saif aldin ali madi
سيف الدين علي ماضي
s96aif@gmail.com
In this laboratory practice the simulation of a simple pendulum was
carried out with the objective of determining the acceleration of gravity
and its uncertainty, through the data obtained in the simulation. In this
one was made the assembly of a simple pendulum through a rope, a
weight, a grader and the base for pendulums, which allowed us to
obtain through the following instruments rule and timer, data as the time
in which 20 oscillations are completed and the length of the pendulum,
taking into account the uncertainties of each instrument, these data
were organized into tables and then used in the realization of graphs
expressing the time as a function of the length of the pendulum, in
addition to calculating the acceleration of gravity and its uncertainty.
Conduction heat transfer | heat transfer | heat | U.O.BSaif al-din ali
saif al-din ali madin
سيف الدين علي ماضي
s96aif@gmail.com
Measuring the thermal conductivity K for a cylindrical specimen made from
iron and has certain dimensions and specifications
Free heat convection |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Free Heat Convection from a Horizontal Heated
Cylinder
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the free heat convection coefficient (ℎ푁퐶) for a
horizontal heated solid cylinder.
2. Find the relationship between RaNo. And NuNo. for fluid flow
around a cylinder
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Experiment Name: Pipe Insulation Efficiency Study Unit
2. Experiment Aim: The study unit for the assessment of thermal
insulation efficiency permits investigating the effect of thermal
insulation of steam pipes, the unit consist of a set of four pipes, three of
which are covered with insulating materials, placed vertically. Steam is
fed by means of an overhead manifold
3. Composition:
The lagging of piping unit includes:
1. - 3 test pipes covered with materials which thermal conductivity
coefficient is different.
2. One pipe without covering,
3. Manual control valve on steam inlet,
4. Bourdon pressure gauge on steam inlet
5. Thermometer in steam inlet
6. Condenser discharge system,
7. Graduated containers of glass to measure the condensate,
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Characteristics of separately excited generatorSaif al-din ali
The object of this experiment is to verify the
factors , which affect Me building voltage In separately - cited generator
, the external Characteristics and load saturation characteristics ,
regulating characteristics of the generator
Characteristics of separately excited generator
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Torsion tesd
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
The objective of this experiment is to study the linearly elastic behavior
of metallic material under a torsion test. Torsion test measures the
strength of any material against maximum twisting forces. During this
experiment, a failure testing is done to our testing material which is a
steel. This failure testing involves twisting the material until it breaks
which helps demonstrates how materials undergo during testing
condition by measuring the applied torque with respect to the angle of
twist, the shear modulus, shear stress
At the limit of proportionality. The shear modulus of elasticity G and
Poisson's Ratio are determined for the specimen using torsional stressstrain relationship from the data collected during the experiment. The
fraction surface of our material at the end of the experiment is used to
stablish characteristics of the material,
This presentations explains about the simple pendulum which uses the concept of simple harmonic motion for its oscillations. First part of the video explains about the simple pendulum, the middle part explains about its motion and the final part provides details about a simple experiment that can be done using it.
Conduction heat transfer | heat transfer | heat | U.O.BSaif al-din ali
saif al-din ali madin
سيف الدين علي ماضي
s96aif@gmail.com
Measuring the thermal conductivity K for a cylindrical specimen made from
iron and has certain dimensions and specifications
Free heat convection |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Free Heat Convection from a Horizontal Heated
Cylinder
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the free heat convection coefficient (ℎ푁퐶) for a
horizontal heated solid cylinder.
2. Find the relationship between RaNo. And NuNo. for fluid flow
around a cylinder
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Experiment Name: Pipe Insulation Efficiency Study Unit
2. Experiment Aim: The study unit for the assessment of thermal
insulation efficiency permits investigating the effect of thermal
insulation of steam pipes, the unit consist of a set of four pipes, three of
which are covered with insulating materials, placed vertically. Steam is
fed by means of an overhead manifold
3. Composition:
The lagging of piping unit includes:
1. - 3 test pipes covered with materials which thermal conductivity
coefficient is different.
2. One pipe without covering,
3. Manual control valve on steam inlet,
4. Bourdon pressure gauge on steam inlet
5. Thermometer in steam inlet
6. Condenser discharge system,
7. Graduated containers of glass to measure the condensate,
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Characteristics of separately excited generatorSaif al-din ali
The object of this experiment is to verify the
factors , which affect Me building voltage In separately - cited generator
, the external Characteristics and load saturation characteristics ,
regulating characteristics of the generator
Characteristics of separately excited generator
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Torsion tesd
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
The objective of this experiment is to study the linearly elastic behavior
of metallic material under a torsion test. Torsion test measures the
strength of any material against maximum twisting forces. During this
experiment, a failure testing is done to our testing material which is a
steel. This failure testing involves twisting the material until it breaks
which helps demonstrates how materials undergo during testing
condition by measuring the applied torque with respect to the angle of
twist, the shear modulus, shear stress
At the limit of proportionality. The shear modulus of elasticity G and
Poisson's Ratio are determined for the specimen using torsional stressstrain relationship from the data collected during the experiment. The
fraction surface of our material at the end of the experiment is used to
stablish characteristics of the material,
This presentations explains about the simple pendulum which uses the concept of simple harmonic motion for its oscillations. First part of the video explains about the simple pendulum, the middle part explains about its motion and the final part provides details about a simple experiment that can be done using it.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
After insulating limited distance between jet hole and main
channel and find:
1. The static pressure distribution the along channel.
2. The velocity distribution on the section different dimensions.
3. The secondary flow rate discharge
4. The friction force F
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |Saif al-din ali
SAIF A-LDIN ALI
سيف الدين علي ماضي
s96aif@gmail.com
@s96aif
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |
The main purpose of the Bend testing is to determine
the ductility, bend strength, fracture strength and
resistance to fracture of the specimen i.e. the
characteristics used to determine whether a material
will fail under pressure and are especially important in
any construction process involving ductile materials
loaded with bending forces.
If a material begins to fracture or completely fractures
during a three or four point bend test it is valid to
assume that the material will fail under a similar in any
application, which may lead to catastrophic failure
To find the values of deflections and bending stresses of the
beam (steel) supported and carrying a concentrated load at
the center in the case of simply or fixed supported and at free
end in cantilever supported case
1 - Cantilever beam
2 - Simply Supported Beam
3. Fixed Beam,
Building up voltage self excited shunt generator Saif al-din ali
Building up voltage self excited shunt generator
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The object of this experiment is to verity the
factors which affect , the process of voltage build - up in a self- excited
shunt generator
Resonance and natural frequency, uses and precautions nisMichael Marty
A presentation with animated slides about forced oscillations, natural frequency, what happens when forced oscillations match the natural frequency of a bridge and where resonance useful as well as how are oscillations ‘damped’ when they are not wanted.
Governor apparatus | theory of machine LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name:- Governor Apparatus
1. Abstract
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase
or decrease, obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase
to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be
controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This
necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed
decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be increase
accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back
the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases
and speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced
Pressure distribution along convergent- divergent NozzleSaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
This aim of this practical was to investigate compressible flow in a
convergent-divergent nozzle. Different flow patterns that influence
the results of the investigation are also explored. The different
pressure distributions that occur at varying lengths in the nozzle
were also recorded and analyzed
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
After insulating limited distance between jet hole and main
channel and find:
1. The static pressure distribution the along channel.
2. The velocity distribution on the section different dimensions.
3. The secondary flow rate discharge
4. The friction force F
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |Saif al-din ali
SAIF A-LDIN ALI
سيف الدين علي ماضي
s96aif@gmail.com
@s96aif
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |
The main purpose of the Bend testing is to determine
the ductility, bend strength, fracture strength and
resistance to fracture of the specimen i.e. the
characteristics used to determine whether a material
will fail under pressure and are especially important in
any construction process involving ductile materials
loaded with bending forces.
If a material begins to fracture or completely fractures
during a three or four point bend test it is valid to
assume that the material will fail under a similar in any
application, which may lead to catastrophic failure
To find the values of deflections and bending stresses of the
beam (steel) supported and carrying a concentrated load at
the center in the case of simply or fixed supported and at free
end in cantilever supported case
1 - Cantilever beam
2 - Simply Supported Beam
3. Fixed Beam,
Building up voltage self excited shunt generator Saif al-din ali
Building up voltage self excited shunt generator
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The object of this experiment is to verity the
factors which affect , the process of voltage build - up in a self- excited
shunt generator
Resonance and natural frequency, uses and precautions nisMichael Marty
A presentation with animated slides about forced oscillations, natural frequency, what happens when forced oscillations match the natural frequency of a bridge and where resonance useful as well as how are oscillations ‘damped’ when they are not wanted.
Governor apparatus | theory of machine LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name:- Governor Apparatus
1. Abstract
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase
or decrease, obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase
to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be
controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This
necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed
decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be increase
accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back
the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases
and speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced
Pressure distribution along convergent- divergent NozzleSaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
This aim of this practical was to investigate compressible flow in a
convergent-divergent nozzle. Different flow patterns that influence
the results of the investigation are also explored. The different
pressure distributions that occur at varying lengths in the nozzle
were also recorded and analyzed
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
Numerical Investigation of the Perfomance of Convergent Divergent NozzleIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Final MSc thesis report for the degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering, specializing in Aerodynamics, Aeroacoustics, and Wind Energy at TU Delft, the Netherlands
Pressure distribution around a circular cylinder bodies | Fluid Laboratory Saif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
A cylinder in a closed circuit wind tunnel will be experimented upon
to gather the pressure distribution acting on it
Laminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between the layers. In comparison to this Turbulent flow
has a much more disorganized pattern, it is characterized by
mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow.
The Reynolds number (Re), gives the measure for laminar and
turbulent flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number
is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater
than 3Ã-105.
The pressure is measured using the manometer, and then
therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the
pressure head.
The cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel.
The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the
tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Similar to simple pendulum and compound pendulum | vaibration | u.o.b | (20)
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
3. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 3 -
Simple Pendulum and Compound Pendulum
1. ABSTRACT
In this laboratory practice the simulation of a simple pendulum was
carried out with the objective of determining the acceleration of gravity
and its uncertainty, through the data obtained in the simulation. In this
one was made the assembly of a simple pendulum through a rope, a
weight, a grader and the base for pendulums, which allowed us to
obtain through the following instruments rule and timer, data as the time
in which 20 oscillations are completed and the length of the pendulum,
taking into account the uncertainties of each instrument, these data
were organized into tables and then used in the realization of graphs
expressing the time as a function of the length of the pendulum, in
addition to calculating the acceleration of gravity and its uncertainty.
2. OBJECTIVE
The purposes of this experiment are:
1) Study the motion of a simple pendulum,
2) Study simple harmonic motion.
3) Learn the definitions of period, frequency, and amplitude
4) Learn the relationships between the period, frequency, amplitude
and length of a simple pendulum
5) Determine the acceleration due to gravity using the theory, results,
and analysis of this experiment.
4. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 4 -
3. INTRODUCTION
Many things in nature wiggle in a periodic fashion. That is, they vibrate.
One such example is a simple pendulum. If we suspend a mass at the
end of a piece of string, we have a simple pendulum. Here, the to and
fro motion represents a periodic motion used in times The time that it
takes to make one complete oscillation is defined as the period T.
Another useful quantity used to describe periodic motion is the
frequency of oscillation. The frequency f of the oscillations is the
number of oscillations that occur per unit time and is the inverse of the
period, f= 1 / T. Similarly, the period is the inverse of the frequency.
T= 1 / t. The maximum distance that the mass is displaced from its
equilibrium position is defined as the amplitude of the oscillation
Another factor involved in the period of motion is, the acceleration due
gravity (g). Which on the earth is 9.8 m / s^2. It follows then that a long
pendulum has a greater period than a shorter pendulum.
The period of a simple pendulum can be found by;
𝜏 = 2𝜋√
𝑙
𝑔
Simple Pendulum:-
Is a ball suspended by a rope known length of the center is pulled to a
small angle and then leave is calculated 20 frequencies of a particular
lens and divide the number 20 on the time to calculate the pulse of one
move this oscillator frequency movement and as a derivation in the
theory of experience
Compound Pendulum:-
Is a rod of metal that calculates the center of the body and then takes a
certain measure of the center of the body to stabilize and the process of
recoiling and calculating the frequency and frequency of the process,
but after the process of rounding the place of fixation of the balance
center of the rod.
7. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 7 -
5. APPARATUS
1. Sub frame (crossbeam) B1
2. Small wooden ball B2
3. Small steel ball B3
4. Inextensible flexible cord
5. Stopwatch or clock
6. Meter nule
Procedure
1. The simple pendulum is composed of a small spherical ball
suspended by a long, light string which is attached to support
stand by a string clamp, The string should be approximately
125 cm long and should be clamped by the string clamp
between the two flat pieces of metal so that the string always
pivots about the same point,
2. Use a meter to measure the length of the string from hanging
point to the center of the ball,
3. Displace the pendulum about 10 ° from its equilibrium
position and let it swing back and forth, Measure the total time
that it takes to make 20 complete oscillations and record that
time in your spreadsheet
4. Increase the length of the pendulum and repeat the
measurements made in the previous steps for multi string
lengths.
5. Record the measurement for steel and wood spherical
6. Calculate the period of the oscillations for each length by
dividing the total time by the number of oscillations, 20, Record
the values in the appropriate column of your data table
7. Examine your graph of 𝜏2 versus L and check to see if there
is a linear relationship between 𝜏2and L so that the data points
lie along a line
frame Metal rod
steel
ball
wooden
ball
9. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 9 -
7. DISCUSSION
1) What type of graph you got and what is the relationship
that related between 𝝉 𝟐
and L
The drawing is linear so the relationship is positive i.e. that when
the first increase is increased. This relationship was forged after
manipulation of the equation to get to this drawing
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
𝜏^2
L(M)
𝝉 =
𝟏.𝟗−𝟏.𝟓𝟗
𝟎.𝟒𝟖𝟕−𝟎.𝟒𝟏
= 4.0259
𝒈 =
𝟒𝝅 𝟐
4.0259 = 9.808
10. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 10 -
2) What effect does the mass of the ball have on the period of
a simple pendulum? What would be the effect of replacing the
steel ball with a wooden ball?
The mass on a pendulum does not affect the swing because force and mass are
proportional and when the mass increases so does the force. As the force
increases so does the acceleration and along with gravity are the factors that
affect the pendulum swing.
Mass does not affect the period of the pendulum only the length of the string
and the angle of amplitude of the pendulum. Only force will be affected by the
mass and this supported by newton' s second law of motion F=ma
Mass does not affect the period of the pendulum. When looking at the formula
for a period of a pendulum, it is " T = 2 (pi) Sqrt (l/g) ". In the formula, "l" is
the length and "g" is the force of gravity. Therefore, the mass does not affect
the period of the pendulum
The amount of mass at the end of a simple pendulum has no effect on the
period of the swing. There would be no change at all, assuming the center of
mass of the wooden ball was the same distance from the pendulum pivot as
was the center of mass of the steel ball.
3) What are the error that affect the calculation of the earth
gravity, and how can prevent these error
In the simple pendulum errors are in the measurement of the tendon and determine the
center of the ball and the amount of angle from which the body starts because of the
hypothesis that the angle is equal to the sin calculation of the frequency of the pendulum
and the time calculation of frequency
In the compound pendulum determine the center of the body and calculate the distance
between the center and the distance imposed and the operation of the weight position in
the state of equilibrium at the height and also the starting angle must be small and calculate
the time to frequency
11. SAIF AL-DIN ALI MADI
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
- 11 -
4) Pendulum application
Musical Instruments
Sound itself is produced from oscillations of the air. In a string instrument such as a
violin or a guitar, bowing or plucking the string provides the force needed to make
the string oscillate and produce sound. In a
wind instrument like a trumpet, the
vibrations are caused by the player's lips
while the sound is caused by exciting the air
molecules by blowing across the opening in a
flute. In a percussion instrument like the
triangle, the vibrations occur when the
instrument is struck.The vibration produced
in the string, column of air or body of the
instrument causes standing waves to be formed, which produces sound
5) The reason for the emergence of a graph similar to the sine
function in the pendulum
Because of the oscillation of the pendulum back and forth with a
periodic movement when Newton's law was applied, as we did in
the theory of experience,
( )