The document summarizes research on universal patterns of culture from several researchers. Wissler identified 11 broad areas of universal culture in 1923. Murdock expanded on this in 1945, listing around 88 common cultural elements across societies. Durkheim then initiated three techniques for comparative cultural studies in 1947: comparative analysis, studying specific cultural differences, and specific cultural similarities. The document then discusses four key factors that can account for cultural diversity: cultural variability, cultural relativity, environmental differences, and human ingenuity and ability to adopt new cultures.

3. Wissler (1923) identifies eleven broad areas of
social life which constitute the universal
patterns of culture.

11. Murdock (1945) listed about eighty-
eight of universal patterns of culture, a
number of common elements.
These are:
•Age grading
•Sports
•Body adornment
•Calendar
•Cleanliness
•Training

16. Durkheim (1947) initiated three basic schemes
for comparative studies of culture in order to
find out the similarities and the differences in
culture.
These are as follows:
• comparative technique
• study of specific differences in societies
• specific similarities among societies

34. Factors That Account For Diversities
Or Differences in Culture
• While all peoples have their respective
cultures, there are observable differences in
their cultural ways, practices, beliefs, norms
and values and other cultural aspects.

35. The following account for cultural
difference:
• 1. Cultural Variability
There are differences in culture because
people devise different solutions to the problems of
existence. People make choices to satisfy their varied
needs. While some people stick to their traditional
and conservative values and ways of doing things,
others who are more enterprising and change-
oriented seek new ways of satisfying their needs and
interests through inventions, innovations, and
advanced technologies.

36. 2. Cultural Relativity
Differences in culture
also arise due to
differences in beliefs,
values, norms, and
standards that societies
use for interpreting the
same or similar cultural
trait. Standards of
behavior must be
understood within a
society’s cultural
context.

37. 3. Environmental Differences
People live in different kinds
of environment.
According to Huxley – (1965),
among the factors that give
rise to cultural differences are
the kind of one’s
environment, the available
human and natural resources,
the extent of exposure to
other people from whom
they can borrow ideas and
their cultural heritage.

38. 4. Human ingenuity and ability to
absorb and expand new culture
• Although human beings are
similarly endowed with the
same biological make-up,
some people appear to be
more adaptive, integrative,
creative and responsive to
their natural and social
environments. Some people
are more inventive: they
are risk-takers and trail
blazers with pioneering
spirits, adventures, and
innovators.

39. END OF THE REPORT of
Chapter 5
• The reporters
Dolores Angoy
Angelo Orquiza
Ihvy Pearl Rara