The document discusses the concept of culture and its key aspects. It defines culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, and other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. Culture includes both material and non-material elements that are learned and transmitted between generations through social interaction and language. Some key characteristics of culture are that it is learned, adaptive, distinctive to social groups, and comprises established patterns of behavior with sanctions for conformity.

1. Reporter :
Bautista, Raffy
Manalo, Carren May

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 The arts and other manifestation of human
intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
 According to GOOGLE
 Is the social behavior and norms found in human
societies.
 According to WIKIPEDIA
 Is the way of life of the people.

6.  “Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, art, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member
of the society.”
 Edward Tylor
Culture refers to a man’s social and material
inventions, man’s artificial or man-made environment
including the learned ways of doing things.
Concept of Culture

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 Culture refers to the artificial o man-made
environment as well as the behavioral aspects of
man’s ways of life.
 Culture comprises all the objects, ideas, beliefs,
norms of a group of people, ad meanings that the
group applies to each culture element.
 Culture is a social heritage of a society.

8.  In sum, Culture is that complex whole which
consists of knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits,
attitudes, skills abilities, norms, art, law, morals,
customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of
a man which are acquired, learned, and socially
transmitted by man from one generation to another
through language and living together as a members
of a society.

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1. Culture is learned
2. Culture is socially transmitted through language
3. Culture is a social product
4. Culture is source of gratification
5. Culture is adaptive
6. Culture is a distinctive way of life of a group of people
7. Culture is material and non-material
8. Culture has sanctions and controls
9. Culture is stable yet dynamic
10. Culture is an established pattern of behavior
Characteristics of Culture

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1. Culture is learned-
 It is acquired through education, training and experience.
2. Culture is socially transmitted through language-
 It is transmitted from one generation to another through the
medium of language, verbal or non-verbal through gestures
and signs, orally or in writing.
3. Culture is a social product-
 many persons interacting with one another develop culture.
Culture is a product of social interaction, through the mutual
interstimulation and response of people with one another.

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4. Culture is source of gratification
 it provides satisfaction of man’s varied physiological,
psychological, social, emotional and spiritual needs.
5. Culture is adaptive
 through inventions and discoveries of man has been able
to overcome his limitations to outdo all other animals.
Through culture man has been able to control and harness
the inhospitable forces of nature to conform his biddings.

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6. Culture is a distinctive way of life of a group of people
 The members of the society have developed their unique
way of life that suits their needs in a particular situation.
Although peoples have cultures, such culture differs from
one society to another.( Cultural Diversity)
7. Culture is material and non-material
 Material culture, such as buildings and machines, are the
products or outputs of the application of man’s knowledge
and skills, which are basically non-material.

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8. Culture has sanctions and controls
 These sanctions could be formal or informal. These are
rewards for conformity to culture but there are also
punishments for deviation from or violation of the culture –
the prescriptions and proscriptions of the society.
9. Culture is stable yet dynamic
 It is preserved and accumulated, highly stable and continuous.
Culture is also changing. Culture grows and accumulates with the
passing time.
10. Culture is an established pattern of behavior
 members of a certain society act in a fairly uniform manner because
they share mutual beliefs, customs, and ways of doing things.

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1. Norms
 These are guidelines people are supposed to follow in their
relation with one another; they share rules that specify what is
right or wrong and appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
Among social norms are:
a. Folkways- these are the everyday habits, customs, traditions and
conventions people obey without giving much thought to the matter.
They are the general customary or habitual ways and patterns of doing
things which do not have particular moral and ethical significance.
People who violated folkways are labeled slobs or eccentric but as a rule
they are tolerable.

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b. Mores – these are the norms people consider vital to their well
being and most cherished values, they are special customs with
moral and ethical significance, which are strongly held and
emphasized.
Two kinds of Mores
1. Positive mores or duty or the “thou shall behavior”
2. Negative mores or taboo or the “thou shall not follow”
c. Laws – these are formalized norms enacted by people vested with
legitimate authority. They are group expectations, which have
formal sanctions by the state.

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2. Ideas, Beliefs and Values –
 Ideas are non-material aspects of culture and embody man’s
conception of his physical, social and cultural world.
 Beliefs refers to a person’s conviction about certain ideas; it
embodies people’s perfection of reality and includes the
primitive ideas of universe as well as the scientist’s empirical
view of the world.
 Values are abstract concept of what is important and
worthwhile.

19. 3. Material Culture-
 It refers to the concrete and tangible objects produced and
used by man to satisfy his varied needs and wants.
4. Symbols-
 It refers to an object, gesture, sound, color or design that represents
something “other than itself”.

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1. Cultural Relativism- the concept of the cultural relativism states
that cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act or idea has no
meaning or function by itself but has meaning only within its
cultural setting.
2. Culture Shock- is the feeling of disbelief, disorganization, and
frustration one experiences when he encounters cultural patterns or
practices which are different from his.
3. Ethnocentrism- the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values,
and the norms of one’s own group as the only right way of living
and to judge others by those standards.it is the feeling of
superiority for one’s own culture and to consider other cultures as
inferior, wrong, strange or queer.

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4. Xenocentrism- the idea that what is foreign is the best and
that one’s lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those of
others. We call this case reverse ethnocentrism.
5. Noble Savage Mentality- the evaluation of one’s culture
and that of others based on the romantic notion that the
culture and way of life of the primitives or other simple
cultures is better, more acceptable and more orderly.
6. Subculture- a smaller groups which develop norms,
values, beliefs and special languages which make them
distinct from the broader society.

23. 7. Counterculture or Contra Culture- subgroups whose
standards come in conflict with or oppose the conventional
standards of the dominant culture.
8. Culture lag- the gap between the material and non-
material culture. Material culture advances more rapidly
and is more readily accepted by people such that the non-
material culture lags behind.

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 The different categories of culture in the Philippine society
are the following:
1. based on nationality
2. based on Ethno linguistic Group
3. based on historical epochs of the Philippine Culture
4. based on Economic Means
5. based on Geographical Location
6. based on Religion
7. based on Technology
8. based on Age
9. based on Economic status
10. based on response to Colonialism

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1. Culture of poverty
2. Culture of opulence
3. Culture of corruption
4. Culture of silence or culture of sabotage
5. Pop culture
6. Culture of apathy
7. Culture of conspicuous consumption
8. Culture of exploitation and dehumanization

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1. Discovery
It refers to the process of finding a new place or an object, artifact or
anything that previously existed. It also refers to the initial awareness of
existing but formerly unobserved relationships of elements of nature to
human life.
2. Invention
It implies a creative mental process of devising; creating and producing
something new, novel or original. It also implies the utilization and
combination of previously known elements to produce an original or novel
product.
3. Diffusion
It implies the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or
group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct
contact with each other and exposure to new forms.

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Diffusion involves the following social processes:
a. Acculturation- cultural borrowing and cultural imitation.
b. Assimilation- blending or fusion of two distinct cultures
through long periods of interactions.
c. Amalgamation- biological or hereditary fusion of members of
different societies.
d. Enculturation- deliberate infusion of a new culture to another.

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4. Colonization
it refers to the political, social and political policy of establishing a colony
which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state. It
is politically termed as imperialism. Once the economy of a more
technologically advanced country dominates the economy of a less
developed state, such condition is termed neo- colonialism or economic
imperialism.
5. Rebellion and Revolutionary Movements
These aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
They challenge the existing folkways and mores and propose a new scheme
of norms, values and organization. Revolutionary movements involve more
radical, if not violent, changes in society.

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