). URTIs are commonly caused by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus, and influenza. They often involve the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, causing symptoms like nasal congestion, sore throat, cough. While most cases are viral, some bacterial infections like Streptococcus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also cause URTIs. Treatment involves rest, hydration, analgesics, and sometimes antibiotics for bacterial infections. Vaccines are recommended for influenza prevention.
update in upper respiratory tract infection 2018
This document summarizes common upper respiratory tract infections including the common cold, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and ear infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. The common cold is usually viral in nature and self-limiting, though complications can include ear infections, sinusitis, or asthma exacerbations. Streptococcal pharyngitis requires antibiotic treatment to prevent rheumatic fever. Sinusitis may be viral or bacterial, with amoxicillin usually prescribed for uncomplicated cases. Acute otitis media is a common childhood infection often preceded by a viral cold, with symptoms of ear pain and possible fever.
Causes, Symptoms & Treatments of Allergic Sinusitis
Allergic sinusitis is an allergic reaction to environmental fungi, usually of the dematiaceous species, in a host with weak immune system, such as patients with diabetes mellitus and AIDS. People suffering from allergic sinusitis have symptoms including blockage of nasal airway, purulent rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, or headaches.
Evaluation And Management Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections In Children
Evaluation And Management Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections In Children
This presentation offers helpful comparison tables, please note that some recommendation might have changed since preparation and publication of this material.
Urti
This document discusses the management of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It defines URTIs and lists common symptoms. It notes that children typically have 5 URTIs per year while adults have 2-3. Acute rhinitis and acute otitis media are among the most common reasons for doctor visits, especially in children under 15. Viral infections generally only require symptomatic treatment while bacterial infections may require antibiotics in addition to symptom relief. Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes can be challenging but is important for appropriate antibiotic use. The document provides guidance on managing specific URTIs like acute pharyngitis, acute sinusitis, and acute otitis media.
Recommended
Corona viruses
Corona viruses are enveloped positive RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts including humans. They are transmitted via respiratory droplets and cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe lower respiratory tract infections. While there are no specific treatments, most corona virus illnesses will resolve on their own with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms. Prevention focuses on avoiding close contact with infected individuals and maintaining good hygiene practices.
HOW TO WIN THE CORONA BIO-WARFARE ?
Induction about covid -19 HISTORY of that. Its virus or Its bio -warfare? Detail About covid-19 (Corana virus)BIO-WARFARE ? And how to win with this ?
Ent By Prof. Dr.Yasser Nour.
The document discusses various diseases of the nose and ear, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It covers common colds, influenza, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, otitis media, and more. For treatment, it recommends medications like antihistamines, decongestants, steroids, antibiotics, and provides dosage information. Prevention methods are also outlined, such as allergen avoidance and regular ear cleaning.
Urti
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). URTIs are commonly caused by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus, and influenza. They often involve the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, causing symptoms like nasal congestion, sore throat, cough. While most cases are viral, some bacterial infections like Streptococcus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also cause URTIs. Treatment involves rest, hydration, analgesics, and sometimes antibiotics for bacterial infections. Vaccines are recommended for influenza prevention.
update in upper respiratory tract infection 2018
This document summarizes common upper respiratory tract infections including the common cold, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and ear infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. The common cold is usually viral in nature and self-limiting, though complications can include ear infections, sinusitis, or asthma exacerbations. Streptococcal pharyngitis requires antibiotic treatment to prevent rheumatic fever. Sinusitis may be viral or bacterial, with amoxicillin usually prescribed for uncomplicated cases. Acute otitis media is a common childhood infection often preceded by a viral cold, with symptoms of ear pain and possible fever.
Causes, Symptoms & Treatments of Allergic Sinusitis
Allergic sinusitis is an allergic reaction to environmental fungi, usually of the dematiaceous species, in a host with weak immune system, such as patients with diabetes mellitus and AIDS. People suffering from allergic sinusitis have symptoms including blockage of nasal airway, purulent rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, or headaches.
Evaluation And Management Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections In Children
Evaluation And Management Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections In Children
This presentation offers helpful comparison tables, please note that some recommendation might have changed since preparation and publication of this material.
Urti
This document discusses the management of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It defines URTIs and lists common symptoms. It notes that children typically have 5 URTIs per year while adults have 2-3. Acute rhinitis and acute otitis media are among the most common reasons for doctor visits, especially in children under 15. Viral infections generally only require symptomatic treatment while bacterial infections may require antibiotics in addition to symptom relief. Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes can be challenging but is important for appropriate antibiotic use. The document provides guidance on managing specific URTIs like acute pharyngitis, acute sinusitis, and acute otitis media.
Covid19 information presentation
The presentation provides information on COVID-19 including:
It discusses how COVID-19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. It outlines common symptoms such as fever and cough while also noting more serious symptoms like difficulty breathing. Prevention methods are explained such as hand washing, physical distancing and wearing masks. Treatments discussed include supportive care and oxygen therapy for severe cases.
Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18
This document discusses bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. It begins by listing the major bacteria that can cause infections in different parts of the upper respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It then focuses on streptococcal sore throat and diphtheria, describing the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. Complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis that can arise from untreated streptococcal infections are also outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
Conjunctivitis
INTRODUCTION
is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part
of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
it makes the eye appear pink or reddish Pain, burning,
scratchiness, or itchiness may occur The affected eye may
have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning
Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur Itching
is more common in cases due to allergie Conjunctivitis can
affect one or both eyes
7 Upper respiratory tract infections
Upper respiratory tract infections are very common and include conditions like sinusitis, ear infections, epiglottitis, and sore throat. While most are mild and viral, inappropriate antibiotic use has led to increased antibiotic resistance. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is usually treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 5-7 days. Chronic rhinosinusitis requires long-term treatment including nasal steroids, saline irrigation, and sometimes antibiotics or surgery. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is the only commonly occurring sore throat for which antibiotics are indicated to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. A rapid strep test aids early diagnosis and penicillin remains the treatment of choice.
Upper respiratory tract infections
1. An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an infection of the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, or larynx. Common symptoms include cough, sneezing, nasal congestion and discharge.
2. URTIs are usually caused by viruses like rhinoviruses, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria like Streptococcus can also cause certain URTIs like strep throat.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, increasing fluid intake, and over-the-counter medications. Antibiotics are only effective for bacterial infections. Most URTIs resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks.
Common cold hasnain ppt
This document covers respiratory tract infections and asthma. It discusses the common cold in detail, including that it is usually caused by one of several viruses, with over 200 cold virus varieties including over 100 rhinoviruses. It describes common cold symptoms, risk factors like age and season, and treatments focused on symptom relief like over-the-counter medications, rest, fluids. Prevention methods are also outlined, and complications like ear infections are noted.
Upper respiratory tract infection & otitis media
This document discusses the common cold (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection). It defines the common cold and lists the most common causative viruses. It describes the incubation period and period of infectivity. It discusses the pathophysiology of how viral replication leads to symptoms through immune response and increased vascular permeability. Symptoms in infants and children are outlined. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exposure. Differential diagnoses and potential complications are provided. Treatment focuses on supportive care and symptomatic relief. Antibiotics are not recommended.
Sinusitis Infection: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention & Diagnosis
Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. There are several types of sinusitis including acute, subacute, chronic, and recurrent. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, headache, and facial pain. Treatment depends on severity and duration of infection, ranging from over-the-counter medications for mild cases to surgery for chronic sinusitis unresponsive to other treatments. Preventive measures include maintaining hygiene, avoiding allergens and smoke, and getting flu vaccines. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging tests, and endoscopy.
Common cold
This document discusses the common cold. It begins by introducing the topic and defining the common cold as a viral infection of the nose and throat that is usually harmless. It then discusses risk factors for the common cold like age, weakened immune system, season, and exposure. Next, it outlines the typical symptoms over the course of 1-5 days. It also discusses the most common viruses that cause colds and their seasonal patterns. Additional sections cover facts about transmission, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options and their evidence, complications, and a case study example.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
A variety of viruses and bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections including acute bronchitis, the common cold, influenza, and respiratory distress syndromes.
• Defining most of these patient diseases is difficult because the presentations connected with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) commonly overlap and their causes are similar.
• Upper respiratory tract infections can be defined as self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways with associated cough with no proof of pneumonia, lacking a separate condition to account for the patient symptoms, or with no history of COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis. Influenza Viruses
• Small hairs (cilia) in the sinuses fail to properly move mucus out. This may be due to some medical conditions.
• Colds and allergies may cause too much mucus to be made or block the opening of the sinuses.
• A deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, or nasal polyps may block the opening of the sinuses.
Why should you do the Skin Prick Test?
SPT is an essential test procedure to find sensitization in IgE-mediated allergic disease in subjects with Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, Dermatitis (eczema), anapylaxis, urticaria, atopic eczema and food and drug allergy.
Procedure for skin prick test
This is not a painful test. A needle(lancet) is used to prick your skin during the test which is not at all painful or you lose any blood. Follow are the steps of the test.
• Your skin is cleaned by alcohol
• A nurse/technician marked your skin and put a drop of allergen beside every mark
• Using a lancet the technician pricks your skin to allow a tiny amount of the solution to enter just below the surface
• Now you should wait for a specific amount of time. Usually 30 min.
• Now your allergist checks the marks for a observes your skin for signs of allergic reactions. If you are allergic to one of the substances tested, you’ll develop a raised, red, itchy bump (wheal) that may look like a mosquito bite. A nurse will then measure the bump’s size.
• After the recording of the result, the nurse/technician clean your testing surface with alcohol
Rhinitis
Rhinitis, or inflammation of the nasal passages, can be classified in several ways. Allergic rhinitis is a very common type that is often accompanied by asthma and other conditions. It involves repeated sneezing, nasal itching, and congestion in response to allergens like pollen. Allergic rhinitis can be intermittent (seasonal) or persistent (perennial) and mild, moderate, or severe depending on symptoms and impairment. Occupational rhinitis is allergy caused by substances in the workplace, while non-allergic rhinitis involves nasal eosinophilia without a clear cause. Other types include drug-induced, irritant, endocrine, and vasomotor rhinit
Conjunctivitis by Dr.prudhvi
Conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin clear tissue that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid. Pinkeye can be caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants like smoke or pool chlorine, and allergies. Symptoms include redness, increased tearing, thick yellow discharge, itchy and burning eyes, and blurred vision. A doctor can examine the eyes, take a sample of fluid from the eyelid, and identify the cause of the conjunctivitis. Bacterial pinkeye is usually treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment for 5-7 days, while viral pin
Rhino sinusitis I
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that is classified as acute or chronic based on duration of symptoms. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is usually viral in origin, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts over 12 weeks with ongoing symptoms. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be further classified based on the presence of nasal polyps and type of inflammation present. Type 2 inflammation involving cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 is associated with treatment failure, asthma, and higher rates of polyp formation. The sinus mucosa acts as an immune barrier, and type 2 inflammation can cause barrier weakness and failure, predisposing to recurrence of rhinosinusitis
common cold
The common cold is a self-limited viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like cough, sore throat, runny nose, and sneezing. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact or inhaling airborne viruses. While usually mild and self-limiting, the common cold poses risks like pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis if not prevented. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, vaccinations, rest, hydration, vitamin C, and avoiding smoking or sharing utensils.
BACTERIAL SINUSITIS - CASE DISCUSSION
This document discusses sinusitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, and treatment. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinus cavities caused most commonly by viral or bacterial infections. The symptoms of acute sinusitis include nasal congestion, discharge, facial pain and fever, while chronic sinusitis involves more persistent symptoms. Common bacteria that cause acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Treatment involves antibiotics such as amoxicillin for uncomplicated cases. The document also presents a case study of a patient with suspected bacterial sinusitis and recommends amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment.
Common cold
The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that usually lasts 7 days. It is caused by a number of viruses like rhinoviruses and parainfluenza viruses. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fatigue. While antibiotics are ineffective for treatment, over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms. Good handwashing and covering coughs/sneezes are recommended for prevention. The common cold should be distinguished from influenza, which has a more abrupt onset and causes higher fevers and more severe body aches.
Measles:AiA007
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be serious, especially in children. It remains a leading cause of death among young children globally despite availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2008 there were over 20 million cases of measles worldwide and 164,000 measles deaths, mostly children under 5 years old. Measles is caused by a virus that spreads through the air via coughs and sneezes or direct contact with infected secretions. Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and a red rash. Prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to control measles and protect public health.
Common cold
The common cold is caused by viruses that infect the nasal mucosa, causing inflammation and symptoms like nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and includes decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, analgesics, and increasing fluid intake. While colds cannot be cured, zinc and vitamin C may help reduce severity and duration.
Chicken pox
This document provides information about chickenpox including: describing the identification and infectious agent of chickenpox; explaining its incubation period, period of communicability, and modes of transmission; outlining susceptibility and prevention/control measures including isolation, disinfection, quarantine, and vaccination; and noting chickenpox is a common occurrence worldwide that spreads via contact with open blisters or respiratory droplets.
Acute purulent conjunctivitis
This document discusses acute purulent conjunctivitis, specifically gonococcal conjunctivitis in adults and ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications and treatment of both conditions. The key signs of gonococcal conjunctivitis are a watery or purulent discharge, swollen eyelids, and detection of gonococcus on smear. Ophthalmia neonatorum is a bilateral purulent conjunctivitis in newborns caused by various bacteria including gonococcus. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications like corneal ulcers or perforation.
Rhinosinusitis.pptx
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It can be acute or recurrent, with viral or bacterial causes. Symptoms include nasal congestion, discharge, facial pain and reduced smell. Risk factors include smoking, anatomical variations and immune issues. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms. Management involves analgesics, decongestants, antibiotics and nasal steroids. Imaging like CT scan is used if no improvement with treatment. Complications can include orbital or brain infections if not properly treated.
E.N.T 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Yousif Chalabi)
Inflammations of the paranasal sinuses can be restricted to a single sinus or affect multiple sinuses. Acute and chronic infections can be either suppurative (pus-forming) or non-suppurative. Maxillary sinusitis is commonly caused by nasal infection or dental issues and presents with pain in the cheek or teeth. Chronic sinusitis is defined as long-standing infection where the mucosal changes may be irreversible. Management involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, providing drainage, and surgery in resistant cases.
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Covid19 information presentation
The presentation provides information on COVID-19 including:
It discusses how COVID-19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. It outlines common symptoms such as fever and cough while also noting more serious symptoms like difficulty breathing. Prevention methods are explained such as hand washing, physical distancing and wearing masks. Treatments discussed include supportive care and oxygen therapy for severe cases.
Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18
This document discusses bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. It begins by listing the major bacteria that can cause infections in different parts of the upper respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It then focuses on streptococcal sore throat and diphtheria, describing the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. Complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis that can arise from untreated streptococcal infections are also outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
Conjunctivitis
INTRODUCTION
is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part
of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
it makes the eye appear pink or reddish Pain, burning,
scratchiness, or itchiness may occur The affected eye may
have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning
Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur Itching
is more common in cases due to allergie Conjunctivitis can
affect one or both eyes
7 Upper respiratory tract infections
Upper respiratory tract infections are very common and include conditions like sinusitis, ear infections, epiglottitis, and sore throat. While most are mild and viral, inappropriate antibiotic use has led to increased antibiotic resistance. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is usually treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 5-7 days. Chronic rhinosinusitis requires long-term treatment including nasal steroids, saline irrigation, and sometimes antibiotics or surgery. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is the only commonly occurring sore throat for which antibiotics are indicated to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. A rapid strep test aids early diagnosis and penicillin remains the treatment of choice.
Upper respiratory tract infections
1. An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an infection of the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, or larynx. Common symptoms include cough, sneezing, nasal congestion and discharge.
2. URTIs are usually caused by viruses like rhinoviruses, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria like Streptococcus can also cause certain URTIs like strep throat.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, increasing fluid intake, and over-the-counter medications. Antibiotics are only effective for bacterial infections. Most URTIs resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks.
Common cold hasnain ppt
This document covers respiratory tract infections and asthma. It discusses the common cold in detail, including that it is usually caused by one of several viruses, with over 200 cold virus varieties including over 100 rhinoviruses. It describes common cold symptoms, risk factors like age and season, and treatments focused on symptom relief like over-the-counter medications, rest, fluids. Prevention methods are also outlined, and complications like ear infections are noted.
Upper respiratory tract infection & otitis media
This document discusses the common cold (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection). It defines the common cold and lists the most common causative viruses. It describes the incubation period and period of infectivity. It discusses the pathophysiology of how viral replication leads to symptoms through immune response and increased vascular permeability. Symptoms in infants and children are outlined. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exposure. Differential diagnoses and potential complications are provided. Treatment focuses on supportive care and symptomatic relief. Antibiotics are not recommended.
Sinusitis Infection: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention & Diagnosis
Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. There are several types of sinusitis including acute, subacute, chronic, and recurrent. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, headache, and facial pain. Treatment depends on severity and duration of infection, ranging from over-the-counter medications for mild cases to surgery for chronic sinusitis unresponsive to other treatments. Preventive measures include maintaining hygiene, avoiding allergens and smoke, and getting flu vaccines. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging tests, and endoscopy.
Common cold
This document discusses the common cold. It begins by introducing the topic and defining the common cold as a viral infection of the nose and throat that is usually harmless. It then discusses risk factors for the common cold like age, weakened immune system, season, and exposure. Next, it outlines the typical symptoms over the course of 1-5 days. It also discusses the most common viruses that cause colds and their seasonal patterns. Additional sections cover facts about transmission, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options and their evidence, complications, and a case study example.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
A variety of viruses and bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections including acute bronchitis, the common cold, influenza, and respiratory distress syndromes.
• Defining most of these patient diseases is difficult because the presentations connected with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) commonly overlap and their causes are similar.
• Upper respiratory tract infections can be defined as self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways with associated cough with no proof of pneumonia, lacking a separate condition to account for the patient symptoms, or with no history of COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis. Influenza Viruses
• Small hairs (cilia) in the sinuses fail to properly move mucus out. This may be due to some medical conditions.
• Colds and allergies may cause too much mucus to be made or block the opening of the sinuses.
• A deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, or nasal polyps may block the opening of the sinuses.
Why should you do the Skin Prick Test?
SPT is an essential test procedure to find sensitization in IgE-mediated allergic disease in subjects with Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, Dermatitis (eczema), anapylaxis, urticaria, atopic eczema and food and drug allergy.
Procedure for skin prick test
This is not a painful test. A needle(lancet) is used to prick your skin during the test which is not at all painful or you lose any blood. Follow are the steps of the test.
• Your skin is cleaned by alcohol
• A nurse/technician marked your skin and put a drop of allergen beside every mark
• Using a lancet the technician pricks your skin to allow a tiny amount of the solution to enter just below the surface
• Now you should wait for a specific amount of time. Usually 30 min.
• Now your allergist checks the marks for a observes your skin for signs of allergic reactions. If you are allergic to one of the substances tested, you’ll develop a raised, red, itchy bump (wheal) that may look like a mosquito bite. A nurse will then measure the bump’s size.
• After the recording of the result, the nurse/technician clean your testing surface with alcohol
Rhinitis
Rhinitis, or inflammation of the nasal passages, can be classified in several ways. Allergic rhinitis is a very common type that is often accompanied by asthma and other conditions. It involves repeated sneezing, nasal itching, and congestion in response to allergens like pollen. Allergic rhinitis can be intermittent (seasonal) or persistent (perennial) and mild, moderate, or severe depending on symptoms and impairment. Occupational rhinitis is allergy caused by substances in the workplace, while non-allergic rhinitis involves nasal eosinophilia without a clear cause. Other types include drug-induced, irritant, endocrine, and vasomotor rhinit
Conjunctivitis by Dr.prudhvi
Conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin clear tissue that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid. Pinkeye can be caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants like smoke or pool chlorine, and allergies. Symptoms include redness, increased tearing, thick yellow discharge, itchy and burning eyes, and blurred vision. A doctor can examine the eyes, take a sample of fluid from the eyelid, and identify the cause of the conjunctivitis. Bacterial pinkeye is usually treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment for 5-7 days, while viral pin
Rhino sinusitis I
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that is classified as acute or chronic based on duration of symptoms. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is usually viral in origin, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts over 12 weeks with ongoing symptoms. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be further classified based on the presence of nasal polyps and type of inflammation present. Type 2 inflammation involving cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 is associated with treatment failure, asthma, and higher rates of polyp formation. The sinus mucosa acts as an immune barrier, and type 2 inflammation can cause barrier weakness and failure, predisposing to recurrence of rhinosinusitis
common cold
The common cold is a self-limited viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like cough, sore throat, runny nose, and sneezing. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact or inhaling airborne viruses. While usually mild and self-limiting, the common cold poses risks like pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis if not prevented. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, vaccinations, rest, hydration, vitamin C, and avoiding smoking or sharing utensils.
BACTERIAL SINUSITIS - CASE DISCUSSION
This document discusses sinusitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, and treatment. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinus cavities caused most commonly by viral or bacterial infections. The symptoms of acute sinusitis include nasal congestion, discharge, facial pain and fever, while chronic sinusitis involves more persistent symptoms. Common bacteria that cause acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Treatment involves antibiotics such as amoxicillin for uncomplicated cases. The document also presents a case study of a patient with suspected bacterial sinusitis and recommends amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment.
Common cold
The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that usually lasts 7 days. It is caused by a number of viruses like rhinoviruses and parainfluenza viruses. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fatigue. While antibiotics are ineffective for treatment, over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms. Good handwashing and covering coughs/sneezes are recommended for prevention. The common cold should be distinguished from influenza, which has a more abrupt onset and causes higher fevers and more severe body aches.
Measles:AiA007
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be serious, especially in children. It remains a leading cause of death among young children globally despite availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2008 there were over 20 million cases of measles worldwide and 164,000 measles deaths, mostly children under 5 years old. Measles is caused by a virus that spreads through the air via coughs and sneezes or direct contact with infected secretions. Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and a red rash. Prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to control measles and protect public health.
Common cold
The common cold is caused by viruses that infect the nasal mucosa, causing inflammation and symptoms like nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and includes decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, analgesics, and increasing fluid intake. While colds cannot be cured, zinc and vitamin C may help reduce severity and duration.
Chicken pox
This document provides information about chickenpox including: describing the identification and infectious agent of chickenpox; explaining its incubation period, period of communicability, and modes of transmission; outlining susceptibility and prevention/control measures including isolation, disinfection, quarantine, and vaccination; and noting chickenpox is a common occurrence worldwide that spreads via contact with open blisters or respiratory droplets.
Acute purulent conjunctivitis
This document discusses acute purulent conjunctivitis, specifically gonococcal conjunctivitis in adults and ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications and treatment of both conditions. The key signs of gonococcal conjunctivitis are a watery or purulent discharge, swollen eyelids, and detection of gonococcus on smear. Ophthalmia neonatorum is a bilateral purulent conjunctivitis in newborns caused by various bacteria including gonococcus. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications like corneal ulcers or perforation.
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Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18
Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18
Sinusitis Infection: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention & Diagnosis
Sinusitis Infection: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention & Diagnosis
Similar to Sinusitis
Rhinosinusitis.pptx
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It can be acute or recurrent, with viral or bacterial causes. Symptoms include nasal congestion, discharge, facial pain and reduced smell. Risk factors include smoking, anatomical variations and immune issues. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms. Management involves analgesics, decongestants, antibiotics and nasal steroids. Imaging like CT scan is used if no improvement with treatment. Complications can include orbital or brain infections if not properly treated.
E.N.T 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Yousif Chalabi)
Inflammations of the paranasal sinuses can be restricted to a single sinus or affect multiple sinuses. Acute and chronic infections can be either suppurative (pus-forming) or non-suppurative. Maxillary sinusitis is commonly caused by nasal infection or dental issues and presents with pain in the cheek or teeth. Chronic sinusitis is defined as long-standing infection where the mucosal changes may be irreversible. Management involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, providing drainage, and surgery in resistant cases.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
The document discusses upper respiratory tract disorders such as rhinitis and sinusitis. It defines rhinitis as inflammation of the nasal mucosa which can be caused by allergies, infections, or irritants. The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis involves IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and triggering an inflammatory response. Sinusitis occurs when sinus openings are blocked, allowing bacteria to grow. Common symptoms include facial pain and pressure, nasal congestion, and headache. Medical management of sinusitis focuses on antibiotics to treat the infection and relieve symptoms.
The common cold=mgm=n
The common cold is caused by a viral infection that results in prominent nasal symptoms like rhinorrhea and congestion along with mild systemic symptoms. It is self-limited, usually lasting 1 week. Children experience 6-8 colds per year on average. Symptomatic treatment includes nasal decongestants, analgesics, and increasing fluid intake. Antibiotics are ineffective as colds are viral in nature. Complications can include sinusitis, otitis media, or asthma exacerbations.
Understanding the Common Causes of Sinusitis
This document discusses the causes, types, and symptoms of sinusitis. It explains that sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinus cavities caused by blockage that allows germs to grow. The main types are acute (lasting less than 4 weeks), subacute (4-8 weeks), chronic (more than 8 weeks), and recurrent (multiple attacks per year). Common causes of blockage include nasal polyps, allergies, deviated septums, and facial injuries. Symptoms of acute sinusitis include facial pain, nasal congestion, discharge, coughing, fever, bad breath, and fatigue. A diagnosis requires experiencing two or more symptoms.
UPPER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS.pptx
This document provides information on upper respiratory disorders of the nose and sinuses. It discusses rhinitis, its types and causes. Rhinitis can cause nasal congestion, secretion, obstruction and headaches. It is important for patients to avoid blowing their nose too hard and to blow out both nostrils. Nasal obstruction can be caused by deviated septums, polyps, or tumors. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) often originate in the front of the nose and can be caused by dryness, trauma, or systemic issues. Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses, usually from viral infections or allergies blocking sinus drainage. Chronic sinusitis causes long-term issues. Management includes treating infections, using de
Respiratory tract infection
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines respiratory tract infection and further classifies them as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), noting that LRTIs such as pneumonia are more serious. It then discusses specific URTIs including the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and their causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments. It also discusses specific LRTIs including bronchitis and pneumonia, their classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment approaches.
Rhinitis.pptx
This document summarizes various types of rhinitis including viral, bacterial, allergic, and non-allergic rhinitis. It describes the causes, symptoms, treatments, and complications of common cold, influenza, chronic non-specific rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and other less common types. Key points covered include the viral and bacterial causes of common cold, symptoms of allergic rhinitis like sneezing and nasal obstruction, and treatments for different rhinitis types including antihistamines, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and surgery in some cases.
Sinusitis
The document discusses paranasal sinuses and sinusitis. It defines paranasal sinuses as four paired air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the sinuses. Sinusitis can be classified based on location of the affected sinus or duration of symptoms. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks while chronic sinusitis persists for over 12 weeks. Common causes include viral and bacterial infections, allergies, and structural issues impairing drainage. Symptoms vary depending on the affected sinus. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms for acute cases but may involve antibiotics for persistent infections.
Rhinitis presentation
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity that can be allergic or non-allergic in nature. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is caused by an allergen triggering an immune response. Non-allergic rhinitis includes acute viral/bacterial rhinitis from infections as well as chronic rhinitis from long-term irritation or obstruction. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on environmental control, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy for allergies. Chronic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis if mucus is unable to drain properly from the sinuses.
SINUSITIS _POSITIVE HOMEOPATHY
A 24 years old female complains “my head feels heavy, can’t bend down, something tight feeling around the head, my nose is stuffed, and I cannot breath. I got very ill one winter, dizzy, fever, congestion, and ear infection, fatigue. My sinuses were constantly draining, green, thick mucus. Because I let it go so long thinking it was just a cold, it turned into Bronchitis and I was out of work for 2 weeks on a strong course of antibiotics.” this is what we hear most of them complaining. If we try to enquire about the past they give a history of recurrent cold or coryza. That is how a case of sinusitis presents.
Air borne diseases
Airborne diseases can be transmitted via droplets or aerosols inhaled from an infected person. They include viral infections like influenza, measles, and tuberculosis, as well as some bacterial infections. Transmission occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets or indirect contact with droplet nuclei that remain suspended in the air. Emerging airborne infections of concern include avian influenza, swine flu, SARS, and MERS-CoV. Vaccines exist for many common airborne diseases and public health measures can help control outbreaks.
5 rhinitis
This document provides an overview of rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and nasal endoscopy surgery. It defines acute and chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, describes their symptoms, treatments, and complications. It also outlines the surgical procedure for nasal endoscopy, including techniques, postoperative care, risks, and follow up process.
Rhinosinusitis
Rhinosinusitis refers to inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa. It is classified based on duration as acute (<4 weeks), subacute (4-12 weeks), recurrent acute (≥4 episodes per year), or chronic (≥12 weeks). Chronic rhinosinusitis involves eosinophils, neutrophils, and other inflammatory cells and mediators. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis in children and often resolves with antibiotics. Chronic rhinosinusitis involves staphylococcal species in over half of cases. Diagnosis involves clinical criteria and imaging such as CT scan or nasal end
acuteandchronicrhinitis-120826011038-phpapp01.pdf
This document provides information on various types of rhinitis (inflammation of the nose). It discusses acute rhinitis including common cold caused by viruses. It also covers chronic non-specific rhinitis, hypertrophic rhinitis characterized by thickening of nasal tissues, and atrophic rhinitis where nasal mucosa and bones are destroyed. Allergic rhinitis caused by an immunological response to allergens is summarized. The diagnosis and treatment of different rhinitis types is briefly described in 3 sentences or less.
acuteandchronicrhinitis-120826011038-phpapp01-2.pdf
This document summarizes various types of rhinitis including acute rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and atrophic rhinitis. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. For acute rhinitis, it discusses common cold, influenza, and diphtheritic rhinitis. For chronic rhinitis it covers chronic nonspecific inflammation, hypertrophic rhinitis, and atrophic rhinitis. Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis sections provide details on mechanisms, symptoms, and management.
Acute and chronic rhinitis
This document summarizes different types of rhinitis including common cold, influenza rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, and hypertrophic rhinitis. It describes the etiology, clinical features, treatment, and complications of each type. The types are distinguished based on their causes such as viruses, allergens, chronic infections, or autonomic imbalances. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause as well as medications to reduce symptoms like antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.
Acute rhinosinusitis
2015./2016.akad.gada LOR pulciņa 9.sēdes prezentācija "Acute rhinosinusitis". Autore Jana Kraķe (RSU MF III kursa studente).
Sinusitis
Acute sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that usually lasts 2-4 weeks and is often caused by a viral cold. It presents with thick nasal discharge, nasal congestion, and facial pain. Risk factors include allergies, nasal abnormalities, and smoking. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and sometimes imaging tests or nasal cultures. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with saline rinses, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Antibiotics may be used if a bacterial infection develops.
1. Acute Resp dzs
1. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide, killing 1.6 million children per year. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and risk factors include malnutrition, indoor air pollution, and parental smoking.
2. Clinical features may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and abnormal chest exam or X-ray findings. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases, supportive care, and prevention through immunizations.
3. Asthma is a common chronic respiratory condition in children characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It has both genetic and environmental triggers and treatment involves bronchodilators, steroids, and
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More from AayushPokharel10
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
Definition and presentation
Key features:
Weight loss, typically via restriction of caloric intake ('restricting type'). Can also be of a binge/purge type, involving behaviours such as vomiting, intense exercise, or laxative use.
Results in weight less than 85% of that expected, or BMI 17 is mild.
Fear of weight gain.
Feeling fat when thin.
Endocrine dysfunction: amenorrhea for 3 months, or ↓libido in men.
Other features:
Mental state: fatigue, impaired cognition due to cerebral atrophy, altered sleep.
Sensations: cold sensitive, dizzy.
CV: arrhythmias due to hypokalaemia, heart failure. Hypokalaemia is usually a consequence of purging behaviour.
Sexual: psychosexual problems, ↓fertility.
GI: constipation.
Skin: dry skin, fine body hair (lanugo).
Bone: osteoporosis, dental caries.
Obs: ↓temperature, ↓BP, ↓HR.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Pathophysiology and epidemiology
Dopamine theory:
Overactive dopamine system, especially in the mesolimbic area, causes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Associated brain changes:
Larger lateral ventricles.
Reduced volume of the frontal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, temporal lobe, and/or amygdala.
None of these changes are especially sensitive or specific.
Epidemiology:
0.5% lifetime risk.
Medicos PDF is a platform where students can download their own medical books for free and share with their Medical friends.
Myeloma
multiple myeloma
Pathophysiology
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
Causes bone marrow destruction via infiltration, and bone destruction via ↑RANKL activity (causing ↑osteoclast activity).
A single clone of plasma cells produce large amounts of identical immunoglobulin (a 'paraprotein' or 'monoclonal band'), as well as free κ or λ light chains (also a 'paraprotein', or 'Bence Jones protein' if in the urine).
Classified by Ig class, with prevalence reflecting prevalence in normal blood: IgG (⅔), IgA (⅓), remainder IgM or IgD.
Immunoglobulin classes other than that of the proliferating clone are relatively low ('immunoparesis').
Epidemiology
Lifetime risk: 1/140.
Incidence steadily increases with age. Rare <55.
Slightly commoner in men.
2x commoner in blacks vs. whites.
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
Definition
Lymphoma is a malignant proliferation of mature lymphocytes that accumulate in lymph nodes ± other tissue, often as a solid tumour. Differs from leukaemia, which arises in the bone marrow and is present in the blood.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) represent 80% of all lymphomas, and are distinguished from Hodgkin's lymphoma by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells on light microscopy.
NHL are a diverse group of conditions, with proliferating cells potentially accumulating in various sites, including lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), CNS, and skin.
90% are B cell proliferations, 10% T cell.
Types
Low-grade lymphoma:
Slow growing, good prognosis, but hard to cure.
Follicular lymphoma. CD20 +ve.
Marginal zone lymphoma. Various types including MALT, which can occur in stomach, lung, thyroid, or salivary/tear glands. Generally remain localised to original organ so good prognosis.
Lymphocytic lymphoma. Similar to CLL.
Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia (aka lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma). ↑IgM production.
Speech problems
Speech problems
Dysphasia
Overview:
• A deficit in the higher language functions i.e. comprehension and generation.
• Aphasia is a total absence.
• Most commonly due to a left anterior circulation stroke.
• If speech is internally consistent but nonsense, it is confusion not dysphasia.
Receptive (Wernicke's) dysphasia
• Temporal lobe lesion.
• Patient can't follow a command e.g. lift a hand. If the problem is only with a series of commands, the more they can manage then the better the prognosis.
Visual problems, nystagmus, and vertigo
This document discusses various visual problems including field defects, diplopia, nystagmus, and vertigo. It defines these conditions and outlines their typical causes. Field defects can result from lesions anywhere along the visual pathway and present as scotomas, hemianopias or quadrantanopias. Diplopia can be binocular or monocular with various causes such as cranial nerve palsies or myasthenia gravis. Nystagmus includes jerk, pendular, and gaze-evoked types and may be congenital or acquired from vestibular or central nervous system lesions. Vertigo can be peripheral from issues like BPPV, Meniere's disease, or vestibular neur
Cranial nerve problems
Cranial nerve problems
Neuroanatomy
In simple terms, the cranial nerve nuclei are in 4 groups:
• Cortex: CN1 (olfactory bulb), CN2 (occipital lobe).
• Midbrain: CN3-4.
• Pons: CN5-8.
• Medulla (aka 'bulb'): CN9-12.
Upper motor neuron cranial nerve lesions
Pathophysiology
• Lesions of the cortex or corticobulbar tract.
• The corticobulbar tract supplies all the cranial nerves (except 3, 4, 6) on its way to the medulla.
Neurological examination
Neurological examination
Limb motor examination
Mnemonic:
Observe The Patient Really F'ing Carefully.
Observation, Tone, Power, Reflexes, Function, Co-ordination.
Observation
Inspect carefully and for a good amount of time, moving around and crouching to make sure you properly look, including under feet and/or on both sides of hands (turn them over).
Look for SWIFT:
Scarring, and ask if there's any you can't see.
Wasting
Involuntary movements.
Fasciculations: take time, look in plane.
Tremor
Upper limb:
Ask if left or right handed.
Pronator drift: have them extend arms palms up, eyes closed. If there is an UMN lesion, contralateral pronation is stronger, causing pronation ± drift. If there is a cerebellar lesion, the contralateral arm may drift upwards.
Limb rebound: have them push their outstretched, upturned palms against your straight arm. If there is a cerebellar hemisphere lesion, the ipsilateral arm will jump up when you move your arm away.
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It represents 20% of lymphomas and is a B-cell cancer that commonly involves lymph nodes in the neck. Signs and symptoms include painless swollen lymph nodes and B symptoms such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Staging involves imaging tests and determines prognosis and treatment, which typically consists of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Complications can include infection, superior vena cava obstruction, and secondary cancers from treatment. With treatment, 5-year survival rates are 90% for early stage disease and 75% for later stages.
Labour complications
Non-progressive labour
Management
Steps in managing non-progressive 1st stage are similar to induction of labour, but skipping cervical ripening:
First: analgesia, empty bladder, and ensure membranes ruptured. Artificial rupture if required.
If dilating
Non-progressive 2nd stage:
If fetal malposition (OP or OT): rotate manually, rotation ventouse, or Kielland's forceps.
If position correct(ed) (OA): oxytocin → if unsuccessful, traction ventouse or forceps.
C-section if above steps fail.
Complications
Postpartum hemorrhage.
Uterine rupture.
Fistula
Shoulder dystocia.
Hypoxia
Gestational diabetes (gdm)
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
Pathophysiology
↑Progesterone and cortisol → ↑insulin resistance → ↑glucose in previously non-diabetic woman.
Usually develops at 24-28 weeks.
See separate page on diabetes management in pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes.
Risk factors
MACROS:
Medical or family history of GDM, macrosomia, or T2 diabetes.
Age >40 years.
Cystic: PCOS.
Race: non-white, including South Asian and black Caribbean.
Obese
Smoking
Investigations
If there are risk factors, do oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after fasting overnight:
Check plasma glucose, give 75 g glucose, then repeat plasma glucose after 2 hours.
≥5.6 mmol/L fasting OR ≥7.8 mmol/L at 2h = GDM.
Who and when to test:
If they have a past history of GDM or BMI ≥40, test at 18 weeks and re-test at 28 weeks if normal.
All other risk factors: test once at 24-28 weeks.
Check HbA1c at diagnosis to identify any pre-existing type 2 diabetes.
Ectopic pregnancy
Pathophysiology and epidemiology
Implantation of a fertilised egg outside of the uterus. Almost uniformly unviable.
Affects 1/100 pregnancies.
98% are tubal, usually in the ampulla. Remainder are in the ovaries, cervix, and peritoneum, the latter sometimes carrying to the 3rd trimester.
Eventually, trophoblast invasion of the tubal wall can cause tubal rupture and potentially major haemorrhage. However, many cases resolve spontaneously without rupture.
Presentation
Typical presentation:
Patients usually present 6-8 weeks after last period, though 30% present before a missed period.
Common symptoms are PV bleeding (dark or fresh) – which can occur with or without rupture – and/or abdominal or pelvic pain. However, many patients are asymptomatic.
Other possible features:
Syncope and dizziness.
Shoulder tip pain.
Painful defecation and urination.
Diarrhoea and vomiting.
Adnexal mass or big uterus.
Cervical excitation
Sudden rupture: peritonism and shock.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (pid)
Pathophysiology
Acute inflammation of the upper genital tract – the uterus or adnexa – from an ascending infection – usually chlamydia or gonorrhea (25%). May lead to epithelial damage thus allowing further pathogen entry.
Involves any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or pelvic peritonitis.
Rarer causes: Gardnerella vaginalis, H. influenzae, Strep agalactiae (Group B Strep), CMV.
Often no pathogen is found.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
Varies from asymptomatic to severe.
Pain: lower abdominal (often bilateral), lower back, and deep dyspareunia.
Systemic: fever, nausea and vomiting.
Discharge and bleeding: cervical or vaginal mucopurulent discharge, postcoital or intermenstrual bleeding.
On bimanual examination, tenderness in the uterus, adnexa, and cervix ('cervical excitation').
Dysphagia
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing.
Causes
Intraluminal:
Infection: candidiasis, pharyngitis, retropharyngeal abscess.
Oesophagitis
Foreign body.
Polyps
Intramural:
Benign strictures (GORD) or malignant strictures.
Achalasia
Oesophageal web (Plummer Vinson syndrome): iron deficiency anaemia leads to desquamated epithelium. Commonest in middle-aged women.
Oesophageal ring (Schatzki ring): ring of mucosal tissue.
Oesophageal spasm.
Systemic sclerosis.
Extramural:
Pharyngeal pouch.
Rolling hiatus hernia.
Malignancy
Retrosternal goitre.
Thoracic artery aneurysm.
Neurological:
Stroke, myasthenia gravis, MS, MND, Parkinson's.
See bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Abnormal structure or function of the myocardium.
Newer definitions require it to be unexplained by ischaemic, hypertensive, or valvular disease, with the term limited to myocardial diseases with known genetic, morphological, and/or functional characteristics.
It often leads to heart failure, and in rarer cases, sudden cardiac death.
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Pathophysiology and epidemiology
Commonest cardiomyopathy. Exact prevalence unclear but probably more than 1/500. Can present at any age.
Features:
Dilated chambers.
Systolic dysfunction.
↓Cardiac output.
Causes:
Idiopathic
Familial, 2/3 of which are autosomal dominant.
Cardiovascular: ischaemia, HTN, valve disease. See 'Definition' above about why this isn't strictly speaking 'cardiomyopathy'.
Myocarditis: viral, Chagas disease.
Alcohol
Pregnancy: Peripartum cardiomyopathy.
Stress: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Tachycardia: 'tachymyopathy', usually in chronic SVT such as atrial flutter or AF.
Multi-system disease: thyrotoxicosis, sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis.
Burns
Burn depths
Superficial epidermal (1st degree)
Commonly due to sunburn.
Red, painful, peels.
Heals in days and leaves no scar.
Dermal (2nd degree)
Defining feature: blistering.
Superficial dermal (aka partial thickness):
Pink below blister, blanches on pressure, painful.
Heals in 2–3 weeks and leaves no scar.
Deep dermal (aka full thickness):
Deep red below blister from vasodilation, or red dots (vessels) on white background. No or slow blanching.
May be sensory changes.
>3 weeks to heal, and leaves scar.
Subdermal (3rd degree)
Damage extends into subcutaneous tissue.
White (or charred), painless (insensate), leathery skin.
Heals slowly by contraction.
Leg ulcers
Definitions
Ulcer: discontinuity of skin with complete break in epidermis and possibly dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
Erosion: partial break in epidermis. Appears bright red and weepy.
Causes
Trauma and/or internal pathology.
Types: arterial, venous, vasculitis, or neuropathic. For the latter, see diabetic foot, the commonest cause of neuropathic ulceration.
Rash
Rash history
Much of the diagnosis comes from examining the rash or lesion itself, but history taking is still important.
History of presenting complaint
Features of the rash:
Evolution of rash/lesion over time.
Onset at multiple sites and/or symmetrical? Suggests an internal cause.
Does sun exposure make it worse (e.g. SLE) or better (e.g. psoriasis)?
Associated symptoms:
Itch (common) and pain (uncommon), both of which can be explored with SOCRATES.
Ooze or weeping? Suggests eczema.
Loosing sleep from discomfort?
Possible causes:
Contact with substances at work or as part of a hobby. May cause allergic or irritant contact dermatitis.
Medications.
Sun exposure history if you suspect cancer:
Do you tan/burn often?
Sunbed use.
Lived abroad?
Worked outside?
The medicos PDF app was used to collect this information. I stumbled discovered this amazing app when searching for various slides and books and decided to share it with you all. The Google Play Store has a free version of the app.
Cardiac medications
ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB)
Drugs
ACEi include enalapril, ramipril, and lisinopril.
ARBs include losartan and candesartan.
Mechanism
Reduce levels (ACEi) or effects (ARB) of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II increases BP via systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and aldosterone and ADH release.
Lower efficacy in black patients, so not 1st line in this group.
The medicos PDF app was used to collect this information. I stumbled discovered this amazing app when searching for various slides and books and decided to share it with you all. The Google Play Store has a free version of the app.
Bradycardias and conduction defects
Bradycardias and conduction defects
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus rhythm
Causes
Myocardial: inferior MI, myocarditis.
CV drugs: β-blockers, α2-agonists (clonidine), rate-limiting CCBs, digoxin, amiodarone.
CNS drugs: opioids, BZD.
Sick sinus syndrome
Metabolic: ↑K+, hypothyroidism, hypothermia.
Physiological states: high levels of fitness, pain.
Anorexia nervosa.
Cushing reflex: response to ↑ICP.
Sick sinus syndrome
Aka sinus node dysfunction.
Usually due to idiopathic SA node fibrosis. May also be secondary to cardiomyopathy, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis), drugs (digoxin, β-blockers), or metabolic problems (↑K+, ↓Ca2+, ↓thyroid).
Causes sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, or exit block. May also cause episodes of tachycardia (tachy-brady syndrome, brady-tachy syndrome).
Keywords:
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Sinusitis
- 1. Sinusitis This is taken from Medicos PDF app: https://bookapp.page.link/rajit
- 2. Definition and time course Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, either infectious, allergic, or autoimmune. Acute sinusitis: Usually from a viral URTI, or a bacterial infection (2%) by Strep. pneumo or H. influenzae. Chronic rhinosinusitis: >12 weeks. May be triggered by an acute infection, or due to recurrent infection, allergy, or anatomical abnormality. Sub-classified by presence or absence of nasal polyps, which are chronic inflammatory lesions of the nasal and paranasal sinuses. May be difficult to distinguish from chronic rhinitis, but management is similar anyway.
- 3. Risk factors Allergic rhinitis. Anatomical: nasal polyps, facial injury, congenital abnormality. Respiratory disease: asthma, CF, primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's). Immunodeficiency Pregnancy Smoking
- 4. Signs and symptoms Pain: Pain and tenderness over the sinus (i.e. upper cheek). May also present as a more subtle facial fullness, especially in chronic rhinosinusitis. May radiate to cause a frontal headache, or to the teeth. Occasionally, referred to temple or occiput. Worse on straining or bending forward. Other signs and symptoms: Red nose, cheeks, or eyelids. Blocked nose, postnasal drip, hyposmia. Persistent cough.
- 5. Signs and symptoms Features suggesting bacterial infection: Purulent discharge. Severe or persistent (>10 days) symptoms. Fever Mild illness which then becomes worse ('double-sickening'). Nasal polyps: Non-tender, grey lumps, in contrast to the tender, red nasal turbinates. Usually bilateral, single or in clusters. If unilateral (and especially if bleeding), consider urgent ENT referral for possible malignancy. May cause nasal obstruction, hyposmia, and snoring.
- 6. Management Acute sinusitis usually self-resolves within 2 weeks, even bacterial infection. However, treatment options include: Symptomatic relief with intranasal decongestants (max. 1 week), simple analgesia, saline nasal irrigation, and warm face packs. Nasal corticosteroids for 2 weeks if symptoms persist >10 days. Antibiotics only needed for severe symptoms, or in individuals with CF or immunodeficiency. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (pen V) or, if systemically unwell, co-amoxiclav.
- 7. Management Chronic rhinosinusitis: Intranasal steroids. Saline nasal irrigation. Most polyps are steroid-responsive (consider short-course oral if intranasal ineffective), but a minority will require removal via endoscopic sinus surgery. Consider short-course antibiotics if purulent. Long antibiotic courses are sometimes used, though evidence is limited
- 8. Complications Orbital cellulitis. Meningitis
- 9. Thank You Keep supporting Medicos PDF app. You can download this app for free in Google Play Store. https://bookapp.page.link/rajit