2016./2017.m.g. ORL un radioloģijas SZP apvienotās sēdes prezentācija "Kakla daļas radioloģiskā anatomija no ORL aspekta". Autore: Jūlija Ivanova (RSU MF IV kursa studente)
2016./2017.m.g. ORL un radioloģijas SZP apvienotās sēdes prezentācija "Kakla daļas radioloģiskā anatomija no ORL aspekta". Autore: Jūlija Ivanova (RSU MF IV kursa studente)
2015./2016.akad.gada 1.semestra LOR pulciņa 7.sēdes prezentācija "Pēkšņs sensorineirāls dzirdes zudums". Darba autore Aleksandra Borovika (RSU MF IV kursa studente).
UPPER RESIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN , ACUE PHARYGITIS , COMMON COLD , ACUTE SINUSITIS , ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA , APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH URTI , MANAGEMENT OF URTI IN CHILDREN
Rehabilitācija pēc totālas laringektomijasLinda Veidere
2015./2016.akad.gada LOR pulciņa 10.sēdes prezentācija "Rehabilitācija pēc totālas laringektomijas". Autore Jūlija Ivanova (RSU MF III kursa studente).
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF NASAL BONE FRACTURES IN ADULTS IN PAULS STRADINS ...Linda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Daigas Marnauzas, Marka Roņa, Lanas Mičko un Lindas Veideres ZPD "A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF NASAL BONE FRACTURES IN ADULTS IN PAULS STRADINS CLINICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Jānis Sokolovs.
MOST FREQUENT DIAGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS SEEKING OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC CARE DURING...Linda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Zanes Garseles, Edgara Girona un RSU studentes Elzas Apeinānes ZPD "MOST FREQUENT DIAGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS SEEKING OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC CARE DURING NIGHT TIME IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY AT PAULS STRADINS CLINICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FROM JULY 2015 UNTIL DECEMBER 2015". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītājs Dr.Gints Tomiņš.
UBJECTIVE FEELINGS DURING FLIGHTS AND HEARING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THEMLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Edžus Urtāna, Ritas Partojevas, Evitas Cimdiņas, Andas Rēderes, Sabīnes Rumpes, Aleksandras Šilovas ZPD "SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS DURING FLIGHTS AND HEARING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītājs Dr.Gints Tomiņš.
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATIONLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Liānas Džavadovas un Karīnas Jelagovas ZPD "CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA PATIENT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROBATION". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Kitija Daina.
THE IMPACT OF COTTON SWAB USE ON THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANALLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Lindas Veideres, Andas Arbidānes, Ievas Grīnbergas, Aleksandras Borovikas, Janas Skrules, Matīsa Karantajera, Kristinas Karganovas, Anetes Gustas, Ievas Muižnieces, Danas Mičules, Jūlijas Ivanovas, Edgara Bobrova, Ilzes Leves, Dr.Sabīnes Attes ZPD "THE IMPACT OF COTTON SWAB USE ON THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Gunta Sumeraga.
EVALUATION OF NASAL BONE FRACTURE IMAGING IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS Linda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Lanas Mičko, Marka Roņa, Daigas Marnauzas un Lindas Veideres ZPD "EVALUATION OF NASAL BONE FRACTURE IMAGING IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītājs Dr.Jānis Sokolovs.
DEEP NECK INFECTION: REVIEW OF 263 CASESLinda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieku Alises Adovičas, Lindas Veideres un Marka Roņa ZPD "DEEP NECK INFECTION: REVIEW OF 263 CASES". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāja Dr.Gunta Sumeraga. Iegūta 2.vieta RSU ISC 2016 plakātu sadaļā.
PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF VOICE THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH DYSPHONIA: ...Linda Veidere
LOR pulciņa dalībnieces Alises Adovičas ZPD "PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF VOICE THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH DYSPHONIA: CASE SERIES". Prezentēts RSU ISC 2016. Darba vadītāji Dr.Dins Sumerags, Māra Lokenbaha. Iegūta 3.vieta RSU ISC 2016 case report sadaļā.
Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvāLinda Veidere
2015./2016.akad.gada LOR pulciņa 10.sēdes prezentācija "Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvā". Autore Alise Jakovļeva (RSU MF V kursa studente).
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Definition
1)“Rhinitis” is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa. It can be defined as
symptoms of nasal irritation, sneezing, rhinorrhoea and nasal blockage lasting for
at least 1 h a day on most days. The term “sinusitis” refers to inflammation of the
mucosa of the paranasal sinuses, regardless of the cause.
2)Acute rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal
cavity lasting no longer than 4 weeks. It can range from acute viral rhinitis (the
common cold) to acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
Although sinusitis is the term commonly used for any inflammation or infection of sinuses,
this term has largely been replaced by rhinosinusitis, because the nose is almost always
involved with the infection or inflammation at the same time as the sinuses.
3. Classification of Rhinosinusitis
Acute - Up to four weeks
Subacute - At least four weeks but less than 12 weeks
Recurrent acute - Four or more episodes per year with complete
resolution between episodes,each episode lasts at least seven days
Chronic - 12 weeks or longer
7. CLINICAL FEATURES
Acute rhinosinusitis may be accompanied by low‐grade fever, malaise, headache and
possibly a cough.
Typical physical signs include bilateral nasal mucosal oedema, purulent nasal secretions and
sinus tenderness, although this is not a sensitive or specific finding. Pain on palpation over
the 1)frontal sinuses can indicate inflammation. 2)Maxillary sinus infection can cause
toothache with tenderness over the molar region. 3)Ethmoid sinusitis maybe associated with
swelling, tenderness and pain around the eyes.
8. Etiology
Most cases of acute rhinosinusitis are caused by viral infections associated with the common cold.
Mucosal edema leads to obstruction of the sinus ostia. In addition, viral and bacterial infections impair
the cilia, which transport mucus. The obstruction and slowed mucus transport cause stagnation of
secretions and lowered oxygen tension within the sinuses. This environment is an excellent culture
medium for viruses and bacteria.
10. INVESTIGATIONS
Acute rhinosinusitis is mainly a clinical diagnosis. More than 50% of patients
with sinus symptoms who visit primary care physicians are unlikely to have
bacterial sinusitis. The clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is most
appropriately made on the basis of the medical history, symptoms, and
clinical examination.
11. Major criteria: nasal discharge, nasal blockage or
congestion, facial pain or pressure
Minor criteria: headache, fever, tooth pain,
cough.
100% - 2 major and 1 minor criteria / 2 or more
minor criteria
12. Nasal cytology
Sinus puncture (maxillary or frontal sinus) remains the gold standard for
obtaining sinus culture material, with many studies showing little correlation
between nasal swab and sinus culture.Nasal cytology (Hansel, Wright of Gram
stain) could be performed in cases of acute rhinosinusitis. Presence of
neutrophils and bacteria suggests bacterial rhinosinusitis.
13. Radiology
Radiology has traditionally been used as an investigative tool to diagnose acute
rhinosinusitis. This includes plain sinus radiographs and computed tomography
(CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses.
Vaters projection- we see maxillary sinus
Kaldvel projection-frontal sinus
Lateral projection- sphenoidal sinus,frontal sinus
Interesting fact- 40% of asymptomatic patients and 87% of patients with
community‐acquired colds have sinus abnormalities on sinus CT scan.
14. Treatment
Prescribe antibiotic therapy based on benefits and risks. Benefits depend on the
probability of bacterial infection and the severity of symptoms. Risks of
antibiotics include allergic reaction, potential side effects, and promotion of
bacterial resistance.
First line antibiotics for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis are amoxicillin and
trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole.(1000 mg 2x)
The usual initial course of antibiotics should be 10-14 days.
If symptoms worsen after 72 hours of initial empiric antimicrobial therapy, or
they fail to improve despite 3 to 5 days of initial empiric antimicrobial therapy, it
is reasonable to consider a change in medications.
15. Efficacy in symptom control: decongestants (especially
topical decongestants: xilometazolynum,
oxymetazolynum), topical anticholinergics and nasal
steroids (Beclometazonum,Budezonidum,Flutikazonum -
Eo, T ly,symptoms
Possible efficacy: zinc gluconate lozenges, vitamin C,
Echinacea extract, saline irrigation
17. Complications of acute rhinosinusitis
Preseptal cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital abscess
Osteomyelitis
Subperiosteal orbital abscess
Subdural empyema
Epidural empyema
Meningitis
Brain abscess
Cortical thrombophlebitis
Cavernous/sagittal sinus thrombosis
18. Resaerch
Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy for clinically diagnosed acute
rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial
Methods: We conducted a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled clinical trial at 54 primary care practices (68 family physicians) in
the Netherlands between Dec. 30, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2011. Adult patients
with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis were randomly assigned to
receive either prednisolone 30 mg/d or placebo for 7 days and asked to
complete a symptom diary for 14 days. The primary outcome measure was the
proportion of patients with resolution of facial pain or pressure on day 7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470641/
19. Results:Of the 185 patients included in the trial (93 in the treatment group,
92 in the placebo group), 2 withdrew from the study and 9 were excluded
from the primary analysis because of incomplete symptom reporting. The
remaining 174 patients (88 in the treatment group, 86 in the placebo group)
were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The proportions of patients
with resolution of facial pain or pressure on day 7 were 62.5% (55/88) in the
prednisolone group and 55.8% (48/86) in the placebo group (absolute risk
difference 6.7%, 95% confidence interval −7.9% to 21.2%). The groups were
similar with regard to the decrease over time in the proportion of patients
with total symptoms (combined symptoms of runny nose, postnasal discharge,
nasal congestion, cough and facial pain) and health-related quality of life.
Adverse events were mild and did not differ significantly between the groups
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470641/
20. Prednisolone n =88 Placebo n = 86
Absolute risk difference, % (95% CI) Relative risk(95% CI)
Facial pain or pressure 62.5 (55/88) 55.8 (48/86) 6.7 (−7.9 to 21.2) 1.12 (0.87 to 1.44)
Severe facial pain or pressure 93.2 (82/88) 82.6 (71/86) 10.6 (1.0 to 20.2) 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26)
Nasal congestion 57.5 (50/87) 53.5 (46/86) 4.0 (−10.8 to 18.8) 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40)
Postnasal discharge 54.5 (48/88) 57.6 (49/85) −3.0 (−17.9 to 11.7) 0.95 (0.73 to
1.23)
Runny nose 69.3 (61/88) 58.1 (50/86) 11.2 (−3.0 to 25.3) 1.19 (0.95 to 1.50)
Cough 66.3 (57/86) 54.8 (46/84) 11.5 (−3.1 to 26.1) 1.21 (0.95 to 1.55)
Total symptoms 32.9 (28/85) 25.3 (21/83) 7.6 (−6.1 to 21.3) 1.30 (0.81 to 2.10)
Severe total symptoms 81.2 (69/85) 78.3 (65/83) 2.9 (−9.3 to 15.0) 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21)
4 of 5 total symptoms 44.7 (38/85) 39.8 (33/83) 5.0 (−10.0 to 19.9) 1.12 (0.79 to 1.60)
3 of 5 total symptoms 62.4 (53/85) 57.8 (48/83) 4.5 (−10.3 to 19.3) 1.08 (0.84 to 1.38)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470641/
21. Interpretation:Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy had no clinically
relevant beneficial effects among patients with clinically diagnosed acute
rhinosinusitis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470641/