Sigmund Freud was a highly influential psychologist who developed the theory that unconscious desires and instincts influence our behavior. He proposed that the mind is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The ego uses reality and reason to satisfy the id's desires in socially appropriate ways. The superego incorporates social morals and tries to persuade the id and ego to act morally. Freud believed childhood experiences shape personality development and mental health as adults.
Psychoanalysis & Sigmund Freud by Malik ShahrukhShahrukh Malik
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work.
Psychoanalysis & Sigmund Freud by Malik ShahrukhShahrukh Malik
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
According to Freud’s theory, the primary
structural elements of personality are
three, i.e. id, ego, and superego. They
reside in the unconscious as forces, and
they can be inferred from the ways people
behave .
Id : It is the source of a person’s
instinctual energy. It deals with immediate
gratification of primitive needs, sexual
desires and aggressive impulses. It works
on the pleasure principle, which assumes
that people seek pleasure and try to avoid
pain. Freud considered much of a person’s
instinctual energy to be sexual, and the
rest as aggressive. Id does not care for
moral values, society, or other individuals.
Ego : It grows out of id, and seeks to
satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality. It works by the
reality principle and often directs the id
towards more appropriate ways of
behaving.
The
superego tells the id and the ego whether
gratification in a particular instance is
ethical. It helps control the id by
internalising the parental authority
through the process of socialisation.
defence mechanism is a way
of reducing anxiety by distorting reality.
Although some defence against anxiety is
normal and adaptive, people who use these
mechanisms to such an extent that reality
is truly distorted develop various forms of
maladjustment.
Freud has described many different
kinds of defence mechanisms. The most
important is repression, in which anxietyprovoking behaviours or thoughts are
totally dismissed by the unconscious.
When people repress a feeling or desire,
they become totally unaware of that wish
or desire. Thus, when a person says, “I do
not know why I did that”, some repressed
feeling or desire is expressing itself.
Other major defence mechanisms are
projection, denial, reaction formation and
rationalisation. In projection, people
attribute their own traits to others. Thus,
a person who has strong aggressive
tendencies may see other people as acting
in an excessively aggressive way towards
her/him. In denial, a person totally refuses
to accept reality. Thus, someone suffering
from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny her/
his illness. In reaction formation, a
person defends against anxiety by adopting
behaviours opposite to her/his true
feelings. A person with strong sexual urges,
who channels her/his energy into religious
fervour, presents a classical example of
reaction formation. In rationalisation, a
person tries to make unreasonable feelings
or behaviour seem reasonable and
acceptable.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Sigmund Freud
• Perhaps the most influential of all psychologists
• Also controversial: some theories are still popular today, others
are considered outlandish
• Underlying his work is the idea that our unconscious minds
influence our behavior (and we are not aware of this influence).
3. The “Unconscious Mind”
That part of our mind that
we are not aware of. It
contains our primitive
instincts and urges that are
biologically based. Some
of the information in our
unconscious mind is so
disturbing that the mind
automatically buries it
away so we do not have to
remember it and face it.
4. Id, Ego, Superego
Id, ego, and superego
are the three parts of
the human mind, as
labeled by Freud.The id
is fully unconscious.The
Ego and Superego are
partially conscious.
Ego
Id
Super-
ego
Conscious Mind
Unconscious Mind
The area directly below the surface of the
water is called the “preconscious mind,”
because although it is currently unconscious,
it can easily be brought to our awareness.
5. Id, Ego, & Superego
Id
The instinctual part of the mind that responds
immediately to wants and desires.The id is chaotic and
animal-like, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
Ego
The ego is the decision-making part of the mind. It
uses reason and logic, and tries to get the unrealistic
id to cooperate in real life.
Superego
The voice that incorporates the values and morals
which are learned from one's parents and society. It
tries to persuade the id and ego to turn to moral
goals rather than seeking pleasure.
6. The “Id”
The instinctual part of the mind that responds immediately
to wants and desires. It operates on the pleasure principle,
and does not follow logic or reason.The id is chaotic and
animal-like, simply seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
I’M GOING TO STEAL
MONEY FROM MY FRIEND!
(BECAUSE I WANT MONEY NOW!)
7. The Pleasure Principle
The need to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants,
and urges. In other words, the pleasure principle strives to
fulfill our most basic and primitive urges, including hunger,
thirst, anger, and sex. This behavior is animalistic (because
animals do the same things, and because these things are
done without much thought).
I want to
punch
somebody!
I want food
right now!
8. The “Ego”
The ego is the decision-making part of the mind. It uses
reason and logic, and tries to get the unrealistic id to
cooperate in real life (in society that has rules and
boundaries). Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids
pain, but unlike the id, the ego uses the reality principle to
find a more realistic strategy to obtain pleasure.
I can’t just walk into her house and
take her money. I have to find a
more realistic way to get it. I’m
going to ask her if I can borrow
money for a “medical emergency”
- and never pay her back!
!
9. The Reality Principle
The the reality principle strives to satisfy the id's desires in
realistic and socially appropriate ways.The reality principle
logically weighs the costs and benefits of an action before
deciding to act upon or abandon an impulse.
I’m hungry, but
I can’t grab the
food off of
someone else’s
plate: they will
yell at me. I
should buy my
own food.
I have the urge
to cut people
up into tiny
pieces, but, I’ll
go to jail. I
should become
a surgeon…
10. The “Superego”
The superego is the “conscience” of a person: it is the voice
that incorporates the values and morals which are learned
from one's parents and society. It tries to persuade the id
and ego to turn to moral goals rather than seeking pleasure.
The superego makes you feel guilt when you fall short of
the good person you want to be.
Stealing money is wrong. It is
harmful to other people. Maybe I
shouldn’t steal…maybe I should
work harder in order to make
more money at work.
11. Childhood Experiences
Freud believed that the way parents dealt with children's basic
sexual and aggressive desires would determine how their
personalities developed and whether or not they would end up
well-adjusted as adults.
He also believed that when
children are born, their minds are
entirely “id.” As they try and fail
things, learning what is acceptable
in society, they develop an “ego.”
The “superego” is the last to
develop, as children learn the
values of their parents and gain a
moral understanding of the world.
12. Assignment
Create an illustration in which id, ego, and superego are arguing
about how to behave. See specific instructions on the Psych website.
Let’s kill that guy
who always takes
our parking spot!
That might ruin our life. Let’s
kill small animals instead. No
one will care about that.
How about we not
kill anything!
Id
Ego
Superego
