The document discusses internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It begins by identifying the objective of understanding I.C. engine types, parts, and how each part works. It then provides classifications of I.C. engines based on application, design, cycle, valves/ports, fuel type, ignition, combustion chamber, load control, and cooling. Details are given on common engine components and how four-stroke and two-stroke engines operate through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. In conclusion, the document provides a discussion question about writing a short report on I.C. engines.
The document discusses internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It begins by outlining the objective of identifying types of I.C. engines, their parts, and how each part works. It then provides classifications of I.C. engines and lists their major components. The working principles of four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained, including diagrams of their cycles. Key aspects covered are intake, compression, combustion, power and exhaust strokes in four-stroke engines and the use of crankcases and ports to enable intake and exhaust in two strokes.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The fan is being run with an electric motor and then taking the
readings from the sensors associated with the processor and the
computer and drawing the ratios relative to the flow
This document provides an overview of the OAT551 Automotive Systems course. It discusses the following topics:
- The course is taught by P. Hariprasad at KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology.
- Unit 1 covers automotive engine auxiliary systems, including the classifications and workings of internal and external combustion engines.
- Engine components like the cylinder head, piston rings, camshaft and their functions are explained. Ignition and fuel injection systems for gasoline and diesel engines are also outlined.
CFD ANALYSIS OF MULTI CYLINDER SI ENGINE EXHAUST MANIFOLD USING ANSYSsiva sankar
This document discusses the optimization of exhaust manifold designs for a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine to reduce emissions. It analyzes exhaust manifold designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate back pressures and exhaust velocities. Various exhaust manifold geometries are modeled and simulated, including designs with short and long bends and center or side exits. The analysis finds that short bend models perform better than long bend models due to lower back pressures and higher exit velocities. It determines that a long bend center exit model scores highest overall based on back pressure and exit velocity.
This document discusses the design and operation of jet ejectors. Jet ejectors use a motive fluid to pump another fluid without any moving parts. A common example is a steam jet ejector which uses steam as the motive fluid to create a vacuum. Key components are the motive nozzle, which accelerates the motive fluid, and the diffuser, which decelerates the mixed motive and suction fluids while increasing pressure. The suction fluid enters where the pressure is lowest and kinetic energy from the high-speed motive fluid is transferred to accelerate the suction fluid. In the diffuser, this kinetic energy is converted back to pressure, allowing the fluids to be discharged at a higher pressure than the suction pressure. Jet ejectors are
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engine design, focusing on compressor and turbine components. It discusses:
1) How gas turbine engines work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, combusting the mixture to produce thrust or shaft power via Newton's third law.
2) The major components of compressors (axial, centrifugal) and turbines (axial, radial), how they operate to compress or expand the working fluid, and examples of each type.
3) Key design challenges like thermal issues, blade stalls, and dynamic surge; and methods to address them like various cooling techniques.
4) The basic process of axial compressor design which involves defining needs, determining rotational speed, estimating
Performance of the four strokes diesel engineSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment to study the performance of a four-stroke diesel engine at various speeds. It includes the objective to analyze the effect of speed on engine parameters. The document outlines the test procedure which involves taking readings like speed, torque, temperature and fuel consumption at different water flows through the dynamometer to vary the engine speed. Calculations are shown to determine values like power, efficiency, air-fuel ratio based on the experimental readings. Results are presented in a table for one engine speed setting as an example.
1) An injector, also known as an ejector or steam injector, is a type of pump that uses the Venturi effect to pump fluids without moving parts.
2) Originally used on steam locomotives to inject boiler feedwater, injectors work by converting the pressure energy of a high-pressure motive fluid like steam into velocity energy, creating a low pressure zone that draws in and mixes with a suction fluid.
3) Modern uses of injectors include pumping chemicals into boilers, removing ash from power plant flues, producing vacuum pressure, and enhancing oil recovery processes. They are commonly used in well pumps where the jet pump is installed below ground.
The document discusses internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It begins by outlining the objective of identifying types of I.C. engines, their parts, and how each part works. It then provides classifications of I.C. engines and lists their major components. The working principles of four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained, including diagrams of their cycles. Key aspects covered are intake, compression, combustion, power and exhaust strokes in four-stroke engines and the use of crankcases and ports to enable intake and exhaust in two strokes.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
The fan is being run with an electric motor and then taking the
readings from the sensors associated with the processor and the
computer and drawing the ratios relative to the flow
This document provides an overview of the OAT551 Automotive Systems course. It discusses the following topics:
- The course is taught by P. Hariprasad at KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology.
- Unit 1 covers automotive engine auxiliary systems, including the classifications and workings of internal and external combustion engines.
- Engine components like the cylinder head, piston rings, camshaft and their functions are explained. Ignition and fuel injection systems for gasoline and diesel engines are also outlined.
CFD ANALYSIS OF MULTI CYLINDER SI ENGINE EXHAUST MANIFOLD USING ANSYSsiva sankar
This document discusses the optimization of exhaust manifold designs for a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine to reduce emissions. It analyzes exhaust manifold designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate back pressures and exhaust velocities. Various exhaust manifold geometries are modeled and simulated, including designs with short and long bends and center or side exits. The analysis finds that short bend models perform better than long bend models due to lower back pressures and higher exit velocities. It determines that a long bend center exit model scores highest overall based on back pressure and exit velocity.
This document discusses the design and operation of jet ejectors. Jet ejectors use a motive fluid to pump another fluid without any moving parts. A common example is a steam jet ejector which uses steam as the motive fluid to create a vacuum. Key components are the motive nozzle, which accelerates the motive fluid, and the diffuser, which decelerates the mixed motive and suction fluids while increasing pressure. The suction fluid enters where the pressure is lowest and kinetic energy from the high-speed motive fluid is transferred to accelerate the suction fluid. In the diffuser, this kinetic energy is converted back to pressure, allowing the fluids to be discharged at a higher pressure than the suction pressure. Jet ejectors are
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engine design, focusing on compressor and turbine components. It discusses:
1) How gas turbine engines work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, combusting the mixture to produce thrust or shaft power via Newton's third law.
2) The major components of compressors (axial, centrifugal) and turbines (axial, radial), how they operate to compress or expand the working fluid, and examples of each type.
3) Key design challenges like thermal issues, blade stalls, and dynamic surge; and methods to address them like various cooling techniques.
4) The basic process of axial compressor design which involves defining needs, determining rotational speed, estimating
Performance of the four strokes diesel engineSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment to study the performance of a four-stroke diesel engine at various speeds. It includes the objective to analyze the effect of speed on engine parameters. The document outlines the test procedure which involves taking readings like speed, torque, temperature and fuel consumption at different water flows through the dynamometer to vary the engine speed. Calculations are shown to determine values like power, efficiency, air-fuel ratio based on the experimental readings. Results are presented in a table for one engine speed setting as an example.
1) An injector, also known as an ejector or steam injector, is a type of pump that uses the Venturi effect to pump fluids without moving parts.
2) Originally used on steam locomotives to inject boiler feedwater, injectors work by converting the pressure energy of a high-pressure motive fluid like steam into velocity energy, creating a low pressure zone that draws in and mixes with a suction fluid.
3) Modern uses of injectors include pumping chemicals into boilers, removing ash from power plant flues, producing vacuum pressure, and enhancing oil recovery processes. They are commonly used in well pumps where the jet pump is installed below ground.
CFD ANALYSIS OF MULTI CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYSsiva sankar
In present century, spark ignition engines have become a non-separable part of the society, and are used in many sectors of energy. They act as backbone for transportation systems, but, as a bitter truth they behave like a major source of air pollution. There are basically three types of emissions, emerged from a SI engine; exhaust emissions, evaporative emission, and crankcase emission, and the major pollutants emerged from these engines are CO, CO2, SOX, NOX.
Present project work aims at reducing emissions. It is a well-established fact that smooth combustion minimizes the emissions, and exhaust process contributes a lot in accomplishing smooth combustion process. In present project work, different designs of exhaust manifold for a multi cylinder spark ignition engine are optimized for reducing emissions, by evaluating back pressures and exhaust velocities. For this purpose four different designs, namely, short bend centre exit, short bend side exit, long bend centre exit with reducer, and long bend side exit with reducer are considered, and their performance is evaluated for different loading conditions.
ME 6021 - HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS / UNIT II - HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND COMPONENTSSANTHOSH00775
This document provides an overview of hydraulic systems and components. It discusses various types of hydraulic pumps including centrifugal, gear, vane, piston and axial flow pumps. It also describes hydraulic actuators like cylinders and motors. Finally, it covers control components such as directional control valves, pressure control valves and flow control valves.
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
This document summarizes literature on the evaluation of steam jet ejectors. It discusses their use in refrigeration, air conditioning, and other industries. Semi-empirical models are developed to design and rate ejectors, giving the entrainment ratio as a function of expansion and pressure ratios. Correlations are also developed for motive steam pressure and area ratios as functions of operating pressures and entrainment ratio. The models are based on manufacturer and experimental data and allow full ejector design based on operating conditions. Optimum operation occurs at critical conditions, and higher entrainment ratios result from lower boiler/condenser pressures and higher evaporator temperatures. Variable position nozzles and multi-ejector systems improve performance.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
Control Valves for the Power Generation Industry" A Product and Applications ...Belilove Company-Engineers
This document provides an overview of control valves for the power generation industry. It discusses the various systems in a conventional thermal power plant such as the condensate system, feedwater system, and main steam system. It then summarizes several case studies of Trimteck supplying control valves for applications in these systems for power plants. These include valves for condenser level control, boiler burner purge cycles, compressor reject control, turbine bypass, and superheater attemperation spray. The document promotes Trimteck as offering a full line of high quality control valves and solutions for flow control problems in power plants.
The turbo expander compressor are used to achieve cryogenic temperature by reducing the enthalpy of high pressure gas in refrigeration cycles of Oil and gas, Refining and Petrochemical Process. These slides covers the working process of Expander compressor, process applications of expander compressor, Preliminary sizing calculations, Auxiliaries associated with Expander compressor mainly focusing on Active magnetic bearing equipment and its control system.
This document summarizes a proposed new principle for air compression called hydraulic air compression systems (HACS). HACS uses hydraulic dynamic energy rather than a crank mechanism to power piston movement for compression. It aims to overcome disadvantages of reciprocating compressors like vibrations, heat, lubrication needs, and noise. HACS works by pumping incompressible liquid into the cylinder to move the piston up and compress air. The pressure of the delivered air equals the pressure of the pumped liquid. HACS can be used for both lower pressures with high-discharge pumps, and higher pressures using pumps with high pressure and low discharge. Calculations show HACS can achieve higher pressures than reciprocating compressors using the same motor power. Adv
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
Cameron manufactures centrifugal air and gas compressors and provides aftermarket services globally. They offer compressors in their MSG and Turbo-Air series that provide oil-free compression with flexible configurations for a wide range of flows and pressures. Cameron compressors provide advantages over other compressor technologies like being oil-free, compact, and requiring low maintenance.
The document discusses an ejector refrigeration system (ERS). An ERS uses an ejector instead of a compressor to increase fluid pressure without moving parts. The ejector consists of a primary nozzle, mixing chamber, ejector throat, and diffuser. High pressure fluid expands through the primary nozzle, drawing and mixing with low pressure secondary fluid in the mixing chamber. The document reviews several theories for modeling ejector performance and past studies analyzing ejector design and refrigeration cycle optimization. It also discusses design parameters like entrainment ratio and operating modes like critical and subcritical.
This document discusses fluid motion within internal combustion engines. It describes several types of fluid motion that occur during the engine cycle, including swirl, squish, tumble, and blowdown. Swirl enhances air-fuel mixing and combustion speed. Squish and tumble generate additional rotational and radial motions near top dead center to further mix the fuel and air. Turbulence throughout the cycle aids various engine processes. The exhaust gases exit the cylinder during blowdown and pass through the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, tailpipe and muffler before being vented outside.
The document discusses carburetor theory and operation. Variable venturi or "slide" carburetors provide fuel-air mixtures through circuits that control flow for different conditions like starting, idle, and main circuits. Carburetor tuning must balance providing the optimal fuel-air ratio without overheating the engine. Plug readings and piston wash can evaluate mixture ratios at different throttle positions. Adjusting jet sizes accounts for changing air density due to temperature, altitude, and humidity.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
A carburetor mixes air and fuel for combustion in an internal combustion engine. It contains several main parts including a venturi, float chamber, nozzles, and throttle valve. A carburetor uses venturi suction to draw fuel from the float chamber and mix it with air to supply the engine. The main types are updraft, downdraft, and horizontal based on airflow direction. Carburetors provide fuel metering and air-fuel ratio control for engines. While simpler than fuel injection, carburetors are less precise at mixing fuel and air.
The document discusses various types of pumps used in building services including centrifugal, submersible, and jet pumps. It provides details on centrifugal pump components, advantages like smooth flow and reliability, and disadvantages like loss of priming. The document also discusses pump selection factors like head, capacity, and efficiency. It covers pump performance calculation and energy saving measures like demand side management and using variable frequency drives.
The document is a presentation about industrial compressors used in processing plants. It discusses the main types of compressors, including positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It describes methods of capacity control for different compressor types and flow capacities at varying discharge pressures. Standard speed and flow capacity ranges for compressor drives are also covered. The presentation focuses in detail on centrifugal compressors, explaining their operation and key components like impellers and diffusers. Contact information is provided for questions.
This document provides information on hydraulic pumps and actuators. It begins with definitions of hydraulic pumps and how they work to convert mechanical power into hydraulic energy. It then discusses various types of pumps including centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, gear pumps, vane pumps, piston pumps and provides details on their designs and applications. The document also covers hydraulic actuators including cylinders and motors. It concludes with sections on pump selection, control components like directional control valves and their various designs.
This document provides a summary of a mechanical engineering document on automobile engineering. It includes 2 mark and 11 mark questions and answers on topics related to internal combustion engines. Some key details include:
- Components of engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, pistons and more are listed.
- The major types of automobiles based on fuel used are defined.
- Drive types like front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive are classified.
- Differences between SI and CI engines are outlined regarding fuel, compression ratio, operating cycle and efficiency.
- Four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained with diagrams showing engine components and cycles.
English job. estudandes da engenharia de curso mecanica 1anoedmilsonnhamssua
The document describes the key components and operation of an internal combustion engine. It outlines the main components including the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, crankcase, valves, spark plug, camshaft and flywheel. It then explains the four strokes of the engine's cycle: intake, compression, expansion and exhaust. The four strokes involve the opening and closing of valves and intake/combustion/exhaust of fuel at different points of the piston's movement within the cylinder.
CFD ANALYSIS OF MULTI CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYSsiva sankar
In present century, spark ignition engines have become a non-separable part of the society, and are used in many sectors of energy. They act as backbone for transportation systems, but, as a bitter truth they behave like a major source of air pollution. There are basically three types of emissions, emerged from a SI engine; exhaust emissions, evaporative emission, and crankcase emission, and the major pollutants emerged from these engines are CO, CO2, SOX, NOX.
Present project work aims at reducing emissions. It is a well-established fact that smooth combustion minimizes the emissions, and exhaust process contributes a lot in accomplishing smooth combustion process. In present project work, different designs of exhaust manifold for a multi cylinder spark ignition engine are optimized for reducing emissions, by evaluating back pressures and exhaust velocities. For this purpose four different designs, namely, short bend centre exit, short bend side exit, long bend centre exit with reducer, and long bend side exit with reducer are considered, and their performance is evaluated for different loading conditions.
ME 6021 - HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS / UNIT II - HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND COMPONENTSSANTHOSH00775
This document provides an overview of hydraulic systems and components. It discusses various types of hydraulic pumps including centrifugal, gear, vane, piston and axial flow pumps. It also describes hydraulic actuators like cylinders and motors. Finally, it covers control components such as directional control valves, pressure control valves and flow control valves.
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
This document summarizes literature on the evaluation of steam jet ejectors. It discusses their use in refrigeration, air conditioning, and other industries. Semi-empirical models are developed to design and rate ejectors, giving the entrainment ratio as a function of expansion and pressure ratios. Correlations are also developed for motive steam pressure and area ratios as functions of operating pressures and entrainment ratio. The models are based on manufacturer and experimental data and allow full ejector design based on operating conditions. Optimum operation occurs at critical conditions, and higher entrainment ratios result from lower boiler/condenser pressures and higher evaporator temperatures. Variable position nozzles and multi-ejector systems improve performance.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
Control Valves for the Power Generation Industry" A Product and Applications ...Belilove Company-Engineers
This document provides an overview of control valves for the power generation industry. It discusses the various systems in a conventional thermal power plant such as the condensate system, feedwater system, and main steam system. It then summarizes several case studies of Trimteck supplying control valves for applications in these systems for power plants. These include valves for condenser level control, boiler burner purge cycles, compressor reject control, turbine bypass, and superheater attemperation spray. The document promotes Trimteck as offering a full line of high quality control valves and solutions for flow control problems in power plants.
The turbo expander compressor are used to achieve cryogenic temperature by reducing the enthalpy of high pressure gas in refrigeration cycles of Oil and gas, Refining and Petrochemical Process. These slides covers the working process of Expander compressor, process applications of expander compressor, Preliminary sizing calculations, Auxiliaries associated with Expander compressor mainly focusing on Active magnetic bearing equipment and its control system.
This document summarizes a proposed new principle for air compression called hydraulic air compression systems (HACS). HACS uses hydraulic dynamic energy rather than a crank mechanism to power piston movement for compression. It aims to overcome disadvantages of reciprocating compressors like vibrations, heat, lubrication needs, and noise. HACS works by pumping incompressible liquid into the cylinder to move the piston up and compress air. The pressure of the delivered air equals the pressure of the pumped liquid. HACS can be used for both lower pressures with high-discharge pumps, and higher pressures using pumps with high pressure and low discharge. Calculations show HACS can achieve higher pressures than reciprocating compressors using the same motor power. Adv
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
Cameron manufactures centrifugal air and gas compressors and provides aftermarket services globally. They offer compressors in their MSG and Turbo-Air series that provide oil-free compression with flexible configurations for a wide range of flows and pressures. Cameron compressors provide advantages over other compressor technologies like being oil-free, compact, and requiring low maintenance.
The document discusses an ejector refrigeration system (ERS). An ERS uses an ejector instead of a compressor to increase fluid pressure without moving parts. The ejector consists of a primary nozzle, mixing chamber, ejector throat, and diffuser. High pressure fluid expands through the primary nozzle, drawing and mixing with low pressure secondary fluid in the mixing chamber. The document reviews several theories for modeling ejector performance and past studies analyzing ejector design and refrigeration cycle optimization. It also discusses design parameters like entrainment ratio and operating modes like critical and subcritical.
This document discusses fluid motion within internal combustion engines. It describes several types of fluid motion that occur during the engine cycle, including swirl, squish, tumble, and blowdown. Swirl enhances air-fuel mixing and combustion speed. Squish and tumble generate additional rotational and radial motions near top dead center to further mix the fuel and air. Turbulence throughout the cycle aids various engine processes. The exhaust gases exit the cylinder during blowdown and pass through the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, tailpipe and muffler before being vented outside.
The document discusses carburetor theory and operation. Variable venturi or "slide" carburetors provide fuel-air mixtures through circuits that control flow for different conditions like starting, idle, and main circuits. Carburetor tuning must balance providing the optimal fuel-air ratio without overheating the engine. Plug readings and piston wash can evaluate mixture ratios at different throttle positions. Adjusting jet sizes accounts for changing air density due to temperature, altitude, and humidity.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
A carburetor mixes air and fuel for combustion in an internal combustion engine. It contains several main parts including a venturi, float chamber, nozzles, and throttle valve. A carburetor uses venturi suction to draw fuel from the float chamber and mix it with air to supply the engine. The main types are updraft, downdraft, and horizontal based on airflow direction. Carburetors provide fuel metering and air-fuel ratio control for engines. While simpler than fuel injection, carburetors are less precise at mixing fuel and air.
The document discusses various types of pumps used in building services including centrifugal, submersible, and jet pumps. It provides details on centrifugal pump components, advantages like smooth flow and reliability, and disadvantages like loss of priming. The document also discusses pump selection factors like head, capacity, and efficiency. It covers pump performance calculation and energy saving measures like demand side management and using variable frequency drives.
The document is a presentation about industrial compressors used in processing plants. It discusses the main types of compressors, including positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It describes methods of capacity control for different compressor types and flow capacities at varying discharge pressures. Standard speed and flow capacity ranges for compressor drives are also covered. The presentation focuses in detail on centrifugal compressors, explaining their operation and key components like impellers and diffusers. Contact information is provided for questions.
This document provides information on hydraulic pumps and actuators. It begins with definitions of hydraulic pumps and how they work to convert mechanical power into hydraulic energy. It then discusses various types of pumps including centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, gear pumps, vane pumps, piston pumps and provides details on their designs and applications. The document also covers hydraulic actuators including cylinders and motors. It concludes with sections on pump selection, control components like directional control valves and their various designs.
This document provides a summary of a mechanical engineering document on automobile engineering. It includes 2 mark and 11 mark questions and answers on topics related to internal combustion engines. Some key details include:
- Components of engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, pistons and more are listed.
- The major types of automobiles based on fuel used are defined.
- Drive types like front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive are classified.
- Differences between SI and CI engines are outlined regarding fuel, compression ratio, operating cycle and efficiency.
- Four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained with diagrams showing engine components and cycles.
English job. estudandes da engenharia de curso mecanica 1anoedmilsonnhamssua
The document describes the key components and operation of an internal combustion engine. It outlines the main components including the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, crankcase, valves, spark plug, camshaft and flywheel. It then explains the four strokes of the engine's cycle: intake, compression, expansion and exhaust. The four strokes involve the opening and closing of valves and intake/combustion/exhaust of fuel at different points of the piston's movement within the cylinder.
ic Engine and reciprocating machine ch1.pdfTsegayePaulos1
The document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines and their components. It discusses how IC engines work and are classified. Specifically, it notes that IC engines convert the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and use this to produce mechanical work. It also outlines the basic components of IC engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons, valves/ports, camshaft, crankshaft, and connecting rod. Furthermore, it explains the four stroke cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes and compares it to the two stroke cycle which completes the process in two strokes. Terminology used in IC engines is also defined.
This document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines, including:
- The main types of IC engines are reciprocating and rotary engines, classified by working cycle as Otto or diesel cycle engines, and by strokes as two-stroke or four-stroke engines.
- Four-stroke engines complete their cycle over two revolutions of the crankshaft, with intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. In a four-stroke SI engine, an air-fuel mixture is drawn in and compressed before being ignited by a spark plug.
- Four-stroke diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios than gasoline engines, igniting injected fuel without a spark plug due to high compression temperatures.
Basics of Internal Combustion Engines by Indranil MandalIndranilMandal
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by defining heat engines and classifying them as either external or internal combustion engines. The key difference is whether combustion occurs outside or inside the engine cylinder. It then focuses on internal combustion engines, describing their basic design and classifying them in various ways, such as by fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, and application. The main components of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves, and flywheel are also explained. Finally, the four-stroke operating cycle of a typical spark-ignition internal combustion engine is summarized in three steps: intake, compression, and power strokes followed by the exhaust stroke.
The document is a lab report submitted by a student named Akshay Choudhary to their professor K. Srikanth. It contains 7 experiments related to farm machinery and power, including studying the components of an internal combustion engine, the workings of 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines, plows, seed drills, tractors, and tillage equipment.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines them as engines where combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder. It then describes the basic parts of an I.C. engine like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft. It explains the differences between a 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine and how their cycles work. A 2-stroke engine completes one cycle per revolution while a 4-stroke takes two revolutions. It provides details on the workings and compares the advantages and disadvantages of 2-stroke and 4-stroke diesel engines.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of internal combustion engines based on fuel type, ignition method, number of strokes, cycle of operation, cooling system, and more. It also describes the basic constructional details of engines, including common parts like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, and connecting rod. Additionally, it provides an overview of the operation cycles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines as well as diesel and petrol engines.
Disassemble and reassemble a single cylinder or multi cylinderSunil Kumar
The document describes the process of disassembling and reassembling a four-stroke engine. It begins with an overview of the four stages of the four-stroke engine cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. It then lists the objectives and provides details on the major components of a petrol engine, including the cylinder head, cylinder block, crankcase, flywheel, distributor assembly, ignition coil, and carburetor. Performance criteria for disassembling and reassembling the engine safely and without damage to parts are also outlined.
The document provides information on internal combustion engines. It discusses the key components and workings of both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines.
SI engines use an electric spark to ignite an air-fuel mixture, as in gasoline engines. CI engines compress air to a high temperature and pressure and inject fuel to ignite it, as in diesel engines.
The document also summarizes the four strokes of a four-stroke engine - intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes - and how a two-stroke engine combines the strokes into single revolutions.
Heat engines convert thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy. There are various types of heat engines classified based on combustion method, fuel used, ignition type, and operating cycle. The internal combustion engine burns fuel inside the engine cylinder, converting the thermal energy to pressure which moves the piston. Common heat engines include diesel engines, petrol engines, and gas engines. The four-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle over four strokes and two revolutions, while the two-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle in two strokes over one revolution.
The document discusses key parts of internal combustion engines including pistons, valves, spark plugs, cam shafts and describes cylinder arrangements like inline-4 and V6. It also covers topics like engine size measured in cubic centimeters, overhead camshafts, and the four stroke combustion cycle. The summary provides an overview of internal combustion engines, their classification based on fuel type, ignition method, cylinder arrangement and other factors. It outlines the basic idea of how combustion drives the piston to convert the motion to a rotating crankshaft.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines an internal combustion engine as a device that releases chemical energy from fuel inside the engine to perform mechanical work. It then classifies engines based on their design, operating cycle, and whether they are 4-stroke or 2-stroke. The document goes on to describe the constructional features of engines, including cylinders, pistons, piston rings, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, bearings, and flywheels. It provides diagrams of diesel and gasoline engine cycles.
The document discusses the history and workings of different types of engines. It describes how Nicolaus Otto invented the four-stroke engine in 1876. A four-stroke engine completes one cycle over four strokes and two revolutions of the crankshaft. It also describes how a two-stroke engine, invented in 1878 by Clerk, completes a cycle in one revolution due to the use of ports instead of valves.
The document outlines the contents of a presentation on internal combustion engines. It includes sections on the introduction and classification of I.C. engines, components of I.C. engines, terminology used, and descriptions of the four stroke cycles of petrol and diesel engines. The key components of I.C. engines such as the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves and manifolds are defined. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for four stroke petrol and diesel engines.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
The document discusses different classifications and components of internal combustion engines. It describes the major classifications as: type of ignition (spark or compression), engine cycle (4-stroke or 2-stroke), valve location, basic design, position/number of cylinders, air intake process, fuel input/type, application, cooling type. It then provides details on the 4-stroke engine cycle and lists common engine components such as the block, cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, valves etc. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how internal combustion engines can be classified and their basic cycles and components.
The document discusses different types of prime movers and internal combustion engines. It defines prime movers as initial sources of motive power that receive and modify force to drive machinery. Heat engines are described as machines that convert heat into useful work. Internal combustion engines are classified based on fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, cylinder configuration, and arrangement. Key components of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, valves, and crankshaft are also explained. The four strokes of a four-stroke engine - intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes - are summarized.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by introducing IC engines and their importance in replacing horse carriages with automobiles. It then discusses the development of the modern IC engine by Nikolas Otto in 1876, who developed the first four-stroke spark ignition engine. The document goes on to classify IC engines based on factors like number of strokes, fuel used, working cycle, design, ignition method, and applications. It also describes the major components of an IC engine like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valves. Finally, it explains the working principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines for both petrol and diesel fuels.
IRJET- Design and Specification of Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and specification of internal combustion engines. It describes key components of IC engines like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel.
- The main types of IC engines are described as two-stroke and four-stroke engines. In a two-stroke engine, the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes are completed in two piston strokes. In a four-stroke engine, these strokes are completed over four piston strokes.
- The document provides diagrams of engine components like the piston, connecting rod, flywheel, and comparisons between external and internal combustion engines. Designs of engine parts in CAD software are also shown.
Nonlinear integral control for dc motor speed control with unknown and variab...Saif al-din ali
This document discusses nonlinear integral control for DC motor speed control with unknown and variable external torque. It begins with an introduction to DC motors and common speed control techniques. It then provides the basic model of a DC motor and derives the transfer function. It discusses nonlinear control systems and elements like saturation, deadband, and friction. It describes methods for solving nonlinear transient responses, nonlinear system stability, and provides a Simulink model example comparing PI and P controller performance for speed and error. References for DC motor speed control and optimization of PI controllers are also provided.
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Evaluation of thermal performance of a typical vapor compression refrigeratio...Saif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of a typical vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The objectives were to learn about the components and analyze the cycle. Readings were taken of various temperatures and pressures. Calculations were done to determine compressor work, refrigeration effect, and coefficient of performance. Questions were asked about how to increase COP, the influence of temperatures, detecting refrigerant leaks, processes in the condenser, and functions of cycle components.
Refrigeration air conditioning laboratory Moist Air Properties and Air-Condi...Saif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment analyzing the properties of moist air using an air conditioning laboratory unit. Measurements of dry and wet bulb temperature were taken at different sections of the unit as air passed through a humidifying and preheating section and reheating section. The experimental results demonstrated how air conditioning processes can condition air to desired levels of temperature and humidity for occupant comfort regardless of external conditions. Calculations using psychrometric charts and equations were performed to determine air properties at each section.
Characteristics of a simply converging nozzle through which steam is passesSaif al-din ali
1. The document describes experiments conducted on converging and converging-diverging nozzles. It discusses the theory behind how these nozzles work and how properties like pressure and velocity change within the nozzles.
2. Calculations are shown for the mass flow rate through the nozzles under different pressure ratios. The critical pressure ratio where the nozzle becomes choked is also calculated.
3. Results show the mass flow rate and critical pressure ratio for two test cases of varying inlet pressures.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted on a steam condenser to evaluate its thermal operation under co-current and counter-current modes. It includes an abstract, introduction, apparatus description, calculations and results from testing the condenser under parallel and counter flow with constant pressure and steam flow rate. Charts show changes in temperature, heat transfer rate, efficiency and overall heat transfer coefficient for each test configuration.
This document describes an experiment on flow system control. The objectives are to obtain the system characteristics like peak overshoot, rise time, and settling time. It introduces PID controllers and discusses their proportional, integral and derivative modes. The theory section explains the transfer function of a PID controller and the effects of the P, I, and D terms. It also describes second-order system responses. The apparatus section lists the steps to operate the flow system and record the response. Calculations are shown to determine the system response based on the controller terms.
This document describes an experiment performed on a DC motor to determine its steady state gain. Measurements were taken of the motor's angular velocity and input voltage over time. The steady state gain (Ks) was calculated from these measurements for both the motor and generator configurations. Ks was found to be 7.36356 rpm/V on average for the motor and 5.596616 rpm/V for the generator. A proportional relationship between voltage and angular velocity was observed from the plotted data. The DC motor model and experimental results showed some non-linear behavior, likely due to load and operating conditions.
1. The document discusses experiments performed on converging and converging-diverging nozzles.
2. Converging nozzles accelerate fluid flow to supersonic speeds at the nozzle exit, while converging-diverging nozzles can accelerate fluids to both subsonic and supersonic regimes depending on pressure ratios.
3. Calculations are shown for mass flow rates through a nozzle at different pressure ratios using theoretical equations.
performance of the four strokes diesel engineSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment to test the performance of a four-stroke diesel engine at varying speeds. It includes sections on the objective, engine performance, test procedure, calculations, results, and discussion. The objective is to study the effect of engine speed on performance parameters. The test procedure involves varying the engine speed using a water dynamometer and recording speed, torque, temperatures, and fuel consumption. Calculations are presented for power, specific fuel consumption, air-fuel ratio, efficiencies, and heat losses. Results are reported for two engine speeds.
The document describes an experiment on flow system control using a PID controller. The objectives are to obtain the system characteristics like overshoot, rise time, settling time, period, and transport delay. It introduces PID controllers and how they work in a closed loop system using proportional, integral, and derivative modes. The apparatus section outlines the experimental setup, which uses a flow system with a square wave input and adjustable setpoint and proportional gain. Calculations are shown for analyzing the system response based on these parameters.
Using the convergent steam nozzle type in the entranceSaif al-din ali
This document discusses using a convergent steam nozzle in the entrance region of a steam turbine. It provides background on steam turbines and how they work, describing how steam is expanded through nozzles to convert heat energy to kinetic energy. It then discusses different types of steam nozzles, focusing on convergent nozzles, and how nozzle shape affects steam velocity and pressure distribution. A numerical simulation will be performed to analyze pressure and velocity within a simple convergent nozzle design.
The document discusses different types of hybrid vehicles. It describes the key components of a gasoline-electric hybrid car, including a gasoline engine, fuel tank, electric motor, generator, batteries, and transmission. Hybrid vehicles are classified into three main types: micro hybrids, which have a motor to assist with starting and accessories; mild hybrids, which have a more powerful motor to support starting and provide supplementary torque; and full hybrids, where the electric motor can power the vehicle on its own as well as charge via regenerative braking.
Nonlinear integral control for dc motor speed controlSaif al-din ali
This document discusses nonlinear integral control for DC motor speed control with unknown and variable external torque. It begins with an introduction to DC motors and common speed control techniques. It then provides the basic model of a DC motor and derives the transfer function. It discusses nonlinear control systems and elements like saturation, deadband, and friction. It describes methods for solving nonlinear transient responses, nonlinear system stability, and provides a Simulink model example comparing PI and P controller performance for speed and error. References for DC motor speed control and optimization of PI controllers are also provided.
This document discusses Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans in compressible fluid flow. It begins with an example problem involving a flow with a Mach number of 3. It then derives the governing equations for Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans mathematically. Several examples are worked through demonstrating how to calculate flow properties after an expansion wave using the Prandtl-Meyer function. The document concludes by discussing the maximum turning angle achievable with an expansion fan and assigning homework problems.
1) The document discusses oblique shock waves in compressible fluid flow, providing equations for continuity, momentum, and energy that must be satisfied across an oblique shock.
2) It derives an equation to relate the shock angle θ to the freestream Mach number M1 and wedge angle β, allowing calculation of flow properties downstream.
3) The total downstream Mach number M2 is expressed in terms of Mn2 and Mt2 using geometric arguments.
This document presents explicit analytical solutions for pressure across oblique shock and expansion waves in supersonic flow. It begins by introducing the need for explicit pressure-deflection solutions in solving aerodynamic problems. It then presents:
1) Exact explicit solutions for pressure coefficient and ratio across weak and strong oblique shock waves as functions of deflection angle.
2) Third-order accurate explicit unitary solutions for pressure coefficient and ratio across oblique shocks and expansions as functions of deflection angle.
3) Numerical validation showing good agreement of the new explicit solutions with exact solutions for a range of Mach numbers and deflection angles.
Characteristics of shock reflection in the dual solution domainSaif al-din ali
This document summarizes a numerical study that investigated the effects of laser energy deposition on shock reflection transitions in supersonic flow. The study used computational fluid dynamics simulations to model laser energy being deposited in front of symmetrical wedges, creating a dual solution domain where different shock reflection patterns can occur. The results showed that laser energy deposition could induce transitions between regular and Mach shock reflections, and that the transition characteristics depended on the location and amount of energy deposited. Depositing more energy required more time for transition, and transition did not occur above a certain energy level or when depositing on the centerline.
Characteristics of shock reflection in the dual solution domainSaif al-din ali
This document summarizes a numerical study that investigates the use of laser energy deposition to induce transitions between regular and Mach shock reflections in supersonic flow over dual wedge configurations. The study validated its numerical approach by comparing results to an experiment involving laser deposition in front of a sphere. Simulations then examined how varying the position and amount of laser energy deposition could influence transition characteristics in the dual solution domain over wedge configurations. Key findings included how transition time and occurrence depended on deposition parameters and position relative to the shock waves and wedges.
This document summarizes research on oblique shock waves that appear in supersonic carbon dioxide two-phase flow, as occurs in ejector refrigeration cycles. It presents:
1) Theoretical analyses showing that two types of oblique shock waves can occur - weak shocks where flow remains supersonic, and strong shocks with large pressure recovery and subsonic flow.
2) An experiment using a carbon dioxide two-phase flow channel to observe these shock waves.
3) Equations governing compressible two-phase flow and the conditions under which strong and weak oblique shock waves form, to compare with experimental results.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Introduction about i.c engine
1. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 1 | P a g e
[heat lap 4]
University of Baghdad
Name: - Saif Al-din Ali
2. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 2 | P a g e
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Objective
2. I.C Engine
3. The Types of I.C Engine
4. Engine Components
5.THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES
5.1.Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine
5.2.Two-Stroke Engine
6.Discussion
3. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 3 | P a g e
Experiment Name
Introduction about I.C Engine
1. Objective: Identify the types of internal combustion engines
and parts and how work each part.
2. I.C Engine: The purpose of internal combustion engines is the
production of mechanical power from the chemical energy
contained in the fuel.
3. The Types of I.C Engine:
I C classified
Application
Basic engine
design
Working
cycle
Valveor port
design and location
Method of mixture
preparationFuel
Method of ignition
Combustion
chamber design
Method of load
control
Method of cooling
Fig(1) The Types of I.C Engine
4. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 4 | P a g e
1. Application: Automobile, truck, locomotive, light aircraft, marine,
portable power system, power generation.
2. Basic engine design: Reciprocating engines (in turn subdivided by
arrangement of cylinders: e.g., in-line, V, radial, opposed), rotary
engines (Wankel and other geometries).
3. Working cycle: Otto cycle: Four-stroke cycle; naturally aspirated
(admitting atmospheric air), supercharged (admitting
precompressed fresh mixture), and turbocharged (admitting fresh
mixture compressed in a compressor driven by an exhaust turbine),
two-stroke cycle: crankcase scavenged, supercharged, and
turbocharged. Diesel cycle: naturally aspirated, supercharger,
turbocharger.
4. Valve or port design and location: Overhead (or I-head) valves,
underhead (or L-head) valves, rotary valves, cross-scavenged
porting (inlet and exhaust ports on opposite sides of cylinder at one
end), loop-scavenged porting (inlet and exhaust ports on same side
of cylinder at one end), through-or uniflow-scavenged (inlet and
exhaust ports or valves at different ends of cylinder).
5. Fuel: Gasoline (or petrol), fuel oil (or diesel fuel), natural gas, liquid
petroleum gas, alcohols (methanol, ethanol), hydrogen, dual fuel.
6. Method of mixture preparation: Carburetion, fuel injection into
the intake ports or intake manifold, fuel injection into the engine
cylinder.
7. Method of ignition: Spark Ignition SI (in conventional gas and
petrol engines where the mixture is uniform and in stratified-charge
engines where the mixture is non-uniform), compression ignition CI
(in conventional diesels, as well as ignition in gas engines by pilot
injection of fuel oil).
8. Combustion chamber design: Open chamber (many designs: e.g.,
disc, wedge, hemisphere, bowl-in-piston), divided chamber (small
and large auxiliary chambers; many designs: e.g., swirl chambers,
prechambers).
9. Method of load control: Throttling of fuel and air flow together so
mixture composition is essentially unchanged, control of fuel flow
alone, a combination of these.
10.Method of cooling: Water cooled, air cooled, (other than by natural
convection and radiation)
5. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 5 | P a g e
Fig. 2 Classification of heat engines
4. Engine Components:
A cross section of a single cylinder spark-ignition engine with overhead
valves is shown in Fig.2. The major components of the engine and their
functions are briefly described below
Fig.3. Cross-section of a spark-ignition engine
6. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 6 | P a g e
1. Cylinder Block : The cylinder block is the main supporting structure
for the various components. The cylinder of a multi cylinder engine are
cast as a single unit, called cylinder block. The cylinder head is mounted
on the cylinder block. The cylinder head and cylinder block are provided
with water jackets in the case of water cooling or with cooling fins in the
case of air cooling. Cylinder head gasket is incorporated between the
cylinder block and cylinder head. The cylinder head is held tight to the
cylinder block by number of bolts or studs. The bottom portion of the
cylinder block is called crankcase. A cover called crankcase which
becomes a sump for lubricating oil is fastened to the bottom of the
crankcase. The inner surface of the cylinder block which is machined and
finished accurately to cylindrical shape is called bore or face
2. Cylinder : As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or space in
which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume
created in the cylinder during the operation of the engine is filled with the
working fluid and subjected to different thermodynamic processes. The
cylinder is supported in the cylinder block.
3. Piston : It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming
the moving boundary of the combustion system. It fits perfectly (snugly)
into the cylinder providing a gas-tight space with the piston rings and the
lubricant. It forms the first link in transmitting the gas forces to the output
shaft
4. Combustion Chamber : The space enclosed in the upper part of the
cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion
process, is called the combustion chamber. The combustion of fuel and the
consequent release of thermal energy results in the building up of pressure
in this part of the cylinder.
5. Inlet Manifold : The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet
valve of the engine and through which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn into
the cylinder is called the inlet manifold.
6. Exhaust Manifold : The pipe which connects the exhaust system to the
exhaust valve of the engine and through which the products of combustion
escape into the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold.
7. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 7 | P a g e
7. Inlet and Exhaust Valves : Valves are commonly mushroom shaped
poppet type. They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the side
of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming into the cylinder (inlet
valve) and for discharging the products of combustion (exhaust valve) from
the cylinder.
8. Spark Plug : It is a component to initiate the combustion process in
Spark Ignition (SI) engines and is usually located on the cylinder head.
9.Connecting Rod : It interconnects the piston and the crankshaft and
transmits the gas forces from the piston to the crankshaft. The two ends of
the connecting rod are called as small end and the big end . Small end I
connected to the piston by gudgeon pin and the big end is connected to the
crankshaft by crankpin.
Fig. 4 Top and bottom dead centres
10. Crankshaft : It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
useful rotary motion of the output shaft. In the crankshaft of a single
cylinder engine there are a pair of crank arms and balance weights. The
balance weights are provided for static and dynamic balancing of the
rotating system. The crankshaft is enclosed in a crankcase.
11.Piston Rings : Piston rings, fitted into the slots around the piston,
provide a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder wall thus
preventing leakage of combustion gases .
8. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 8 | P a g e
12. Gudgeon Pin : It links the small end of the connecting rod and the
piston.
13. Camshaft : The camshaft (not shown in the figure) and its associated
parts control the opening and closing of the two valves. The associated
parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also
provides the drive to the ignition system. The camshaft is driven by the
crankshaft through timing gears.
14. Cams : These are made as integral parts of the camshaft and are so
designed to open the valves at the correct timing and to keep them open for
the necessary duration (not shown in the figure).
15. Fly Wheel : The net torque imparted to the crankshaft during one
complete cycle of operation of the engine fluctuates causing a change in
the angular
5. THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES
If an engine is to work successfully then it has to follow a cycle of
operations in a sequential manner. The sequence is quite rigid and cannot
be changed.
5.1 Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine
In a four-stroke engine, the cycle of operations is completed in four strokes
of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the four strokes,
there are five events to be completed, viz., suction, compression,
combustion, expansion and exhaust. Each stroke consists of 180◦ of
crankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is completed through
720◦ of crank rotation. The cycle of operation for an ideal four-stroke SI
engine consists of the following four strokes : (1) suction or intake stroke;
(2) compression stroke; (3) expansion or power stroke and (4) exhaust
stroke. The details of various processes of a four-stroke spark-ignition
engine with overhead valves are shown in Fig.3 (a-d). When the engine
completes all the five events under ideal cycle mode, the pressure-volume
(p-V ) diagram will be as shown in Fig..4.
9. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 9 | P a g e
Fig. 5 Working principle of a four-stroke SI engine
Fig. 6 Ideal p-V diagram of a four-stroke SI engine
1. Suction or intake stroke
0→1 (p-V diagram) Fig4 & a Fig 3 , the inlet valve is open and the
exhaust valve is closed. Starts with the movement of the piston from
TDC to BDC, while drawing fresh charge (air + fuel mixture) into
the cylinder through the open inlet valve. To increase the mass
inducted, inlet valve opens for a period of 220 – 260 O CA
2. Compression stroke The charge taken into the cylinder during the
suction stroke is compressed by the return stroke of the piston 1→2
(p-V diagram), during this stroke both valves are closed. The
mixture which fills the entire cylinder volume is compressed into
clearance volume. At the end of the compression stroke the mixture
is ignited with the help of a spark plug located on the cylinder head.
In ideal gas it is assumed that burning gas takes place
instantaneously when the piston is at the top dead center and hence
the burning process can be approximated as heat addition at constant
volume. During the burning process the chemical energy of the fuel
is converted into heat energy producing a temperature rise of about
2000 oC 2→3 (p-V diagram). The pressure at the end of the
10. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 10 | P a g e
combustion process is considerably increased due to the heat release
from the fuel.
3. Expansion or power stroke The high pressure of the burnt gases
forces the piston towards the BDC 3→4 (p-V diagram). Both the
valves are in closed position. Of the four-strokes only during this
stroke power is produced. Both pressure and temperature decrease
during expansion
4. Exhaust strokeAt the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve
opens and the inlet valve remains closed. The pressure falls to
atmospheric level a part of the burnt gases escape 4→1 (p-V
diagram). The burned gases exit the cylinder through the open
exhaust valve, due to the pressure difference at first and then swept
by the piston movement from BDC to TDC 5→0 (p-V diagram).
Exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches TDC at the end of the
exhaust stroke and some residual gases trapped in the clearance
volume remain in the cylinder
These residual gases mix with the fresh charge coming in during the
following cycle, forming its working fluid. Each cylinder of a four
stroke engine completes the above four operation in two engine
revolutions, one revolution of the crankshaft occurs during the
suction and compression strokes and the second revolution during
the power and exhaust strokes. Thus, for one complete cycle there is
only one power stroke while the crankshaft turns by two revolutions.
For getting higher output from the engine the heat release (process
2→3 in pV diagram) should be as high as possible and the heat
rejection (process 3→4 in p-V diagram) should be as small as
possible. So, one should be careful in drawing the ideal pV diagram.
5.2 Two-Stroke Engine
if the two unproductive strokes, viz., the suction and exhaust could be
served by an alternative arrangement, especially without the movement of
the piston then there will be a power stroke for each revolution of the
crankshaft. In such an arrangement, theoretically the power output of the
engine can be doubled for the same speed compared to a four-stroke
engine. Based on this concept, Dugald Clark (1878) invented the two-
stroke engine.
11. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 11 | P a g e
In two-stroke engines, the cycle is completed in one revolution of the
crankshaft. The main difference between two-stroke and four-stroke
engines is in the method of filling the fresh charge and removing the burnt
gases from the cylinder. In the four-stroke engine these operations are
performed by the engine piston during the suction and exhaust strokes
respectively. In a two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by
the charge compressed in crankcase or by blower. The induction of the
compressed charge moves out the product of combustion through exhaust
ports. Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations.
Two strokes are sufficient to complete the cycle, one for compressing the
fresh charge and the other for expansion or power stroke.
Fig. 7 Crankcase scavenged two-stroke SI engine
The above figure shows one of the simplest two-stroke engines, viz., the
crankcase scavenged engine. The figure below shows the ideal indicator
diagram of such an engine. The air or charge is indicated into the crankcase
through the spring-loaded inlet valve when the pressure in the crankcase is
reduced due to upward motion of the piston during compression stroke.
After the compression and ignition, expansion takes place in the usual way
Fig. 8 Ideal p-V diagram of a two-stroke SI engine
12. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 12 | P a g e
During the expansion stroke the charge in the crankcase is compressed. Near the
end of the expansion stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust ports and the
cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric pressure as the combustion products
leave the cylinder. Further movement of the piston uncovers the transfer ports,
permitting the slightly compressed charge in the crankcase to enter the engine
cylinder. The top of the piston has usually a projection to deflect the fresh charge
towards the top of the cylinder before flowing to the exhaust ports. This serves
the double purpose of scavenging the upper part of the cylinder of the
combustion products and preventing the fresh charge from flowing directly to
the exhaust ports. The same objective can be achieved without piston deflector
by proper shaping of the transfer port. During the upward motion of the piston
from BDC the transfer ports close first and then the exhaust close when
compression of the charge begins and the cycle is repeated
13. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 13 | P a g e
6.Discussion:
1. Write a short report about I.C engines?
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which
the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a
combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of
the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine.
The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a
nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into useful work.
All details of the engine are covered in the above report
Engine classification by
cylinder arrangements
In-line U-cylinder
V-type Radial
X-type H-type
Opposed
cylinder
Opposed pistonDelta type
Fig. 9 Engine classification by cylinder arrangements
14. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 14 | P a g e
2. A 1500 cm3 four stroke cycle CI engine operating at atmospheric
conditions 25°C and 100 kPa. Calorific Value of Fuel
42000(KJ/kg)Plot the relation between N-PB and N-ηb for the
following data:
Where: AFR = air fuel ratio
T = Torque (N.m)
PB = Break Power (kW)
N = Engine Speed (rpm)
QCV = Calorific Value of Fuel (KJ/kg)
Vs = Swept Volume (m3)
𝑚̇ 𝑎 = Air mass flow rate (kg/hr)
𝑚̇ 𝑓 = Fuel mass flow rate (kg/hr)
𝜌 𝑎= Air Density (kg/m3).
𝑇 𝑎 = Air Temperature (°C).
𝝆 𝒂 = 𝒑 𝒂 / 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕(𝑻 𝒂 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑)
𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )𝑵 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 𝝆 𝒂 𝑽 𝒔
𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 𝒎̇ 𝒂⁄𝑨𝑭𝑹
𝑷 𝑩 =𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻 / 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜼 𝐛 = 𝑷 𝑩 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 𝒎̇ 𝒇 × 𝑸 𝑪𝑽
Ans:-
Simple calculations;-
𝝆 𝒂 = 100000 / 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕(20 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑) =1170 kg/m^3
Vs=0.0015 m^3
Pa =100 kpa
1. 𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )2000 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 1170* 0.0015= 29.25 (kg/hr)
2. 𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )2500 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 1170* 0.0015= 36.5625 (kg/hr)
3. 𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )3000 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 1170*0.0015=43.875 (kg/hr)
4. 𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )3500 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 1170* 0.0015=51.1875 (kg/hr)
5. 𝒎̇ 𝒂 = )4000 / 𝟏𝟐𝟎( 1170* 0.0015=58.5 (kg/hr)
1. 𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 29.25⁄8= 3.65625 (kg/hr)
2. 𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 36.5625⁄7= 5.22321(kg/hr)
3. 𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 43.875⁄10= 4.3875 (kg/hr)
4. 𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 51.1875⁄16= 3.19921875 (kg/hr)
5. 𝒎̇ 𝒇 = 58.5⁄23= 2.543452(kg/hr)
15. Saif al-din ali Madhi
Department of Mechanical Engineering/ College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad
25/6/2020 15 | P a g e
𝑷𝑩 =𝟐𝝅*2000*8/ 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 1.674666667 kW
𝑷𝑩 =𝟐𝝅*2500*9.2/ 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 2.407333333 kW
𝑷𝑩 =𝟐𝝅*3000*10.5/𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 3.297 kW
𝑷𝑩 =𝟐𝝅*3500*11.6/𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 4.249466667 kW
𝑷𝑩 =𝟐𝝅*4000*10 / 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 4.186666667 kW
𝜼 𝐛 = 1.674666667 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 3.65625 × 42000 =4%
𝜼 𝐛 = 2.407333333 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 5.22321× 42000 = 4%
𝜼 𝐛 = 3.297 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 4.3875 × 42000 = 6%
𝜼 𝐛 = 4.249466667 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 3.19921875 × 42000 = 11%
𝜼 𝐛 = 4.186666667 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 / 2.543452× 42000 = 14%
N (
rpm)
T(
N.M)
AFR 𝒎̇ 𝒂 (kg/hr) 𝒎̇ 𝒇 (kg/hr) 𝑷𝑩 (kW) 𝜼𝐛
2000 8 8 29.25 3.65625 1.674666667 3.92595849
2500 9.2 7 36.5625 5.223214286 2.407333333 3.95049573
3000 10.5 10 43.875 4.3875 3.297 6.44102564
3500 11.6 16 51.1875 3.19921875 4.249466667 11.3852796
4000 10 23 58.5 2.543478261 4.186666667 14.1089133
We note that the relationship is direct
y = 0.0014x - 0.9567
R² = 0.9368
y = 0.0056x - 8.7181
R² = 0.9179
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
𝑷𝑩(kW)&𝜼𝐛
N rpm
Chart Title
𝑷𝑩 (kW) 𝜼𝐛 Linear (𝑷𝑩 (kW)) Linear (𝜼𝐛)