This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Risk assessment as a tool to improve water quality and the role of institutio...ILRI
Presentation by Kyana Young, Joan B. Rose, John Fawell, Rosina Girones Llop, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Maureen Taylor at the 2015 UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference, Zaragoza, Spain,15-17 January 2015.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
In India any person who desires to undertake any new project or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project should submit a Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report along with application to the secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. Basic types of EIA being practiced are given below.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)
Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment
Regional Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification in India
EIA is of comparatively recent origin in India and has become an integral part of Environmental Management by EIA notification of 1994 and its subsequent amendments by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India. The notification specifies 30 categories of projects with potential risks to degrade the Environment.
Purposes of EIA
EIA is a process with several important purposes, which can be categorized as follows:
To facilitate decision-making For the decision-maker, for example the local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken
To aid in the formation of development EIA can be of great benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment.
To be an instrument for sustainable development The key characteristics of sustainable development include maintaining the overall quality of life, maintaining continuing access to natural resources and avoiding lasting environmental damage.
Principle of EIA
The Benefits of Environmental Assessment
Categorization of projects and activities
Environmental Clearance (EC)
Detailed description of Environmental Impact Assessment - Historical Background - Objectives - Assessment procedure - Necessity in Water resources projects - Environmental discourse on DAM construction - Case study
Developing Guidelines for Public Participation on Environmental Impact Assess...Ethical Sector
On 24 February 2016, MCRB and PACT MPE (Mekong Partnership for Environment) co-organised a discussion in Yangon of public participation in EIA with the objectives of sharing experience which could be used to guide development of regional guidelines on public participation in EIA for the Mekong region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) as well as planned public participation guidelines for the implementation of Myanmar’s new EIA procedures.
U Than Aye, (Yangon office of ECD, MOECAF) gave a presentation on the public participation provisions of the Myanmar government’s EIA Procedures which were adopted on 29 December 2015, highlighting the requirements for consultation and disclosure at different stages of the EIA and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) processes; and the resource constraints and faced by MOECAF.
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Risk assessment as a tool to improve water quality and the role of institutio...ILRI
Presentation by Kyana Young, Joan B. Rose, John Fawell, Rosina Girones Llop, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Maureen Taylor at the 2015 UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference, Zaragoza, Spain,15-17 January 2015.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
In India any person who desires to undertake any new project or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project should submit a Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report along with application to the secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. Basic types of EIA being practiced are given below.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)
Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment
Regional Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification in India
EIA is of comparatively recent origin in India and has become an integral part of Environmental Management by EIA notification of 1994 and its subsequent amendments by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India. The notification specifies 30 categories of projects with potential risks to degrade the Environment.
Purposes of EIA
EIA is a process with several important purposes, which can be categorized as follows:
To facilitate decision-making For the decision-maker, for example the local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken
To aid in the formation of development EIA can be of great benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment.
To be an instrument for sustainable development The key characteristics of sustainable development include maintaining the overall quality of life, maintaining continuing access to natural resources and avoiding lasting environmental damage.
Principle of EIA
The Benefits of Environmental Assessment
Categorization of projects and activities
Environmental Clearance (EC)
Detailed description of Environmental Impact Assessment - Historical Background - Objectives - Assessment procedure - Necessity in Water resources projects - Environmental discourse on DAM construction - Case study
Developing Guidelines for Public Participation on Environmental Impact Assess...Ethical Sector
On 24 February 2016, MCRB and PACT MPE (Mekong Partnership for Environment) co-organised a discussion in Yangon of public participation in EIA with the objectives of sharing experience which could be used to guide development of regional guidelines on public participation in EIA for the Mekong region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) as well as planned public participation guidelines for the implementation of Myanmar’s new EIA procedures.
U Than Aye, (Yangon office of ECD, MOECAF) gave a presentation on the public participation provisions of the Myanmar government’s EIA Procedures which were adopted on 29 December 2015, highlighting the requirements for consultation and disclosure at different stages of the EIA and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) processes; and the resource constraints and faced by MOECAF.
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
Iirs overview -Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources ManagementTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing and GIS application in Water Resources Management- By S.P. Aggarval spa@iirs.gov.in Indian Institute of Remote sensing ISRO, Department of space, Dehradun
SEMINAR on
"Capacity Building for effective use
of Consultants" CONSULTANCY DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
An Autonomous Institution of DSIR, Ministry of Science &
Technology, Govt. of India
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Tushar Dholakia
LARGE SCALE INSTALLATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM in Chambal Command, Rajasthan - Er. C.M. Tejawat, F.I.E., P. Eng., B.E. (Ag.), M.Sc. (Land Drainage Engineering) Deputy Director (Monitoring), CAD Chambal, Kota (Raj.)
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Emerging contaminants in surface and Drainage Water By Shiv
1. Emerging Contaminants in Surface and Drainage Waters Shiv O. Prasher et al. Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University, Montreal, Canada
2. Outline Emerging Contaminants Environmental Concerns Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pharmaceuticals in Manure Experimental/Field Work Preliminary Results Further Work
5. What are pharmaceuticals? Pharmaceuticals are medications - prescription drugs, i.e. hormones, antidepressants and antibiotics; over-the-counter medications, such as pain relievers, cold/flu remedies, antiseptics; and veterinary medicines
8. Pharmaceuticals in Surface Waters 50% of streams in the US contain some level of antibiotics Human use of antibiotics is always therapeutic Veterinary use, however, is therapeutic and subtherapeutic (growth promotion and prophylactic) Up to 84% antibiotic use in the US is subtherapeutic - 9 to 11 million kg
9. Pharmaceuticals in Surface WatersDolliver and Gupta (2008) However, 70 to 90% of the antibiotics fed are excreted in manure Annually, manure is applied to over 9.2 million ha of land in the US Manure may contain antibiotics from trace levels to >200 mg kg-1 or L-1, with typical concentrations in the 1 to 10 mg kg-1 or L-1 Most antibiotics used for animals are similar to those given to humans
10. Manure Production in Canada Manure production in Canada has increased by 16% between 1981 and 2006 Over180 million metric tons of manure is produced annually (38% by beef cows, 12% by dairy,12% by calves, 12% by heifers, 10% by steers, 9% by pigs, 3% by poultry, 2% by horses, 2% bulls, <1% by sheep Beef cows generate 37 kg d-1 Milk cows produce 62 kg d-1 Pigs make between 1 and 4 kg d-1 Poultry produce less than 1 kg d-1
11. 130 times more animal waste is produced in the US than human waste http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/cesspools/cesspools.pdf
12. Indicator Microbial Populations in Lagoon Water Samples(Bradford et al., 2008)
15. Estimated environmental loading of metals, total antibiotics, total estrogen hormones, and total indicator microbes when lagoon waters are applied to 1 m2 area of agricultural field to meet nitrogen needs of corn during a 90-d summer growing season (assuming ET rate of 10 mm d-1; Bradford et al., 2008)
16. Human Use/Overuse of Pharmaceuticals http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/AssessingRisk/PPCP/upload/01_Daughton.pdf
19. Biosolids for Land Application Also known as sewage sludge Produced as part of normal wastewater treatment Biosolids are rich in organic carbon thus have beneficial use Must meet regulations for nutrient, metal and pathogen content before land application
20. Biosolids for Land ApplicationKinney et al. (2006) Average wastewater treatment plant generates 240 kg dry weight of solids per million liters of wastewater treated In 2006, 8x106 dry tons of biosolids were produced in the US 50% of the biosolids are land applied in the US Remaining 50% are incinerated or disposed of in landfills
22. Ecological Impact of PPCPsPseudo-Persistent Chemicals Most drugs tend to have shorter half-lives than conventional contaminants However, although in small quantities, drugs are introduced continuously to the environment This may make the exposure of drugs to aquatic ecosystems similar to that from conventional contaminants Pseudo-persistent chemicals – half-lives are exceeded by their continuous introduction rates through WWTP effluents
23. Ecological Impact of PPCPs Reproductive hormones found in 21% of 139 streams across US in a national reconnaissance survey (Ying et al., 2002) – affect endocrine and reproductive systems Among the hormones found, 17β-estradioland testosterone are, respectively, principal regulators of the development, maintenance, and function of female and male vertebrate reproductive organs Estradiol concentrations as low as 0.001 µg L-1 can feminize wild male fish Methyltestosterone concentration of 0.027 µg L-1masculinized fish populations in vitro
24. Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Fish Health Fathead minnows, grown from egg to adulthood in the presence of as little as three parts-per-trillion (3 ng L-1) of synthetic estrogen (used in birth control pills), got completely feminized A human female, using the birth control pill, will excrete this amount in her urine in one day This amount of synthetic estrogen is like one birth control pill in 10,000 L of water
25. Drugs in Drinking Water DrugUseMax. Conc.Country (ng L-1) Carbamazepine Anti-epileptic 24 Canada 258 USA Gemfibrozil Lipid regulator 70 Canada Diazepam Psychiatric 10 UK Ibuprofen Analgesic and 3 Germany anti-pyretic
26. Impacts on Humans http://www.enviroadvisory.com/2006presentations/ChrisMetcalfe_files/frame.htm
27. Impacts on Humans Chronic exposure to mixture of drugs at low concentrations "What is the long-term effect of drinking, day after day, a dilute cocktail of pesticides, antibiotics, pain killers, tranquilizers and chemotherapy agents?“ http://www.sdearthtimes.com/et1098/et1098s5.html
28. E. Coli Resistance in Surface WatersData from J. Cicmanic, US EPA http://www.enviroadvisory.com/2006presentations/ChrisMetcalfe_files/frame.htm
34. MORE TO COME HYDRUS Modeling Constructed wetlands Vegetated filter strips Water table management Composting Aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions More...
35. Peeking at the Future http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/AssessingRisk/PPCP/upload/01_Daughton.pdf
36. Control of PPCP Pollution Pharmaceuticals are essential for humans, agriculture, and aquaculture Pollution can be minimized by Proper disposal programs for human drugs Effective sewage treatment programs Efficient manure management strategies Proper application of manure and biosolids
37. “Although it is unlikely that a serious problem exists now, it would be prudent to apply the precautionary principle and try to reduce the levels of these compounds in drinking water before any harm is proved.” Jones et al. (2005)